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McCarron A, Parsons D, Donnelley M. Animal and Cell Culture Models for Cystic Fibrosis: Which Model Is Right for Your Application? THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2020; 191:228-242. [PMID: 33232694 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2020.10.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2020] [Revised: 10/01/2020] [Accepted: 10/23/2020] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Over the past 30 years, a range of cystic fibrosis (CF) animal models have been generated for research purposes. Different species, including mice, rats, ferrets, rabbits, pigs, sheep, zebrafish, and fruit flies, have all been used to model CF disease. While access to such a variety of animal models is a luxury for any research field, it also complicates the decision-making process when it comes to selecting the right model for an investigation. The purpose of this review is to provide a guide for selecting the most appropriate CF animal model for any given application. In this review, the characteristics and phenotypes of each animal model are described, along with a discussion of the key considerations that must be taken into account when choosing a suitable animal model. Available in vitro systems of CF are also described and can offer a useful alternative to using animal models. Finally, the future of CF animal model generation and its use in research are speculated upon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra McCarron
- Robinson Research Institute, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia; Adelaide Medical School, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia; Department of Respiratory and Sleep Medicine, Women's and Children's Hospital, North Adelaide, South Australia, Australia.
| | - David Parsons
- Robinson Research Institute, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia; Adelaide Medical School, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia; Department of Respiratory and Sleep Medicine, Women's and Children's Hospital, North Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Martin Donnelley
- Robinson Research Institute, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia; Adelaide Medical School, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia; Department of Respiratory and Sleep Medicine, Women's and Children's Hospital, North Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
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Tabata E, Kashimura A, Uehara M, Wakita S, Sakaguchi M, Sugahara Y, Yurimoto T, Sasaki E, Matoska V, Bauer PO, Oyama F. High expression of acidic chitinase and chitin digestibility in the stomach of common marmoset (Callithrix jacchus), an insectivorous nonhuman primate. Sci Rep 2019; 9:159. [PMID: 30655565 PMCID: PMC6336882 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-36477-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2018] [Accepted: 11/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Chitin is a polymer of N-acetyl-D-glucosamine (GlcNAc) and a main constituent of insects' exoskeleton. Insects are rich in protein with high energy conversion efficiency. Recently, we have reported that acidic chitinases (Chia) act as digestive enzymes in mouse, pig and chicken (omnivorous) but not in dog (carnivorous) and bovine (herbivorous), indicating that feeding behavior affects Chia expression levels, and determines chitin digestibility in the particular animals. Common marmoset (Callithrix jacchus) belongs to New World monkey family and provides a potential bridge between mouse models and human diseases. Common marmoset is an insectivorous nonhuman primate with unknown expression levels and enzymatic functions of the Chia homologue, CHIA. Here, we report that common marmoset highly expresses pepsin-, trypsin- and chymotrypsin-resistant CHIA in the stomach. We show that CHIA is most active at pH 2.0 and degrades chitin and mealworm shells into GlcNAc dimers under gastrointestinal conditions. Although common marmoset and crab-eating monkey (Old World monkey) have two CHIA genes in their genomes, they primarily express one gene in the stomach. Thus, this study is the first to investigate expression levels and enzymatic functions of CHIA in a New World primate, contributing to the understanding of dietary adaptation and digestion in this taxon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eri Tabata
- Department of Chemistry and Life Science, Kogakuin University, Hachioji, Tokyo, 192-0015, Japan.,Research Fellow of Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (DC1), Koujimachi, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, 102-0083, Japan
| | - Akinori Kashimura
- Department of Chemistry and Life Science, Kogakuin University, Hachioji, Tokyo, 192-0015, Japan
| | - Maiko Uehara
- Department of Chemistry and Life Science, Kogakuin University, Hachioji, Tokyo, 192-0015, Japan
| | - Satoshi Wakita
- Department of Chemistry and Life Science, Kogakuin University, Hachioji, Tokyo, 192-0015, Japan
| | - Masayoshi Sakaguchi
- Department of Chemistry and Life Science, Kogakuin University, Hachioji, Tokyo, 192-0015, Japan
| | - Yasusato Sugahara
- Department of Chemistry and Life Science, Kogakuin University, Hachioji, Tokyo, 192-0015, Japan
| | - Terumi Yurimoto
- Central Institute for Experimental Animals, Tonomachi, Kawasaki, Kanagawa, 210-0821, Japan
| | - Erika Sasaki
- Central Institute for Experimental Animals, Tonomachi, Kawasaki, Kanagawa, 210-0821, Japan
| | - Vaclav Matoska
- Laboratory of Molecular Diagnostics, Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Hematology and Immunology, Homolka Hospital, Roentgenova 37/2, Prague, 150 00, Czech Republic
| | - Peter O Bauer
- Laboratory of Molecular Diagnostics, Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Hematology and Immunology, Homolka Hospital, Roentgenova 37/2, Prague, 150 00, Czech Republic.,Bioinova Ltd., Videnska 1083, Prague, 142 20, Czech Republic
| | - Fumitaka Oyama
- Department of Chemistry and Life Science, Kogakuin University, Hachioji, Tokyo, 192-0015, Japan.
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Abstract
Common marmosets are highly susceptible to several viral pathogens that exist as latent or subclinical infections in their natural reservoir hosts but cause severe disease or death when interspecies transmission occurs. Examples of such viruses in marmosets are herpes simplex virus infections, parainfluenza virus 1 infections, and measles acquired from humans, Saimiriine herpesvirus 1 infection after transmission from squirrel monkeys, and infections with lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus originating from mice. Other relevant viral infections causing spontaneous disease in common marmoset colonies include cowpox virus infections and paramyxovirus saguinus infections. Callitrichine herpesvirus 3 is a newly recognized lymphocryptovirus that is associated with the development of intestinal lymphoproliferative disease in common marmosets. Most viral pathogens causing disease in common marmosets are potential zoonotic agents, and protective measures should be implemented when handling these small New World monkeys.
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Bleyer M, Kunze M, Gruber-Dujardin E, Mätz-Rensing K. Spontaneous lung pathology in a captive common marmoset colony ( Callithrix jacchus). Primate Biol 2017; 4:17-25. [PMID: 32110688 PMCID: PMC7041528 DOI: 10.5194/pb-4-17-2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2016] [Accepted: 02/16/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Data on spontaneous pathology are substantially scarce for common
marmosets, compared to other laboratory animals, but is essential for the
interpretation of histological findings in the context of toxicological and
experimental studies. Especially if common marmosets are used as
experimental animals in respiratory research, detailed knowledge on the
spectrum, occurrence, and incidence of spontaneous histopathological
pulmonary lesions in this non-human primate species is required. In this
study, lung tissue of 638 common marmosets from the marmoset colony of the
German Primate Center was examined histologically. The analysis revealed a
high incidence of predominantly mild and multifocal interstitial pneumonia
(32.99 %) of unknown etiology in most cases. Only few marmosets exhibited
lobar pneumonia (1.41 %) and bronchopneumonia (0.94), which were mainly
caused by bacterial pathogens such as Bordetella bronchiseptica and
Klebsiella pneumoniae. Lung immaturity and atelectasis were common
histological findings in newborn marmosets. Typical background lesions
included anthracosis (8.15 %), hemosiderosis (1.72 %), extramedullary
hematopoiesis (11.6 %), mineralization (10.97 %), and inflammatory
cell foci (10.34 %). In addition, three cases of pulmonary arteriopathy (0.47 %)
and 1 case of foreign-body granuloma (0.16 %) were detected in the
marmoset study cohort. The high prevalence of circulatory disturbances
(congestion, edema, hemorrhage) and changes in air content (secondary
atelectasis, alveolar emphysema) could partly be explained by
euthanasia-related artifacts or agonal changes. The present study provides a
comprehensive overview of the range and incidence of spontaneous pulmonary
histopathology in common marmosets, serving as valuable reference data for
the interpretation of lung lesions in toxicological and experimental
marmoset studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martina Bleyer
- Pathology Unit, German Primate Center, Kellnerweg 4, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Marius Kunze
- Pathology Unit, German Primate Center, Kellnerweg 4, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Eva Gruber-Dujardin
- Pathology Unit, German Primate Center, Kellnerweg 4, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
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Bleyer M, Curths C, Dahlmann F, Wichmann J, Bauer N, Moritz A, Braun A, Knauf S, Kaup FJ, Gruber-Dujardin E. Morphology and staining behavior of neutrophilic and eosinophilic granulocytes of the common marmoset (Callithrix jacchus). ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016; 68:335-43. [PMID: 27165445 DOI: 10.1016/j.etp.2016.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2016] [Revised: 03/30/2016] [Accepted: 05/02/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Common marmosets (Callithrix jacchus) are frequently used as translational animal models for human diseases. However, a comparative study of cytological and histochemical detection methods as well as morphometric and ultrastructural characterization of neutrophils and eosinophils in this species is lacking. Blood samples of house dust mite sensitized and allergen challenged as well as lipopolysaccharide (LPS) challenged marmosets were analyzed with different cytological and histological staining methods. Furthermore, cell size and number of nuclear segments were compared between neutrophils and eosinophils. Electron microscopy was performed to characterize the ultrastructure of granulocytes. Of all applied cytological stains, three allowed differentiation of eosinophils and neutrophils and, thus, reliable quantification in blood smears: May-Grünwald-Giemsa stain, Congo Red and Naphthol AS-D Chloroacetate-Esterase. For histology, Hematoxylin-Eosin (H&E) could not demonstrate clear differences, whereas Sirius Red, Congo Red, and Naphthol AS-D Chloroacetate Esterase showed capable results for identification of eosinophils or neutrophils in lung tissue. Morphometry revealed that marmoset neutrophils have more nuclear segments and are slightly larger than eosinophils. Ultrastructurally, eosinophils presented with large homogeneous electron-dense granules without crystalloid cores, while neutrophils were characterized by heterogeneous granules of different size and density. Additionally, sombrero-like vesicles were detected in tissue eosinophils of atopic marmosets, indicative for hypersensitivity-related piecemeal degranulation. In conclusion, we provide a detailed overview of marmoset eosinophils and neutrophils, important for phenotypic characterization of marmoset models for human airway diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martina Bleyer
- Pathology Unit, German Primate Center, Leibniz-Institute for Primate Research, Göttingen, Germany.
| | - Christoph Curths
- Pathology Unit, German Primate Center, Leibniz-Institute for Primate Research, Göttingen, Germany; Fraunhofer Institute for Toxicology and Experimental Medicine, Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Biomedical Research in Endstage and Obstructive Lung Disease (BREATH) Research Network, Member of the Cluster of Excellence Regenerative Biology to Reconstructive Therapy (REBIRTH), Hannover, Germany
| | - Franziska Dahlmann
- Pathology Unit, German Primate Center, Leibniz-Institute for Primate Research, Göttingen, Germany; Fraunhofer Institute for Toxicology and Experimental Medicine, Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Biomedical Research in Endstage and Obstructive Lung Disease (BREATH) Research Network, Member of the Cluster of Excellence Regenerative Biology to Reconstructive Therapy (REBIRTH), Hannover, Germany
| | - Judy Wichmann
- Pathology Unit, German Primate Center, Leibniz-Institute for Primate Research, Göttingen, Germany; Fraunhofer Institute for Toxicology and Experimental Medicine, Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Biomedical Research in Endstage and Obstructive Lung Disease (BREATH) Research Network, Member of the Cluster of Excellence Regenerative Biology to Reconstructive Therapy (REBIRTH), Hannover, Germany
| | - Natali Bauer
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Clinical Pathophysiology and Clinical Pathology, Justus-Liebig-University Gießen, Germany
| | - Andreas Moritz
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Clinical Pathophysiology and Clinical Pathology, Justus-Liebig-University Gießen, Germany
| | - Armin Braun
- Fraunhofer Institute for Toxicology and Experimental Medicine, Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Biomedical Research in Endstage and Obstructive Lung Disease (BREATH) Research Network, Member of the Cluster of Excellence Regenerative Biology to Reconstructive Therapy (REBIRTH), Hannover, Germany
| | - Sascha Knauf
- Pathology Unit, German Primate Center, Leibniz-Institute for Primate Research, Göttingen, Germany; Fraunhofer Institute for Toxicology and Experimental Medicine, Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Biomedical Research in Endstage and Obstructive Lung Disease (BREATH) Research Network, Member of the Cluster of Excellence Regenerative Biology to Reconstructive Therapy (REBIRTH), Hannover, Germany
| | - Franz-Josef Kaup
- Pathology Unit, German Primate Center, Leibniz-Institute for Primate Research, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Eva Gruber-Dujardin
- Pathology Unit, German Primate Center, Leibniz-Institute for Primate Research, Göttingen, Germany
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Verdier JM, Acquatella I, Lautier C, Devau G, Trouche S, Lasbleiz C, Mestre-Francés N. Lessons from the analysis of nonhuman primates for understanding human aging and neurodegenerative diseases. Front Neurosci 2015; 9:64. [PMID: 25788873 PMCID: PMC4349082 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2015.00064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2014] [Accepted: 02/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Animal models are necessary tools for solving the most serious challenges facing medical research. In aging and neurodegenerative disease studies, rodents occupy a place of choice. However, the most challenging questions about longevity, the complexity and functioning of brain networks or social intelligence can almost only be investigated in nonhuman primates. Beside the fact that their brain structure is much closer to that of humans, they develop highly complex cognitive strategies and they are visually-oriented like humans. For these reasons, they deserve consideration, although their management and care are more complicated and the related costs much higher. Despite these caveats, considerable scientific advances have been possible using nonhuman primates. This review concisely summarizes their role in the study of aging and of the mechanisms involved in neurodegenerative disorders associated mainly with cognitive dysfunctions (Alzheimer's and prion diseases) or motor deficits (Parkinson's and related diseases).
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Michel Verdier
- Université de Montpellier Montpellier, France ; Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, U1198 Montpellier, France ; Ecole Pratique des Hautes Etudes Paris, France
| | - Isabelle Acquatella
- Université de Montpellier Montpellier, France ; Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, U1198 Montpellier, France ; Ecole Pratique des Hautes Etudes Paris, France
| | - Corinne Lautier
- Université de Montpellier Montpellier, France ; Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, U1198 Montpellier, France ; Ecole Pratique des Hautes Etudes Paris, France
| | - Gina Devau
- Université de Montpellier Montpellier, France ; Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, U1198 Montpellier, France ; Ecole Pratique des Hautes Etudes Paris, France
| | - Stéphanie Trouche
- Université de Montpellier Montpellier, France ; Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, U1198 Montpellier, France ; Ecole Pratique des Hautes Etudes Paris, France
| | - Christelle Lasbleiz
- Université de Montpellier Montpellier, France ; Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, U1198 Montpellier, France ; Ecole Pratique des Hautes Etudes Paris, France
| | - Nadine Mestre-Francés
- Université de Montpellier Montpellier, France ; Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, U1198 Montpellier, France ; Ecole Pratique des Hautes Etudes Paris, France
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Ye L, Yang C. Development of vaccines for prevention of Ebola virus infection. Microbes Infect 2015; 17:98-108. [DOI: 10.1016/j.micinf.2014.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2014] [Revised: 12/07/2014] [Accepted: 12/08/2014] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
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