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Kuo CC, Yang SY, Liu RM, Lin YH, Liu CC, Huang WH, Lee JJ, Liao AT. Diagnostic Value of Conventional Polymerase Chain Reaction for Detecting BRAF V595E Mutation in Liquid and Tissue Specimens of Canine Urothelial and Prostate Carcinomas. Animals (Basel) 2024; 14:2535. [PMID: 39272320 PMCID: PMC11394148 DOI: 10.3390/ani14172535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2024] [Revised: 08/16/2024] [Accepted: 08/28/2024] [Indexed: 09/15/2024] Open
Abstract
Canine urothelial carcinoma (UC) and prostatic carcinoma (PC) often present diagnostic challenges due to their anatomical locations. The BRAF V595E mutation, analogous to the human BRAF V600E mutation, has been identified in UC and PC. Digital PCR of urine is a non-invasive diagnostic method of mutation detection, but the availability of the necessary equipment is limited. This study aimed to develop a conventional PCR to detect the BRAF V595E mutation in urine and prostatic wash specimens from dogs with UC or PC. Specific primers for detecting wild-type and mutant BRAF V595E genes were validated in 34 formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded (FFPE) tissues, 116 urine samples, and 9 prostatic wash specimens. The results showed that the BRAF V595E mutation detection rate for UC and PC in the tissues was 51.6%. The detection rate in liquid specimens from dogs with lower urinary tract or prostate masses was 53.2%. Of the 41 cases with follow-up, 16 were further diagnosed with UC or PC, with 75% of liquid specimens from these dogs showing the BRAF V595E mutation. This conventional PCR method provides a reliable and non-invasive screening tool for UC and PC in dogs, especially in settings without advanced equipment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chien-Chun Kuo
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine, National Taiwan University, No. 1, Sec. 4, Roosevelt Rd., Taipei City 106, Taiwan
| | - Su-Ya Yang
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine, National Taiwan University, No. 1, Sec. 4, Roosevelt Rd., Taipei City 106, Taiwan
| | - Ru-Min Liu
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine, National Taiwan University, No. 1, Sec. 4, Roosevelt Rd., Taipei City 106, Taiwan
| | - Yung-Hsuan Lin
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine, National Taiwan University, No. 1, Sec. 4, Roosevelt Rd., Taipei City 106, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Chun Liu
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine, National Taiwan University, No. 1, Sec. 4, Roosevelt Rd., Taipei City 106, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Hsiang Huang
- Graduate Institute of Molecular and Comparative Pathobiology, National Taiwan University, No. 1, Sec. 4, Roosevelt Rd., Taipei City 106, Taiwan
| | - Jih-Jong Lee
- Graduate Institute of Veterinary Clinical Science, School of Veterinary Medicine, National Taiwan University, No. 1, Sec. 4, Roosevelt Rd., Taipei City 106, Taiwan
- National Taiwan University Veterinary Hospital, College of Bioresources and Agriculture, National Taiwan University, No. 153, Sec. 3, Keelung Rd., Taipei City 106, Taiwan
| | - Albert Taiching Liao
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine, National Taiwan University, No. 1, Sec. 4, Roosevelt Rd., Taipei City 106, Taiwan
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Aeschlimann L, Kehl A, Guscetti F, Posthaus C, Aupperle-Lellbach H, Rottenberg S, de Brot S. Effective detection of BRAF V595E mutation in canine urothelial and prostate carcinomas using immunohistochemistry. Vet Comp Oncol 2024; 22:295-302. [PMID: 38659202 DOI: 10.1111/vco.12978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2024] [Revised: 04/11/2024] [Accepted: 04/12/2024] [Indexed: 04/26/2024]
Abstract
Canine urothelial carcinoma (UC) and prostate carcinoma (PC) frequently exhibit the BRAFV595E mutation, akin to the BRAFV600E mutation common in various human cancers. Since the initial discovery of the BRAF mutation in canine cancers in 2015, PCR has been the standard method for its detection in both liquid and tissue biopsies. Considering the similarity between the canine BRAFV595E and human BRAFV600E mutations, we hypothesized that immunohistochemistry (IHC) using a BRAFV600E-specific antibody could effectively identify the canine mutant BRAFV595E protein. We tested 122 canine UC (bladder n = 108, urethra n = 14), 21 PC, and benign tissue using IHC and performed digital droplet PCR (ddPCR) on all 122 UC and on 14 IHC positive PC cases. The results from ddPCR and IHC were concordant in 99% (135/136) of the tumours. Using IHC, BRAFV595E was detected in 72/122 (59%) UC and 14/21 (65%) PC. Staining of all benign bladder and prostate tissues was negative. If present, mutant BRAF staining was homogenous, with rare intratumour heterogeneity in three (4%) cases of UC. Additionally, the BRAFV595E mutation was more prevalent in tumours with urothelial morphology, and less common in glandular PC or UC with divergent differentiation. This study establishes that BRAFV600-specific IHC is a reliable and accurate method for detecting the mutant BRAFV595E protein in canine UC and PC. Moreover, the use of IHC, especially with tissue microarrays, provides a cost-efficient test for large-scale screening of canine cancers for the presence of BRAF mutations. This advancement paves the way for further research to define the prognostic and predictive role of this tumour marker in dogs and use IHC to stratify dogs for the treatment with BRAF inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Alexandra Kehl
- Laboklin GmbH & Co. KG, Bad Kissingen, Germany
- Technical University of Munich, School of Medicine, Institute of Pathology, Munich, Germany
| | - Franco Guscetti
- Institute of Veterinary Pathology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Caroline Posthaus
- Institute of Animal Pathology, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Heike Aupperle-Lellbach
- Laboklin GmbH & Co. KG, Bad Kissingen, Germany
- Technical University of Munich, School of Medicine, Institute of Pathology, Munich, Germany
| | - Sven Rottenberg
- Institute of Animal Pathology, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Simone de Brot
- Institute of Animal Pathology, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Science, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington, UK
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3
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Aupperle-Lellbach H, Kehl A, de Brot S, van der Weyden L. Clinical Use of Molecular Biomarkers in Canine and Feline Oncology: Current and Future. Vet Sci 2024; 11:199. [PMID: 38787171 PMCID: PMC11126050 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci11050199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2024] [Revised: 04/24/2024] [Accepted: 04/29/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Molecular biomarkers are central to personalised medicine for human cancer patients. It is gaining traction as part of standard veterinary clinical practice for dogs and cats with cancer. Molecular biomarkers can be somatic or germline genomic alterations and can be ascertained from tissues or body fluids using various techniques. This review discusses how these genomic alterations can be determined and the findings used in clinical settings as diagnostic, prognostic, predictive, and screening biomarkers. We showcase the somatic and germline genomic alterations currently available to date for testing dogs and cats in a clinical setting, discussing their utility in each biomarker class. We also look at some emerging molecular biomarkers that are promising for clinical use. Finally, we discuss the hurdles that need to be overcome in going 'bench to bedside', i.e., the translation from discovery of genomic alterations to adoption by veterinary clinicians. As we understand more of the genomics underlying canine and feline tumours, molecular biomarkers will undoubtedly become a mainstay in delivering precision veterinary care to dogs and cats with cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heike Aupperle-Lellbach
- Laboklin GmbH&Co.KG, Steubenstr. 4, 97688 Bad Kissingen, Germany; (H.A.-L.); (A.K.)
- School of Medicine, Institute of Pathology, Technical University of Munich, Trogerstr. 18, 80333 München, Germany
| | - Alexandra Kehl
- Laboklin GmbH&Co.KG, Steubenstr. 4, 97688 Bad Kissingen, Germany; (H.A.-L.); (A.K.)
- School of Medicine, Institute of Pathology, Technical University of Munich, Trogerstr. 18, 80333 München, Germany
| | - Simone de Brot
- Institute of Animal Pathology, COMPATH, University of Bern, 3012 Bern, Switzerland;
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Küchler L, Posthaus C, Jäger K, Guscetti F, van der Weyden L, von Bomhard W, Schmidt JM, Farra D, Aupperle-Lellbach H, Kehl A, Rottenberg S, de Brot S. Artificial Intelligence to Predict the BRAF V595E Mutation in Canine Urinary Bladder Urothelial Carcinomas. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:2404. [PMID: 37570213 PMCID: PMC10416820 DOI: 10.3390/ani13152404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2023] [Revised: 07/10/2023] [Accepted: 07/21/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023] Open
Abstract
In dogs, the BRAF mutation (V595E) is common in bladder and prostate cancer and represents a specific diagnostic marker. Recent advantages in artificial intelligence (AI) offer new opportunities in the field of tumour marker detection. While AI histology studies have been conducted in humans to detect BRAF mutation in cancer, comparable studies in animals are lacking. In this study, we used commercially available AI histology software to predict BRAF mutation in whole slide images (WSI) of bladder urothelial carcinomas (UC) stained with haematoxylin and eosin (HE), based on a training (n = 81) and a validation set (n = 96). Among 96 WSI, 57 showed identical PCR and AI-based BRAF predictions, resulting in a sensitivity of 58% and a specificity of 63%. The sensitivity increased substantially to 89% when excluding small or poor-quality tissue sections. Test reliability depended on tumour differentiation (p < 0.01), presence of inflammation (p < 0.01), slide quality (p < 0.02) and sample size (p < 0.02). Based on a small subset of cases with available adjacent non-neoplastic urothelium, AI was able to distinguish malignant from benign epithelium. This is the first study to demonstrate the use of AI histology to predict BRAF mutation status in canine UC. Despite certain limitations, the results highlight the potential of AI in predicting molecular alterations in routine tissue sections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonore Küchler
- Institute of Animal Pathology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, 3012 Bern, Switzerland; (C.P.); (S.R.)
| | - Caroline Posthaus
- Institute of Animal Pathology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, 3012 Bern, Switzerland; (C.P.); (S.R.)
| | - Kathrin Jäger
- Laboklin GmbH & Co. KG, 97688 Bad Kissingen, Germany; (K.J.); (H.A.-L.); (A.K.)
- Institute of Pathology, Department of Comparative Experimental Pathology, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, 81675 Munich, Germany
| | - Franco Guscetti
- Institute of Veterinary Pathology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland;
| | | | | | | | - Dima Farra
- Veterinary Public Health Institute, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, 3012 Bern, Switzerland;
| | - Heike Aupperle-Lellbach
- Laboklin GmbH & Co. KG, 97688 Bad Kissingen, Germany; (K.J.); (H.A.-L.); (A.K.)
- Institute of Pathology, Department of Comparative Experimental Pathology, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, 81675 Munich, Germany
| | - Alexandra Kehl
- Laboklin GmbH & Co. KG, 97688 Bad Kissingen, Germany; (K.J.); (H.A.-L.); (A.K.)
- Institute of Pathology, Department of Comparative Experimental Pathology, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, 81675 Munich, Germany
| | - Sven Rottenberg
- Institute of Animal Pathology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, 3012 Bern, Switzerland; (C.P.); (S.R.)
- COMPATH, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, 3012 Bern, Switzerland
- Bern Center for Precision Medicine, University of Bern, 3008 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Simone de Brot
- Institute of Animal Pathology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, 3012 Bern, Switzerland; (C.P.); (S.R.)
- COMPATH, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, 3012 Bern, Switzerland
- Bern Center for Precision Medicine, University of Bern, 3008 Bern, Switzerland
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Aupperle-Lellbach H, Heidrich D, Conrad D, Beitzinger C, Masala N, Klopfleisch R, Müller T. Comparative Study of Digital Squamous Cell Carcinoma in Giant, Standard, and Miniature Schnauzers. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:1990. [PMID: 37370500 DOI: 10.3390/ani13121990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2023] [Revised: 06/07/2023] [Accepted: 06/13/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
In schnauzers, a breed predisposition to squamous cell carcinoma of the digit (dSCC) is well known. The aim of this study was to compare the clinical and macroscopic findings of dSCCs in giant (GSs), standard (SSs), and miniature schnauzers (MSs). METHODS Pathology reports of 478 dSCCs from 417 schnauzers (227 GSs, 174 SSs, and 16 MSs) were retrospectively evaluated. RESULTS The MSs were older than the SSs and GSs (p ≤ 0.01). The male GSs were predisposed to dSCC (p < 0.05). In the GSs, the nodular dSCCs were larger than in the MSs (p ≤ 0.05) and SSs (p ≤ 0.001). The digital SCCs were mostly diagnosed at the forelimbs, especially at digits 1, 2, and 5. At the hindlimbs, the affected toes differed between the GSs and SSs. Multiple dSCCs were more common in SSs than in GSs (p = 0.003). If dSCC was the cause of death, the survival time was shorter than in dogs dying from other diseases (p = 0.004). Metastases occurred in 20% of the cases and led to a significantly shorter survival time in both the GSs and SSs (p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS The results showed various differences in the dSCC depending on the size variant of the schnauzer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heike Aupperle-Lellbach
- LABOKLIN GmbH & Co. KG, 97688 Bad Kissingen, Germany
- Institute of Pathology, Department Comparative Experimental Pathology, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, 80333 Munich, Germany
| | | | - David Conrad
- LABOKLIN GmbH & Co. KG, 97688 Bad Kissingen, Germany
| | | | - Nives Masala
- Anicura Aachen, Trierer Str. 652-658, 52078 Aachen, Germany
| | - Robert Klopfleisch
- Institute of Veterinary Pathology, Freie Universität Berlin, 14163 Berlin, Germany
| | - Tobias Müller
- Institute of Bioinformatics, University of Würzburg, 97070 Würzburg, Germany
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Yamasaki H, Uematsu Y, Okano K, Ichikawa M, Tei M, Hirabayashi M, Uchida K, Ono K, Hirao H. Establishment and characterization of urothelial carcinoma cell lines with and without BRAF mutation (V595E) in dogs. In Vitro Cell Dev Biol Anim 2022; 58:898-911. [PMID: 36477686 PMCID: PMC9780145 DOI: 10.1007/s11626-022-00736-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2022] [Accepted: 11/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Each 5 urothelial carcinoma (UC) cell lines with and without the v-Raf murine sarcoma virus oncogene homolog B (BRAF) gene mutation (V595E) were established and examined V595E-related tumorigenic characteristics in dogs. No typical morphological features were observed in cloned cells with and without V595E. The cell proliferation of both cloned cells showed logarithmic growth curve and those doubling time were 24.9 ± 4.1 h in V595E ( +) and 29.3 ± 11.3 h in V595E ( -). On the growth curve of xenotransplanted tumor in severe combined immunodeficiency mice, 3 out of 5 V595E ( +) and 2 out of 5 V595E ( -) cloned cells revealed gradually and remarkably increasing curve, indicating clearly tumorigenicity. The xenotransplanted tumors with V595E ( +) showed typical features of UC, such as solid proliferation of pleomorphic tumor cells, formation of papillary structure, and glandular structure. Additionally, various vascular formation was observed, probably indicating an advanced growth phase of UC. In mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling pathway, cytoplasmic phosphorylated-BRAF (pBRAF) and cytoplasmic and nuclear phosphorylated-ERK1/2 (pERK1/2) were detected in all 4 tumors with V595E ( +), whereas only cytoplasmic and nuclear pERK1/2 was detected in tumors with V595E ( -). Since V595E can directly activate MAPK signaling pathway, coincidence of V595E with pBRAF (phosphor Thr598/Ser601) indicates acquired resistance to BRAF inhibitors. These established UC cell lines, especially V595E ( +) cell lines, are useful tool for understanding pathophysiological states and controlling therapeutic manners of UC in dogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hirofumi Yamasaki
- Japan Animal Referral Medical Center, 2-5-8 Kuji, Takatsu-Ku, Kawasaki-Shi, Kanagawa, 213-0032, Japan
| | - Yosuke Uematsu
- Canine-Lab, 3-5-2 Ueno, Taito-Ku, Tokyo, 110-0005, Japan
| | - Kumiko Okano
- Japan Animal Referral Medical Center, 2-5-8 Kuji, Takatsu-Ku, Kawasaki-Shi, Kanagawa, 213-0032, Japan
| | - Mika Ichikawa
- Japan Animal Referral Medical Center, 2-5-8 Kuji, Takatsu-Ku, Kawasaki-Shi, Kanagawa, 213-0032, Japan
| | - Meina Tei
- Japan Animal Referral Medical Center, 2-5-8 Kuji, Takatsu-Ku, Kawasaki-Shi, Kanagawa, 213-0032, Japan
| | - Miyuki Hirabayashi
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Faculty of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-Ku, Tokyo, 113-8657, Japan
| | - Kazuyuki Uchida
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Faculty of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-Ku, Tokyo, 113-8657, Japan
| | - Kenichiro Ono
- Japan Animal Referral Medical Center, 2-5-8 Kuji, Takatsu-Ku, Kawasaki-Shi, Kanagawa, 213-0032, Japan.
| | - Hidehiro Hirao
- Japan Animal Referral Medical Center, 2-5-8 Kuji, Takatsu-Ku, Kawasaki-Shi, Kanagawa, 213-0032, Japan
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Weinekötter J, Gurtner C, Protschka M, von Bomhard W, Böttcher D, Schlinke A, Alber G, Rösch S, Steiner JM, Seeger J, Oechtering GU, Heilmann RM. Tissue S100/calgranulin expression and blood neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR) in dogs with lower urinary tract urothelial carcinoma. BMC Vet Res 2022; 18:412. [PMID: 36411489 PMCID: PMC9680134 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-022-03513-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2022] [Accepted: 11/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Urothelial carcinoma (UC) is the most common neoplasm of the canine lower urinary tract, affecting approximately 2% of dogs. Elderly female patients of certain breeds are predisposed, and clinical signs of UC can easily be confused with urinary tract infection or urolithiasis. Diagnosis and treatment are challenging given the lack of disease-specific markers and treatments. The S100A8/A9 complex and S100A12 protein are Ca2+-binding proteins expressed by cells of the innate immune system and have shown promise as urinary screening markers for UC. The neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR) can also aid in distinguishing certain neoplastic from inflammatory conditions. Our study aimed to evaluate the tissue expression of S100/calgranulins and the blood NLR in dogs with UC. Urinary bladder and/or urethral tissue samples from dogs with UC (n = 10), non-neoplastic inflammatory lesions (NNUTD; n = 6), and no histologic changes (n = 11) were evaluated using immunohistochemistry. Blood NLRs were analyzed in dogs with UC (n = 22) or NNUTD (n = 26). RESULTS Tissue S100A12-positive cell counts were significantly higher in dogs with lower urinary tract disease than healthy controls (P = 0.0267 for UC, P = 0.0049 for NNUTD), with no significant difference between UC and NNUTD patients. Tissue S100A8/A9-positivity appeared to be higher with NNUTD than UC, but this difference did not reach statistical significance. The S100A8/A9+-to-S100A12+ ratio was significantly decreased in neoplastic and inflamed lower urinary tract tissue compared to histologically normal specimens (P = 0.0062 for UC, P = 0.0030 for NNUTD). NLRs were significantly higher in dogs with UC than in dogs with NNUTD, and a cut-off NLR of ≤ 2.83 distinguished UC from NNUTD with 41% sensitivity and 100% specificity. Higher NLRs were also associated with a poor overall survival time (P = 0.0417). CONCLUSIONS These results confirm that the S100/calgranulins play a role in the immune response to inflammatory and neoplastic lower urinary tract diseases in dogs, but the tissue expression of these proteins appears to differ from their concentrations reported in urine samples. Further investigations of the S100/calgranulin pathways in UC and their potential as diagnostic or prognostic tools and potential therapeutic targets are warranted. The NLR as a routinely available marker might be a useful surrogate to distinguish UC from inflammatory conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jana Weinekötter
- grid.9647.c0000 0004 7669 9786Department for Small Animals, College of Veterinary Medicine, Leipzig University, An den Tierkliniken 23, 04103 Leipzig, SN Germany
| | - Corinne Gurtner
- grid.5734.50000 0001 0726 5157Institute of Animal Pathology, Department of Infectious Diseases and Pathobiology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Länggassstrasse 122, CH-3001 Bern, BE Switzerland
| | - Martina Protschka
- grid.9647.c0000 0004 7669 9786Institute of Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Biotechnological-Biomedical Center, Leipzig University, Deutscher Platz 5, 04103 Leipzig, SN Germany
| | - Wolf von Bomhard
- Specialty Center for Veterinary Pathology, Hartelstrasse 30, E80689 Munich, BY Germany
| | - Denny Böttcher
- grid.9647.c0000 0004 7669 9786Institute for Veterinary Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Leipzig University, An Den Tierkliniken 33, E04103 Leipzig, SN Germany
| | - Annika Schlinke
- grid.9647.c0000 0004 7669 9786Department for Small Animals, College of Veterinary Medicine, Leipzig University, An den Tierkliniken 23, 04103 Leipzig, SN Germany
| | - Gottfried Alber
- grid.9647.c0000 0004 7669 9786Institute of Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Biotechnological-Biomedical Center, Leipzig University, Deutscher Platz 5, 04103 Leipzig, SN Germany
| | - Sarah Rösch
- grid.9647.c0000 0004 7669 9786Department for Small Animals, College of Veterinary Medicine, Leipzig University, An den Tierkliniken 23, 04103 Leipzig, SN Germany ,grid.412970.90000 0001 0126 6191Small Animal Clinic, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover Foundation, Bünteweg 9, 30559 Hannover, NI Germany
| | - Joerg M. Steiner
- grid.264756.40000 0004 4687 2082Gastrointestinal Laboratory, Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, TAMU 4474, College Station, TX 77843-4474 USA
| | - Johannes Seeger
- grid.9647.c0000 0004 7669 9786Institute of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Leipzig University, An den Tierkliniken 43, 04103 Leipzig, SN Germany
| | - Gerhard U. Oechtering
- grid.9647.c0000 0004 7669 9786Department for Small Animals, College of Veterinary Medicine, Leipzig University, An den Tierkliniken 23, 04103 Leipzig, SN Germany
| | - Romy M. Heilmann
- grid.9647.c0000 0004 7669 9786Department for Small Animals, College of Veterinary Medicine, Leipzig University, An den Tierkliniken 23, 04103 Leipzig, SN Germany
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Aupperle-Lellbach H, Grassinger JM, Floren A, Törner K, Beitzinger C, Loesenbeck G, Müller T. Tumour Incidence in Dogs in Germany: a Retrospective Analysis of 109,616 Histopathological Diagnoses (2014-2019). J Comp Pathol 2022; 198:33-55. [PMID: 36116890 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcpa.2022.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2022] [Revised: 05/16/2022] [Accepted: 07/30/2022] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
Characterization of a tumour entity is based on the precise histopathological diagnosis taking into account the signalment of the diseased animal. The present study is a comprehensive, up-to-date statistical investigation on the type, frequency and breed distribution of neoplasia in dogs in Germany. The histopathological datasets of 109,616 German canine tissue samples (2014-2019) were processed and statistically examined in retrospect. Non-neoplastic diseases were found in 38,650 samples (35.3%) and 70,966 neoplasms (64.7%) were diagnosed. The most common neoplasms were mammary tumours (21.9%), benign epithelial skin tumours (15.4%), mast cell tumour (9.7%), histiocytoma (7.0%), soft tissue sarcoma (5.8%), lipoma (5.8%), melanocytic tumours (5.2%) and odontogenic tumours (4.7%). In general, Beagles, Magyar Vizslas, Boxers, Schnauzers, Spaniels, French Bulldogs and Golden Retrievers had an increased risk of neoplasia (odds ratio 1.17-1.46; all: P ≤0.001) compared with crossbreed dogs. In particular, Boxers, Golden Retrievers, Rottweilers and Schnauzers were often affected by malignant neoplasms, whereas some breeds (eg, West Highland White Terrier, Magyar Vizsla, Chihuahua, Dachshund and Yorkshire Terrier) were frequently affected by numerous benign tumour types. Despite the known risk of haemangiosarcoma in German Shepherd Dogs, other malignant tumours were rare in this breed. Depending on the type of tumour, some purebred dog breeds can have an increased, reduced or identical risk for certain neoplasms compared with crossbreeds. Discussion of breed predispositions to tumour diseases must therefore be conducted critically and with a view to clinical relevance.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Andreas Floren
- Institut für Bioinformatik, Julius-Maximilians-Universität, Würzburg, Germany; Institut für Tierökologie und Tropenbiologie, Lehrstuhl für Zoologie III (Tierökologie), Würzburg, Germany
| | | | | | | | - Tobias Müller
- Institut für Bioinformatik, Julius-Maximilians-Universität, Würzburg, Germany
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9
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Gentilini F, Palgrave CJ, Neta M, Tornago R, Furlanello T, McKay JS, Sacchini F, Turba ME. Validation of a Liquid Biopsy Protocol for Canine BRAFV595E Variant Detection in Dog Urine and Its Evaluation as a Diagnostic Test Complementary to Cytology. Front Vet Sci 2022; 9:909934. [PMID: 35711804 PMCID: PMC9195143 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2022.909934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2022] [Accepted: 04/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
A significant proportion of canine urothelial carcinomas carry the driver valine to glutamic acid variation (V595E) in BRAF kinase. The detection of V595E may prove suitable to guide molecularly targeted therapies and support non-invasive diagnosis of the urogenital system by means of a liquid biopsy approach using urine. Three cohorts and a control group were included in this multi-step validation study which included setting up a digital PCR assay. This was followed by investigation of preanalytical factors and two alternative PCR techniques on a liquid biopsy protocol. Finally, a blind study using urine as diagnostic sample has been carried out to verify its suitability as diagnostic test to complement cytology. The digital PCR (dPCR) assay proved consistently specific, sensitive, and linear. Using the dPCR assay, the prevalence of V595E in 22 urothelial carcinomas was 90.9%. When compared with histopathology as gold standard in the blind-label cases, the diagnostic accuracy of using the canine BRAF (cBRAF) variation as a surrogate assay against the histologic diagnosis was 85.7% with 92.3% positive predictive value and 80.0% negative predictive value. In all the cases, in which both biopsy tissue and the associated urine were assayed, the findings matched completely. Finally, when combined with urine sediment cytology examination in blind-label cases with clinical suspicion of malignancy, the dPCR assay significantly improved the overall diagnostic accuracy. A liquid biopsy approach on urine using the digital PCR may be a valuable breakthrough in the diagnostic of urothelial carcinomas in dogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabio Gentilini
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, Ozzano dell'Emilia, Italy
| | | | - Michal Neta
- IDEXX Laboratories Ltd., Wetherby, West Yorkshire, United Kingdom
| | - Raimondo Tornago
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, Ozzano dell'Emilia, Italy
| | | | - Jennifer S McKay
- IDEXX Laboratories Ltd., Wetherby, West Yorkshire, United Kingdom
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10
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Rasteiro AM, Sá e Lemos E, Oliveira PA, Gil da Costa RM. Molecular Markers in Urinary Bladder Cancer: Applications for Diagnosis, Prognosis and Therapy. Vet Sci 2022; 9:vetsci9030107. [PMID: 35324835 PMCID: PMC8950778 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci9030107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2021] [Revised: 02/15/2022] [Accepted: 02/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer of the urinary bladder is a neoplasm with considerable importance in veterinary medicine, given its high incidence in several domestic animal species and its life-threatening character. Bladder cancer in companion animals shows a complex and still poorly understood biopathology, and this lack of knowledge has limited therapeutic progress over the years. Even so, important advances concerning the identification of tumour markers with clinical applications at the diagnosis, prognosis and therapeutic levels have recently been made, for example, the identification of pathological BRAF mutations. Those advances are now facilitating the introduction of targeted therapies. The present review will address such advances, focusing on small animal oncology and providing the reader with an update on this field. When appropriate, comparisons will be drawn with bladder cancer in human patients, as well as with experimental models of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Mafalda Rasteiro
- CEDIVET, Laboratório Clínico Veterinário, 4200-071 Porto, Portugal; (A.M.R.); (E.S.e.L.)
- Garden Veterinary Group, Chippenham SN15 1NQ, UK
| | - Eva Sá e Lemos
- CEDIVET, Laboratório Clínico Veterinário, 4200-071 Porto, Portugal; (A.M.R.); (E.S.e.L.)
| | - Paula A. Oliveira
- Centre for the Research and Technology of Agro-Environmental and Biological Sciences (CITAB), Inov4Agro, University of Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro (UTAD), Quinta de Prados, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal;
| | - Rui M. Gil da Costa
- Centre for the Research and Technology of Agro-Environmental and Biological Sciences (CITAB), Inov4Agro, University of Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro (UTAD), Quinta de Prados, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal;
- Molecular Oncology and Viral Pathology Group, Research Center of IPO Porto (CI-IPOP)/RISE@CI-IPOP (Health Research Network), Portuguese Oncology Institute of Porto (IPO Porto)/Porto Comprehensive Cancer Center (Porto. CCC), 4200-072 Porto, Portugal
- Postgraduate Programme in Adult Health (PPGSAD), Department of Morphology, University Hospital (HUUFMA), Federal University of Maranhão (UFMA), São Luís 65080-805, Brazil
- LEPABE—Laboratory for Process Engineering, Environment, Biotechnology and Energy, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal
- Correspondence:
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11
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Tsamouri MM, Durbin-Johnson BP, Culp WTN, Palm CA, Parikh M, Kent MS, Ghosh PM. Untargeted Metabolomics Identify a Panel of Urinary Biomarkers for the Diagnosis of Urothelial Carcinoma of the Bladder, as Compared to Urolithiasis with or without Urinary Tract Infection in Dogs. Metabolites 2022; 12:200. [PMID: 35323643 PMCID: PMC8951005 DOI: 10.3390/metabo12030200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2022] [Revised: 02/10/2022] [Accepted: 02/22/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Urothelial carcinoma (UC), the most common urologic cancer in dogs, is often diagnosed late because the clinical signs are shared by other non-malignant lower urinary tract disorders (LUTD). The urine-based BRAFV595E test for UC is highly effective only in certain breeds; hence additional non-invasive biomarkers of UC are needed. Here, urine from dogs with UC (n = 27), urolithiasis (n = 8), or urolithiasis with urinary tract infection (UTI) (n = 8) were subjected to untargeted metabolomics analyses, using GC-TOF-MS for primary metabolites, QTOF-MS for complex lipids, and HILIC-QTOF MS for secondary and charged metabolites. After adjusting for age and sex, we identified 1123 known metabolites that were differentially expressed between UC and LUTD. Twenty-seven metabolites were significant (1.5 ≤ log2FC ≤ −1.5, adjusted p-value < 0.05); however, 10 of these could be attributed to treatment-related changes. Of the remaining 17, 6 (hippuric acid, N-Acetylphenylalanine, sarcosine, octanoylcarnitine, N-alpha-methylhistamine, glycerol-3-galactoside) discriminated between UC and LUTD (area under the ROC curve > 0.85). Of the 6 metabolites, only hippuric acid and N-alpha-methylhistamine were discriminatory in both male (n = 20) and female (n = 23) dogs, while sarcosine was an effective discriminator in several breeds, but only in females. Further investigation of these metabolites is warranted for potential use as non-invasive diagnostic biomarkers of dogs with UC that present with LUTD-related clinical signs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Malvina Tsamouri
- Veterans Affairs-Northern California Health System, Mather, CA 95655, USA
- Department of Urologic Surgery, School of Medicine, University of California Davis, Sacramento, CA 95718, USA
| | | | - William T. N. Culp
- Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA; (W.T.N.C.); (M.S.K.)
| | - Carrie A. Palm
- Department of Medicine and Epidemiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA;
| | - Mamta Parikh
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California Davis, Sacramento, CA 95718, USA;
| | - Michael S. Kent
- Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA; (W.T.N.C.); (M.S.K.)
| | - Paramita M. Ghosh
- Veterans Affairs-Northern California Health System, Mather, CA 95655, USA
- Department of Urologic Surgery, School of Medicine, University of California Davis, Sacramento, CA 95718, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California Davis, Sacramento, CA 95718, USA
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12
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Gedon J, Kehl A, Aupperle-Lellbach H, von Bomhard W, Schmidt JM. BRAF mutation status and its prognostic significance in 79 canine urothelial carcinomas: A retrospective study (2006-2019). Vet Comp Oncol 2021; 20:449-457. [PMID: 34878687 DOI: 10.1111/vco.12790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2021] [Revised: 11/27/2021] [Accepted: 11/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Urothelial carcinoma (UC) is the most common tumour of the canine urinary bladder. Recently, BRAF mutation testing emerged as a diagnostic option, but its prognostic significance is unknown. This study investigates the relationship between BRAF (variant V595E) mutation status and overall survival in UC-bearing dogs. Seventy-nine patients histologically diagnosed with UC of the bladder and/or urethra between 2006 and 2019 were included in this retrospective single-centre-study. Treatment consisted of meloxicam (n = 39, group 1 'Melox'), mitoxantrone and meloxicam (+/- followed by metronomic chlorambucil; n = 23, group 2 'Chemo') or partial cystectomy followed by meloxicam +/- mitoxantrone (n = 17, group 3 'Sx'). Survival was significantly influenced by treatment (p = .0002) and tumour location (p < .001) in both uni- and multivariable analyses. BRAF mutation was identified in 51 tumours (=64.6%) and had no statistically significant influence on overall survival: MST for BRAF-negative patients 359 versus 214 days for BRAF-positive dogs (p = .055). However, in BRAF-positive dogs, survival depended significantly on type of treatment in univariable analysis: MSTs for groups 1-3 were 151, 244 and 853 days, respectively (p = .006); In BRAF-positive group 2 ('Chemo')-patients, adjuvant metronomic chlorambucil after mitoxantrone more than doubled MST compared to patients receiving mitoxantrone alone (588 vs. 216 days; p = .030). In contrast, MSTs were not significantly different in BRAF-negative patients among the three treatment groups (p = .069). Multivariate analysis of these data was not possible due to group size limitations. This study identified tumour location and treatment type, but not BRAF mutation status, as independent prognostic factors for overall survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Gedon
- Small Animal Clinic Hofheim, Hofheim am Taunus, Germany
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13
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Tsamouri MM, Steele TM, Mudryj M, Kent MS, Ghosh PM. Comparative Cancer Cell Signaling in Muscle-Invasive Urothelial Carcinoma of the Bladder in Dogs and Humans. Biomedicines 2021; 9:1472. [PMID: 34680588 PMCID: PMC8533305 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines9101472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2021] [Revised: 10/12/2021] [Accepted: 10/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Muscle-invasive urothelial carcinoma (MIUC) is the most common type of bladder malignancy in humans, but also in dogs that represent a naturally occurring model for this disease. Dogs are immunocompetent animals that share risk factors, pathophysiological features, clinical signs and response to chemotherapeutics with human cancer patients. This review summarizes the fundamental pathways for canine MIUC initiation, progression, and metastasis, emerging therapeutic targets and mechanisms of drug resistance, and proposes new opportunities for potential prognostic and diagnostic biomarkers and therapeutics. Identifying similarities and differences between cancer signaling in dogs and humans is of utmost importance for the efficient translation of in vitro research to successful clinical trials for both species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Malvina Tsamouri
- Veterans Affairs-Northern California Health System, Mather, CA 95655, USA; (T.M.S.); (M.M.)
- Department of Urologic Surgery, School of Medicine, University of California Davis, Sacramento, CA 95718, USA
- Graduate Group in Integrative Pathobiology, University of California Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Thomas M. Steele
- Veterans Affairs-Northern California Health System, Mather, CA 95655, USA; (T.M.S.); (M.M.)
- Department of Urologic Surgery, School of Medicine, University of California Davis, Sacramento, CA 95718, USA
| | - Maria Mudryj
- Veterans Affairs-Northern California Health System, Mather, CA 95655, USA; (T.M.S.); (M.M.)
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Michael S. Kent
- Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA;
| | - Paramita M. Ghosh
- Veterans Affairs-Northern California Health System, Mather, CA 95655, USA; (T.M.S.); (M.M.)
- Department of Urologic Surgery, School of Medicine, University of California Davis, Sacramento, CA 95718, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California Davis, Sacramento, CA 95718, USA
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14
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Kim JH, Ahn DH, Moon JS, Han HJ, Bae K, Yoon KA. Longitudinal assessment of B-RAF V595E levels in the peripheral cell-free tumor DNA of a 10-year-old spayed female Korean Jindo dog with unresectable metastatic urethral transitional cell carcinoma for monitoring the treatment response to a RAF inhibitor (sorafenib). Vet Q 2021; 41:153-162. [PMID: 33764261 PMCID: PMC8118428 DOI: 10.1080/01652176.2021.1905194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Transitional cell carcinoma (TCC) is the most common malignant tumor of the canine urinary tract. In this case study, a dog with metastatic urethral TCC was treated with sorafenib. The tumor expression levels of receptor tyrosine kinase genes, including VEGFR-1, VEGFR-2, PDGFR-α, PDGFR-β, ALK, EGFR, ErbB2, and B-RAF, were analyzed. VEGFR was overexpressed in tumor tissues compared to the normal tissues. Considering the high frequency of B-RAF mutation in canine urological tumors, the B-RAF gene was examined, and the B-RAF V595E mutation was detected in the tumor tissue. Therefore, the antitumor effect of sorafenib, a multi-tyrosine kinase inhibitor, on unresectable metastatic urethral TCC characterized by B-RAF V595E was evaluated and circulating cell-free tumor DNA (ctDNA) was assessed for monitoring the treatment response. After the initiation of oral sorafenib therapy (4 mg/kg/day escalated to 10 mg/kg/day), the dysuria was alleviated gradually, and the patient remained stable for 3 months. During that treatment period, the patient showed various levels of changes associated with B-RAF V595E mutation in ctDNA as evident from longitudinal plasma samples after initiation of sorafenib therapy. The findings of this study suggest that ctDNA may serve as a useful non-invasive tool for monitoring the treatment response to anticancer drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jung-Hyun Kim
- Department of Veterinary Internal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Dana Hyunjung Ahn
- Department of Veterinary Internal Medicine, Konkuk University Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Je-Sung Moon
- Veterinary Emergency Medicine and Critical Care, Konkuk University Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Hyun-Jung Han
- Veterinary Emergency Medicine and Critical Care, Konkuk University Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Kieun Bae
- Department of Veterinary Biochemistry, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Kyong-Ah Yoon
- Department of Veterinary Biochemistry, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul, South Korea
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15
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Mestrinho LA, Santos RR. Translational oncotargets for immunotherapy: From pet dogs to humans. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2021; 172:296-313. [PMID: 33705879 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2021.02.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2020] [Revised: 02/10/2021] [Accepted: 02/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Preclinical studies in rodent models have been a pivotal role in human clinical research, but many of them fail in the translational process. Spontaneous tumors in pet dogs have the potential to bridge the gap between preclinical models and human clinical trials. Their natural occurrence in an immunocompetent system overcome the limitations of preclinical rodent models. Due to its reasonable cellular, molecular, and genetic homology to humans, the pet dog represents a valuable model to accelerate the translation of preclinical studies to clinical trials in humans, actually with benefits for both species. Moreover, their unique genetic features of breeding and breed-related mutations have contributed to assess and optimize therapeutics in individuals with different genetic backgrounds. This review aims to outline four main immunotherapy approaches - cancer vaccines, adaptive T-cell transfer, antibodies, and cytokines -, under research in veterinary medicine and how they can serve the clinical application crosstalk with humans.
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16
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Shinada M, Saeki K, Yoshitake R, Eto S, Tsuboi M, Chambers JK, Uchida K, Kato D, Yoshimoto S, Kamoto S, Ikeda N, Kinoshita R, Fujita N, Nishimura R, Nakagawa T. Evaluation of epithelial and mesenchymal cell markers in canine urinary bladder transitional cell carcinoma. Vet J 2020; 266:105571. [PMID: 33323173 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2020.105571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2019] [Revised: 10/21/2020] [Accepted: 11/03/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Canine transitional cell carcinoma (cTCC) is the most common malignant tumour in the urinary bladder: it is highly invasive and exhibits metastatic characteristics. Inflammation is also strongly related to cTCC. Epithelial tumours often exhibit a mesenchymal cell phenotype during tumour invasion and metastasis owing to epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), which is often induced in chronic inflammation. The aim of this retrospective study was to investigate the expression of epithelial and mesenchymal cell markers in tumour cells and to evaluate its relationship with prognosis of cTCC. In this study, 29 dogs with cTCC who underwent surgical treatment were enrolled. Clinical parameters were reviewed using medical records. Tissue expression of epithelial and mesenchymal markers was evaluated by immunohistochemical analysis. The association between the expression of mesenchymal cell markers and clinical parameters, including prognosis, was statistically examined. In five normal bladder tissues used as controls, no expression of mesenchymal markers was observed, except for one tissue that expressed fibronectin. Conversely, epithelial tumour cells expressed vimentin and fibronectin in 23/29 and 19/28 cTCC tissues, respectively. Regarding clinical parameters, vimentin score in Miniature Dachshunds was significantly higher than those in other dog breeds (P < 0.001). Multivariate survival analyses revealed that age>12 years was related to shorter progression-free survival (P = 0.02). Higher vimentin score, lower fibronectin score, and advanced clinical T stage were significantly correlated with shorter median survival time (P < 0.05). The results of this study indicate that vimentin expression was associated with cTCC progression. Further studies are needed to examine the incidence and relevance of EMT in cTCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Shinada
- Laboratory of Veterinary Surgery, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1, Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
| | - K Saeki
- Laboratory of Veterinary Surgery, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1, Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan.
| | - R Yoshitake
- Laboratory of Veterinary Surgery, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1, Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
| | - S Eto
- Laboratory of Veterinary Surgery, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1, Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
| | - M Tsuboi
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pathology, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1, Yayoi, Bunkyo-Ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
| | - J K Chambers
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pathology, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1, Yayoi, Bunkyo-Ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
| | - K Uchida
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pathology, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1, Yayoi, Bunkyo-Ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
| | - D Kato
- Laboratory of Veterinary Surgery, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1, Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
| | - S Yoshimoto
- Laboratory of Veterinary Surgery, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1, Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
| | - S Kamoto
- Laboratory of Veterinary Surgery, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1, Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
| | - N Ikeda
- Laboratory of Veterinary Surgery, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1, Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
| | - R Kinoshita
- Veterinary Medical Center, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1, Yayoi, Bunkyo-Ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
| | - N Fujita
- Laboratory of Veterinary Surgery, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1, Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
| | - R Nishimura
- Laboratory of Veterinary Surgery, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1, Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
| | - T Nakagawa
- Laboratory of Veterinary Surgery, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1, Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
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17
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Yoshitake R, Saeki K, Eto S, Shinada M, Nakano R, Sugiya H, Endo Y, Fujita N, Nishimura R, Nakagawa T. Aberrant expression of the COX2/PGE 2 axis is induced by activation of the RAF/MEK/ERK pathway in BRAF V595E canine urothelial carcinoma. Sci Rep 2020; 10:7826. [PMID: 32385388 PMCID: PMC7210937 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-64832-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2019] [Accepted: 04/09/2020] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer-promoting inflammation is an important event in cancer development. Canine urothelial carcinoma (cUC) overexpresses prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) and has a unique sensitivity to cyclooxygenase 2 (COX2)-inhibiting therapy. In addition, majority of cUC harbour BRAFV595E mutation. However, mechanisms underlying aberrant PGE2 production in BRAFV595E cUC patients remain unclear. Drug screening revealed that inhibition of RAF/MEK/ERK pathway, p38 and JNK pathway reduced PGE2 production in cUC cells. By pharmacological inhibition of the multiple components in the pathway, activation of the ERK MAPK pathway was shown to mediate overexpression of COX2 and production of PGE2 in BRAFV595E cUC cells. In silico gain-of-function analysis of the BRAF mutation also implicated involvement of mutation in the process. The positive association between ERK activation and COX2 expression was further validated in the clinical patients. Moreover, it was also suggested that p38 and JNK regulates PGE2 production independently of ERK pathway, possibly through COX2-dependent and COX1-/COX2- independent manner, respectively. In conclusion, this study demonstrated that activation of ERK induces production of PGE2 in BRAFV595E cUC cells, which is also independently regulated by p38 and JNK. With its unique vulnerability to COX-targeted therapy, BRAFV595E cUC may serve as a valuable model to study the tumour-promoting inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryohei Yoshitake
- Laboratory of Veterinary Surgery, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, University of Tokyo, 1-1-1, Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8657, Japan
| | - Kohei Saeki
- Laboratory of Veterinary Surgery, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, University of Tokyo, 1-1-1, Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8657, Japan.
| | - Shotaro Eto
- Laboratory of Veterinary Surgery, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, University of Tokyo, 1-1-1, Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8657, Japan
| | - Masahiro Shinada
- Laboratory of Veterinary Surgery, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, University of Tokyo, 1-1-1, Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8657, Japan
| | - Rei Nakano
- Laboratory of Veterinary Biochemistry, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Nihon University College of Bioresource Sciences, 1866 Kameino, Fujisawa, Kanagawa, 252-0880, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Sugiya
- Laboratory of Veterinary Biochemistry, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Nihon University College of Bioresource Sciences, 1866 Kameino, Fujisawa, Kanagawa, 252-0880, Japan
| | - Yoshifumi Endo
- Laboratory of Veterinary Surgery, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, University of Tokyo, 1-1-1, Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8657, Japan
| | - Naoki Fujita
- Laboratory of Veterinary Surgery, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, University of Tokyo, 1-1-1, Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8657, Japan
| | - Ryohei Nishimura
- Laboratory of Veterinary Surgery, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, University of Tokyo, 1-1-1, Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8657, Japan
| | - Takayuki Nakagawa
- Laboratory of Veterinary Surgery, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, University of Tokyo, 1-1-1, Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8657, Japan
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