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Wang T, Cao W, Wang Y, Qu C, Xu Y, Li H. Surface modification of quartz sand: A review of its progress and its effect on heavy metal adsorption. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2023; 262:115179. [PMID: 37356400 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2023.115179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2023] [Revised: 06/13/2023] [Accepted: 06/21/2023] [Indexed: 06/27/2023]
Abstract
Quartz sand (SiO2) is a prevalent filtration medium, boasting wide accessibility, superior stability, and cost-effectiveness. However, its utility is often curtailed by its sleek surface, limited active sites, and swift saturation of adsorption sites. This review outlines the prevalent strategies and agents for quartz sand surface modification and provides a comprehensive analysis of the various modification reagents and their operative mechanisms. It delves into the mechanism and utility of surface-modified quartz sand for adsorbing heavy metal ions (HMIs). It is found that the reported modifiers usually form connections with the surface of quartz sand through electrostatic forces, van der Waals forces, pore filling, chemical bonding, and/or molecular entanglement. The literature suggests that these modifications effectively address issues inherent to natural quartz sand, such as its low superficial coarseness, rapid adsorption site saturation, and limited adsorption capacity. Regrettably, comprehensive investigations into the particle size, regenerative capabilities, and application costs of surface-modified quartz sand and the critical factors for its wider adoption are lacking in most reports. The adsorption mechanisms indicate that surface-modified quartz sand primarily removes HMIs from aqueous solutions through surface complexation, ion exchange, and electrostatic and gravitational forces. However, these findings were derived under controlled laboratory conditions, and practical applications for treating real wastewater necessitate overcoming further laboratory-scale obstacles. Finally, this review outlines the limitations of partially surface modified quartz sand and suggests potential venues for future developments, providing a valuable reference for the advancement of cost-effective, HMI-absorbing, surface-modified quartz sand filter media.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Wang
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Control Theory and Technology, Guilin University of Technology, Guilin 541006, China; Collaborative Innovation Center for Water Pollution Control and Water Safety in Karst Area, Guilin University of Technology, Guilin 541006, China
| | - Weiyuan Cao
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Control Theory and Technology, Guilin University of Technology, Guilin 541006, China; Collaborative Innovation Center for Water Pollution Control and Water Safety in Karst Area, Guilin University of Technology, Guilin 541006, China
| | - Yingqi Wang
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Control Theory and Technology, Guilin University of Technology, Guilin 541006, China; Collaborative Innovation Center for Water Pollution Control and Water Safety in Karst Area, Guilin University of Technology, Guilin 541006, China
| | - Chao Qu
- Handan Environmental Monitoring Center Station, Handan 056000, China
| | - Yufeng Xu
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Control Theory and Technology, Guilin University of Technology, Guilin 541006, China; Collaborative Innovation Center for Water Pollution Control and Water Safety in Karst Area, Guilin University of Technology, Guilin 541006, China; Chinese Acad Sci, Res Ctr Ecoenvironm Sci, Beijing 100085, China.
| | - Haixiang Li
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Control Theory and Technology, Guilin University of Technology, Guilin 541006, China; Collaborative Innovation Center for Water Pollution Control and Water Safety in Karst Area, Guilin University of Technology, Guilin 541006, China.
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Enochs B, Meindl G, Shidemantle G, Wuerthner V, Akerele D, Bartholomew A, Bulgrien B, Davis A, Hoyt K, Kung L, Molina M, Miller E, Winship A, Zhang Y, Graney J, Collins D, Hua J. Short and long-term phytoremediation capacity of aquatic plants in Cu-polluted environments. Heliyon 2023; 9:e12805. [PMID: 36685386 PMCID: PMC9853361 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e12805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2022] [Revised: 12/16/2022] [Accepted: 01/03/2023] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Freshwater ecosystems face numerous threats from human populations, including heavy metal contamination. Phytoremediation, the use of plants to remediate contaminated soils and sediments, is an effective and low-cost means of removing chemical contaminants, including heavy metals, from polluted environments. However, key questions remain unanswered in the application of this technology in aquatic environments, such as the long-term fate of pollutants following plant uptake. In this study, using two common wetland plant species (duckweed and tape grass), we first examined the capacity of plants to remove copper (Cu) from polluted water. Next, we evaluated the leaching potential of plant tissues following decomposition and how it is affected by a simulated freeze-thaw cycle. Using phytoremediated water and leachates from senesced plants we assessed phytoremediation success and Cu leaching potential by conducting standard toxicity assays using pond snails (Physa acuta), a species with known Cu sensitivity. We found that duckweed outperformed tape grass as a phytoremediator at low Cu concentrations. In addition, for plants grown in low concentrations of Cu, leaching from decaying plant material did not negatively impact snail survival, while at high concentrations of Cu, leaching did result in toxicity. Lastly, we found that a simulated freeze-thaw cycle increased the release of Cu from plant tissue in the presence of high Cu concentrations only, resulting in reduced snail survival. Our results indicate that in moderately Cu-polluted environments, some aquatic plants can remove contaminants without a long-term risk of leaching. In contrast, phytoremediation in highly polluted environments will likely require removal of plant tissue to prevent leaching of previously accumulated metals. Land managers must not only consider plant species and degree of contamination, but also geographic location, as freeze-thaw cycles may enhance plant decomposition and increase the likelihood of contaminant leaching following phytoremediation efforts in aquatic ecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brendan Enochs
- Environmental Studies Program, Binghamton University, Binghamton, NY, USA
| | - George Meindl
- Department of Forest and Wildlife Ecology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA,Corresponding author.
| | | | - Vanessa Wuerthner
- Environmental Studies Program, Binghamton University, Binghamton, NY, USA
| | - David Akerele
- Environmental Studies Program, Binghamton University, Binghamton, NY, USA
| | | | - Benjamin Bulgrien
- Environmental Studies Program, Binghamton University, Binghamton, NY, USA
| | - Abigail Davis
- Environmental Studies Program, Binghamton University, Binghamton, NY, USA
| | - Katelynn Hoyt
- Environmental Studies Program, Binghamton University, Binghamton, NY, USA
| | - Lena Kung
- Environmental Studies Program, Binghamton University, Binghamton, NY, USA
| | - Maria Molina
- Environmental Studies Program, Binghamton University, Binghamton, NY, USA
| | - Elias Miller
- Environmental Studies Program, Binghamton University, Binghamton, NY, USA
| | - Ally Winship
- Environmental Studies Program, Binghamton University, Binghamton, NY, USA
| | - Yiqun Zhang
- Environmental Studies Program, Binghamton University, Binghamton, NY, USA
| | - Joseph Graney
- Environmental Studies Program, Binghamton University, Binghamton, NY, USA
| | - David Collins
- Environmental Studies Program, Binghamton University, Binghamton, NY, USA
| | - Jessica Hua
- Department of Forest and Wildlife Ecology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
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Godyń I, Bodziony M, Grela A, Muszyński K, Pamuła J. Determination of Pollution and Environmental Risk Assessment of Stormwater and the Receiving River, Case Study of the Sudół River Catchment, Poland. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 20:504. [PMID: 36612823 PMCID: PMC9819663 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph20010504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2022] [Revised: 12/12/2022] [Accepted: 12/22/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Changes in the land use of urban catchments and the discharge of stormwater to rivers are causing surface water pollution. Measurements were taken of the quality of discharged stormwater from two areas with different types of development: a residential area and a residential-commercial area, as well as the quality of the Sudół River water below the sewer outlets. The following indicators were studied: TSS, COD, N-NO3, N-NO2, TKN, TN, TP, Zn, Cu, Hg, HOI, and PAHs. The influence of land use on the magnitudes of flows in the river was modeled using the SCS-CN method and the Snyder Unit Hydrograph Model. The results showed an increase in sealing and a resulting increase in surface runoff. Concentrations of pollutants in stormwater and analysis of the potential amounts of loadings contributed by the analyzed stormwater outlets indicate that they may be responsible for the failure to meet environmental targets in the Sudół River. Environmental risk assessment shows that the aquatic ecosystem is at risk. A risk factor indicating a high risk of adverse environmental effects was determined for N-NO3, Zn, and Cu, among others.
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Fronczyk J, Markowska-Lech K. Treatment efficiency of synthetic urban runoff by low-cost mineral materials under various flow conditions and in the presence of salt: Possibilities and limitations. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 770:145199. [PMID: 33736397 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.145199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2020] [Revised: 01/10/2021] [Accepted: 01/11/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Urban runoff belongs to important carriers of pollutants that during infiltration can accumulate in the soil/water environment. One of the protection solutions may be the enhancement of infiltration systems by horizontal permeable treatment zones. The article presents the results of column tests carried out in order to determine (1) the influence of the hydraulic loading rate on the dynamic capacities of selected reactive materials: low-cost mineral materials (zeolite, limestone sand, halloysite) and reference material (activated carbon), and control soils (topsoil and Vistula sand) against Zn, NH4+ and PO43-, and (2) remobilization of contaminants under the influence of salt (NaCl 5 g/L) present in synthetic runoff water. The research has revealed that the most useful for the removal of zinc ions was limestone sand (>4.36 mg/g), of orthophosphates - halloysite (2.29 mg/g on the average), and of ammonium ions - zeolite (2.75 mg/g on the average). The control soils were characterized by low ability to immobilize the contaminants tested. In addition, increase in the hydraulic loading rate of synthetic runoff water reduced the dynamic capacity of materials to a variable degree depending on the material applied and the contamination removed (by 24% for limestone sand-PO43- system to 95% for activated carbon-NH4+ system). The presence of NaCl caused significant leaching of ammonium ions from zeolite and halloysite filter beds (up to 99.3%), and phosphates from the activated carbon filter bed (up to 41.3%). All tracer contaminants tested leached intensively from the Vistula sand filter bed, while only ammonium ions leached from the topsoil filter bed. It seems justified to support the performance of infiltration systems by layers of: limestone sand, to enhance the processes of heavy metal precipitation and ammonium ion volatilization by increasing the pH, and halloysite for the sorption of phosphates.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Fronczyk
- Institute of Civil Engineering, Warsaw University of Life Sciences-SGGW, Nowoursynowska 159, Warsaw 02-776, Poland.
| | - K Markowska-Lech
- Institute of Civil Engineering, Warsaw University of Life Sciences-SGGW, Nowoursynowska 159, Warsaw 02-776, Poland
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Ataguba CO, Brink I. Metals removal from automobile workshop stormwater runoff using rice husk, GAC and gravel filtration. WATER SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY : A JOURNAL OF THE INTERNATIONAL ASSOCIATION ON WATER POLLUTION RESEARCH 2021; 83:184-197. [PMID: 33460417 DOI: 10.2166/wst.2020.565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The efficiency of combined filtration media consisting of rice husk (RH), granular activated carbon (GAC) and gravel (GR) for the removal of metals cadmium, copper, lead and iron from stormwater runoff emanating from automobile workshops in Nigeria was investigated. Stormwater runoff samples were collected from five sites over a period of nine (9) weeks and filtered using two filter combinations, GAC - RH, GR - GAC as well as a RH-only filter. All the filters removed metals. Highest average singular metals removals were: approximately 74% copper for GR - GAC; 70% lead for RH, 67% iron for GAC - RH and 46% cadmium for GAC - RH. Average metals removal efficiencies (all metals combined) were GAC - RH 61%, GR - GAC 52% and RH-only 46%. The combined filter materials therefore showed better metals removal efficiencies than the RH-only filter. Further filtration of metals polluted stormwater would be required to lower the average metals concentration to meet local and international discharge standards. Future research into low cost modifications towards optimising the filter materials to improve metals removal efficiencies is recommended.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clement Oguche Ataguba
- Department of Civil Engineering, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa E-mail:
| | - Isobel Brink
- Department of Civil Engineering, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa E-mail:
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Fardel A, Peyneau PE, Béchet B, Lakel A, Rodriguez F. Performance of two contrasting pilot swale designs for treating zinc, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and glyphosate from stormwater runoff. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 743:140503. [PMID: 32679489 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.140503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2020] [Revised: 06/22/2020] [Accepted: 06/23/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Swales are a widespread stormwater management solution to reduce pollutant concentrations in runoff. An innovative pilot facility was constructed to evaluate the treatment efficiency of the two main types of water-quality swales, i.e. standard swales and filtering swales. Using stormwater roof runoff, without any additions or spiked with organic micropollutants, 12 runoff simulation runs mimicking frequent storm events were discharged longitudinally or laterally over the pilot swales. The performance of each swale was assessed for 4 micropollutants, i.e. zinc (Zn), glyphosate, pyrene and phenanthrene. These substances were mainly found in the dissolved phase of the stormwater runoff used to supply the pilot swales. The standard swale, constructed from a silt loam soil, partially managed stormwater runoff by infiltration. Micropollutant concentration reductions were higher in the infiltrated water (35-85%) than in the overflow (-13-66%). The filtering swale, made of a sandy central part bordered by silt loam embankments, completely managed stormwater runoff by infiltration, providing high micropollutant concentration reductions (65-100%). Mass load reductions were higher for the filtering swale (67-90% for Zn and ≥89% for organic micropollutants) than for the standard swale (33-73% for Zn, 19-67% for glyphosate and ≥50% for both pyrene and phenanthrene). For both swales, lateral inflow was often associated with significantly higher concentration and mass reductions than longitudinal inflow. Consequently, when designing swales for the treatment of micropollutants, practitioners should preferentially promote filtering swales and installations providing lateral diffuse inflow over the facility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandre Fardel
- CSTB, Aquasim, 11 Rue Henri Picherit, F-44323 Nantes, France; GERS-LEE, Univ Gustave Eiffel, IFSTTAR, F-44344 Bouguenais, France; Univ Gustave Eiffel, CSTB, IRSTV, F-44000 Nantes, France.
| | - Pierre-Emmanuel Peyneau
- GERS-LEE, Univ Gustave Eiffel, IFSTTAR, F-44344 Bouguenais, France; Univ Gustave Eiffel, CSTB, IRSTV, F-44000 Nantes, France.
| | - Béatrice Béchet
- GERS-LEE, Univ Gustave Eiffel, IFSTTAR, F-44344 Bouguenais, France; Univ Gustave Eiffel, CSTB, IRSTV, F-44000 Nantes, France.
| | - Abdelkader Lakel
- CSTB, Aquasim, 11 Rue Henri Picherit, F-44323 Nantes, France; Univ Gustave Eiffel, CSTB, IRSTV, F-44000 Nantes, France.
| | - Fabrice Rodriguez
- GERS-LEE, Univ Gustave Eiffel, IFSTTAR, F-44344 Bouguenais, France; Univ Gustave Eiffel, CSTB, IRSTV, F-44000 Nantes, France.
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Ordonez D, Valencia A, Elhakiem H, Chang NB, Wanielista MP. Adsorption thermodynamics and kinetics of Advanced Green Environmental Media (AGEM) for nutrient removal and recovery in agricultural discharge and stormwater runoff. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2020; 266:115172. [PMID: 32712480 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2020.115172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2020] [Revised: 06/19/2020] [Accepted: 07/02/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Recycled materials were used in three types of green sorption media for nutrient removal and possible recovery in high nutrient-laden agricultural discharge and stormwater runoff. The three types of green sorption media included in this comparative study were two new aluminum-based green environmental media (AGEM) and one existing iron-filings based green environmental media (IFGEM). The corresponding adsorption isotherm, thermodynamics, and kinetics models were simulated based on isotherm studies to determine their removal efficiency and potential for recovery of nitrate, phosphate, and ammonia when used as a soil amendment in crop fields or in a filter for water treatment. AGEM-2 exhibited the shortest contact time required to achieve nutrient removal above 80% with an average of 7 h, followed by AGEM-1 and IFGEM with 10.6 and 28 h, respectively. Natural soil was included as a control and exhibited minimal nutrient removal. Ammonia, which may be recovered as fertilizer for drop fields in a soil-water-waste nexus, was generated by all three green sorption media mixes, therefore indicating their potential for use as soil amendments in agricultural and forested land after engineering filter applications. The kinetics analysis indicated that nitrate adsorption follows pseudo-first-order kinetics, while phosphate adsorption follows pseudo-second-order kinetics. The Gibbs free energy indicated that most of the adsorption reactions proceeded as exothermic. Lastly, a few equilibrium models, including the Langmuir, Freundlich, First Modified Langmuir, Temkin, Jovanovic, and Elovich models, were ranked and three were selected for use with IFGEM, AGEM-1, and AGEM-2, respectively, as below: (1) Langmuir, (2) Freundlich, and (3) First Modified Langmuir, according to three indices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana Ordonez
- Department of Civil, Environmental, and Construction Engineering, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, USA
| | - Andrea Valencia
- Department of Civil, Environmental, and Construction Engineering, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, USA
| | - Hanan Elhakiem
- Department of Civil, Environmental, and Construction Engineering, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, USA
| | - Ni-Bin Chang
- Department of Civil, Environmental, and Construction Engineering, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, USA.
| | - Martin P Wanielista
- Department of Civil, Environmental, and Construction Engineering, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, USA
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Markiewicz A, Strömvall AM, Björklund K. Alternative sorption filter materials effectively remove non-particulate organic pollutants from stormwater. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 730:139059. [PMID: 32416506 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.139059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2020] [Revised: 04/21/2020] [Accepted: 04/26/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Urban runoff contains a mixture of both particulate and non-particulate organic pollutants (OPs). Hydrophobic OPs such as higher petroleum hydrocarbons, phthalates, and polycyclic organic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are not exclusively bound to particles, but also present in runoff in colloidal and truly dissolved forms. These hydrophobic compounds can also form nano- and microsized emulsions that may carry pollutants in stormwater. Hence, it is of great importance to develop treatment technologies such as sorption filters that can remove non-particulate OPs from contaminated stormwater. A pilot plant using column bed-filters of sand as a pre-filter, in combination with granulated activated carbon, Sphagnum peat or Pinus sylvestris bark, was used to investigate the removal of non-particulate OPs from urban stormwater. Samples from the filter effluents were collected weekly; during or after rain events; and during stress tests when incoming water was spiked with contaminated sediment and petrol or diesel. All sorption filters showed efficient reduction of aliphatic diesel hydrocarbons C16-C35, benzene, and the PAHs phenanthrene, fluoranthene, and pyrene during most of the operation time, which was 18 months. During the stress test events, all sorption filters showed 100% reduction of PAH-16, petrol and diesel aliphatics C5-C35. All sorption filters released DOC and nanoparticles, which may explain some of the transportation of OPs through the filter beds. The recommendation is to use a combination of sand pre-filtration and all the studied sorption materials in stormwater filters in series, to achieve effective removal of different types of OPs. It is also important to improve the hydraulic conditions to obtain sufficient water flows through the filters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Markiewicz
- Department of Architecture and Civil Engineering, Water Environment Technology, Chalmers University of Technology, 412 96 Gothenburg, Sweden.
| | - Ann-Margret Strömvall
- Department of Architecture and Civil Engineering, Water Environment Technology, Chalmers University of Technology, 412 96 Gothenburg, Sweden.
| | - Karin Björklund
- Department of Architecture and Civil Engineering, Water Environment Technology, Chalmers University of Technology, 412 96 Gothenburg, Sweden; Kerr Wood Leidal Associates Ltd., 200 - 4185A Still Creek Drive Burnaby, British Columbia V5C 6G9, Canada.
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The Impact of Temperature on the Removal of Inorganic Contaminants Typical of Urban Stormwater. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/app9071273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Appropriate management of urban stormwater requires consideration of both water quantity, resulting from flood control requirements, and water quality, being a consequence of contaminant distribution via runoff water. This article focuses on the impact of temperature on the efficiency of stormwater treatment processes in permeable infiltration systems. Studies of the removal capacity of activated carbon, diatomite, halloysite, limestone sand and zeolite for select heavy metals (Cu and Zn) and biogenes (NH4-N and PO4-P) were performed in batch conditions at 3, 6, 10, 15, 22, 30 and 40 °C at low initial concentrations, and maximum sorption capacities determined at 3, 10, 22 and 40 °C. A decrease in temperature to 3 °C reduced the maximum sorption capacities (Qmax) of the applied materials in the range of 10% for diatomite uptake of PO4-P, to 46% for halloysite uptake of Cu. Only the value of Qmax for halloysite, limestone sand and diatomite for NH4-N uptake decreased slightly with temperature increase. A positive correlation was also observed for the equilibrium sorption (Qe) of Cu and Zn for analyses performed at low concentrations (with the exception of Zn sorption on limestone sand). In turn, for biogenes a rising trend was observed only in the range of 3 °C to 22 °C, whereas further temperature increase caused a decrease of Qe. Temperature had the largest influence on the removal of copper and the smallest on the removal of phosphates. It was also observed that the impact of temperature on the process of phosphate removal on all materials and ammonium ions on all materials, with the exception of zeolite, was negligible.
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