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Bayode AA, Emmanuel SS, Akinyemi AO, Ore OT, Akpotu SO, Koko DT, Momodu DE, López-Maldonado EA. Innovative techniques for combating a common enemy forever chemicals: A comprehensive approach to mitigating per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) contamination. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2024; 261:119719. [PMID: 39098711 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2024.119719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2024] [Revised: 07/24/2024] [Accepted: 07/31/2024] [Indexed: 08/06/2024]
Abstract
The pervasive presence of per and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS), commonly referred to as "forever chemicals," in water systems poses a significant threat to both the environment and public health. PFAS are persistent organic pollutants that are incredibly resistant to degradation and have a tendency to accumulate in the environment, resulting in long-term contamination issues. This comprehensive review delves into the primary impacts of PFAS on both the environment and human health while also delving into advanced techniques aimed at addressing these concerns. The focus is on exploring the efficacy, practicality, and sustainability of these methods. The review outlines several key methods, such as advanced oxidation processes, novel materials adsorption, bioremediation, membrane filtration, and in-situ chemical oxidation, and evaluates their effectiveness in addressing PFAS contamination. By conducting a comparative analysis of these techniques, the study aims to provide a thorough understanding of current PFAS remediation technologies, as well as offer insights into integrated approaches for managing these persistent pollutants effectively. While acknowledging the high efficiency of adsorption and membrane filtration in reducing persistent organic pollutants due to their relatively low cost, versatility, and wide applicability, the review suggests that the integration of these methods could result in an overall enhancement of removal performance. Additionally, the study emphasizes the need for researcher attention in key areas and underscores the necessity of collaboration between researchers, industry, and regulatory authorities to address this complex challenge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ajibola A Bayode
- College of Chemical Engineering, Sichuan University of Science and Engineering, Zigong, 643000, China; Department of Chemical Sciences, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Redeemer's University, P.M.B. 230, 232101, Ede, Nigeria.
| | - Stephen Sunday Emmanuel
- Department of Industrial Chemistry, Faculty of Physical Sciences, University of Ilorin, P. M. B. 1515, Ilorin, Nigeria.
| | - Amos O Akinyemi
- Department of Toxicology & Cancer Biology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, 40536, USA
| | - Odunayo T Ore
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Achievers University, P.M.B. 1030, Owo, Nigeria
| | - Samson O Akpotu
- Department of Chemistry, Vaal University of Technology, Vanderbijlpark, 1900, Gauteng, South Africa
| | - Daniel T Koko
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Redeemer's University, P.M.B. 230, 232101, Ede, Nigeria
| | - David E Momodu
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Redeemer's University, P.M.B. 230, 232101, Ede, Nigeria
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Olomukoro AA, Xie R, Paucar FXF, DeRosa C, Danielson ND, Gionfriddo E. Characterization of a mixed mode fluorocarbon/weak anion exchange sorbent for the separation of perfluoroalkyl substances. J Sep Sci 2024; 47:e2400413. [PMID: 39192716 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.202400413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2024] [Revised: 08/02/2024] [Accepted: 08/07/2024] [Indexed: 08/29/2024]
Abstract
The ubiquitous presence and persistence of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) in the environment have raised concerns in the scientific community. Current research efforts are prioritizing effective PFAS remediation through novel sorbents with orthogonal interaction mechanisms. Recognized sorption mechanisms between PFAS and sorbents include hydrophobic, electrostatic, and fluorine-fluorine interaction. The interplay of these mechanisms contributes significantly to improved sorption capacity and selectivity in PFAS separations. In this study, a primary/secondary amine-functionalized polystyrene-divinylbenzene (Sepra-WAX) polymer was modified to create a fluorinated WAX resin (Sepra-WAX-KelF-PEI). The synthesis intermediate (Sepra-WAX-KelF) was also tested to assess the improvement of the final product (Sepra-WAX-KelF-PEI). The adsorption capacity of Sepra-WAX, Sepra-WAX-KelF, and Sepra-WAX-KelF-PEI, and their interactions with PFAS were evaluated. The effect of pH, ionic strength, and organic solvents on PFAS sorption in aqueous solution was also investigated. The sorbents showed varied adsorption capacities for perfluorooctanoic acid, perfluoropentanoic acid, perfluoro-n-decanoic acid, and hexafluoropropylene oxide dimer acid, with the average extraction capacity of the four analytes being Sepra-WAX-KelF-PEI (523 mg/g) > Sepra-WAX (353 mg/g) > Sepra-WAX-KelF (220 mg/g). Sepra-WAX-KelF-PEI provided the highest adsorption capacity for all analytes tested, proving that the combination of electrostatic and hydrophobic/fluorophilic interactions is crucial for the effective preconcentration of PFAS and its future applications for PFAS remediation from aqueous solutions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aghogho A Olomukoro
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Toledo, Toledo, Ohio, USA
- Dr. Nina McClelland Laboratory for Water Chemistry and Environmental Analysis, The University of Toledo, Toledo, Ohio, USA
- Department of Chemistry, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Buffalo, New York, USA
| | - Ruichao Xie
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Miami University, Oxford, Ohio, USA
| | - Fabiola X Fernandez Paucar
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Toledo, Toledo, Ohio, USA
- Dr. Nina McClelland Laboratory for Water Chemistry and Environmental Analysis, The University of Toledo, Toledo, Ohio, USA
| | - Charlotte DeRosa
- Dr. Nina McClelland Laboratory for Water Chemistry and Environmental Analysis, The University of Toledo, Toledo, Ohio, USA
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Toledo, Toledo, Ohio, USA
| | - Neil D Danielson
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Miami University, Oxford, Ohio, USA
| | - Emanuela Gionfriddo
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Toledo, Toledo, Ohio, USA
- Dr. Nina McClelland Laboratory for Water Chemistry and Environmental Analysis, The University of Toledo, Toledo, Ohio, USA
- Department of Chemistry, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Buffalo, New York, USA
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Shin J, An B. Effect of ligand interactions within modified granular activated carbon (GAC) on mixed perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) and perfluorooctanesulfonic acid (PFOS) adsorption. CHEMOSPHERE 2024; 357:142025. [PMID: 38614400 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2024.142025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2023] [Revised: 04/06/2024] [Accepted: 04/10/2024] [Indexed: 04/15/2024]
Abstract
A new adsorbent based on commercial granular activated carbon (GAC) and loaded with Cu(II) (GAC-Cu) was prepared to enhance the adsorption capacity of perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) and perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS). The surface area (SA) and pore volume of GAC-Cu decreased by ∼15% compared to those of pristine GAC. The scanning electron microscopy-energy dispersive spectrometry (SEM-EDS) and leaching test results indicated that, compared with GAC, the Cu atomic ratio and Cu amount in GAC-Cu increased by 2.91 and 2.43 times, respectively. The point of zero charge (PZC) measured using a salt addition method obtained a pH of 6.0 (GAC) and 5.0 (GAC-Cu). According to the isotherm models obtaining highest coefficient of determination (R2), GAC-Cu exhibited a 20.4% and 35.2% increase for PFOA and PFOS in maximum uptake (qm), respectively, compared to those of GAC. In addition, the adsorption affinity (b) for GAC-Cu increased by 1045% and 175% for PFOA and PFOS, respectively. The pH effect on the adsorption capacity of GAC-Cu was investigated. The uptake of PFOA and PFOS decreased with an increase in pH for both GAC and GAC-Cu. GAC-Cu exhibited higher uptake than GAC at pH 6 and 7, but no enhanced uptake was observed at pH 4.0, 5.0, and 8.5. Therefore, ligand interaction was effective at weak acid or neutral pH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeongwoo Shin
- Department of Civil, Environmental, and Biomedical Engineering, Sangmyung University, Cheonan, 31066, Republic of Korea
| | - Byungryul An
- Department of Civil Engineering, Sangmyung University, Cheonan, 31066, Republic of Korea.
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Behnami A, Pourakbar M, Ayyar ASR, Lee JW, Gagnon G, Zoroufchi Benis K. Treatment of aqueous per- and poly-fluoroalkyl substances: A review of biochar adsorbent preparation methods. CHEMOSPHERE 2024; 357:142088. [PMID: 38643842 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2024.142088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2024] [Revised: 03/25/2024] [Accepted: 04/18/2024] [Indexed: 04/23/2024]
Abstract
Per- and poly-fluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) are synthetic chemicals widely used in everyday products, causing elevated concentrations in drinking water and posing a global challenge. While adsorption methods are commonly employed for PFAS removal, the substantial cost and environmental footprint of commercial adsorbents highlight the need for more cost-effective alternatives. Additionally, existing adsorbents exhibit limited effectiveness, particularly against diverse PFAS types, such as short-chain PFAS, necessitating modifications to enhance adsorption capacity. Biochar can be considered a cost-effective and eco-friendly alternative to conventional adsorbents. With abundant feedstocks and favorable physicochemical properties, biochar shows significant potential to be applied as an adsorbent for removing contaminants from water. Despite its effectiveness in adsorbing different inorganic and organic contaminants from water environments, some factors restrict its effective application for PFAS adsorption. These factors are related to the biochar properties, and characteristics of PFAS, as well as water chemistry. Therefore, some modifications have been introduced to overcome these limitations and improve biochar's adsorption capacity. This review explores the preparation conditions, including the pyrolysis process, activation, and modification techniques applied to biochar to enhance its adsorption capacity for different types of PFAS. It addresses critical questions about the adsorption performance of biochar and its composites, mechanisms governing PFAS adsorption, challenges, and future perspectives in this field. The surge in research on biochar for PFAS adsorption indicates a growing interest, making this timely review a valuable resource for future research and an in-depth exploration of biochar's potential in PFAS remediation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Behnami
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Environmental Health Engineering, Maragheh University of Medical Sciences, Maragheh, Iran
| | - Mojtaba Pourakbar
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, Maragheh University of Medical Sciences, Maragheh, Iran; Health and Environment Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | | | - Ji-Woong Lee
- Department of Chemistry, Nano-Science Centre, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark; Novo Nordisk CO2 Research Center, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Graham Gagnon
- Centre for Water Resources Studies, Department of Civil & Resource Engineering, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada
| | - Khaled Zoroufchi Benis
- Department of Process Engineering and Applied Science, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada.
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Lee A, Choe JK, Zoh KD, Lee C, Choi Y. Development of ionic-liquid-impregnated activated carbon for sorptive removal of PFAS in drinking water treatment. CHEMOSPHERE 2024; 355:141872. [PMID: 38570046 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2024.141872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2023] [Revised: 03/11/2024] [Accepted: 03/30/2024] [Indexed: 04/05/2024]
Abstract
Adsorption of per- and poly-fluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) on activated carbon (AC) is considerably hindered by the surface water constituents, degrading the ability of the AC adsorption process to remove PFAS in drinking water treatment. Herein, we developed ionic-liquid-impregnated AC (IL/AC) as an alternative to AC for PFAS sorption and demonstrated its performance with real surface water for the first time. Ionic liquids (ILs) of 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide (IL(C2)) and 1-hexyl-3-methylimidazolium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide (IL(C6)) were selected from among 272 different ILs using the conductor-like screening model for realistic solvents (COSMO-RS) simulation. Impregnation of the ILs in AC was verified using various analytical techniques. Although the synthesized IL/ACs were less effective than pristine AC in treating PFAS in deionized water, their performances were less impacted by the surface water constituents, resulting in comparable or sometimes better performances than pristine AC for treating PFAS in surface water. The removal efficiencies of 10 wt% IL(C6)/AC for six PFAS were 1.40-1.96 times higher than those of pristine AC in a surface water sample containing 2.6 mg/L dissolved organic carbon and millimolar-level divalent cation concentration. PFAS partitioning from the surface water to ILs was not hindered by dissolved organic matter and was enhanced by the divalent cations, indicating the advantages of IL/ACs for treating significant amounts of PFAS in water. The synthesized IL/ACs were effective at treating coexisting pharmaceutical and personal-care products in surface water, showcasing their versatility for treating a broad range of water micropollutants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleum Lee
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong Kwon Choe
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyung-Duk Zoh
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Changha Lee
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Yongju Choi
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea; Institute of Construction and Environmental Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea.
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Dey D, Shafi T, Chowdhury S, Dubey BK, Sen R. Progress and perspectives on carbon-based materials for adsorptive removal and photocatalytic degradation of perfluoroalkyl and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS). CHEMOSPHERE 2024; 351:141164. [PMID: 38215829 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2024.141164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2023] [Revised: 12/21/2023] [Accepted: 01/08/2024] [Indexed: 01/14/2024]
Abstract
Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) (also known as 'forever chemicals') have emerged as trace pollutants of global concern, attributing to their persistent and bio-accumulative nature, pervasive distribution, and adverse public health and environmental impacts. The unregulated discharge of PFAS into aquatic environments represents a prominent threat to the wellbeing of humans and marine biota, thereby exhorting unprecedented action to tackle PFAS contamination. Indeed, several noteworthy technologies intending to remove PFAS from environmental compartments have been intensively evaluated in recent years. Amongst them, adsorption and photocatalysis demonstrate remarkable ability to eliminate PFAS from different water matrices. In particular, carbon-based materials, because of their diverse structures and many exciting properties, offer bountiful opportunities as both adsorbent and photocatalyst, for the efficient abatement of PFAS. This review, therefore, presents a comprehensive summary of the diverse array of carbonaceous materials, including biochar, activated carbon, carbon nanotubes, and graphene, that can serve as ideal candidates in adsorptive and photocatalytic treatment of PFAS contaminated water. Specifically, the efficacy of carbon-mediated PFAS removal via adsorption and photocatalysis is summarised, together with a cognizance of the factors influencing the treatment efficiency. The review further highlights the neoteric development on the novel innovative approach 'concentrate and degrade' that integrates selective adsorption of trace concentrations of PFAS onto photoactive surface sites, with enhanced catalytic activity. This technique is way more energy efficient than conventional energy-intensive photocatalysis. Finally, the review speculates the cardinal challenges associated with the practical utility of carbon-based materials, including their scalability and economic feasibility, for eliminating exceptionally stable PFAS from water matrices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Debanjali Dey
- Department of Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, West Bengal, 721302, India
| | - Tajamul Shafi
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, West Bengal, 721302, India
| | - Shamik Chowdhury
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, West Bengal, 721302, India.
| | - Brajesh Kumar Dubey
- Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, West Bengal, 721302, India; School of Water Resources, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, West Bengal, 721302, India
| | - Ramkrishna Sen
- Department of Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, West Bengal, 721302, India
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Kang KH, Saifuddin M, Chon K, Bae S, Kim YM. Recent advances in the application of magnetic materials for the management of perfluoroalkyl substances in aqueous phases. CHEMOSPHERE 2024; 352:141522. [PMID: 38401865 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2024.141522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2024] [Revised: 02/12/2024] [Accepted: 02/20/2024] [Indexed: 02/26/2024]
Abstract
Perfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) are a class of artificially synthesised organic compounds extensively used in both industrial and consumer products owing to their unique characteristics. However, their persistence in the environment and potential risk to health have raised serious global concerns. Therefore, developing effective techniques to identify, eliminate, and degrade these pollutants in water are crucial. Owing to their high surface area, magnetic responsiveness, redox sensitivity, and ease of separation, magnetic materials have been considered for the treatment of PFASs from water in recent years. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the recent use of magnetic materials for the detection, removal, and degradation of PFASs in aqueous solutions. First, the use of magnetic materials for sensitive and precise detection of PFASs is addressed. Second, the adsorption of PFASs using magnetic materials is discussed. Several magnetic materials, including iron oxides, ferrites, and magnetic carbon composites, have been explored as efficient adsorbents for PFASs removal from water. Surface modification, functionalization, and composite fabrication have been employed to improve the adsorption effectiveness and selectivity of magnetic materials for PFASs. The final section of this review focuses on the advanced oxidation for PFASs using magnetic materials. This review suggests that magnetic materials have demonstrated considerable potential for use in various environmental remediation applications, as well as in the treatment of PFASs-contaminated water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyeong Hwan Kang
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Hanyang University, Seongdong-gu, Seoul, 04763, Republic of Korea
| | - Md Saifuddin
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Hanyang University, Seongdong-gu, Seoul, 04763, Republic of Korea
| | - Kangmin Chon
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon-si, Gangwon Province, 24341, Republic of Korea
| | - Sungjun Bae
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Konkuk University, Gwangjin-gu, Seou, 05029, Republic of Korea.
| | - Young Mo Kim
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Hanyang University, Seongdong-gu, Seoul, 04763, Republic of Korea.
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Zhang X, Razanajatovo MR, Du X, Wang S, Feng L, Wan S, Chen N, Zhang Q. Well-designed protein amyloid nanofibrils composites as versatile and sustainable materials for aquatic environment remediation: A review. ECO-ENVIRONMENT & HEALTH (ONLINE) 2023; 2:264-277. [PMID: 38435357 PMCID: PMC10902511 DOI: 10.1016/j.eehl.2023.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2023] [Revised: 09/07/2023] [Accepted: 09/08/2023] [Indexed: 03/05/2024]
Abstract
Amyloid nanofibrils (ANFs) are supramolecular polymers originally classified as pathological markers in various human degenerative diseases. However, in recent years, ANFs have garnered greater interest and are regarded as nature-based sustainable biomaterials in environmental science, material engineering, and nanotechnology. On a laboratory scale, ANFs can be produced from food proteins via protein unfolding, misfolding, and hydrolysis. Furthermore, ANFs have specific structural characteristics such as a high aspect ratio, good rigidity, chemical stability, and a controllable sequence. These properties make them a promising functional material in water decontamination research. As a result, the fabrication and application of ANFs and their composites in water purification have recently gained considerable attention. Despite the large amount of literature in this field, there is a lack of systematic review to assess the gap in using ANFs and their composites to remove contaminants from water. This review discusses significant advancements in design techniques as well as the physicochemical properties of ANFs-based composites. We also emphasize the current progress in using ANFs-based composites to remove inorganic, organic, and biological contaminants. The interaction mechanisms between ANFs-based composites and contaminants are also highlighted. Finally, we illustrate the challenges and opportunities associated with the future preparation and application of ANFs-based composites. We anticipate that this review will shed new light on the future design and use of ANFs-based composites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaolin Zhang
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Heavy Metal Deep-Remediation in Water and Resource Reuse and Hebei Key Laboratory of Applied Chemistry, School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Yanshan University, Qinhuangdao 066004, China
| | - Mamitiana Roger Razanajatovo
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Heavy Metal Deep-Remediation in Water and Resource Reuse and Hebei Key Laboratory of Applied Chemistry, School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Yanshan University, Qinhuangdao 066004, China
| | - Xuedong Du
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Heavy Metal Deep-Remediation in Water and Resource Reuse and Hebei Key Laboratory of Applied Chemistry, School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Yanshan University, Qinhuangdao 066004, China
| | - Shuo Wang
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Heavy Metal Deep-Remediation in Water and Resource Reuse and Hebei Key Laboratory of Applied Chemistry, School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Yanshan University, Qinhuangdao 066004, China
| | - Li Feng
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Heavy Metal Deep-Remediation in Water and Resource Reuse and Hebei Key Laboratory of Applied Chemistry, School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Yanshan University, Qinhuangdao 066004, China
| | - Shunli Wan
- College of Life & Environment Sciences, Huangshan University, Huangshan 245041, China
| | - Ningyi Chen
- College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China
| | - Qingrui Zhang
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Heavy Metal Deep-Remediation in Water and Resource Reuse and Hebei Key Laboratory of Applied Chemistry, School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Yanshan University, Qinhuangdao 066004, China
- State Key Laboratory of Metastable Materials Science and Technology, Yanshan University, Qinhuangdao 066004, China
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Klaus MVX, Gutierrez AM, Hilt JZ. Development of Poly(acrylamide)-Based Hydrogel Composites with Powdered Activated Carbon for Controlled Sorption of PFOA and PFOS in Aqueous Systems. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:4384. [PMID: 38006108 PMCID: PMC10675425 DOI: 10.3390/polym15224384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2023] [Revised: 11/04/2023] [Accepted: 11/07/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) are anthropogenic compounds developed for various applications; some are connected to adverse health impacts including immunosuppression and higher susceptibility to some cancers. Current PFAS remediation treatments from aqueous sources include granular activated carbon (GAC) adsorption, membrane separation, and anion-exchange resin (AER) removal. Each has specific disadvantages, hence the need for a new and efficient technology. Herein, acrylamide-based hydrogel composites were synthesized with powdered activated carbon (PAC) and characterized to determine their affinity for PFAS. Physicochemical characterization included Fourier-Transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) to identify chemical composition, thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) to confirm PAC loading percentage, and aqueous swelling studies to measure the effect of crosslinking density. FTIR showed successful conversion of carbonyl and amine groups, and TGA analysis confirmed the presence of PAC within the network. Surface characterization also confirmed carbon-rich areas within composite networks, and the swelling ratio decreased with increasing crosslinking density. Finally, sorption of PFAS was detected via liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS), with removal efficiencies of up to 98% for perfluorooctanoic sulfonic acid (PFOS) and 96% for perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA). The developed hydrogel composites exhibited great potential as advanced materials with tunable levers that can increase affinity towards specific compounds in water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Victoria X. Klaus
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40506, USA; (M.V.X.K.); (A.M.G.)
- Superfund Research Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40506, USA
| | - Angela M. Gutierrez
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40506, USA; (M.V.X.K.); (A.M.G.)
- Superfund Research Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40506, USA
| | - J. Zach Hilt
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40506, USA; (M.V.X.K.); (A.M.G.)
- Superfund Research Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40506, USA
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Chiang SYD, Saba M, Leighton M, Ballenghien D, Hatler D, Gal J, Deshusses MA. Supercritical water oxidation for the destruction of spent media wastes generated from PFAS treatment. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2023; 460:132264. [PMID: 37633016 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2023.132264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2022] [Revised: 08/02/2023] [Accepted: 08/08/2023] [Indexed: 08/28/2023]
Abstract
Granular activated carbon (GAC) and anion exchange resin (AIX) have been successfully demonstrated to remove per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) from contaminated water and wastewater. These treatment technologies, when applied for PFAS removal, generate spent media loaded with a high mass of PFAS requiring further treatment and disposal. This project is the first study on the use of supercritical water oxidation (SCWO) to destroy both the spent media and the PFAS adsorbed onto it. One sample of spent GAC and one sample of spent AIX were collected from full-scale groundwater remediation systems treating PFAS. A second spent AIX sample was collected from a mobile PFAS treatment unit. The total PFAS concentrations reported in the GAC, AIX and second AIX feedstock slurries were 0.21 mg/kg, 1.3 mg/kg and 0.9 mg/kg, respectively. Each feedstock was processed separately in a one (1) wet metric ton per day tubular reactor SCWO system. The study demonstrated that SCWO is a very effective PFAS destruction technology for spent GAC and AIX, derived from water remediation systems treating PFAS. The spent media were completely mineralized to water, carbon dioxide (CO2) and a negligible amount of residual minerals. Total target PFAS compound concentrations in the SCWO system effluents after treating spent GAC, AIX and second AIX feedstocks were 548, 77 and 796 ng/L, respectively. The results indicated that the percentage elimination of perfluorocarboxylic acids (PFCAs) was better than that of perfluosulfonic acids (PFSAs) and long-chain PFAS elimination was better than short-chain PFAS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheau-Yun Dora Chiang
- WSP USA, Environmental Remediation and PFAS Innovation, Earth & Environment, 1075 Big Shanty Rd NW #100, Kennesaw, GA 30144, USA.
| | - Matthew Saba
- 374Water Inc., 3710 Shanon R. #51877, Durham, NC 27717, USA; Duke University, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Box 90287, Durham, NC 27708, USA
| | - Macon Leighton
- 374Water Inc., 3710 Shanon R. #51877, Durham, NC 27717, USA; Duke University, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Box 90287, Durham, NC 27708, USA
| | | | - Douglas Hatler
- 374Water Inc., 3710 Shanon R. #51877, Durham, NC 27717, USA
| | - Justin Gal
- WSP USA, Environmental Remediation and PFAS Innovation, Earth & Environment, 1075 Big Shanty Rd NW #100, Kennesaw, GA 30144, USA
| | - Marc A Deshusses
- 374Water Inc., 3710 Shanon R. #51877, Durham, NC 27717, USA; Duke University, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Box 90287, Durham, NC 27708, USA
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11
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Nakazawa Y, Kosaka K, Yoshida N, Asami M, Matsui Y. Long-term removal of perfluoroalkyl substances via activated carbon process for general advanced treatment purposes. WATER RESEARCH 2023; 245:120559. [PMID: 37713795 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2023.120559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2023] [Revised: 07/18/2023] [Accepted: 08/30/2023] [Indexed: 09/17/2023]
Abstract
Granular or powdered activated carbon (GAC/PAC) processes are installed in full-scale drinking water treatment plants (DWTPs) to reduce disinfection byproduct precursors, odor, ammonia, and pesticides. This study investigated the ability of GAC/PAC processes in 23 DWTPs to remove per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs). In the GAC process, filter breakthrough of perfluoroalkyl carboxylic acids (PFCAs) occurred faster as the PFCA chain length is decreased. During periods of high water temperatures (20-29 °C), the effluent concentration of two short-chain PFCAs (C4 and C5) surpassed that of the influent after the throughput reached 5,000-7,500 bed volumes (equivalent to 2-3 months) due to desorption. However, such desorption was not observed during periods of low water temperatures (5-19 °C). Meanwhile, long-chain PFCAs were consistently removed, as the GAC was replaced before breakthrough became noticeable. PFAS removal deteriorated at a remarkably fast rate after a partial breakthrough of several tens of percent. Biological activated carbon was proved ineffective in removing PFASs due to its diminished adsorption capacity after long-term use. The PAC process, however, exhibited a slight decrease in PFCA residual (10%) at higher water temperatures (15-30 °C). The PAC dose required for a certain residual ratio was lower with an increase in the hydrophobicity of PFAS; C8-PFCA only required 20 mg/L of PAC for 50% removal, while C4-PFCA required a significantly higher dose of 100-700 mg/L. Consequently, the activated carbon process, which removes organic contaminants in surface water, was inadequate in removing PFASs, particularly those with short chains. Thus, it is recommended that GAC filters be replaced more frequently (within two months) for short-chain PFAS removal. Further, the adsorption performance of PAC must be enhanced.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshifumi Nakazawa
- Department of Environmental Health, National Institute of Public Health, 2-3-6 Minami, Wako, Saitama 351-0197, Japan
| | - Koji Kosaka
- Department of Environmental Health, National Institute of Public Health, 2-3-6 Minami, Wako, Saitama 351-0197, Japan.
| | - Nobue Yoshida
- Department of Environmental Health, National Institute of Public Health, 2-3-6 Minami, Wako, Saitama 351-0197, Japan
| | - Mari Asami
- Department of Environmental Health, National Institute of Public Health, 2-3-6 Minami, Wako, Saitama 351-0197, Japan
| | - Yoshihiko Matsui
- Faculty of Engineering, Hokkaido University, N13W8, Sapporo 060-8628, Japan
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12
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Léniz-Pizarro F, Rudel HE, Briot NJ, Zimmerman JB, Bhattacharyya D. Membrane Functionalization Approaches toward Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances and Selected Metal Ion Separations. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2023; 15:44224-44237. [PMID: 37688548 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c08478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/11/2023]
Abstract
Adsorption and ion exchange technologies are two of the most widely used approaches to separate pollutants from water; however, their intrinsic diffusion limitations continue to be a challenge. Pore functionalized membranes are a promising technology that can help overcome these challenges, but the extents of their competitive benefits and broad applicability have not been systematically evaluated. Herein, three types of adsorptive/ion exchange (IX) polymers containing strong/weak acid, strong base, and iron-chitosan complex groups were synthesized in the pores and partially on the surface of microfiltration (MF) membranes and tested for the removal of organic and inorganic cations and anions from water, including arsenic, per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS), and calcium (hardness). When directly compared with beads (0.5-6 mm) and crushed resins (0.05 mm), adsorptive/IX pore-functionalized membranes demonstrated an increased relative sorption capacity, up to 2 orders of magnitude faster kinetics and the ability to regenerate up to 70-100% of their capacity while concentrating the initial solution concentration up to 12 times. The simple and versatile synthesis approach used to functionalize membranes, notably independent of the polymer type of the MF membrane, utilized pores throughout the entire cross section of the membrane to immobilize the polymers that contain the functional groups. Utilizing the pore volume of commercial membranes (6-112 mL/m2), the scientific weight capacity of the polymer (3.1-11.5 mequiv/g), and the synthesis conditions (e.g., monomer concentration), the theoretical adsorption/IX capacities per area of the membranes were calculated to be as high as 550 mequiv/m2, substantially higher than the 175 mequiv/m2 value needed to compete with commercially available IX resins. This work therefore shows that pore functionalized membranes are a promising path to tackle water contamination challenges, lowering separation diffusion limitations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco Léniz-Pizarro
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40506, United States
- Center of Membrane Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40506, United States
| | - Holly E Rudel
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06511, United States
- Center for Green Chemistry and Green Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06511, United States
| | - Nicolas J Briot
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40506, United States
- Electron Microscopy Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40506, United States
| | - Julie B Zimmerman
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06511, United States
- Center for Green Chemistry and Green Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06511, United States
- School of the Environment, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06511, United States
| | - Dibakar Bhattacharyya
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40506, United States
- Center of Membrane Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40506, United States
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13
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Baldaguez Medina P, Ardila Contreras V, Hartmann F, Schmitt D, Klimek A, Elbert J, Gallei M, Su X. Investigating the Electrochemically Driven Capture and Release of Long-Chain PFAS by Redox Metallopolymer Sorbents. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2023; 15:22112-22122. [PMID: 37114898 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c01670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
The remediation of perfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) is an urgent challenge due to their prevalence and persistence in the environment. Electrosorption is a promising approach for wastewater treatment and water purification, especially through the use of redox polymers to control the binding and release of target contaminants without additional external chemical inputs. However, the design of efficient redox electrosorbents for PFAS faces the significant challenge of balancing a high adsorption capacity while maintaining significant electrochemical regeneration. To overcome this challenge, we investigate redox-active metallopolymers as a versatile synthetic platform to enhance both electrochemical reversibility and electrosorption uptake capacity for PFAS removal. We selected and synthesized a series of metallopolymers bearing ferrocene and cobaltocenium units spanning a range of redox potentials to evaluate their performance for the capture and release of perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA). Our results demonstrate that PFOA uptake and regeneration efficiency increased with more negative formal potential of the redox polymers, indicating possible structural correlations with the electron density of the metallocenes. Poly(2-(methacryloyloxy)ethyl cobaltoceniumcarboxylate hexafluorophosphate) (PMAECoPF6) showed the highest affinity toward PFOA, with an uptake capacity of more than 90 mg PFOA/g adsorbent at 0.0 V vs Ag/AgCl and a regeneration efficiency of more than 85% at -0.4 V vs Ag/AgCl. Kinetics of PFOA release showed that electrochemical bias greatly enhanced the regeneration efficiency when compared to open-circuit desorption. In addition, electrosorption of PFAS from different wastewater matrices and a range of salt concentrations demonstrated the capability of PFAS remediation in complex water sources, even at ppb levels of contaminants. Our work showcases the synthetic tunability of redox metallopolymers for enhanced electrosorption capacity and regeneration of PFAS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paola Baldaguez Medina
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Valentina Ardila Contreras
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Frank Hartmann
- Chair in Polymer Chemistry, Saarland University, Campus C4 2, 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Deborah Schmitt
- Chair in Polymer Chemistry, Saarland University, Campus C4 2, 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Angelique Klimek
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Johannes Elbert
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Markus Gallei
- Chair in Polymer Chemistry, Saarland University, Campus C4 2, 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany
- Saarene, Saarland Center for Energy Materials and Sustainability, Campus C4 2, 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Xiao Su
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
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14
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Murray CC, Safulko A, Vatankhah H, Liu CJ, Tajdini B, Marshall RE, Bellona C. PFAS adsorbent selection: The role of adsorbent use rate, water quality, and cost. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2023; 454:131481. [PMID: 37146339 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2023.131481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2023] [Revised: 04/20/2023] [Accepted: 04/22/2023] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substance (PFAS) contamination in aqueous matrices has intensified the search for PFAS adsorbents with elevated capacity, selectivity, and cost effectiveness. A novel surface modified organoclay (SMC) adsorbent was evaluated for PFAS removal performance in parallel with granular activated carbon (GAC) and ion exchange resin (IX) for the treatment of five distinct PFAS impaired waters including groundwater, landfill leachate, membrane concentrate and wastewater effluent. Rapid small scale column tests (RSSCTs) and breakthrough modeling were coupled to provide insight on adsorbent performance and cost for multiple PFAS and water types. IX exhibited the best performance with respect to adsorbent use rates in treatment of all tested waters. IX was nearly four times more effective than GAC and two times more effective than SMC in the treatment of PFOA from water types excluding groundwater. Employed modeling strengthened the comparison of adsorbent performance and water quality to infer adsorption feasibility. Further, evaluation of adsorption was extended beyond PFAS breakthrough with the inclusion of unit adsorbent cost as a decision metric influencing adsorbent selection. An analysis of levelized media cost indicated treatment of landfill leachate and membrane concentrate was at least three times more expensive than groundwaters or wastewaters evaluated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Conner C Murray
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Colorado School of Mines, 1500 Illinois St, Golden, CO 80401, USA; Hazen and Sawyer, Lakewood, CO 80228, USA
| | - Andrew Safulko
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Colorado School of Mines, 1500 Illinois St, Golden, CO 80401, USA; Brown and Caldwell, Lakewood, CO 80401, USA
| | - Hooman Vatankhah
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Colorado School of Mines, 1500 Illinois St, Golden, CO 80401, USA
| | - Charlie J Liu
- Kennedy Jenks Consultants, San Francisco, CA 94107, USA
| | - Bahareh Tajdini
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Colorado School of Mines, 1500 Illinois St, Golden, CO 80401, USA
| | | | - Christopher Bellona
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Colorado School of Mines, 1500 Illinois St, Golden, CO 80401, USA.
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15
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Marquínez-Marquínez AN, Loor-Molina NS, Quiroz-Fernández LS, Maddela NR, Luque R, Rodríguez-Díaz JM. Recent advances in the remediation of perfluoroalkylated and polyfluoroalkylated contaminated sites. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2023; 219:115152. [PMID: 36572331 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2022.115152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2022] [Revised: 11/30/2022] [Accepted: 12/22/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) are compounds used since 1940 in various formulations in the industrial and consumer sectors due to their high chemical and thermal stability. In recent years, PFASs have caused global concern due to their presence in different water and soil matrices, which threatens the environment and human health. These compounds have been reported to be linked to the development of serious human diseases, including but not limited to cancer. For this reason, PFASs have been considered as persistent organic compounds (COPs) and contaminants of emerging concern (CECs). Therefore, this work aims to present the advances in remediation of PFASs-contaminated soil and water by addressing the current literature. The performance and characteristics of each technique were addressed deeply in this work. The reviewed literature found that PFASs elimination studies in soil and water were carried out at a laboratory and pilot-scale in some cases. It was found that ball milling, chemical oxidation and thermal desorption are the most efficient techniques for the removal of PFASs in soils, however, phyto-microbial remediation is under study, which claims to be a promising technique. For the remediation of PFASs-contaminated water, the processes of electrocoagulation, membrane filtration, ozofractionation, catalysis, oxidation reactions - reduction, thermolysis and destructive treatments with plasma have presented the best results. It is noteworthy that hybrid treatments have also proved to be efficient techniques in the removal of these contaminants from soil and water matrices. Therefore, the improvisation and implication of existing techniques on a field-scale are greatly warranted to corroborate the yields obtained on a pilot- and laboratory-scale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angelo Noe Marquínez-Marquínez
- Departamento de Procesos Químicos, Facultad de Ciencias Matemáticas, Físicas y Químicas, Universidad Técnica de Manabí, Portoviejo, Ecuador; Laboratorio de Análisis Químicos y Biotecnológicos, Instituto de Investigación, Universidad Técnica de Manabí, S/N, Avenida Urbina y Che Guevara, Portoviejo, 130104, Ecuador.
| | - Nikolt Stephanie Loor-Molina
- Departamento de Procesos Químicos, Facultad de Ciencias Matemáticas, Físicas y Químicas, Universidad Técnica de Manabí, Portoviejo, Ecuador; Laboratorio de Análisis Químicos y Biotecnológicos, Instituto de Investigación, Universidad Técnica de Manabí, S/N, Avenida Urbina y Che Guevara, Portoviejo, 130104, Ecuador.
| | | | - Naga Raju Maddela
- Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Facultad de Ciencias de La Salud, Universidad Técnica de Manabí, Portoviejo, 130105, Ecuador.
| | - Rafael Luque
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Universidad de Cordoba, Edificio Marie Curie (C-3), Ctra Nnal IV-A, Km 396, E14014, Cordoba, Spain; Universidad ECOTEC, Km. 13.5 Samborondón, Samborondón, EC092302, Ecuador
| | - Joan Manuel Rodríguez-Díaz
- Departamento de Procesos Químicos, Facultad de Ciencias Matemáticas, Físicas y Químicas, Universidad Técnica de Manabí, Portoviejo, Ecuador; Laboratorio de Análisis Químicos y Biotecnológicos, Instituto de Investigación, Universidad Técnica de Manabí, S/N, Avenida Urbina y Che Guevara, Portoviejo, 130104, Ecuador.
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16
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Zhang W, Wellington TE, Liang Y. Effect of two sorbents on the distribution and transformation of N-ethyl perfluorooctane sulfonamido acetic acid (N-EtFOSAA) in soil-soybean systems. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2023; 318:120941. [PMID: 36566675 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2022.120941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2022] [Revised: 12/12/2022] [Accepted: 12/22/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
The broad application of perfluoroalkyl acid (PFAA) precursors has led to their occurrence in soil, resulting in potential uptake and bioaccumulation in plants. In this study, we investigated the effect of powdered activated carbon (PAC) and montmorillonite on the distribution and transformation of a perfluorooctanesulfonic acid (PFOS) precursor, N-ethyl perfluorooctane sulfonamido acetic acid (N-EtFOSAA), in soil-plant systems. The results showed that N-EtFOSAA at 300 μg/kg was taken up by soybean roots and shoots together with its transformation products (i.e., perfluorooctane sulfonamide (PFOSA), PFOS), while decreasing the biomass of shoots and roots by 47.63% and 61.16%, respectively. PAC amendment significantly reduced the water leachable and methanol extractable N-EtFOSAA and its transformation products in soil. In the presence of soybean and after 60 days, 73.5% of the initially spiked N-EtFOSAA became non-extractable bound residues. Compared to the spiked controls, the PAC addition also decreased the total plant uptake of N-EtFOSAA by 94.96%. In contrast, montmorillonite showed limited stabilization performance for N-EtFOSAA and its transformation products and was ineffective to lower their bioavailability. Overall, the combination of PAC and soybean was found to be effective in immobilizing N-EtFOSAA in soil.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weilan Zhang
- Department of Environmental and Sustainable Engineering, University at Albany, State University of New York, Albany, NY, 12222, USA.
| | - Tamia E Wellington
- Department of Environmental and Sustainable Engineering, University at Albany, State University of New York, Albany, NY, 12222, USA
| | - Yanna Liang
- Department of Environmental and Sustainable Engineering, University at Albany, State University of New York, Albany, NY, 12222, USA
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17
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Karbassiyazdi E, Kasula M, Modak S, Pala J, Kalantari M, Altaee A, Esfahani MR, Razmjou A. A juxtaposed review on adsorptive removal of PFAS by metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) with carbon-based materials, ion exchange resins, and polymer adsorbents. CHEMOSPHERE 2023; 311:136933. [PMID: 36280122 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.136933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2022] [Revised: 09/23/2022] [Accepted: 10/16/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The removal of poly- and perfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) from the aquatic environment is a universal concern due to the adverse effects of these substances on both the environment and public health. Different adsorbents, including carbon-based materials, ion exchange resins, biomaterials, and polymers, have been used for the removal of short-chain (C < 6) and long-chain (C > 7) PFAS from water with varying performance. Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs), as a new generation of adsorbents, have also been recently used to remove PFAS from water. MOFs provide unique properties such as significantly enhanced surface area, structural tunability, and improved selectivity compared to conventional adsorbents. However, due to various types of MOFs, their complex chemistry and morphology, different PFAS compounds, lack of standard adsorption test, and different testing conditions, there are inconclusive and contradictory findings in the literature. Therefore, this review aims to provide critical analysis of the performance of different types of MOFs in the removal of long-chain (C > 7), short-chain (C < 6), and ultra-short-chain (C < 3) PFAS and comprehensively study the efficiency of MOFs for PFAS removal in comparison with other adsorbents. In addition, the adsorption mechanisms and kinetics of PFAS components on different MOFs, including Materials of Institute Lavoisier (MIL), Universiteit of Oslo (UiO), Zeolitic imidazolate frameworks (ZIFs), Hong Kong University of Science and Technology (HKUST), and other hybrid types of MOF were discussed. The study also discussed the effect of environmental factors such as pH and ionic strength on the adsorption of PFAS on MOFs. In addition to the adsorption process, the reusability and regeneration of MOFs in the PFAS removal process are discussed. Finally, challenges and future outlooks of the utility of MOFs for PFAS removal were discussed to inspire future critical research efforts in removing PFAS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elika Karbassiyazdi
- Centre for Technology in Water and Wastewater, School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Technology Sydney, 15 Broadway, NSW, 2007, Australia
| | - Medha Kasula
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, The University of Alabama, Alabama, USA
| | - Sweta Modak
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, The University of Alabama, Alabama, USA
| | - Jasneet Pala
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, The University of Alabama, Alabama, USA
| | - Mohammad Kalantari
- Centre for Technology in Water and Wastewater, School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Technology Sydney, 15 Broadway, NSW, 2007, Australia
| | - Ali Altaee
- Centre for Technology in Water and Wastewater, School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Technology Sydney, 15 Broadway, NSW, 2007, Australia
| | - Milad Rabbani Esfahani
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, The University of Alabama, Alabama, USA.
| | - Amir Razmjou
- Mineral Recovery Research Center (MRRC), School of Engineering, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, Perth, WA, 6027, Australia; UNESCO Centre for Membrane Science and Technology, School of Chemical Engineering, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia.
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18
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Nighojkar A, Sangal VK, Dixit F, Kandasubramanian B. Sustainable conversion of saturated adsorbents (SAs) from wastewater into value-added products: future prospects and challenges with toxic per- and poly-fluoroalkyl substances (PFAS). ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 29:78207-78227. [PMID: 36184702 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-022-23166-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2022] [Accepted: 09/18/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Following circular economy principles, the reuse or recycling of saturated adsorbents (SAs or adsorbate-laden adsorbents) into a low-cost engineered product is a valuable alternative to eliminate secondary pollution after adsorption. This review evaluates the application of SAs for the generation of products that can serve as (i) antimicrobial agents or disinfectants, (ii) materials for civil construction, (iii) catalysts, (iv) fertilizers, and (v) secondary adsorbents. The importance of SAs configuration in terms of functional groups, surface area and pore morphology played a crucial role in their reutilization. The SAs-laden silver ions (Ag+) strongly inhibit (~ 99%) the growth of Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus microbes found in drinking and wastewaters. The intra-solidification of SAs containing toxic metal pollutants (As3+ and F-) with cementitious materials can effectively reduce their leaching below permissible limits of USEPA standards for their utility as additives in construction work. The existence of transition metal ions (Cu2+, Cr3+/6+, Ni2+) on the surface of SAs boosted activity and selectivity towards the desired product during catalytic oxidation, degradation, and conversion processes. The thermally recycled SAs can assist in the secondary adsorption of pollutants from another waste solution due to a larger surface area (> 1000 m2g-1). However, there are chances that the SAs discussed above will contain traces of PFAS. The article summarizes the challenges, performance efficacy, and future prospects at the end of each value-added product. We also highlight critical challenges for managing PFAS-laden SAs and stimulate new perspectives to minimize PFAS in air, water, and soils.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amrita Nighojkar
- Nano Surface Texturing Lab, Department of Metallurgical and Materials Engineering, Defence Institute of Advanced Technology (D.U.), Pune, India
| | - Vikas Kumar Sangal
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Malaviya National Institute of Technology (MNIT), Jaipur, India
| | - Fuhar Dixit
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Balasubramanian Kandasubramanian
- Nano Surface Texturing Lab, Department of Metallurgical and Materials Engineering, Defence Institute of Advanced Technology (D.U.), Pune, India.
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19
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Salawu OA, Han Z, Adeleye AS. Shrimp waste-derived porous carbon adsorbent: Performance, mechanism, and application of machine learning. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2022; 437:129266. [PMID: 35749892 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2022.129266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2022] [Revised: 05/10/2022] [Accepted: 05/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Aquaculture generates significant amount of processing wastes (more than 500 million pounds annually in the United States), the bulk of which ends up in the environment or is used in animal feed. Proper utilization of shrimp waste can increase their economic value and divert them from landfills. In this study, shrimp waste was converted to a porous carbon (named SPC) via direct pyrolysis and activation. SPC was characterized, and its performance for adsorbing ciprofloxacin from simulated water, natural waters, and wastewater was benchmarked against a commercial powdered activated carbon (PAC). The surface area of SPC (2262 m2/g) exceeded that of PAC (984 m2/g) due to abundance of micropores and mesopores. The adsorption of ciprofloxacin by SPC was thermodynamically spontaneous (ΔG = -19 kJ/mol) and fast (k1 = 1.05/min) at 25 °C. The capacity of SPC for ciprofloxacin (442 mg/g) was higher than that of PAC (181 mg/g). SPC also efficiently and simultaneously removed low concentrations (200 µg/L) of ciprofloxacin, long-chain per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS), and Cu ions from water. An artificial neural network function was derived to predict ciprofloxacin adsorption and identify the relative contribution of each input parameter. This study demonstrates a sustainable and commercially viable pathway to reuse shrimp processing wastes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Omobayo A Salawu
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697-2175, USA
| | - Ziwei Han
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697-2175, USA
| | - Adeyemi S Adeleye
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697-2175, USA.
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20
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Niarchos G, Ahrens L, Kleja DB, Fagerlund F. Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substance (PFAS) retention by colloidal activated carbon (CAC) using dynamic column experiments. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2022; 308:119667. [PMID: 35750303 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2022.119667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2022] [Revised: 06/16/2022] [Accepted: 06/18/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Developing effective remediation methods for per- and polyfluoroalkyl substance (PFAS)-contaminated soils is a substantial step towards counteracting their widespread occurrence and protecting our ecosystems and drinking water sources. Stabilisation of PFAS in the subsurface using colloidal activated carbon (CAC) is an innovative, yet promising technique, requiring better understanding. In this study, dynamic soil column tests were used to assess the retardation of 10 classical perfluoroalkyl acids (PFAAs) (C5-C11 perfluoroalkyl carboxylic acids (PFCAs) and C4, C6, C8 perfluoroalkane sulfonates (PFSAs)) as well as two alternative PFAS (6:2 and 8:2 fluorotelomer sulfonates) using CAC at 0.03% w/w, to investigate the fate and transport of PFAS under CAC treatment applications. Results showed high retardation rates for long-chain PFAS and eight times higher retardation for the CAC-treated soil compared to the non-treated reference soil for the ∑PFAS. Replacement of shorter chain perfluorocarboxylic acids (PFCAs), such as perfluoropentanoic acid (PFPeA), by longer chained PFAS was observed, indicating competition effects. Partitioning coefficients (Kd values) were calculated for the CAC fraction at ∼103-105 L kg-1 for individual PFAS, while there was a significant positive correlation (p < 0.05) between perfluorocarbon chain length and Kd. Mass balance calculations showed 37% retention of ∑PFAS in treated soil columns after completion of the experiments and 99.7% higher retention rates than the reference soil. Redistribution and elution of CAC were noticed and quantified through organic carbon analysis, which showed a 23% loss of carbon during the experiments. These findings are a step towards better understanding the extent of CAC's potential for remediation of PFAS-contaminated soil and groundwater and the limitations of its applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georgios Niarchos
- Department of Earth Sciences, Uppsala University, P.O. Box 256, SE-751 05, Uppsala, Sweden.
| | - Lutz Ahrens
- Department of Aquatic Sciences and Assessment, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), P.O. Box 7050, SE-750 07, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Dan Berggren Kleja
- Department of Soil and Environment, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), P. O. Box 7090, SE-750 07, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Fritjof Fagerlund
- Department of Earth Sciences, Uppsala University, P.O. Box 256, SE-751 05, Uppsala, Sweden
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21
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Zhang H, Chen Y, Liu Y, Bowden JA, Townsend TG, Solo-Gabriele HM. Do PFAS changes in landfill leachate treatment systems correlate with changes in physical chemical parameters? WASTE MANAGEMENT (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2022; 151:49-59. [PMID: 35926281 DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2022.07.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2022] [Revised: 05/18/2022] [Accepted: 07/21/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) have been found at relatively elevated concentrations in landfill leachates. Some landfill facilities treat physical-chemical parameters of their leachates using on-site leachate treatment systems before discharge. The objective of this study was to evaluate whether changes in physical-chemical parameters of leachate at on-site treatment systems (including bulk measurements, oxygen demanding components, and metals) were associated with concentration changes in PFAS. Leachates were evaluated at 15 on-site treatment facilities which included pond systems, aeration tanks, powdered activated carbon (PAC), sand filtration, reverse osmosis (RO) and combination treatment processes. Results show that most physical-chemical parameters and PFAS were significantly reduced in RO systems (over 90 %). For pond systems, statistically significant correlations (rs > 0.6, p < 0.05) were observed between ∑26PFAS changes and the changes in pH, alkalinity, ammonia, and some metals. Significant correlations were also found between ∑8PFAAs precursors changes and specific conductivity (SPC), pH, alkalinity, ammonia, and metals changes. For aeration tank systems, significant correlations (rs > 0.6, p < 0.05) were observed between ∑26PFAS changes and changes in total dissolved solids and zinc, and between the changes of ∑8PFAAs precursors and field pH. These correlations are believed to be associated with rainfall dilution and precipitation of calcium carbonate and other metals as leachate is introduced to the atmosphere.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hekai Zhang
- Department of Civil, Architectural, and Environmental Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Miami, Coral Gables, FL 33146, United States
| | - Yutao Chen
- Department of Civil, Architectural, and Environmental Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Miami, Coral Gables, FL 33146, United States
| | - Yalan Liu
- Department of Environmental Engineering Sciences, College of Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, United States
| | - John A Bowden
- Department of Environmental Engineering Sciences, College of Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, United States; Center for Environmental and Human Toxicology & Department of Physiological Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, United States
| | - Timothy G Townsend
- Department of Environmental Engineering Sciences, College of Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, United States
| | - Helena M Solo-Gabriele
- Department of Civil, Architectural, and Environmental Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Miami, Coral Gables, FL 33146, United States.
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22
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A Review on Removal and Destruction of Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances (PFAS) by Novel Membranes. MEMBRANES 2022; 12:membranes12070662. [PMID: 35877866 PMCID: PMC9325267 DOI: 10.3390/membranes12070662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2022] [Revised: 06/20/2022] [Accepted: 06/22/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances (PFAS) are anthropogenic chemicals consisting of thousands of individual species. PFAS consists of a fully or partly fluorinated carbon–fluorine bond, which is hard to break and requires a high amount of energy (536 kJ/mole). Resulting from their unique hydrophobic/oleophobic nature and their chemical and mechanical stability, they are highly resistant to thermal, chemical, and biological degradation. PFAS have been used extensively worldwide since the 1940s in various products such as non-stick household items, food-packaging, cosmetics, electronics, and firefighting foams. Exposure to PFAS may lead to health issues such as hormonal imbalances, a compromised immune system, cancer, fertility disorders, and adverse effects on fetal growth and learning ability in children. To date, very few novel membrane approaches have been reported effective in removing and destroying PFAS. Therefore, this article provides a critical review of PFAS treatment and removal approaches by membrane separation systems. We discuss recently reported novel and effective membrane techniques for PFAS separation and include a detailed discussion of parameters affecting PFAS membrane separation and destruction. Moreover, an estimation of cost analysis is also included for each treatment technology. Additionally, since the PFAS treatment technology is still growing, we have incorporated several future directions for efficient PFAS treatment.
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23
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Navidpour AH, Hosseinzadeh A, Huang Z, Li D, Zhou JL. Application of machine learning algorithms in predicting the photocatalytic degradation of perfluorooctanoic acid. CATALYSIS REVIEWS 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/01614940.2022.2082650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Amir H. Navidpour
- Centre for Green Technology, School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, NSW, Australia
| | - Ahmad Hosseinzadeh
- Centre for Green Technology, School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, NSW, Australia
| | - Zhenguo Huang
- Centre for Green Technology, School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, NSW, Australia
| | - Donghao Li
- Department of Chemistry, Yanbian University, Yanji, Jilin Province, China
| | - John L. Zhou
- Centre for Green Technology, School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, NSW, Australia
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24
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Xie R, Zhou L, Smith AE, Almquist CB, Berberich JA, Danielson ND. A dual grafted fluorinated hydrocarbon amine weak anion exchange resin polymer for adsorption of perfluorooctanoic acid from water. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2022; 431:128521. [PMID: 35231815 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2022.128521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2021] [Revised: 02/12/2022] [Accepted: 02/17/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) is a persistent and recalcitrant organic contaminant of exceptional environmental concern, and its removal from water has increasingly attracted global attention due to its wide distribution and strong bioaccumulation. Adsorption is considered an effective technique for PFOA removal and more efficient PFOA sorbents are still of interest. This study developed a dual grafted fluorinated hydrocarbon amine weak anion exchange (WAX) polymeric resin (Sepra-WAX-KelF-PEI) for PFOA removal from water. This polymer was synthesized by a two-step amine grafting reaction procedure involving first the reaction of the Sepra-WAX hydrocarbon polymer with poly(vinylidinefluoride-chlorotrifluoroethylene) (Kel-F 800) and then a second reaction with polyethyleneimine (PEI). Characterization of the synthesized polymers was performed using scanning electron microscopy and elemental analysis (F and Cl) by energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy. The PFOA adsorption performance evaluations were conducted by packed column flow analyses with on-line detection. The results show the breakthrough of the Sepra-WAX-KelF-PEI synthesized with optimum stoichiometry was two times better than the starting anion exchange polymer Sepra-WAX, and six times better than powdered activated carbon, when using the same column size. The adsorption mechanisms of this novel adsorbent including hydrophobic interaction and electrostatic interaction were also clarified in this study. The adsorption kinetic parameters of the two optimum synthesized sorbents were determined using the Thomas model, the Yoon-Nelson model, and batch isotherm studies, and compared with those found with activated carbon and the starting WAX resin. Good agreement of the batch isotherm and column studies with respect to adsorption capacities trends between all three polymers (Sepra-WAX, Sepra-WAX-KelF, and Sepra-WAX-KelF-PEI) were noted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruichao Xie
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Miami University, Oxford, OH 45056, USA
| | - Ling Zhou
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Miami University, Oxford, OH 45056, USA
| | - Abigail E Smith
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Miami University, Oxford, OH 45056, USA
| | | | - Jason A Berberich
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Miami University, Oxford, OH 45056, USA
| | - Neil D Danielson
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Miami University, Oxford, OH 45056, USA.
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25
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Léniz-Pizarro F, Vogler RJ, Sandman P, Harris N, Ormsbee LE, Liu C, Bhattacharyya D. Dual-Functional Nanofiltration and Adsorptive Membranes for PFAS and Organics Separation from Water. ACS ES&T WATER 2022; 2:863-872. [PMID: 35822195 PMCID: PMC9273029 DOI: 10.1021/acsestwater.2c00043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Challenges associated with water separation technologies for per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) require efficient and sustainable processes supported by a proper understanding of the separation mechanisms. The solute rejections by nanofiltration (NF) at pH values near the membrane isoelectric point were compared to the size- and mass-transfer-dependent modeled rejection rates of these compounds in an ionized state. We find that the low pK a value of perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) relates to enhanced solute exclusions by minimizing the presence and partitioning of the protonated organic compound into the membrane domain. The effects of Donnan exclusion are moderate, and co-ion transport also contributes to the PFAS rejection rates. An additional support barrier with thermo-responsive (quantified by water permeance variation) adsorption/desorption properties allows for enhanced separations of PFAS. This was possible by successfully synthesizing an NF layer on top of a poly-N-isopropylacrylamide (PNIPAm) pore-functionalized microfiltration support structure. The support layer adsorbs organics (178 mg PFOA adsorbed/m2 membrane at an equilibrium concentration of 70 mg/L), and the simultaneous exclusion from the NF layer allows separations of PFOA and the smaller sized heptafluorobutyric acid from solutions containing 70 μg/L of these compounds at a high water flux of 100 L/m2-h at 7 bar.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco Léniz-Pizarro
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40506, United States
| | - Ronald J Vogler
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40506, United States
| | - Phillip Sandman
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40506, United States
| | - Natalie Harris
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40506, United States
| | - Lindell E Ormsbee
- Department of Civil Engineering, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40506, United States
| | - Chunqing Liu
- Membranes R&D Group, Honeywell UOP, Des Plaines, Illinois 60016, United States
| | - Dibakar Bhattacharyya
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40506, United States
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26
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Adsorption of perfluorooctanoic acid from water by pH-modulated Brönsted acid and base sites in mesoporous hafnium oxide ceramics. iScience 2022; 25:104138. [PMID: 35402881 PMCID: PMC8987376 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2022.104138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2021] [Revised: 02/24/2022] [Accepted: 03/18/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) are increasingly appearing in drinking water sources globally. Our work focuses specifically on the adsorption of the legacy perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) using mesoporous hafnium oxide (MHO) ceramic synthesized via a sol-gel process. Experiments were performed at varying pH to determine the effect of surface charge on adsorption capacity of PFOA by MHO, and to postulate adsorption behavior. At pH 2.3, the adsorption capacity of PFOA on MHO was 20.9 mg/g, whereas at a higher pH of 6.3, it was much lower at 9.2 mg/g. This was due to increased coulombic attractions at lower pH between the positively charged conjugate acid active sites on MHO surface and negatively charged deprotonated PFOA anion in solution. After adsorption, the solid MHO was regenerated via calcination, reducing the amount of toxic solid waste to be disposed since the adsorbent is regenerated, and the PFOA is completely removed. The adsorption capacity of PFOA by MHO was determined to be 20.9 mg/g at pH 2.3 As pH increased, the adsorption capacity of MHO decreased due to Coulombic repulsions MHO could be regenerated via calcination to limit the amount of toxic waste produced
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27
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Krop H, Eschauzier C, van der Roest E, Parsons JR, de Voogt P. Independent mode sorption of perfluoroalkyl acids by single and multiple adsorbents. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE. PROCESSES & IMPACTS 2021; 23:1997-2006. [PMID: 34761249 DOI: 10.1039/d1em00322d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Infinite dilution partition coefficients, Kp,0, of a series of unbranched perfluoralkylacids, PFAAs with 3 to 8 CF2 units between water and commercially available weak anion exchange (WAX) and strong anion exchange (MAX) polymers, C18-modified silica, hydrophilic-lipophilic balance polymer (HLB), and Al2O3 sorbents were determined with self-packed columns using an HPLC-MS/MS setup. The anionic WAX sorbent shows a much higher adsorption affinity (about 450 fold) for PFBA than was observed for the applied hydrophobic sorbent HLB. Since the incremental value for each CF2 group is smaller when the electrostatic adsorption process is observed, the hydrophobic partition coefficient of HLB supersedes the electrostatic one of WAX at around PFTeDA. Adsorption of PFAAs to Al2O3 was weak and did not show a clear chain length dependency. A recently developed independent mode (IM) adsorption model is a more accurate model to combine the electrostatic and hydrophobic interaction terms. This model predicts the correct behaviour of especially short chain PFAAs in soil or sediment sorption experiments. Factors increasing sorption efficiency of well- and ill-defined single and multiple adsorbents towards PFAAs are discussed. The IM model provides a method to optimise sorption remediation strategies of PFAAs in contaminated waters and proposes a two-step strategy, a starting hydrophobic step followed by an electrostatic one to remove more efficiently the short chain PFAAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hildo Krop
- Krop-Consult, Conradstraat 7, 1505 KA Zaandam, The Netherlands.
| | | | - Els van der Roest
- KWR Water Research Institute, P.O. Box 1072, 3430 BB Nieuwegein, Netherlands
| | - John R Parsons
- Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Pim de Voogt
- Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH Amsterdam, Netherlands
- KWR Water Research Institute, P.O. Box 1072, 3430 BB Nieuwegein, Netherlands
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