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Somboon S, Rossopa B, Yodda S, Sukitprapanon TS, Chidthaisong A, Lawongsa P. Mitigating methane emissions and global warming potential while increasing rice yield using biochar derived from leftover rice straw in a tropical paddy soil. Sci Rep 2024; 14:8706. [PMID: 38622195 PMCID: PMC11018614 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-59352-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2024] [Accepted: 04/09/2024] [Indexed: 04/17/2024] Open
Abstract
The sustainable management of leftover rice straw through biochar production to mitigate CH4 emissions and enhance rice yield remains uncertain and undefined. Therefore, we evaluated the effects of using biochar derived from rice straw left on fields after harvest on greenhouse gas emissions, global warming potential (GWP), and rice yield in the paddy field. The experiment included three treatments: chemical fertilizer (CF), rice straw (RS, 10 t ha-1) + CF, and rice straw-derived biochar (BC, 3 t ha-1 based on the amount of product remaining after pyrolysis) + CF. Compared with CF, BC + CF significantly reduced cumulative CH4 and CO2 emissions, net GWP, and greenhouse gas emission intensity by 42.9%, 37.4%, 39.5%, and 67.8%, respectively. In contrast, RS + CF significantly increased cumulative CH4 emissions and net GWP by 119.3% and 13.8%, respectively. The reduced CH4 emissions were mainly caused by the addition of BC + CF, which did not increase the levels of dissolved organic carbon and microbial biomass carbon, consequently resulting in reduced archaeal abundance, unlike those observed in RS + CF. The BC + CF also enhanced soil total organic carbon content and rice grain yield. This study indicated that using biochar derived from leftover rice straw mitigates greenhouse gas emissions and improves rice productivity in tropical paddy soil.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saowalak Somboon
- Department of Soil Science and Environment, Faculty of Agriculture, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, 40002, Thailand
- Soil Organic Matter Management Research Group, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, 40002, Thailand
| | - Benjamas Rossopa
- Prachin Buri Rice Research Center, Rice Department, Ministry of Agriculture and Cooperatives, Ban Sang, Prachin Buri, 25150, Thailand
| | - Sujitra Yodda
- Program on System Approaches in Agriculture for Sustainable Development, Department of Agricultural Extension and Agricultural Systems, Faculty of Agriculture, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, 40002, Thailand
| | - Tanabhat-Sakorn Sukitprapanon
- Department of Soil Science and Environment, Faculty of Agriculture, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, 40002, Thailand
- Soil Organic Matter Management Research Group, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, 40002, Thailand
| | - Amnat Chidthaisong
- The Joint Graduate School of Energy and Environment, King Mongkut's University of Technology Thonburi, Bangkok, 10140, Thailand
| | - Phrueksa Lawongsa
- Department of Soil Science and Environment, Faculty of Agriculture, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, 40002, Thailand.
- Soil Organic Matter Management Research Group, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, 40002, Thailand.
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Jiao Y, Li Y, Dou W, Zhang W, Liu H. Biochar alleviates the crop failure of rice production induced by low-nitrogen cultivation mode by regulating the soil microbes taxa composition. Arch Microbiol 2023; 205:361. [PMID: 37902877 DOI: 10.1007/s00203-023-03700-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2023] [Revised: 09/28/2023] [Accepted: 10/04/2023] [Indexed: 11/01/2023]
Abstract
To improve the nitrogen utilization efficiency and a series of environmental problems caused by excessive application of nitrogen fertilizer, actual agricultural production often reduced the usage ratio of nitrogen fertilizer. However, the reduction in nitrogen fertilizer not only affects the soil microenvironment but also leads to adverse effects on rice yield. Due to its unique properties, biochar can regulate soil nutrient distribution and significantly affect soil microbial community structure/functions. To further understand the effects of different levels of biochar on soil nutrient indicators, soil microorganisms and crop growth under the nitrogen-reduction condition, our experiment with four groups was set up as followed: 0%, 2.5% and 5% biochar application rates with 99 kg/hm2 nitrogen fertilizer and one control group (the actual fertilizer standard used in the field:110 kg/hm2) without no exogenous biochar supplement. The rice yield and soil nutrient indexes were observed, and the differences between groups were analyzed based on multiple comparisons. 16S ribosomal RNA and ITS sequencing were used to analyze the community structure of soil bacteria and fungi. Redundancy analysis was performed to obtain the correlation relationships between microbial community marker species, soil nutrient indexes, and rice yield. Path analysis was used to determine the mechanism by which soil nutrient indexes affect rice yield. The results showed that a higher application rate of biochar led to a significant increased trend in the soil pH, organic matter and total nitrogen content. In addition, a high concentration of biochar under nitrogen-reduction condition decreased the soil bacterial diversity but elevated the fungal diversity. Different concentrations of biochar resulted in these changes in the relative abundance of soil bacteria/fungi but did not alter the dominant species taxa. Taken together, appropriate usage for biochar under the nitrogen-reduction background could induce alteration in soil nutrient indicators, microbial communities and crop yields. These results provide a theoretical basis for exploring scientific, green and efficient fertilization strategies in the rice cultivation industry. Notably, the interaction relationship between rhizosphere microorganisms in rice and soil microbial taxa are not yet clear, so further research on its detailed effects on rice production is needed. In addition, the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes pathway enrichment analysis for the physiological functions of the soil microbes could only predict the potential metabolic pathways. Therefore, the next-generation metagenome techonology might be performed to explore detailed metabolic differences and accurate taxa alteration at the "species" level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Jiao
- School of Engineering, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, China
| | - Yutao Li
- School of Life Science, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, 130117, China
| | - Wanyu Dou
- School of Engineering, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, China
| | - Wenlong Zhang
- School of Engineering, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, China
| | - Hui Liu
- School of Engineering, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, China.
- School of Arts and Sciences, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, China.
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Alam MS, Khanam M, Rahman MM. Environment-friendly nitrogen management practices in wetland paddy cultivation. FRONTIERS IN SUSTAINABLE FOOD SYSTEMS 2023. [DOI: 10.3389/fsufs.2023.1020570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/08/2023] Open
Abstract
A large amount of nitrogen (N) fertilizer is required for paddy cultivation, but nitrogen use efficiency (NUE) in paddy farming is low (20–40%). Much of the unutilized N potentially degrades the quality of soil, water, and air and disintegrates the functions of different ecosystems. It is a great challenge to increase NUE and sustain rice production to meet the food demand of the growing population. This review attempted to find out promising N management practices that might increase NUE while reducing the trade-off between rice production and environmental pollution. We collected and collated information on N management practices and associated barriers. A set of existing soil, crop, and fertilizer management strategies can be suggested for increasing NUE, which, however, might not be capable to halve N waste by 2030 as stated in the “Colombo Declaration” by the United Nations Environment Program. Therefore, more efficient N management tools are yet to be developed through research and extension. Awareness-raising campaign among farmers is a must against their misunderstanding that higher N fertilizer provides higher yields. The findings might help policymakers to formulate suitable policies regarding eco-friendly N management strategies for wetland paddy cultivation and ensure better utilization of costly N fertilizer.
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Pavlicevic M, Abdelraheem W, Zuverza-Mena N, O’Keefe T, Mukhtar S, Ridge G, Ranciato J, Haynes C, Elmer W, Pignatello J, Pagano L, Caldara M, Marmiroli M, Maestri E, Marmiroli N, White JC. Engineered Nanoparticles, Natural Nanoclay and Biochar, as Carriers of Plant-Growth Promoting Bacteria. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 12:4474. [PMID: 36558327 PMCID: PMC9783841 DOI: 10.3390/nano12244474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2022] [Revised: 12/12/2022] [Accepted: 12/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
The potential of biochar and nanoparticles to serve as effective delivery agents for beneficial bacteria to crops was investigated. Application of nanoparticles and biochar as carriers for beneficial bacteria improved not only the amount of nitrogen-fixing and phosphorus-solubilizing bacteria in soil, but also improved chlorophyll content (1.2-1.3 times), cell viability (1.1-1.5 times), and antioxidative properties (1.1-1.4 times) compared to control plants. Treatments also improved content of phosphorus (P) (1.1-1.6 times) and nitrogen (N) (1.1-1.4 times higher) in both tomato and watermelon plants. However, the effect of biochars and nanoparticles were species-specific. For example, chitosan-coated mesoporous silica nanoparticles with adsorbed bacteria increased the phosphorus content in tomato by 1.2 times compared to a 1.1-fold increase when nanoclay with adsorbed bacteria was applied. In watermelon, the situation was reversed: 1.1-fold increase in the case of chitosan-coated mesoporous silica nanoparticles and 1.2 times in case of nanoclay with adsorbed bacteria. Our findings demonstrate that use of nanoparticles and biochar as carriers for beneficial bacteria significantly improved plant growth and health. These findings are useful for design and synthesis of novel and sustainable biofertilizer formulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milica Pavlicevic
- Department of Chemistry, Life Sciences and Environmental Sustainability, University of Parma, 43124 Parma, Italy
| | - Wael Abdelraheem
- Connecticut Agricultural Experimental Station, New Haven, CT 06511, USA
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Sohag University, Sohag 82524, Egypt
| | | | - Tana O’Keefe
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Salma Mukhtar
- Connecticut Agricultural Experimental Station, New Haven, CT 06511, USA
| | - Gale Ridge
- Connecticut Agricultural Experimental Station, New Haven, CT 06511, USA
| | - John Ranciato
- Connecticut Agricultural Experimental Station, New Haven, CT 06511, USA
| | - Christy Haynes
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Wade Elmer
- Connecticut Agricultural Experimental Station, New Haven, CT 06511, USA
| | - Joseph Pignatello
- Connecticut Agricultural Experimental Station, New Haven, CT 06511, USA
| | - Luca Pagano
- Department of Chemistry, Life Sciences and Environmental Sustainability, University of Parma, 43124 Parma, Italy
| | - Marina Caldara
- Department of Chemistry, Life Sciences and Environmental Sustainability, University of Parma, 43124 Parma, Italy
| | - Marta Marmiroli
- Department of Chemistry, Life Sciences and Environmental Sustainability, University of Parma, 43124 Parma, Italy
| | - Elena Maestri
- Department of Chemistry, Life Sciences and Environmental Sustainability, University of Parma, 43124 Parma, Italy
- Interdepartmental Center SITEIA.PARMA, University of Parma, 43124 Parma, Italy
| | - Nelson Marmiroli
- Department of Chemistry, Life Sciences and Environmental Sustainability, University of Parma, 43124 Parma, Italy
- Interdepartmental Center SITEIA.PARMA, University of Parma, 43124 Parma, Italy
- National Interuniversity Consortium for Environmental Sciences (CINSA), 43124 Parma, Italy
| | - Jason C. White
- Connecticut Agricultural Experimental Station, New Haven, CT 06511, USA
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Liu Y, Li H, Hu T, Mahmoud A, Li J, Zhu R, Jiao X, Jing P. A quantitative review of the effects of biochar application on rice yield and nitrogen use efficiency in paddy fields: A meta-analysis. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 830:154792. [PMID: 35341863 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.154792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2021] [Revised: 03/10/2022] [Accepted: 03/20/2022] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Applying biochar to paddy fields is a helpful approach that potentially increases rice production and nitrogen use efficiency (NUE) to ensure food security and protect the ecological environment. Notwithstanding, reviewing most of the previous experimental studies on the impacts of biochar reveals a considerable inconsistency in the proposed results. The present study conducts a comprehensive meta-analysis on the literature published before February 2021 to investigate the impacts of biochar properties, experimental conditions, and soil properties on rice yield and NUE. The meta-analysis results show that biochar application increases rice yield and NUE by 10.73% and 12.04%, respectively. The most significant improvements in the soil properties are seen in alkaline soils and paddy soils with a fine-textured. In addition, the benefits of biochar are significantly enhanced when produced at 500-600 °C with livestock manure due to the existence of more nutrients compared to other feedstocks. Analysis of water management reveals that biochar application under water-saving irrigation is more effective in increasing rice productivity. In terms of application rates, the >20 t/ha biochar and 150-250 kg/ha nitrogen fertilizer are recommended for improving rice yield and NUE. Regardless of existing uncertainty due to the lack of long-term experimental data, those investigated factors have significant implications for biochar management strategies in rice growth systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Water Resources and Hydropower Engineering Science, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Huandi Li
- College of Agricultural Science and Engineering, Hohai University, Nanjing 211100, China
| | - Tiesong Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Water Resources and Hydropower Engineering Science, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China.
| | - Ali Mahmoud
- State Key Laboratory of Water Resources and Hydropower Engineering Science, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Jiang Li
- College of Agricultural Science and Engineering, Hohai University, Nanjing 211100, China
| | - Rui Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Water Resources and Hydropower Engineering Science, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Xiyun Jiao
- College of Agricultural Science and Engineering, Hohai University, Nanjing 211100, China; State Key Laboratory of Hydrology-Water Resources and Hydraulic Engineering, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, China
| | - Peiran Jing
- State Key Laboratory of Water Resources and Hydropower Engineering Science, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
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Combined Use of Biochar with 15Nitrogen Labelled Urea Increases Rice Yield, N Use Efficiency and Fertilizer N Recovery under Water-Saving Irrigation. SUSTAINABILITY 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/su14137622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Biochar is a potential carbon-rich soil amendment that improves the physicochemical properties of soil, besides acting as a controlled release fertilizer. An experiment was conducted to investigate the effect of biochars on rice yield, fertilizer use efficiency and recovery under water-saving irrigation by 15N isotopic tracer study. Two types of irrigation as alternate wetting and drying (AWD) and continuous flooding (CF), and four types of biochar treatments such as rice husk biochar (RHB) with 15N urea, oil palm empty fruit bunch biochar (EFBB) with 15N urea, 15N urea alone and control, were applied to assess their impact on rice. About 4% reduced grain yield with 18% improved water productivity was achieved by the AWD regime over the CF, whereas RHB and EFBB significantly increased rice yield compared to unamended soil. RHB and EFBB enhanced the water productivity up to 25.3%. The fertilizer N uptake and recovery were boosted by RHB and EFBB up to 18.8% and 24.5%, respectively. RHB and EFBB accelerated the agronomic use efficiency and partial factor productivity of N (up to 21% and 8%, respectively). RHB and EFBB profoundly enhanced the pH, the total C and N and the available N (NH4+ and NO3−) of the post-harvest soil. This study suggests that adding RHB and EFBB with urea improves fertilizer N utilization and soil N retention, and their combination with AWD could enhance rice yield with better water productivity due to their porous structure and controlled N release capacity.
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Chang Y, Liu W, Mao Y, Yang T, Chen Y. Biochar Addition Alters C: N: P Stoichiometry in Moss Crust-Soil Continuum in Gurbantünggüt Desert. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 11:814. [PMID: 35336697 PMCID: PMC8951371 DOI: 10.3390/plants11060814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2022] [Revised: 03/16/2022] [Accepted: 03/16/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The biogeochemical cycling of soil elements in ecosystems has changed under global changes, including nutrients essential for plant growth. The application of biochar can improve the utilization of soil nutrients by plants and change the stoichiometry of carbon (C), nitrogen (N), and phosphorus (P) in plants and soil. However, the response of ecological stoichiometry in a moss crust-soil continuum to local plant biochar addition in a desert ecosystem has not been comprehensively explored. Here, we conducted a four-level Seriphidium terrae-albae biochar addition experiment (CK, 0 t ha−1; T1, 3.185 t ha−1; T2, 6.37 t ha−1; T3, 12.74 t ha−1) to elucidate the influence of biochar input on C: N: P stoichiometry in moss crusts (surface) and their underlying soil (subsurface). The results showed that biochar addition significantly affected the C, N, and P both of moss crusts and their underlying soil (p < 0.001). Biochar addition increased soil C, N, and P concentrations, and the soil N content showed a monthly trend in T3. The C, N, and P concentrations of moss crusts increased with the addition levels of biochar, and the moss crust P concentrations showed an overall increasing trend by the month. Moreover, the soil and moss crust C: P and N: P ratios both increased. There was a significant correlation between moss crust C, N, and P and soil C and N. Additionally, nitrate nitrogen (NO3−N), N: P, C: P, EC, pH, soil moisture content (SMC), and N have significant effects on the C, N, and P of moss crusts in turn. This study revealed the contribution of biochar to the nutrient cycle of desert system plants and their underlying soil from the perspective of stoichiometric characteristics, which is a supplement to the theory of plant soil nutrition in desert ecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaobao Chang
- College of Ecology and Environment, Xinjiang University, Urumqi 830017, China; (Y.C.); (Y.M.); (T.Y.)
- Key Laboratory of Oasis Ecology of Education Ministry, Urumqi 830017, China
- Xinjiang Jinghe Observation and Research Station of Temperate Desert Ecosystem, Ministry of Education, Urumqi 830017, China
| | - Weiguo Liu
- College of Ecology and Environment, Xinjiang University, Urumqi 830017, China; (Y.C.); (Y.M.); (T.Y.)
- Key Laboratory of Oasis Ecology of Education Ministry, Urumqi 830017, China
- Xinjiang Jinghe Observation and Research Station of Temperate Desert Ecosystem, Ministry of Education, Urumqi 830017, China
| | - Yuqing Mao
- College of Ecology and Environment, Xinjiang University, Urumqi 830017, China; (Y.C.); (Y.M.); (T.Y.)
- Key Laboratory of Oasis Ecology of Education Ministry, Urumqi 830017, China
- Xinjiang Jinghe Observation and Research Station of Temperate Desert Ecosystem, Ministry of Education, Urumqi 830017, China
| | - Tao Yang
- College of Ecology and Environment, Xinjiang University, Urumqi 830017, China; (Y.C.); (Y.M.); (T.Y.)
- Key Laboratory of Oasis Ecology of Education Ministry, Urumqi 830017, China
- Xinjiang Jinghe Observation and Research Station of Temperate Desert Ecosystem, Ministry of Education, Urumqi 830017, China
| | - Yinguang Chen
- College of Ecology and Environment, Xinjiang University, Urumqi 830017, China; (Y.C.); (Y.M.); (T.Y.)
- Key Laboratory of Oasis Ecology of Education Ministry, Urumqi 830017, China
- Xinjiang Jinghe Observation and Research Station of Temperate Desert Ecosystem, Ministry of Education, Urumqi 830017, China
- School of Environment Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
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Hafez EM, Gowayed SM, Nehela Y, Sakran RM, Rady AMS, Awadalla A, Omara AED, Alowaiesh BF. Incorporated Biochar-Based Soil Amendment and Exogenous Glycine Betaine Foliar Application Ameliorate Rice ( Oryza sativa L.) Tolerance and Resilience to Osmotic Stress. PLANTS 2021; 10:plants10091930. [PMID: 34579461 PMCID: PMC8471834 DOI: 10.3390/plants10091930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2021] [Revised: 09/14/2021] [Accepted: 09/15/2021] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Osmotic stress is a major physiologic dysfunction that alters the water movement across the cell membrane. Soil salinity and water stress are major causal factors of osmotic stress that severely affect agricultural productivity and sustainability. Herein, we suggested and evaluated the impact of integrated biochar-based soil amendment and exogenous glycine betaine application on the growth, physiology, productivity, grain quality, and osmotic stress tolerance of rice (Oryza sativa L., cv. Sakha 105) grown in salt-affected soil under three irrigation intervals (6, 9, or 12 days), as well as soil properties and nutrient uptake under field conditions during the 2019 and 2020 seasons. Our findings showed that dual application of biochar and glycine betaine (biochar + glycine betaine) reduced the soil pH, electrical conductivity, and exchangeable sodium percentage. However, it enhanced the K+ uptake which increased in the leaves of treated-rice plants. Additionally, biochar and glycine betaine supplementation enhanced the photosynthetic pigments (chlorophyll a, b, and carotenoids) and physiological attributes (net photosynthetic rate, stomatal conductance, relative water content, and electrolyte leakage) of osmotic-stressed rice plants. Biochar + glycine betaine altered the activity of antioxidant-related enzymes (catalase, ascorbate peroxide, and peroxidase). Moreover, it improved the yield components, biological yield, and harvest index, as well as the nutrient value of rice grains of osmotic-stressed rice plants. Collectively, these findings underline the potential application of biochar and glycine betaine as a sustainable eco-friendly strategy to improve plant resilience, not only rice, but other plant species in general and other cereal crops in particular, to abiotic stress, particularly those growing in salt-affected soil.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emad M. Hafez
- Department of Agronomy, Faculty of Agriculture, Kafrelsheikh University, Kafr El-Sheikh 33516, Egypt;
| | - Salah M. Gowayed
- Department of Botany, Faculty of Agriculture, Suez Canal University, Ismailia 41522, Egypt;
| | - Yasser Nehela
- Department of Agricultural Botany, Faculty of Agriculture, Tanta University, Tanta 31527, Egypt
- Citrus Research and Education Center, Department of Plant Pathology, University of Florida, 700 Experiment Station Rd., Lake Alfred, FL 33850, USA
- Correspondence:
| | - Raghda M. Sakran
- Rice Research Department, Field Crops Research Institute, Agricultural Research Center, Giza 12112, Egypt;
| | - Asmaa M. S. Rady
- Crop Science Department, Faculty of Agriculture (EL-Shatby), Alexandria University, Alexandria 21545, Egypt;
| | - Abdelmoniem Awadalla
- Department of Agronomy, Faculty of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Aswan University, Aswan 81528, Egypt;
| | - Alaa El-Dein Omara
- Department of Microbiology, Soils, Water and Environment Research Institute, Agricultural Research Center, Giza 12112, Egypt;
| | - Bassam F. Alowaiesh
- Biology Department, College of Science, Jouf University, Sakaka 72341, Saudi Arabia;
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