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Pang H, Allinson M, Northcott K, Schultz A, Scales PJ. Demonstrating removal credits for contaminants of emerging concern in recycled water through a reverse osmosis barrier-A predictive framework. WATER RESEARCH 2023; 244:120427. [PMID: 37567126 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2023.120427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2023] [Revised: 07/26/2023] [Accepted: 07/27/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023]
Abstract
The performance of individual reverse osmosis (RO) systems varies significantly with different contaminants of emerging concern (CECs). As such, log reduction values (LRVs) of the concentration of these chemicals cannot be arbitrarily credited in water treatment and water recycling. This study looks to present an approach to the management of chemical risks by providing a systematic validation of RO barrier performance with respect to LRV credits for various classes of CECs. In this work, a one-off sampling campaign across five treatment barriers (strainer filtration, ultrafiltration, RO, ion exchange, chlorination) of a full-scale water recycling plant was conducted, followed by a systematic sampling campaign for a period of six weeks across just the RO barrier. The CECs screening methodology used GC-MS for quantification of 948 trace organic chemicals along with specific 44 per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) screening using LC-MS/MS to demonstrate the removal credits of the RO barrier to a wide spectrum of CECs. The work was used to validate an LRV barrier credit framework so as to predict the performance of a polyamide RO membrane for removal of a range of chemical classes, under typical operational conditions. Conductivity was validated as an efficient surrogate for membrane integrity and RO performance, along with specified operational conditions associated with permeate flux and recovery rate. A bioassay method (photobacterium test) showed good potential to be used as a quick measure to indicate the general toxicity of a sample caused by chemical contamination, because of its high detection sensitivity and time and cost efficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongjiao Pang
- Department of Chemical Engineering, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Melbourne, VIC 3010, Australia.
| | - Mayumi Allinson
- Department of Chemical Engineering, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Melbourne, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Kathy Northcott
- Veolia Australia & New Zealand, Melbourne, VIC 3006, Australia
| | - Aaron Schultz
- Veolia Australia & New Zealand, Brisbane, QLD 4000, Australia
| | - Peter J Scales
- Department of Chemical Engineering, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Melbourne, VIC 3010, Australia.
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Dong Y, Wu H, Yang F, Gray S. Cost and efficiency perspectives of ceramic membranes for water treatment. WATER RESEARCH 2022; 220:118629. [PMID: 35609431 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2022.118629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2022] [Revised: 03/12/2022] [Accepted: 05/15/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
More robust ceramic membranes with tailorable structures and functions are increasingly employed for water treatment, particularly in some harsh applications for their ultra-long service lifespan due to their high mechanical, structural, chemical and thermal stability and anti-fouling properties. Decreasing cost and enhancing efficiency are two key but quite challenging application-oriented issues for broader and larger-scale engineering application of current ceramic membranes, and are required to make ceramic membranes a highly efficient and economic water treatment technique. In this review, we critically discuss these two significant concerns of both cost and efficiency for water treatment ceramic membranes, focusing on an overview of various advanced strategies and mechanism insights. A brief up-to-date discussion is first introduced about recent developments of ceramic membranes covering the major advances of novel membranes and applications. Then some promising strategies for decreasing the cost of ceramic membranes are discussed, including membrane material cost and processing cost. To fully address the issue of moderate efficiency with single separation function, valuable and considerable insights are provided into recent major progress and mechanism understandings in application with other unit processes, such as advanced oxidation and electrochemistry techniques, to significantly enhance treatment efficiency. Subsequently, a review of recent ceramic membrane applications emphasizing harsh operating environments is presented, such as oil-water separation, saline water, refractory organic and emerging contaminant wastewater treatment. Finally, engineering application, conclusions, and future perspectives of ceramic membrane for water treatment applications are critically discussed offering new insight based on understanding the issues of cost and efficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingchao Dong
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Ecology and Environmental Engineering (Ministry of Education, MOE), School of Environmental Science and Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China.
| | - Hui Wu
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Ecology and Environmental Engineering (Ministry of Education, MOE), School of Environmental Science and Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Fenglin Yang
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Ecology and Environmental Engineering (Ministry of Education, MOE), School of Environmental Science and Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Stephen Gray
- Institute for Sustainable Industries & Liveable Cities, Victoria University, PO Box 14428, Melbourne, Australia
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Tow EW, Hartman AL, Jaworowski A, Zucker I, Kum S, AzadiAghdam M, Blatchley ER, Achilli A, Gu H, Urper GM, Warsinger DM. Modeling the energy consumption of potable water reuse schemes. WATER RESEARCH X 2021; 13:100126. [PMID: 34901816 PMCID: PMC8640112 DOI: 10.1016/j.wroa.2021.100126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2021] [Revised: 10/30/2021] [Accepted: 11/17/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Potable reuse of municipal wastewater is often the lowest-energy option for increasing the availability of fresh water. However, limited data are available on the energy consumption of potable reuse facilities and schemes, and the many variables affecting energy consumption obscure the process of estimating energy requirements. By synthesizing available data and developing a simple model for the energy consumption of centralized potable reuse schemes, this study provides a framework for understanding when potable reuse is the lowest-energy option for augmenting water supply. The model is evaluated to determine a representative range for the specific electrical energy consumption of direct and indirect potable reuse schemes and compare potable reuse to other water supply augmentation options, such as seawater desalination. Finally, the model is used to identify the most promising avenues for further reducing the energy consumption of potable reuse, including encouraging direct potable reuse without additional drinking water treatment, avoiding reverse osmosis in indirect potable reuse when effluent quality allows it, updating pipe networks, or using more permeable membranes. Potable reuse already requires far less energy than seawater desalination and, with a few investments in energy efficiency, entire potable reuse schemes could operate with a specific electrical energy consumption of less than 1 kWh/m3, showing the promise of potable reuse as a low-energy option for augmenting water supply.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily W. Tow
- Franklin W. Olin College of Engineering, 1000 Olin Way, Needham, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Anna Letcher Hartman
- Franklin W. Olin College of Engineering, 1000 Olin Way, Needham, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Aleksander Jaworowski
- Franklin W. Olin College of Engineering, 1000 Olin Way, Needham, Massachusetts, USA
- Lund University, Box 117, SE-221 00, Lund, Sweden
| | - Ines Zucker
- School of Mechanical Engineering and the Porter School of Environmental and Earth Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Ramat Aviv, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel
| | - Soyoon Kum
- David L. Hirschfeld Dept. of Engineering, Angelo State University, 2601 W Ave N, San Angelo, TX, USA
| | - Mojtaba AzadiAghdam
- Department of Chemical & Environmental Engineering, University of Arizona, 1133 E. James E. Rogers Way, Tucson, Arizona, USA
| | - Ernest R. Blatchley
- Lyles School of Civil Engineering and Division of Environmental & Ecological Engineering, Purdue University, 550 Stadium Mall Drive, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA
| | - Andrea Achilli
- Department of Chemical & Environmental Engineering, University of Arizona, 1133 E. James E. Rogers Way, Tucson, Arizona, USA
| | - Han Gu
- Research and Development Department, Orange County Water District, 18700 Ward St, Fountain Valley, California, USA
| | - Gulsum Melike Urper
- National Research Center on Membrane Technologies, Istanbul Technical University, Maslak, 34467 Saryer/Istanbul, Turkey
| | - David M. Warsinger
- School of Mechanical Engineering and Birck Nanotechnology Center, Purdue University, 610 Purdue Mall, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA
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