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Chauhan DS, Mohanty K. Exploring microalgal nutrient-light synergy to enhance CO 2 utilization and lipid productivity in sustainable long-term water recycling cultivation. J Environ Manage 2024; 356:120631. [PMID: 38522275 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2024.120631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2023] [Revised: 02/01/2024] [Accepted: 03/10/2024] [Indexed: 03/26/2024]
Abstract
In this work the effects of nutrient availability and light conditions on CO2 utilization and lipid production in Micractinium pusillum KMC8 is reported. The study investigated the ideal nitrogen concentrations for growth and nitrogen utilization in a 15% CO2 environment. Logistic and Gompertz models were employed to analyze the kinetics of KMC8 cell growth. Compared to 17.6 mmol L-1 control nitrogen, which generated 1.6 g L-1 growth, doubling and quadrupling nitrogen concentrations boosted biomass growth by 12.5% and 28.78%. At 8.6 mmol L-1 nitrogen, the growth decreased but lipid productivity increased to 18.62 mg L-1 day-1. At 70.6 mmol L-1 nitrogen, elevated nitrogen levels maintained an alkaline pH above 7 and enhanced CO2 mitigation, achieving 2.27% CO2 utilization efficiency. Nitrogen shows a positive correlation with higher rates of carbon and nitrogen fixation. The investigation extends to find out the influence of phosphorus and light conditions on microalgae. Increasing light intensity incrementally from 150 to 1200 μmol m-2 s-1 with more phosphorus increased biomass productivity by 85% (255 mg L-1 day-1) and lipid productivity by 2.5-fold (84.76 mg L-1 day-1), with 3.3% CO2 utilization efficiency compared to directly using 1200 μmol m-2 s-1. This study suggests a water recycling-fed batch cycle with gradual light feeding, which results in high CO2 fixation (1.1 g L-1 day-1), 7% CO2 utilization, and significant biomass and lipid productivity (577.23 and 150 mg L-1 day-1). This approach promotes lipid synthesis, maintains carbon fixation, and minimizes biomass loss, thus supporting sustainable bioenergy development in a circular bio-economy framework.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deepesh Singh Chauhan
- School of Energy Science and Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati, 781039, India
| | - Kaustubha Mohanty
- School of Energy Science and Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati, 781039, India; Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati, 781039, India.
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2
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Hinsui J, Krasae K, Jantaratch N, Mahae N. Protein and water recovery from tuna defrosting wastewater. Heliyon 2024; 10:e26669. [PMID: 38463760 PMCID: PMC10920156 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e26669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2023] [Revised: 02/08/2024] [Accepted: 02/16/2024] [Indexed: 03/12/2024] Open
Abstract
The objective of this research was to recover protein and water from tuna defrosting wastewater. Tuna defrosting wastewater (TDW) was concentrated, and salt protein residue (PR) was separated from concentrate TDW (cTDW). Protein in the cTDW was precipitated (PP). Salt was removed from PR and PP by using hot water (60 °C). PR and PP were dried at 50 °C before analysis for total protein, amino acid profile and salt content. Salty protein solution (PS) following salt removal from the precipitate was collected and concentrated. Then salt cPS was desalted by Sephadex G-25, and the elution was collected and concentrated. The resulting cPS was analyzed for pH, total protein, salt content, amino acid profile and antioxidant properties. Water from the protein recovery procedure was collected and analyzed for biological qualities (heterotrophic plate count, coliform bacteria, E. coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Salmonella spp. and Clostridium perfringens), physical qualities (apparent color, turbidity, pH) and chemical qualities (total dissolved solids, total hardness and sulfate).The results showed that cTDW contained 11.57 ± 0.03 % protein and 3.36 ± 0.03% NaCl. After salt was removed, the dried PR and PP contained 33.10 ± 0.16% and 6.92 ± 0.13% protein, respectively, and 0.23 ± 0.00% and 0.05 ± 0.00% NaCl, respectively. Dried PR contained 9 essential amino acids at higher concentrations than in PP. Concentrated PS contained 3.15 ± 0.12% protein and no NaCl. Histidine (254.15 mg/100 g) was the dominant amino acid in cPS. Antioxidant properties are shown by values for DPPH, ABTS and FRAP. The physical, chemical and bacterial parameters of recovered water met the guidelines for drinking water quality. These results indicate that recovery of protein and water is possible in fish processing, which could reduce costs for processors and benefit the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jirapa Hinsui
- Department of Fishery Products, Faculty of Fisheries, Kasetsart University, Chatuchak, Bangkok, 10900, Thailand
| | - Kornkanok Krasae
- Department of Fishery Products, Faculty of Fisheries, Kasetsart University, Chatuchak, Bangkok, 10900, Thailand
| | - Nuttapong Jantaratch
- Department of Fishery Products, Faculty of Fisheries, Kasetsart University, Chatuchak, Bangkok, 10900, Thailand
| | - Nopparat Mahae
- Department of Aquaculture and Fishery Products, Faculty of Science and Fisheries Technology, Rajamangala University of Technology Srivijaya, Mai Fad-district, Sikao District, Trang, 92150, Thailand
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3
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Mansour MSM, Abdel-Shafy HI, Ibrahim AM. Petroleum wastewater: Environmental protection, treatment, and safe reuse: An overview. J Environ Manage 2024; 351:119827. [PMID: 38113788 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2023.119827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2023] [Revised: 11/19/2023] [Accepted: 11/21/2023] [Indexed: 12/21/2023]
Abstract
Oil petroleum production consumes about 1.0-7.2 bbl. The needed water for such production ranges between 0.47 and 7.2 L water to 1.0 L crude. Between 80 and 90% of the consumed water is disposed of as wasted effluents. Consequently, there is an important connection between petroleum production and the contamination of the environment and surface water in addition to their ecotoxicological effects. The objective of the present review is to through light on the hazardous impact of petroleum wastewater on the environment and water ways. The present study presents several wastewater treatment technologies in handling the petroleum produced water (PPW) and reducing the hazardous impact to the environment. Safe reuse is also presented including simple, advanced, and environmentally friendly techniques. The reported treatment technologies are divided into five main categories: membrane technologies, biological treatment processes, electro-chemical coagulation, physical/chemical treatment processes (dissolved air flotation (DAF)/air flotation (IAF), adsorption, and chemical flocculation), and catalytic oxidation including chemicals such as advanced and Fenton oxidation processes (AOPs). The analysis and observation of each treatment process are also presented. Implementing of these processes in sequential and/or in combined to avoid the drawbacks of any poor treatment are discussed. The present review discusses; also, in detail each of these treatment technologies and their efficiency including the observation and conclusions of each one. The study shows; also; how the final treated effluent can be reused for non-potable purposes as an additional water resource according to the degree of decontamination. An additional advantage of treatment is protection of both the environment and the water ways by avoiding any discharge of such hazardous wastewater.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mona S M Mansour
- Analysis & Evaluation Department, Egyptian Petroleum Research Institute, Nasr City, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Hussein I Abdel-Shafy
- Water Pollution Research and Control Department, National Research Center, Dokki, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Amr M Ibrahim
- The British University in Egypt, Department of Civil Engineering, El-Shorouk, Egypt.
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4
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Vinci G, Prencipe SA, Pucinischi L, Perrotta F, Ruggeri M. Sustainability assessment of waste and wastewater recovery for edible mushroom production through an integrated nexus. A case study in Lazio. Sci Total Environ 2023; 903:166044. [PMID: 37572921 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.166044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2023] [Revised: 08/01/2023] [Accepted: 08/02/2023] [Indexed: 08/14/2023]
Abstract
With a global population of eight billion people, improving the sustainability and nutritional quality of diets has become critical. Mushrooms offer a promising solution because of their nutritional value and ability to be grown from agricultural residues, in line with the circular economy. This study, therefore, focuses on assessing the environmental compatibility of Agaricus bisporus mushroom production in Italy, the world's third largest per capita consumer, by using a Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) and an integrated Water-Energy-Nitrogen-Carbon-Food (WENCF) nexus analysis. The LCA results reveal that for a functional unit of 23,000 kg of the substrate, the production process emits 2.55 × 104 kg of CO2 eq. Sensitivity analysis shows that changing input quantities can reduce environmental impacts by about 5 %. In addition, one scenario evaluates the environmental effects of recycling resources by introducing water and ammonium sulfate from scratch instead of continuous recycling, along with water purification. The study shows that sustainable food production can mitigate resource depletion, climate-altering emissions, and intersectoral competition. Using agro residues for mushroom cultivation and optimizing resource management contribute to environmental sustainability. This approach could not only improve the resilience and efficiency of the food system but could also improve the sustainability of diets. In conclusion, this study highlights the importance of adopting sustainable and circular approaches in mushroom production to address global challenges related to food sustainability.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Vinci
- Department of Management, Sapienza University of Rome, Via del Castro Laurenziano, 9, 00161 Rome, Italy.
| | - S A Prencipe
- Department of Management, Sapienza University of Rome, Via del Castro Laurenziano, 9, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - L Pucinischi
- Funghitex S.S. Società Agricola, Via Colle San Clemente 36, 00049 Velletri, RM, Italy
| | - F Perrotta
- Funghitex S.S. Società Agricola, Via Colle San Clemente 36, 00049 Velletri, RM, Italy
| | - M Ruggeri
- Department of Management, Sapienza University of Rome, Via del Castro Laurenziano, 9, 00161 Rome, Italy
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Pang H, Allinson M, Northcott K, Schultz A, Scales PJ. Demonstrating removal credits for contaminants of emerging concern in recycled water through a reverse osmosis barrier-A predictive framework. Water Res 2023; 244:120427. [PMID: 37567126 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2023.120427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2023] [Revised: 07/26/2023] [Accepted: 07/27/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023]
Abstract
The performance of individual reverse osmosis (RO) systems varies significantly with different contaminants of emerging concern (CECs). As such, log reduction values (LRVs) of the concentration of these chemicals cannot be arbitrarily credited in water treatment and water recycling. This study looks to present an approach to the management of chemical risks by providing a systematic validation of RO barrier performance with respect to LRV credits for various classes of CECs. In this work, a one-off sampling campaign across five treatment barriers (strainer filtration, ultrafiltration, RO, ion exchange, chlorination) of a full-scale water recycling plant was conducted, followed by a systematic sampling campaign for a period of six weeks across just the RO barrier. The CECs screening methodology used GC-MS for quantification of 948 trace organic chemicals along with specific 44 per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) screening using LC-MS/MS to demonstrate the removal credits of the RO barrier to a wide spectrum of CECs. The work was used to validate an LRV barrier credit framework so as to predict the performance of a polyamide RO membrane for removal of a range of chemical classes, under typical operational conditions. Conductivity was validated as an efficient surrogate for membrane integrity and RO performance, along with specified operational conditions associated with permeate flux and recovery rate. A bioassay method (photobacterium test) showed good potential to be used as a quick measure to indicate the general toxicity of a sample caused by chemical contamination, because of its high detection sensitivity and time and cost efficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongjiao Pang
- Department of Chemical Engineering, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Melbourne, VIC 3010, Australia.
| | - Mayumi Allinson
- Department of Chemical Engineering, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Melbourne, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Kathy Northcott
- Veolia Australia & New Zealand, Melbourne, VIC 3006, Australia
| | - Aaron Schultz
- Veolia Australia & New Zealand, Brisbane, QLD 4000, Australia
| | - Peter J Scales
- Department of Chemical Engineering, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Melbourne, VIC 3010, Australia.
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6
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Kopperi H, Hemalatha M, Ravi Kiran B, Santhosh J, Venkata Mohan S. Sustainable consideration for traditional textile handloom cluster/village in pollution abatement - A case study. Environ Pollut 2023; 324:121320. [PMID: 36805470 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2023.121320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2022] [Revised: 02/03/2023] [Accepted: 02/17/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Decentralized handlooms are being traditionally practised throughout India. Siripuram village known for traditional Pochampally/Ikat work was considered as a case study for detailed investigation towards providing a sustainable solution. Nearly 65% of village population solely depend on weaving and dyeing works as primary occupation based on the household survey and generated wash water of 127 KLD on an average from the dyeing operations. Initially, a topographical survey (Aerial drone; PHANTOM 4 RTK UAV) was carried out to understand the drainage pattern, elevations, contours and interlinked with domestic and dyeing functions. The characteristics of combined wastewater and dye wash water were studied at lab scale using sequential batch (SBR) operation under aerobic (SBRAe) and aerobic-anoxic (SBRAex) microenvironments. SBRAex microenvironment showed effective organic and nutrients removal due to infused anoxic microenvironment. Treatment studies depicted 76.2% of organic fraction, 73.3% of phosphate, and 81.6% of nitrate removal. Based on the lab scale studies a closed-loop decentralized effluent treatment system was designed to ensure zero-liquid discharge (ZLD).
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Affiliation(s)
- Harishankar Kopperi
- Bioengineering and Environmental Sciences (BEES) Lab, Department of Energy and Environmental Engineering, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology (CSIR-IICT), Hyderabad, 500007, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India
| | - Manupati Hemalatha
- Bioengineering and Environmental Sciences (BEES) Lab, Department of Energy and Environmental Engineering, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology (CSIR-IICT), Hyderabad, 500007, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India
| | - Boda Ravi Kiran
- Bioengineering and Environmental Sciences (BEES) Lab, Department of Energy and Environmental Engineering, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology (CSIR-IICT), Hyderabad, 500007, India
| | - J Santhosh
- Bioengineering and Environmental Sciences (BEES) Lab, Department of Energy and Environmental Engineering, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology (CSIR-IICT), Hyderabad, 500007, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India
| | - S Venkata Mohan
- Bioengineering and Environmental Sciences (BEES) Lab, Department of Energy and Environmental Engineering, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology (CSIR-IICT), Hyderabad, 500007, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India.
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7
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Deng Y, Fu S, Xu M, Liu H, Jiang L, Liu X, Jiang H. Purification and water resource circulation utilization of Cd-containing wastewater during microbial remediation of Cd-polluted soil. Environ Res 2023; 219:115036. [PMID: 36502910 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2022.115036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2022] [Revised: 12/02/2022] [Accepted: 12/08/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
The purification and water resource circulation utilization of cadmium-containing leachate is a key link in the field application of microbial remediation in Cd-polluted soil. In this study, through a simulation experiment of microbial remediation of Cd-polluted paddy soil, the feasibility of the purification and recycling process of wastewater derived from microbial remediation of Cd-polluted soil was explored. The results of the microbial mobilization and removal experiment showed that the concentrations of Cd, N, P, and K in the leachate were 88.51 μg/L, 38.06, 0.53, and 98.87 mg/L, respectively. The leachate also contained a large number of microbial resources, indicating that it had high recovery values. To recycle this wastewater, activated carbon (C), humic acid (H), and self-assembled monolayers on mesoporous supports (SAMMS; S) were used as adsorbents. The results showed that the co-existing cations in the leachate had a major influence on the adsorption of Cd. In the ternary system of Fe, Al, and Cd, the removal efficiency of Cd increased to 91.2% when the S dosage was increased to 5‰, and the sorption of Cd occurred after Fe and Al. However, C and H exhibited poor adsorption performances. The isotherm models further showed that the maximum adsorption capacities of S, H, and C were 13.96, 6.41 and 2.94 mg/g, respectively. The adsorption kinetics of S showed that adsorption was a rapid process, and the C-H and O-Si-O of S were the key functional groups. The pH of the leachate significantly affected the adsorption efficiency of Cd. Finally, the purified leachate was successfully applied to microbial cultivation and soil remediation. Overall, the reclamation of Cd-containing wastewater can not only dampen the impacts of water shortages, but also achieve the purposes of Cd removal and resource recovery to lower costs by approximately 1166-3499 yuan per mu.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Deng
- Hunan Agricultural Biotechnology Research Institute, Hunan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changsha, 410125, China; School of Minerals Processing and Bioengineering, Key Laboratory of Biometallurgy of Ministry of Education, Central South University, Changsha, 410083, China.
| | - Shaodong Fu
- School of Minerals Processing and Bioengineering, Key Laboratory of Biometallurgy of Ministry of Education, Central South University, Changsha, 410083, China
| | - Menglong Xu
- School of Minerals Processing and Bioengineering, Key Laboratory of Biometallurgy of Ministry of Education, Central South University, Changsha, 410083, China
| | - Hongwei Liu
- School of Minerals Processing and Bioengineering, Key Laboratory of Biometallurgy of Ministry of Education, Central South University, Changsha, 410083, China
| | - Luhua Jiang
- School of Minerals Processing and Bioengineering, Key Laboratory of Biometallurgy of Ministry of Education, Central South University, Changsha, 410083, China
| | - Xueduan Liu
- School of Minerals Processing and Bioengineering, Key Laboratory of Biometallurgy of Ministry of Education, Central South University, Changsha, 410083, China
| | - Huidan Jiang
- Hunan Agricultural Biotechnology Research Institute, Hunan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changsha, 410125, China.
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von Eiff D, Yeo J, An AK, Chopra SS. Comparative Economic and Life Cycle Analysis of Future Water Supply Mix Scenarios for Hong Kong - A Water Scarce City. J Environ Manage 2023; 325:116370. [PMID: 36308784 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2022.116370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2022] [Revised: 09/10/2022] [Accepted: 09/23/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Increasing urbanization and changes in climate have placed increasing stress on urban water supply systems. Policy makers have increasingly adopted alternative water supply sources, such as desalination and water reclamation to meet this challenge, however these technologies may increase the negative environmental impacts of the water supply system. These alternative sources are energy intensive, and more expensive to produce, which raises questions about their sustainability. In this study, a Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) and a economic portfolio choice model were used to determine the impacts of Hong Kong's long term water policy. The results of our study show that the current water policy will increase the carbon emissions of producing 1 m3 of freshwater by 11% to 1.65 kg CO2-Eq due to the addition of desalination. However, a fit-for-purpose water policy approach only increases emission by 4%, to 1.54 kg CO2-Eq, by instead relying on water reclamation to offset freshwater consumption. Impacts from increased energy consumption were mitigated by improved wastewater treatment, which reduced CH4 emissions. Although, ozone layer impacts increased due to higher NOx and N2O emissions, highlighting the need to consider emissions from wastewater treatment processes when evaluating water reclamation processes. Impacts to water prices were also minimized when reclaimed water was chosen over desalination, due to its lower unit production cost. By considering both cost and environmental impacts of such system level changes, decision makers can more accurately evaluate different water supply approaches for data-driven policymaking.
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Affiliation(s)
- David von Eiff
- School of Energy and Environment, City University of Hong Kong, Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon, Hong Kong
| | - Joonho Yeo
- School of Energy and Environment, City University of Hong Kong, Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon, Hong Kong
| | - Alicia Kyoungjin An
- School of Energy and Environment, City University of Hong Kong, Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon, Hong Kong.
| | - Shauhrat S Chopra
- School of Energy and Environment, City University of Hong Kong, Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon, Hong Kong.
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9
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Santorio S, Val Del Rio A, Amorim CL, Couto AT, Arregui L, Castro PML, Mosquera-Corral A. Microalgae-bacterial biomass outperforms PN-anammox biomass for oxygen saving in continuous-flow granular reactors facing extremely low-strength freshwater aquaculture streams. Chemosphere 2022; 308:136184. [PMID: 36030947 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.136184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2022] [Revised: 07/29/2022] [Accepted: 08/20/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The dissolved oxygen (DO) concentration in water streams is one of the most important and critical quality parameters in aquaculture farms. The main objective of this study was to evaluate the potential of two Continuous Flow Granular Reactors, one based on Partial Nitrification-Anammox biomass (Aquammox CFGR) and the other on Microalgae-Bacteria biomass (AquaMab CFGR), for improving dissolved oxygen availability in the recirculation aquaculture systems (RAS). Both reactors treated the extremely low-strength effluents from a freshwater trout farm (1.39 mg NH4+-N/L and 7.7 mg TOC/L). The Aquammox CFGR, removed up to 68% and 100% of ammonium and nitrite, respectively, but the DO concentration in the effluent was below 1 mg O2/L while the anammox activity was not maintained. In the AquaMab CFGR, bioaugmentation of aerobic granules with microalgae was attained, producing an effluent with DO concentrations up to 9 mg O2/L and removed up to 77% and 80% of ammonium and nitrite, respectively, which is expected to reduce the aeration costs in fish farms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergio Santorio
- CRETUS Institute. Department of Chemical Engineering, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, E-15705, Santiago de Compostela, Spain.
| | - Angeles Val Del Rio
- CRETUS Institute. Department of Chemical Engineering, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, E-15705, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Catarina L Amorim
- Universidade Católica Portuguesa, CBQF - Centro de Biotecnologia e Química Fina - Laboratório Associado, Escola Superior de Biotecnologia, Rua Diogo Botelho 1327, 4169-005, Porto, Portugal
| | - Ana T Couto
- Universidade Católica Portuguesa, CBQF - Centro de Biotecnologia e Química Fina - Laboratório Associado, Escola Superior de Biotecnologia, Rua Diogo Botelho 1327, 4169-005, Porto, Portugal
| | - Luz Arregui
- Grupo Tres Mares, S.L. Lires S/n, E-15270 Cee, A Coruña, Spain
| | - Paula M L Castro
- Universidade Católica Portuguesa, CBQF - Centro de Biotecnologia e Química Fina - Laboratório Associado, Escola Superior de Biotecnologia, Rua Diogo Botelho 1327, 4169-005, Porto, Portugal
| | - Anuska Mosquera-Corral
- CRETUS Institute. Department of Chemical Engineering, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, E-15705, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
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10
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Bhandari M, Prajapati SK. Use of reverse osmosis reject from drinking water plant for microalgal biomass production. Water Res 2022; 210:117989. [PMID: 34954367 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2021.117989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2021] [Revised: 11/22/2021] [Accepted: 12/17/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The present study evaluates the use of reverse osmosis (RO) reject, termed as ROR, for microalgal biomass production. The supplementation of ROR from two different sources, namely domestic RO unit (ROR1) and commercial-scale RO plant (ROR2), showed a synergistic effect on the growth and biochemical composition of Chlorella pyrenoidosa. Among the tested ROR1 doses, the highest biomass production (1.27±0.06 g L-1) was observed with 25% ROR1 supplemented growth media. In contrast, the lipid content (28.85±3.13% of TS) in C. pyrenoidosa at 50% ROR1 dose was almost twice that in BG11 (positive control). Interestingly, the microalgae showed relatively higher biomass production (1.37±0.07 g L-1) and higher lipid content (33.23±3.92% of TS) when 50% ROR2 was used in growth media. At the same time, the estimated carbohydrate and protein contents were 28.41±0.73 and 29.75±0.31% of TS, respectively. Furthermore, the lipid productivity (28.98±2.79 mg L-1 d-1) was relatively higher than the nutrient media (12.35±1.34 mg L-1 d-1). The present findings revealed that the RO reject from drinking water purifiers can efficiently be utilized for lipid-rich microalgal biomass production. Hence, the dependency on freshwater resources for mass scale microalgae cultivation through recycling of RO reject can be reduced.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mamta Bhandari
- Environment and Biofuel Research Lab (EBRL), Department of Hydro and Renewable Energy, Indian Institute of Technology (IIT) Roorkee, Uttarakhand, 247667, India
| | - Sanjeev Kumar Prajapati
- Environment and Biofuel Research Lab (EBRL), Department of Hydro and Renewable Energy, Indian Institute of Technology (IIT) Roorkee, Uttarakhand, 247667, India
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11
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Pérez DJ, Doucette WJ, Moore MT. Contaminants of emerging concern (CECs) in Zea mays: Uptake, translocation and distribution tissue patterns over the time and its relation with physicochemical properties and plant transpiration rate. Chemosphere 2022; 288:132480. [PMID: 34626663 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.132480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2021] [Revised: 09/17/2021] [Accepted: 10/03/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Passive uptake of contaminants of emerging concern (CECs) and its relationship with physicochemical properties, such as lipophilicity (LogKow), ionization behavior (pKa), distribution coefficient (LogDow) and transpiration rate are scarcely studied. In the current study, hydroponically grown corn (Zea mays) was exposed to carbamazepine (CBZ), fluoxetine (FLX), gemfibrozil (GBZ), triclosan (TRI) and atrazine (ATZ)) at environmentally relevant concentrations (20 μg/L each one). Plant tissue concentrations of CECs were determined several times over 21 days. Eighteen plants were used, nine exposed to the CECs and nine untreated. Whole plants were harvested at 7, 14 and 21 days and separated into roots, stem, leaf and male bud flower (only at 21 days). Hydroponic solution was maintained at pH 5.5 throughout the study. CECs concentrations in the exposure solution and tissues were determined by LC-MS/MS. ATZ metabolites desisopropylatrazine (DIA) and desethylatrazine (DEA) were determined by LC-DAD. In shoot tissues, CBZ, FLX and ATZ were detected, while TRI and GBZ were detected only in roots. Root concentrations were related with LogKow (R2ROOT = 0.415). Leaf and stem concentrations of CBZ, FLX and ATZ were linked with LogKow and strongly linked with pKa. Transpiration was related with CBZ and ATZ in shoot, but not related with FLX shoot levels. Neutral compounds such as CBZ (pKa = 13.94; 100% neutral) and ATZ (pKa = 1.6; 85% neutral) were taken up passively with transpiration. Root accumulation was related with CECs lipophilicity, while translocation and bioaccumulation in shoot were not only related with lipophilicity, but also with CECs ionization behavior and transpiration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Débora Jesabel Pérez
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Godoy Cruz 2290 (C1425FQB), Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Instituto de Innovación Para La Producción Agropecuaria y El Desarrollo Sostenible (INTA Balcarce - CONICET), Ruta Nacional 226 Km 73,5 (7620), Balcarce, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Utah Water Research Laboratory, Utah State University, Logan, UT, 834341, USA.
| | | | - Matthew Truman Moore
- Water Quality and Ecology Research Unit, United States Department of Agriculture-ARS National Sedimentation Laboratory, 598 McElroy Drive, Oxford, MS, (38655), USA
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12
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Chu R, Hu D, Zhu L, Li S, Yin Z, Yu Y. Recycling spent water from microalgae harvesting by fungal pellets to re-cultivate Chlorella vulgaris under different nutrient loads for biodiesel production. Bioresour Technol 2022; 344:126227. [PMID: 34743995 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2021.126227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2021] [Revised: 10/22/2021] [Accepted: 10/23/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Fungal pellet is an emerging material to collect oleaginous microalgae, but rare studies have noticed that harvested water is available resource for the next round of cultivation. To systematically optimize regrowth performances of microalgae Chlorella vulgaris, separated water after harvesting by fungi Aspergillus oryzae was prepared under different N/P ratios. The results showed that chlorophylls and enzymes were significantly affected by the proportion of N and P. Although nutrient deficiency was functioned as a stress factor to restrict carbohydrate and protein synthesis, lipid content was obviously increased by 12.69%. The percentage of saturated fatty acids associated with oxidation stability increased, while this part in fresh wastewater accounted for only 36.96%. The favorable biomass concentration (1.37 g/L) with the highest lipid yield (0.42 g/L) appeared in N/P of 6:1. More strikingly, suitable conditions could save 52.4% of cultivation costs. These experiments confirmed that reusing bioflocculated water could be effectively utilized for biodiesel production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruoyu Chu
- School of Resources & Environmental Science, Hubei International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Sustainable Resource and Energy, Hubei Key Laboratory of Biomass-Resources Chemistry and Environmental Biotechnology, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430079, PR China
| | - Dan Hu
- School of Resources & Environmental Science, Hubei International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Sustainable Resource and Energy, Hubei Key Laboratory of Biomass-Resources Chemistry and Environmental Biotechnology, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430079, PR China
| | - Liandong Zhu
- School of Resources & Environmental Science, Hubei International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Sustainable Resource and Energy, Hubei Key Laboratory of Biomass-Resources Chemistry and Environmental Biotechnology, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430079, PR China.
| | - Shuangxi Li
- School of Resources & Environmental Science, Hubei International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Sustainable Resource and Energy, Hubei Key Laboratory of Biomass-Resources Chemistry and Environmental Biotechnology, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430079, PR China
| | - Zhihong Yin
- School of Resources & Environmental Science, Hubei International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Sustainable Resource and Energy, Hubei Key Laboratory of Biomass-Resources Chemistry and Environmental Biotechnology, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430079, PR China
| | - Yunjiang Yu
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Health Risk Assessment, South China Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Ecology and Environment, Guangzhou 510655, PR China
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13
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Tow EW, Hartman AL, Jaworowski A, Zucker I, Kum S, AzadiAghdam M, Blatchley ER, Achilli A, Gu H, Urper GM, Warsinger DM. Modeling the energy consumption of potable water reuse schemes. Water Res X 2021; 13:100126. [PMID: 34901816 PMCID: PMC8640112 DOI: 10.1016/j.wroa.2021.100126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2021] [Revised: 10/30/2021] [Accepted: 11/17/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Potable reuse of municipal wastewater is often the lowest-energy option for increasing the availability of fresh water. However, limited data are available on the energy consumption of potable reuse facilities and schemes, and the many variables affecting energy consumption obscure the process of estimating energy requirements. By synthesizing available data and developing a simple model for the energy consumption of centralized potable reuse schemes, this study provides a framework for understanding when potable reuse is the lowest-energy option for augmenting water supply. The model is evaluated to determine a representative range for the specific electrical energy consumption of direct and indirect potable reuse schemes and compare potable reuse to other water supply augmentation options, such as seawater desalination. Finally, the model is used to identify the most promising avenues for further reducing the energy consumption of potable reuse, including encouraging direct potable reuse without additional drinking water treatment, avoiding reverse osmosis in indirect potable reuse when effluent quality allows it, updating pipe networks, or using more permeable membranes. Potable reuse already requires far less energy than seawater desalination and, with a few investments in energy efficiency, entire potable reuse schemes could operate with a specific electrical energy consumption of less than 1 kWh/m3, showing the promise of potable reuse as a low-energy option for augmenting water supply.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily W. Tow
- Franklin W. Olin College of Engineering, 1000 Olin Way, Needham, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Anna Letcher Hartman
- Franklin W. Olin College of Engineering, 1000 Olin Way, Needham, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Aleksander Jaworowski
- Franklin W. Olin College of Engineering, 1000 Olin Way, Needham, Massachusetts, USA
- Lund University, Box 117, SE-221 00, Lund, Sweden
| | - Ines Zucker
- School of Mechanical Engineering and the Porter School of Environmental and Earth Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Ramat Aviv, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel
| | - Soyoon Kum
- David L. Hirschfeld Dept. of Engineering, Angelo State University, 2601 W Ave N, San Angelo, TX, USA
| | - Mojtaba AzadiAghdam
- Department of Chemical & Environmental Engineering, University of Arizona, 1133 E. James E. Rogers Way, Tucson, Arizona, USA
| | - Ernest R. Blatchley
- Lyles School of Civil Engineering and Division of Environmental & Ecological Engineering, Purdue University, 550 Stadium Mall Drive, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA
| | - Andrea Achilli
- Department of Chemical & Environmental Engineering, University of Arizona, 1133 E. James E. Rogers Way, Tucson, Arizona, USA
| | - Han Gu
- Research and Development Department, Orange County Water District, 18700 Ward St, Fountain Valley, California, USA
| | - Gulsum Melike Urper
- National Research Center on Membrane Technologies, Istanbul Technical University, Maslak, 34467 Saryer/Istanbul, Turkey
| | - David M. Warsinger
- School of Mechanical Engineering and Birck Nanotechnology Center, Purdue University, 610 Purdue Mall, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA
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14
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Sutherland C, Reynaert E, Sindall RC, Riechmann ME, Magwaza F, Lienert J, Buthelezi S, Khumalo D, Dhlamini S, Morgenroth E, Udert KM. Innovation for improved hand hygiene: Field testing the Autarky handwashing station in collaboration with informal settlement residents in Durban, South Africa. Sci Total Environ 2021; 796:149024. [PMID: 34328886 PMCID: PMC8607321 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.149024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2021] [Revised: 07/09/2021] [Accepted: 07/09/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Safe and accessible water services for hand hygiene are critical to human health and well-being. However, access to handwashing facilities is limited in cities in the Global South, where rapid urbanisation, service backlogs, lack of infrastructure and capacity, and water scarcity impact on the ability of local governments to provide them. Community participation and the co-production of knowledge in the development of innovative technologies, which are aligned with Water, Sanitation and Hygiene (WASH) principles, can lead to more sustainable and socially-acceptable hand hygiene systems. This paper presents the outcomes of the testing of the Autarky handwashing station, a technology that provides onsite treatment and recycling of handwashing water, in an informal settlement in Durban, South Africa. The transdisciplinary research approach adopted enabled the participation of multiple stakeholders with different knowledge systems in the framing, testing and evaluation of the system. The process of co-producing knowledge, as well as the outcomes of the testing, namely high levels of functionality and social acceptability of the technology, supported the WASH principles. The evaluation revealed that the Autarky handwashing station is a niche intervention that improved access to safe and appealing handwashing facilities in an informal settlement. Its novel design, socially desirable features, reliability and ability to save water increased its acceptance in the community. The testing of the system in a real-world context revealed the value of including communities in knowledge production processes for technology innovation. Further work is required to ensure that real-time monitoring of system function is feasible before such systems can be implemented at larger scale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine Sutherland
- University of KwaZulu Natal, School of Built Environment and Development Studies, 4041 Durban, South Africa
| | - Eva Reynaert
- Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland; ETH Zürich, Institute of Environmental Engineering, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland.
| | - Rebecca C Sindall
- University of KwaZulu Natal, WASH R&D Centre, 4041 Durban, South Africa
| | - Michel E Riechmann
- Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Fanelesibonge Magwaza
- University of KwaZulu Natal, School of Built Environment and Development Studies, 4041 Durban, South Africa
| | - Juri Lienert
- Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Sibongile Buthelezi
- University of KwaZulu Natal, School of Built Environment and Development Studies, 4041 Durban, South Africa
| | - Duduzile Khumalo
- University of KwaZulu Natal, School of Built Environment and Development Studies, 4041 Durban, South Africa
| | - Sifiso Dhlamini
- University of KwaZulu Natal, WASH R&D Centre, 4041 Durban, South Africa
| | - Eberhard Morgenroth
- Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland; ETH Zürich, Institute of Environmental Engineering, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Kai M Udert
- Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland; ETH Zürich, Institute of Environmental Engineering, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
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15
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Martin-Gorriz B, Maestre-Valero JF, Gallego-Elvira B, Marín-Membrive P, Terrero P, Martínez-Alvarez V. Recycling drainage effluents using reverse osmosis powered by photovoltaic solar energy in hydroponic tomato production: Environmental footprint analysis. J Environ Manage 2021; 297:113326. [PMID: 34314966 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2021.113326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2020] [Revised: 06/24/2021] [Accepted: 07/17/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Greenhouse cultivation in the Mediterranean region has undoubtedly enhanced the economic growth and has generated social benefits by making an efficient use of resources. However, these production systems caused undesirable environmental impacts. In order to move towards cleaner production in greenhouse areas, this study has assessed the potential environmental benefits and trade-offs of the integration of an on-farm reverse osmosis system powered by photovoltaic solar energy to recycle the drainage effluents from greenhouses. To that end, we compare the environmental footprint of a greenhouse tomato crop using this technology in a hydroponic system (HS), versus the conventional sanded soil 'enarenado' (CS) with free-drainage to soil. Additionally, for comparison, three independent irrigation sources (desalinated seawater with low electrical conductivity and two different mixes of underground and desalinated water, with moderate and high electrical conductivity, respectively) were evaluated. The use of desalinated seawater can help reduce the overexploitation of aquifers, although if the desalination process is not done with clean energy it also comes with a negative impact on the carbon footprint. Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) was used to analyse and evaluate six environmental impact indicators associated with these production systems and water treatments. In addition, a sensitivity analysis was conducted to explore the potential environmental benefits of increasing the use of renewable energy for desalinated water production, whilst also curbing the common over-fertilisation malpractice reported in the study area. Based on our findings, the HS with leachate treatment technology showed, compared to the CS system, a significant reduction in the eutrophication (72 %), although it did inevitably increase the depletion of fossil fuels (43 %) global warming (37 %) and acidification (32 %) impacts, due to the need for additional infrastructure and equipment. Among the inputs considered for the cultivation systems, the greenhouse structure, and the production of fertilisers and electricity for fertigation represented the highest environmental burdens. When comparing the three irrigation treatments, it was observed that the partial substitution of desalinated seawater by brackish groundwater substantially mitigated (27 %) the global warming footprint. The sensitivity analysis revealed that a significant reduction in the environmental impact is feasible.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Martin-Gorriz
- Agricultural Engineering Department, Technical University of Cartagena, Paseo Alfonso XIII 48, 30203, Cartagena, Spain.
| | - J F Maestre-Valero
- Agricultural Engineering Department, Technical University of Cartagena, Paseo Alfonso XIII 48, 30203, Cartagena, Spain
| | - B Gallego-Elvira
- Agricultural Engineering Department, Technical University of Cartagena, Paseo Alfonso XIII 48, 30203, Cartagena, Spain
| | - P Marín-Membrive
- Department of Engineering, Research Centre CIAIMBITAL, University of Almería, Ctra. Sacramento, s/n, 04120, Almería, Spain
| | - P Terrero
- SACYR AGUA, C/ Juan Esplandiú 11, Planta 14, 28007, Madrid, Spain
| | - V Martínez-Alvarez
- Agricultural Engineering Department, Technical University of Cartagena, Paseo Alfonso XIII 48, 30203, Cartagena, Spain
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16
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Drigo B, Brunetti G, Aleer SC, Bell JM, Short MD, Vasileiadis S, Turnidge J, Monis P, Cunliffe D, Donner E. Inactivation, removal, and regrowth potential of opportunistic pathogens and antimicrobial resistance genes in recycled water systems. Water Res 2021; 201:117324. [PMID: 34242935 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2021.117324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2020] [Revised: 04/30/2021] [Accepted: 05/30/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
With two thirds of the global population living in areas affected by water scarcity, wastewater reuse is actively being implemented or explored by many nations. There is a need to better understand the efficacy of recycled water treatment plants (RWTPs) for removal of human opportunistic pathogens and antimicrobial resistant microorganisms. Here, we used a suite of probe-based multiplex and SYBR green real-time PCR assays to monitor enteric opportunistic pathogens (EOPs; Acinetobacter baumannii, Arcobacter butzlieri, Escherichia coli, Enterococcus faecalis, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Legionella spp., Listeria monocytogenes, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Salmonella Enteritidis, Streptococcus spp.) and antimicrobial resistance genes (ARGs; qnrS, blaSHV, blaTEM, blaGES, blaKPC, blaIMI, blaSME, blaNDM, blaVIM, blaIMP, blaOXA-48-like, mcr-1 and mcr-3) of key concern from an antimicrobial resistance (AMR), waterborne and foodborne disease perspective. The class 1 integron-integrase gene (intl1) was quantified as a proxy for multi-drug resistance. EOPs, intl1 and ARGs absolute abundance (DNA and RNA) and metabolic activity (RNA) was assessed through three RWTPs with differing treatment trains. Our results indicate that RWTPs produced high quality recycled water for non-potable reuse by removing >95% of EOPs and ARGs, however, subpopulations of EOPs and ARGs survived disinfection and demonstrated potential to become actively growing members of the recycled water and distribution system microbiomes. The persistence of functional intl1 suggests that significant genetic recombination capacity remains in the recycled water, along with the likely presence of multi-drug resistant bacteria. Results provide new insights into the persistence and growth of EOPs, and prevalence and removal of ARGs in recycled water systems. These data will contribute towards the emerging evidence base of AMR risks in recycled water to inform quantitative risk-based policy development regarding water recycling schemes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Drigo
- Future Industries Institute, University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA 5001, Australia.
| | - Gianluca Brunetti
- Future Industries Institute, University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA 5001, Australia
| | - Samuel C Aleer
- Future Industries Institute, University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA 5001, Australia
| | - Jan M Bell
- Australian Centre for Antimicrobial Resistance Ecology, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia
| | - Michael D Short
- Future Industries Institute, University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA 5001, Australia
| | - Sotirios Vasileiadis
- Laboratory of Plant and Environmental Biotechnology, Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, University of Thessaly, Larissa, Greece
| | - John Turnidge
- Australian Centre for Antimicrobial Resistance Ecology, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia
| | - Paul Monis
- South Australian Water Corporation, Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia; Future Industries Institute and ARC Centre of Excellence for Convergent Bio and Nano Science, University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA 5095, Australia
| | - David Cunliffe
- Department for Health and Wellbeing, Adelaide, 5000, South Australia, Australia
| | - Erica Donner
- Future Industries Institute, University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA 5001, Australia
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17
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Yuan HW, Tan L, Kida K, Morimura S, Sun ZY, Tang YQ. Potential for reduced water consumption in biorefining of lignocellulosic biomass to bioethanol and biogas. J Biosci Bioeng 2021; 131:461-8. [PMID: 33526306 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiosc.2020.12.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2020] [Revised: 12/02/2020] [Accepted: 12/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Increasing ethanol demand and public concerns about environmental protection promote the production of lignocellulosic bioethanol. Compared to that of starch- and sugar-based bioethanol production, the production of lignocellulosic bioethanol is water-intensive. A large amount of water is consumed during pretreatment, detoxification, saccharification, and fermentation. Water is a limited resource, and very high water consumption limits the industrial production of lignocellulosic bioethanol and decreases its environmental feasibility. In this review, we focused on the potential for reducing water consumption during the production of lignocellulosic bioethanol by performing pretreatment and fermentation at high solid loading, omitting water washing after pretreatment, and recycling wastewater by integrating bioethanol production and anaerobic digestion. In addition, the feasibility of these approaches and their research progress were discussed. This comprehensive review is expected to draw attention to water competition between bioethanol production and human use.
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18
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Pascoli DU, Suko A, Gustafson R, Gough HL, Bura R. Novel ethanol production using biomass preprocessing to increase ethanol yield and reduce overall costs. Biotechnol Biofuels 2021; 14:9. [PMID: 33413532 PMCID: PMC7789555 DOI: 10.1186/s13068-020-01839-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2020] [Accepted: 11/24/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ethanol biorefineries need to lower their overall production costs to become economically feasible. Two strategies to achieve this are to reduce costs using cheaper feedstocks or to increase the ethanol production yield. Low-cost feedstocks usually have high non-structural components (NSC) content; therefore, a new process is necessary to accommodate these feedstocks and overcome the negative effects of NSC. This study developed a novel ethanol biorefinery process including a biomass preprocessing step that enabled the use of lower-cost feedstocks while improving ethanol production without detoxification (overliming). Two types of poplar feedstocks were used, low-quality whole-tree chips (WTC) and high-quality clean pulp chips (CPC), to determine if the proposed process is effective while using feedstocks with different NSC contents. RESULTS Technical assessment showed that acidic preprocessing increased the monomeric sugar recovery of WTC from 73.2% (untreated) to 87.5% due to reduced buffering capacity of poplar, improved sugar solubilization during pretreatment, and better enzymatic hydrolysis conversion. Preprocessing alone significantly improved the fermentability of the liquid fraction from 1-2% to 49-56% for both feedstocks while overliming improved it to 45%. Consequently, it was proposed that preprocessing can substitute for the detoxification step. The economic assessment revealed that using poplar WTC via the new process increased annual ethanol production of 10.5 million liters when compared to using CPC via overliming (base case scenario). Also, savings in total operating costs were about $10 million per year when using cheaper poplar WTC instead of CPC, and using recycled water for preprocessing lowered its total operating costs by 45-fold. CONCLUSIONS The novel process developed in this study was successful in increasing ethanol production while decreasing overall costs, thus facilitating the feasibility of lignocellulosic ethanol biorefineries. Key factors to achieving this outcome included substituting overliming by preprocessing, enabling the use of lower-quality feedstock, increasing monomeric sugar recovery and ethanol fermentation yield, and using recycled water for preprocessing. In addition, preprocessing enabled the implementation of an evaporator-combustor downstream design, resulting in a low-loading waste stream that can be treated in a wastewater treatment plant with a simple configuration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danielle Uchimura Pascoli
- School of Environmental and Forest Sciences, University of Washington, Box 352100, Seattle, WA 98195-2100 USA
| | - Azra Suko
- School of Environmental and Forest Sciences, University of Washington, Box 352100, Seattle, WA 98195-2100 USA
| | - Rick Gustafson
- School of Environmental and Forest Sciences, University of Washington, Box 352100, Seattle, WA 98195-2100 USA
| | - Heidi L. Gough
- School of Environmental and Forest Sciences, University of Washington, Box 352100, Seattle, WA 98195-2100 USA
| | - Renata Bura
- School of Environmental and Forest Sciences, University of Washington, Box 352100, Seattle, WA 98195-2100 USA
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Moradi M, Vasseghian Y, Arabzade H, Mousavi Khaneghah A. Various wastewaters treatment by sono-electrocoagulation process: A comprehensive review of operational parameters and future outlook. Chemosphere 2021; 263:128314. [PMID: 33297249 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.128314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2020] [Revised: 08/27/2020] [Accepted: 09/09/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Electrochemical processes are a promising alternative to traditional water treatment systems because they have advantages than conventional techniques such as chemical storage, small treatment systems, no alkalinity depletion, remote adjustment, and cost-effectiveness. The most crucial electrochemical method is Electrocoagulation (EC). Through creating cationic species, the EC causes the neutralization of pollutant surface charges and destabilizes suspended, emulsified or dissolved contaminants led to attracting particles of opposite charge and form flocculants. The main drawback of the EC process is a passive film forming on the electrode surface over time. Ultrasonic (US) waves breaking down sediments formed at the electrode surface and generate high amounts of radical species to remove pollutants by creating high-pressure points inside the solution during the cavitation phenomenon. Although EC systems are considered as an exemplary renaissance in water and wastewater treatment, various parameters related to these types of systems in pollutant degradation have not been fully addressed. To present a comprehensive vision of the current state of the art, and progress the treatment efficiency and agitate new studies in these fields, this review aimed to provide an overview of electrocoagulation's application in pollutant degradation, besides the advantages, associated disadvantages and further strategies for improving the performance of this technique. Moreover, this review discussed various parameters affecting the EC/US process, including nanoparticles addition, electrolyte concentration, current intensity, electrode distance, temperature, oxidant addition, pH, pollutant concentration, reaction time, and electrode combination, chloride addition, and ultrasonic frequency. Also, the efficiency of the EC/US process for disinfection, as well as treatment of car-washing, textile, pulp, and paper industry, oily, brewery wastewater, surfactant, humic acid, and heavy metals, are addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masoud Moradi
- Research Center for Environmental Determinants of Health (RCEDH), Health Institute, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Yasser Vasseghian
- Institute of Research and Development, Duy Tan University, Da Nang 550000, Vietnam; The Faculty of Environment and Chemical Engineering, Duy Tan University, Da Nang 550000, Vietnam.
| | - Hossein Arabzade
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Amin Mousavi Khaneghah
- Department of Food Science, Faculty of Food Engineering, State University of Campinas (UNICAMP), 13083-862, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil.
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20
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Reynaert E, Greenwood EE, Ndwandwe B, Riechmann ME, Sindall RC, Udert KM, Morgenroth E. Practical implementation of true on-site water recycling systems for hand washing and toilet flushing. Water Res X 2020; 7:100051. [PMID: 32462136 PMCID: PMC7242789 DOI: 10.1016/j.wroa.2020.100051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2019] [Revised: 03/27/2020] [Accepted: 03/31/2020] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
On-site wastewater reuse can improve global access to clean water, sanitation and hygiene. We developed a treatment system (aerated bioreactor, ultrafiltration membrane, granular activated carbon and electrolysis for chlorine disinfection) that recycles hand washing and toilet flush water. Three prototypes were field-tested in non-sewered areas, one in Switzerland (hand washing) and two in South Africa (hand washing, toilet flushing), over periods of 63, 74 and 94 days, respectively. We demonstrated that the system is able to recycle sufficient quantities of safe and appealing hand washing and toilet flush water for domestic or public use in real-life applications. Chemical contaminants were effectively removed from the used water in all prototypes. Removal efficiencies were 99.7% for the chemical oxygen demand (COD), 98.5% for total nitrogen (TN) and 99.9% for phosphate in a prototype treating hand washing water, and 99.8% for COD, 95.7% for TN and 89.6% for phosphate in a prototype treating toilet flush water. While this system allowed for true recycling for the same application, most on-site wastewater reuse systems downcycle the treated water, i.e., reuse it for an application requiring lower water quality. An analysis of 18 selected wastewater reuse specifications revealed that at best these guidelines are only partially applicable to innovative recycling systems as they are focused on the downcycling of water to the environment (e.g., use for irrigation). We believe that a paradigm shift is necessary and advocate for the implementation of risk-based (and thus end-use dependent) system performance targets to evaluate water treatment systems, which recycle and not only downcycle water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Reynaert
- Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, 8600, Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Esther E. Greenwood
- Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, 8600, Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Bonginkosi Ndwandwe
- University of KwaZulu Natal, Pollution Research Group, 4041, Durban, South Africa
| | - Michel E. Riechmann
- Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, 8600, Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Rebecca C. Sindall
- University of KwaZulu Natal, Pollution Research Group, 4041, Durban, South Africa
| | - Kai M. Udert
- Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, 8600, Dübendorf, Switzerland
- ETH Zürich, Institute of Environmental Engineering, 8093, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Eberhard Morgenroth
- Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, 8600, Dübendorf, Switzerland
- ETH Zürich, Institute of Environmental Engineering, 8093, Zürich, Switzerland
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21
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Distler LN, Scruggs CE. Survey data on perceptions of water scarcity and potable reuse from water utility customers in Albuquerque, New Mexico. Data Brief 2020; 29:105289. [PMID: 32154340 PMCID: PMC7056618 DOI: 10.1016/j.dib.2020.105289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2020] [Accepted: 02/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The data presented in this article were collected using a large-scale public survey distributed through the mail to a random sample of 4000 water utility residential account holders in Albuquerque, New Mexico, USA. The survey collected data on a variety of water-related topics, including water scarcity, climate change, water use at home, perceptions of water sources and water quality, conservation habits, level of acceptance of two potable water reuse scenarios, and level of trust in a variety of entities. The survey also collected demographic data from respondents. Account holders received one of four survey versions, three of which provided different sets of educational material to test different motivations for accepting potable water reuse, and one provided no educational material. The survey was designed and administered using the Tailored Design Method, which involved focus groups, individual debriefing sessions, and a pre-test with members of the sample population to refine the survey instrument, and included a system of five contacts mailed out over a period of several months to maximize response rate. Mail-in and electronic response options were available, and the response rate was 46% (n = 1831). The data were compiled using Survey Monkey and organized using Microsoft Excel and RStudio. The data set featured in this article provides raw survey data plus additional variables created by grouping and consolidating answer options in the raw data. This is the first and most comprehensive set of data known to the authors on public perceptions of water resources and reuse in an arid inland community, and the authors have published open access papers based on this data set, which are linked to this paper. Water managers, planners, engineers, and utilities may be interested in using the data as a point of comparison for their own study on community knowledge of water resources and acceptance of water reuse or in examining the data for relationships not yet explored in the literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren N Distler
- Community and Regional Planning Department, School of Architecture and Planning, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, USA.,Water Resources Program, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, USA
| | - Caroline E Scruggs
- Community and Regional Planning Department, School of Architecture and Planning, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, USA.,Water Resources Program, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, USA
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22
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Scales PJ, Wijekoon K, Ladwig C, Knight A, Allinson M, Allinson G, Zhang J, Gray S, Packer M, Northcott K, Sheehan D. A critical control point approach to the removal of chemicals of concern from water for reuse. Water Res 2019; 160:39-51. [PMID: 31129380 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2019.05.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2018] [Revised: 05/08/2019] [Accepted: 05/11/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The reuse of water in a range of potable and non-potable applications is an important factor in the augmentation of water supply and in improving water security and productivity worldwide. A key hindrance to the reuse of water is the cost of compliance testing and process validation associated with ensuring that pathogen and chemicals in the feedwater are removed to a level that ensures no acute or chronic health and/or environmental effects. The critical control point (CCP) approach is well established and widely adopted by water utilities to provide an operational and risk management framework for the removal of pathogens in the treatment system. The application of a CCP approach to barriers in a treatment system for the removal of chemicals is presented. The application exemplar is to a small community wastewater treatment system that aims to produce potable quality water from a secondary treated wastewater effluent, however, the concepts presented are generic. The example used seven treatment barriers, five of which were designed and operated as CCP barriers for pathogens. The work demonstrates a method and risk management framework by which three of the seven barriers could also include a CCP approach for the removal of chemicals. Analogous to a CCP approach for pathogens, the potential is to reduce the use of chemical analysis as a routine determinant of performance criteria. The operational deployment of a CCP approach for chemicals was augmented with the development of a decision tree encompassing the classification of chemicals and the total removal credits across the treatment train in terms of the mechanistic removal of chemicals for each barrier. Validation of the approach is shown for an activated sludge, ozone and reverse osmosis barrier.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter J Scales
- Particulate Fluids Processing Centre, Department of Chemical Engineering, The University of Melbourne, 3010, Australia.
| | - Kaushalya Wijekoon
- Particulate Fluids Processing Centre, Department of Chemical Engineering, The University of Melbourne, 3010, Australia
| | - Christian Ladwig
- Department of Chemistry, Technical University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Adrian Knight
- Particulate Fluids Processing Centre, Department of Chemical Engineering, The University of Melbourne, 3010, Australia
| | - Mayumi Allinson
- Particulate Fluids Processing Centre, Department of Chemical Engineering, The University of Melbourne, 3010, Australia
| | - Graeme Allinson
- Centre for Environmental Sustainability and Remediation, School of Science, RMIT University, Melbourne, 3001, Australia
| | - Jianhua Zhang
- Institute for Sustainable Industries and Liveable Cities, Victoria University, Werribee, 3030, Australia
| | - Stephen Gray
- Institute for Sustainable Industries and Liveable Cities, Victoria University, Werribee, 3030, Australia
| | - Michael Packer
- Australian Antarctic Division, Kingston, 7050, Australia
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Wang JH, Lu J, Wu J, Zhang Y, Zhang C. Proliferation of antibiotic resistance genes in coastal recirculating mariculture system. Environ Pollut 2019; 248:462-470. [PMID: 30826609 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2019.02.062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2018] [Revised: 02/19/2019] [Accepted: 02/19/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The abuse of antibiotics has caused the propagation of antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) in aquaculture systems. Although the recirculating systems have been considered as a promising approach for preventing the coastal water pollution of antibiotics and ARG, rare information is available on the distribution and proliferation of ARGs in the recirculating mariculture system. This study firstly investigated the proliferation of ARGs in coastal recirculating mariculture systems. Ten subtypes of ARGs including tet (tetB, tetG, tetX), sul (sul1, sul2), qnr (qnrA, qnrB, qnrS), and erm (ermF, ermT) were detected. The absolute abundances of the ARGs detected in the mariculture farm were more than 1 × 104 copies/mL. The sulfonamide resistance genes (sul1 and sul2) were the most abundant ARGs with the abundance of 3.5 × 107-6.5 × 1010 copies/mL. No obvious correlation existed between the antibiotics and ARGs. Some bacteria were positively correlated with two or more ARGs to indicate the occurrence of multidrug resistance. The fluidized-bed biofilter for wastewater treatment in the recirculating system was the main breeding ground for ARGs while the UV sterilization process could reduce the ARGs. The highest flux of ARGs (6.5 × 1021 copies/d) indicated that the discharge of feces and residual baits was the main gateway for ARGs in the recirculating mariculture system to enter the environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian-Hua Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Coastal Environmental Processes and Ecological Remediation, Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research (YIC), Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS), Shandong Key Laboratory of Coastal Environmental Processes, YICCAS, Yantai, Shandong, 264003, PR China
| | - Jian Lu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Coastal Environmental Processes and Ecological Remediation, Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research (YIC), Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS), Shandong Key Laboratory of Coastal Environmental Processes, YICCAS, Yantai, Shandong, 264003, PR China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, PR China.
| | - Jun Wu
- School of Resources and Environmental Engineering, Ludong University, Yantai, Shandong, 264025, PR China
| | - Yuxuan Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Coastal Environmental Processes and Ecological Remediation, Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research (YIC), Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS), Shandong Key Laboratory of Coastal Environmental Processes, YICCAS, Yantai, Shandong, 264003, PR China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, PR China
| | - Cui Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Coastal Environmental Processes and Ecological Remediation, Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research (YIC), Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS), Shandong Key Laboratory of Coastal Environmental Processes, YICCAS, Yantai, Shandong, 264003, PR China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, PR China
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24
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Kim DG, Lee C, Yun YS, Hong CH, Choi YE. Recycling waste nutrient solution originating from the plant factory with the cultivation of newly isolated Acutodesmus species. J Biotechnol 2019; 289:15-25. [PMID: 30389641 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2018.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2018] [Revised: 09/19/2018] [Accepted: 10/29/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Plant factories have been developed to replace traditional agriculture, aiming to solve future problems of food availability. However, the nutrient solution in a plant factory is discharged after a single batch of plant cultivation, giving rise to large amounts of waste nutrient solution. Microalgae can be used to treat a wide variety of wastewater and effectively remove excessive nutrients from wastewater. Therefore, the incorporation of microalgal cultivation into a plant factory to treat waste nutrients would be a reasonable approach facilitating removal of waste nutrients with concomitant production of algal biomass. In this study, we isolated novel microalgal species suitable for the growth in waste nutrients from a plant factory and subsequently an underwater LED photobioreactor was constructed being incorporated into the plant factory system. Finally, treated waste nutrient solution was recycled back into the plant factory and successfully used for the cultivation of plant of butterhead lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.).
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Affiliation(s)
- Dae Geun Kim
- LED Agri-Bio Fusion Technology Research Center, Chonbuk National University, 79 Gobong-ro, Iksan-si, Jeollabuk-do, 54596, Republic of Korea
| | - Changsu Lee
- Microbiology and Functionality Research Group, World Institute of Kimchi, Gwangju, 61755, Republic of Korea
| | - Yeoung-Sang Yun
- Department of Bioprocess Engineering, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju, 54896, Republic of Korea
| | - Chang-Hee Hong
- LED Agri-Bio Fusion Technology Research Center, Chonbuk National University, 79 Gobong-ro, Iksan-si, Jeollabuk-do, 54596, Republic of Korea
| | - Yoon-E Choi
- Division of Environmental Science and Ecological Engineering, College of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea.
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25
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Whitton R, Fane S, Jarvis P, Tupper M, Raffin M, Coulon F, Nocker A. Flow cytometry-based evaluation of the bacterial removal efficiency of a blackwater reuse treatment plant and the microbiological changes in the associated non-potable distribution network. Sci Total Environ 2018; 645:1620-1629. [PMID: 30248879 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.07.121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2018] [Revised: 06/10/2018] [Accepted: 07/10/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The study evaluated the changes in bacterial numbers across a full-scale membrane bioreactor (MBR) blackwater reuse system. Flow cytometry was used to quantify total and intact bacterial concentrations across the treatment train and during distribution of the recycled water. Membrane passage reduced bacterial numbers by up to 5-log units resulting in coliform-free permeate. A 2-log increase in bacterial cell concentration was subsequently observed after the granular activated carbon unit followed by a reduction in intact cells after chlorination, which corresponds to an overall intact bacteria removal of 3.4-log units. In the distribution network, the proportion of intact cells greatly depended on the free chlorine residual, with decreasing residual enabling regrowth. An initial target of 0.5 mg L-1 free chlorine ensured sufficient suppression of intact cells for up to 14 days (setting the time intervals for system flushes at times of low water usage). Bacterial regrowth was only observed when the free chlorine concentration was below 0.34 mg L-1. Such loss of residual chlorine mainly applied to distant points in the distribution network from the blackwater reuse treatment plant (BRTP). Flushing these network points for 5 min did not substantially reduce cell numbers. At points closer to the BRTP, on the other hand, flushing reduced cell numbers by up to 1.5-log units concomitant with a decreasing proportion of intact cells. Intact cell concentrations did not correlate with DOC, total nitrogen, or soluble reactive phosphate, but it was shown that dead biomass could be efficiently converted into new biomass within seven days.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel Whitton
- School of Water, Energy and Environment, Cranfield University, Cranfield, Bedfordshire MK43 0AL, United Kingdom
| | - Sarah Fane
- School of Water, Energy and Environment, Cranfield University, Cranfield, Bedfordshire MK43 0AL, United Kingdom
| | - Peter Jarvis
- School of Water, Energy and Environment, Cranfield University, Cranfield, Bedfordshire MK43 0AL, United Kingdom
| | - Martyn Tupper
- Thames Water Utilities Ltd, Clearwater Court, Vastern Road, Reading, Berkshire RG1 8DB, United Kingdom
| | - Marie Raffin
- Thames Water Utilities Ltd, Clearwater Court, Vastern Road, Reading, Berkshire RG1 8DB, United Kingdom
| | - Frédéric Coulon
- School of Water, Energy and Environment, Cranfield University, Cranfield, Bedfordshire MK43 0AL, United Kingdom
| | - Andreas Nocker
- School of Water, Energy and Environment, Cranfield University, Cranfield, Bedfordshire MK43 0AL, United Kingdom; IWW Water Centre, Moritzstraße 26, 45476 Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany.
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26
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Smith HM, Brouwer S, Jeffrey P, Frijns J. Public responses to water reuse - Understanding the evidence. J Environ Manage 2018; 207:43-50. [PMID: 29154007 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2017.11.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2017] [Revised: 11/01/2017] [Accepted: 11/07/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Over the years, much research has attempted to unpack what drives public responses to water reuse, using a variety of approaches. A large amount of this work was captured by an initial review that covered research undertaken up to the early 2000s (Hartley, 2006). This paper showcases post-millennium evidence and thinking around public responses to water reuse, and highlights the novel insights and shifts in emphasis that have occurred in the field. Our analysis is structured around four broad, and highly interrelated, strands of thinking: 1) work focused on identifying the range of factors that influence public reactions to the concept of water reuse, and broadly looking for associations between different factors; 2) more specific approaches rooted in the socio-psychological modelling techniques; 3) work with a particular focus on understanding the influences of trust, risk perceptions and affective (emotional) reactions; and 4) work utilising social constructivist perspectives and socio-technical systems theory to frame responses to water reuse. Some of the most significant advancements in thinking in this field stem from the increasingly sophisticated understanding of the 'yuck factor' and the role of such pre-cognitive affective reactions. These are deeply entrenched within individuals, but are also linked with wider societal processes and social representations. Work in this area suggests that responses to reuse are situated within an overall process of technological 'legitimation'. These emerging insights should help stimulate some novel thinking around approaches to public engagement for water reuse.
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Affiliation(s)
- H M Smith
- Cranfield Water Science Institute, Cranfield University, Bedfordshire, MK43 0AL, UK.
| | - S Brouwer
- KWR Watercycle Research Institute, Post Box 1072, 3430 BB, Nieuwegein, The Netherlands
| | - P Jeffrey
- Cranfield Water Science Institute, Cranfield University, Bedfordshire, MK43 0AL, UK
| | - J Frijns
- KWR Watercycle Research Institute, Post Box 1072, 3430 BB, Nieuwegein, The Netherlands
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27
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Gruchlik Y, Linge K, Joll C. Removal of organic micropollutants in waste stabilisation ponds: A review. J Environ Manage 2018; 206:202-214. [PMID: 29073579 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2017.10.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2017] [Revised: 09/28/2017] [Accepted: 10/08/2017] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
As climate change and water scarcity continue to be of concern, reuse of treated wastewater is an important water management strategy in many parts of the world, particularly in developing countries and remote communities. Many countries, especially in remote regional areas, use waste stabilisation ponds (WSPs) to treat domestic wastewater for a variety of end uses, including using the treated wastewater for irrigation of public spaces (e.g. parks and ovals) or for crop irrigation. Thus, it is vital that the resulting effluent meets the required quality for beneficial reuse. In this paper, both the performance of WSPs in the removal of organic micropollutants, and the mechanisms of removal, are reviewed. The performance of WSPs in the removal of organic micropollutants was found to be highly variable and influenced by many factors, such as the type and configuration of the ponds, the operational parameters of the treatment plant, the wastewater quality, environmental factors (e.g. sunlight, temperature, redox conditions and pH) and the characteristics of the pollutant. The removal of organic micropollutants from WSPs has been attributed to biodegradation, photodegradation and sorption processes, the majority of which occur in the initial treatment stages (e.g. in the anaerobic or facultative ponds). Out of the many hundreds of organic micropollutants identified in wastewater, only a limited number (40) have been studied in WSPs, with the majority of these pollutants being pharmaceuticals, personal care products and endocrine disrupting compounds. Thus, future research on the fate of organic micropollutants in WSPs should encompass a broader range of micropollutants and include emerging organic pollutants, such as illicit drugs and perfluorinated compounds. Further research is also needed on the formation and toxicity of transformation products from organic micropollutants in WSPs, since the transformation products of some organic micropollutants can be more toxic than the parent compound. Combining other wastewater treatment processes with WSPs for removal of recalcitrant organic micropollutants should also be considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yolanta Gruchlik
- Curtin Water Quality Research Centre (CWQRC), Curtin University, GPO Box U1987, Perth, WA 6845, Australia.
| | - Kathryn Linge
- Curtin Water Quality Research Centre (CWQRC), Curtin University, GPO Box U1987, Perth, WA 6845, Australia
| | - Cynthia Joll
- Curtin Water Quality Research Centre (CWQRC), Curtin University, GPO Box U1987, Perth, WA 6845, Australia
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28
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Lam KL, Stokes-Draut JR, Horvath A, Lane JL, Kenway SJ, Lant PA. Life-cycle energy impacts for adapting an urban water supply system to droughts. Water Res 2017; 127:139-149. [PMID: 29035767 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2017.10.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2017] [Revised: 10/03/2017] [Accepted: 10/07/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, cities in some water stressed regions have explored alternative water sources such as seawater desalination and potable water recycling in spite of concerns over increasing energy consumption. In this study, we evaluate the current and future life-cycle energy impacts of four alternative water supply strategies introduced during a decade-long drought in South East Queensland (SEQ), Australia. These strategies were: seawater desalination, indirect potable water recycling, network integration, and rainwater tanks. Our work highlights the energy burden of alternative water supply strategies which added approximately 24% life-cycle energy use to the existing supply system (with surface water sources) in SEQ even for a current post-drought low utilisation status. Over half of this additional life-cycle energy use was from the centralised alternative supply strategies. Rainwater tanks contributed an estimated 3% to regional water supply, but added over 10% life-cycle energy use to the existing system. In the future scenario analysis, we compare the life-cycle energy use between "Normal", "Dry", "High water demand" and "Design capacity" scenarios. In the "Normal" scenario, a long-term low utilisation of the desalination system and the water recycling system has greatly reduced the energy burden of these centralised strategies to only 13%. In contrast, higher utilisation in the unlikely "Dry" and "Design capacity" scenarios add 86% and 140% to life-cycle energy use of the existing system respectively. In the "High water demand" scenario, a 20% increase in per capita water use over 20 years "consumes" more energy than is used by the four alternative strategies in the "Normal" scenario. This research provides insight for developing more realistic long-term scenarios to evaluate and compare life-cycle energy impacts of drought-adaptation infrastructure and regional decentralised water sources. Scenario building for life-cycle assessments of water supply systems should consider i) climate variability and, therefore, infrastructure utilisation rate, ii) potential under-utilisation for both installed centralised and decentralised sources, and iii) the potential energy penalty for operating infrastructure well below its design capacity (e.g., the operational energy intensity of the desalination system is three times higher at low utilisation rates). This study illustrates that evaluating the life-cycle energy use and intensity of these type of supply sources without considering their realistic long-term operating scenario(s) can potentially distort and overemphasise their energy implications. To other water stressed regions, this work shows that managing long-term water demand is also important, in addition to acknowledging the energy-intensive nature of some alternative water sources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ka Leung Lam
- School of Chemical Engineering, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia; Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, United States.
| | - Jennifer R Stokes-Draut
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, United States; ReNUWIt Engineering Research Center, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, United States
| | - Arpad Horvath
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, United States; ReNUWIt Engineering Research Center, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, United States
| | - Joe L Lane
- Global Change Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia; Dow Centre for Sustainable Engineering Innovation, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Steven J Kenway
- School of Chemical Engineering, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Paul A Lant
- School of Chemical Engineering, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
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29
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Badiuzzaman P, McLaughlin E, McCauley D. Substituting freshwater: Can ocean desalination and water recycling capacities substitute for groundwater depletion in California? J Environ Manage 2017; 203:123-135. [PMID: 28783009 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2017.06.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2017] [Revised: 06/14/2017] [Accepted: 06/22/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
While the sustainability of resource depletion is a longstanding environmental concern, wider attention has recently been given to growing water scarcity and groundwater depletion. This study seeks to test the substitutability assumption embedded in weak sustainability indicators using a case study of Californian water supply. The volume of groundwater depletion is used as a proxy for unsustainable water consumption, and defined by synthesising existing research estimates into low, medium and high depletion baselines. These are compared against projected water supply increases from ocean desalination and water recycling by 2035, to determine whether new, drought-proof water sources can substitute for currently unsustainable groundwater consumption. Results show that the maximum projected supply of new water, 2.47 million acre-feet per year (MAF/yr), is sufficient to meet low depletion estimates of 2.02 MAF/yr, but fails to come near the high depletion estimate of 3.44 MAF/yr. This does not necessarily indicate physical limitations of substitutability, but more so socio-economic limitations influenced by high comparative costs. By including capacities in demand-substitutability via urban water conservation, maximum predicted capacities reach 5.57 MAF/yr, indicating wide room for substitution. Based on these results, investment in social and institutional capital is an important factor to enhance demand-side substitutability of water and other natural resources, which has been somewhat neglected by the literature on the substitutability of natural resources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierre Badiuzzaman
- Department of Geography and Sustainable Development, University of St. Andrews, Irvine Building, St Andrews, KY16 9AL, Scotland, United Kingdom.
| | - Eoin McLaughlin
- Department of Geography and Sustainable Development, University of St. Andrews, Irvine Building, St Andrews, KY16 9AL, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Darren McCauley
- Department of Geography and Sustainable Development, University of St. Andrews, Irvine Building, St Andrews, KY16 9AL, Scotland, United Kingdom
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30
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Saggaï MM, Ainouche A, Nelson M, Cattin F, El Amrani A. Long-term investigation of constructed wetland wastewater treatment and reuse: Selection of adapted plant species for metaremediation. J Environ Manage 2017; 201:120-128. [PMID: 28654800 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2017.06.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2016] [Revised: 06/05/2017] [Accepted: 06/18/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
A highly diverse plant community in a constructed wetland was used to investigate an ecological treatment system for human wastewater in an arid climate. The eight-year operation of the system has allowed the identification of a highly adapted and effective plant consortium that is convenient for plant-assisted metaremediation of wastewater. This constructed wetland pilot station demonstrated effective performance over this extended period. Originally, there were twenty-five plant species. However, because of environmental constraints and pressure from interspecific competition, only seven species persisted. Interestingly, the molecular phylogenetic analyses and an investigation of the photosynthetic physiology showed that the naturally selected plants are predominately monocot species with C4 or C4-like photosynthetic pathways. Despite the loss of 72% of initially used species in the constructed wetland, the removal efficiencies of BOD, COD, TSS, total phosphorus, ammonia and nitrate were maintained at high levels, approximately 90%, 80%, 94%, 60% and 50%, respectively. Concomitantly, the microbiological water tests showed an extremely high reduction of total coliform bacteria and streptococci, about 99%, even without a specific disinfection step. Hence, the constructed wetland system produced water of high quality that can be used for agricultural purposes. In the present investigation, we provide a comprehensive set of plant species that might be used for long-term and large-scale wastewater treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed Mounir Saggaï
- University of Rennes 1, OSUR/CNRS-UMR 6553, Ecosystèmes-Biodiversité-Evolution, campus de Beaulieu, Bâtiment 14A, 35042, Rennes Cedex, France; University of Kasdi Merbah Ouargla, Laboratoire de Bioressources Sahariennes: Préservation et Valorisation, BP 511 route de Ghardaïa, Ouargla, 30000, Algeria.
| | - Abdelkader Ainouche
- University of Rennes 1, OSUR/CNRS-UMR 6553, Ecosystèmes-Biodiversité-Evolution, campus de Beaulieu, Bâtiment 14A, 35042, Rennes Cedex, France.
| | - Mark Nelson
- Institute of Ecotechnics, 24 Old Gloucester St., London, WC1 3AL, UK; Wastewater Gardens International, Santa Fe, NM, 87508, USA.
| | - Florence Cattin
- Institute of Ecotechnics, 24 Old Gloucester St., London, WC1 3AL, UK; Wastewater Gardens International, Santa Fe, NM, 87508, USA.
| | - Abdelhak El Amrani
- University of Rennes 1, OSUR/CNRS-UMR 6553, Ecosystèmes-Biodiversité-Evolution, campus de Beaulieu, Bâtiment 14A, 35042, Rennes Cedex, France.
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Mamai W, Hood-Nowotny R, Maiga H, Ali AB, Bimbile-Somda NS, Soma DD, Yamada H, Lees RS, Gilles JRL. Reverse osmosis and ultrafiltration for recovery and reuse of larval rearing water in Anopheles arabiensis mass production: Effect of water quality on larval development and fitness of emerging adults. Acta Trop 2017; 170:126-33. [PMID: 28257813 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2017.02.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2017] [Revised: 02/26/2017] [Accepted: 02/27/2017] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Countries around the world are showing increased interest in applying the sterile insect technique against mosquito disease vectors. Many countries in which mosquitoes are endemic, and so where vector control using the sterile insect technique may be considered, are located in arid zones where water provision can be costly or unreliable. Water reuse provides an alternate form of water supply. In order to reduce the cost of mass rearing of Anopheles arabiensis mosquitoes, the possibility of recycling and reusing larval rearing water was explored. METHODS The used rearing water ('dirty water') was collected after the tilting of rearing trays for collection of larvae/pupae, and larvae/pupae separation events and underwent treatment processes consisting of ultrafiltration and reverse osmosis. First-instar An. arabiensis larvae were randomly assigned to different water-type treatments, 500 larvae per laboratory rearing tray: 'clean' dechlorinated water, routinely used in rearing; dirty water; and 'recycled' dirty water treated using reverse osmosis and ultrafiltration. Several parameters of insect quality were then compared: larval development, pupation rate, adult emergence, body size and longevity. Water quality of the samples was analyzed in terms of ammonia, nitrite, nitrate, sulphate, dissolved oxygen, chloride, and phosphate concentrations after the larvae had all pupated or died. Surface water temperatures were also recorded continuously during larval development. RESULTS Pupation rates and adult emergence were similar in all water treatments. Adult body sizes of larvae reared in recycled water were similar to those reared in clean water, but larger than those reared in the dirty larval water treatment, whereas the adult longevity of larvae reared in recycled water was significantly increased relative to both 'clean' and 'dirty' water. Dirty larval water contained significantly higher concentrations of ammonium, sulfate, phosphate and chloride and lower levels of dissolved oxygen than clean water. These parameters significantly varied during the period of larval development. After dirty water was recycled by ultrafiltration and reverse osmosis, all the parameters measured were the same as those in clean water. CONCLUSION This study demonstrated the potential for using recycled larval rearing water to supplement clean dechlorinated water supplies. Recycling used water improved its quality and of the reared mosquitoes. As water demands and environmental pressures grow, recycling of larval rearing water will improve the sustainability and affordability of mosquito mass-rearing.
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Beaudequin D, Harden F, Roiko A, Mengersen K. Utility of Bayesian networks in QMRA-based evaluation of risk reduction options for recycled water. Sci Total Environ 2016; 541:1393-1409. [PMID: 26479913 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2015.10.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2015] [Revised: 10/07/2015] [Accepted: 10/07/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Quantitative microbial risk assessment (QMRA), the current method of choice for evaluating human health risks associated with disease-causing microorganisms, is often constrained by issues such as availability of required data, and inability to incorporate the multitude of factors influencing risk. Bayesian networks (BNs), with their ability to handle data paucity, combine quantitative and qualitative information including expert opinions, and ability to offer a systems approach to characterisation of complexity, are increasingly recognised as a powerful, flexible tool that overcomes these limitations. OBJECTIVES We present a QMRA expressed as a Bayesian network (BN) in a wastewater reuse context, with the objective of demonstrating the utility of the BN method in health risk assessments, particularly for evaluating a range of exposure and risk mitigation scenarios. As a case study, we examine the risk of norovirus infection associated with wastewater-irrigated lettuce. METHODS A Bayesian network was developed following a QMRA approach, using published data, and reviewed by domain experts using a participatory process. DISCUSSION Employment of a BN facilitated rapid scenario evaluations, risk minimisation, and predictive comparisons. The BN supported exploration of conditions required for optimal outcomes, as well as investigation of the effect on the reporting nodes of changes in 'upstream' conditions. A significant finding was the indication that if maximum post-treatment risk mitigation measures were implemented, there was a high probability (0.84) of a low risk of infection regardless of fluctuations in other variables, including norovirus concentration in treated wastewater. CONCLUSION BNs are useful in situations where insufficient empirical data exist to satisfy QMRA requirements and they are exceptionally suited to the integration of risk assessment and risk management in the QMRA context. They allow a comprehensive visual appraisal of major influences in exposure pathways, and rapid interactive risk assessment in multifaceted water reuse scenarios.
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Affiliation(s)
- Denise Beaudequin
- Faculty of Health, Queensland University of Technology, Gardens Point Campus, 2 George Street, Brisbane, Queensland 4000, Australia; Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation (IHBI), Queensland University of Technology, 60 Musk Avenue, Kelvin Grove, Queensland 4059, Australia.
| | - Fiona Harden
- Faculty of Health, Queensland University of Technology, Gardens Point Campus, 2 George Street, Brisbane, Queensland 4000, Australia; Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation (IHBI), Queensland University of Technology, 60 Musk Avenue, Kelvin Grove, Queensland 4059, Australia.
| | - Anne Roiko
- School of Medicine, Griffith University, Gold Coast Campus, Parklands Drive, Southport, Queensland 4222, Australia; Smartwater Research Centre, Griffith University, Gold Coast Campus, Edmund Rice Dr, Southport, Queensland 4215, Australia.
| | - Kerrie Mengersen
- Science and Engineering Faculty, Queensland University of Technology, Gardens Point Campus, 2 George Street, Brisbane, Queensland 4000, Australia; Institute for Future Environments (IFE), Queensland University of Technology, Gardens Point Campus, 2 George Street, Brisbane, Queensland 4000, Australia.
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Beaudequin D, Harden F, Roiko A, Stratton H, Lemckert C, Mengersen K. Modelling microbial health risk of wastewater reuse: A systems perspective. Environ Int 2015; 84:131-141. [PMID: 26277638 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2015.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2015] [Revised: 07/15/2015] [Accepted: 08/01/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
There is a widespread need for the use of quantitative microbial risk assessment (QMRA) to determine reclaimed water quality for specific uses, however neither faecal indicator levels nor pathogen concentrations alone are adequate for assessing exposure health risk. The aim of this study was to build a conceptual model representing factors contributing to the microbiological health risks of reusing water treated in maturation ponds. This paper describes the development of an unparameterised model that provides a visual representation of theoretical constructs and variables of interest. Information was collected from the peer-reviewed literature and through consultation with experts from regulatory authorities and academic disciplines. In this paper we explore how, considering microbial risk as a modular system, following the QMRA framework enables incorporation of the many factors influencing human exposure and dose response, to better characterise likely human health impacts. By using and expanding upon the QMRA framework we deliver new insights into this important field of environmental exposures. We present a conceptual model of health risk of microbial exposure which can be used for maturation ponds and, more importantly, as a generic tool to assess health risk in diverse wastewater reuse scenarios.
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Affiliation(s)
- Denise Beaudequin
- Faculty of Health, Queensland University of Technology, Gardens Point Campus, 2 George Street, Brisbane, Queensland 4000, Australia; Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation (IHBI), Queensland University of Technology, 60 Musk Avenue, Kelvin Grove, Queensland 4059, Australia.
| | - Fiona Harden
- Faculty of Health, Queensland University of Technology, Gardens Point Campus, 2 George Street, Brisbane, Queensland 4000, Australia; Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation (IHBI), Queensland University of Technology, 60 Musk Avenue, Kelvin Grove, Queensland 4059, Australia.
| | - Anne Roiko
- School of Medicine, Griffith University, Gold Coast Campus, Parklands Drive, Southport, Queensland 4222, Australia; Smartwater Research Centre, Griffith University, Gold Coast Campus, Edmund Rice Dr, Southport, Queensland 4215, Australia.
| | - Helen Stratton
- School of Natural Sciences, Griffith University, Nathan Campus, 170 Kessels Road, Nathan, Queensland 4111, Australia; Smartwater Research Centre, Griffith University, Gold Coast Campus, Edmund Rice Dr, Southport, Queensland 4215, Australia.
| | - Charles Lemckert
- Griffith School of Engineering, Griffith University, Gold Coast Campus, Parklands Drive, Southport, Queensland 4222, Australia; Smartwater Research Centre, Griffith University, Gold Coast Campus, Edmund Rice Dr, Southport, Queensland 4215, Australia.
| | - Kerrie Mengersen
- Science and Engineering Faculty, Queensland University of Technology, Gardens Point Campus, 2 George Street, Brisbane, Queensland 4000, Australia; Institute for Future Environments (IFE), Queensland University of Technology, Gardens Point Campus, 2 George Street, Brisbane, Queensland 4000, Australia.
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Kobayashi Y, Peters GM, Ashbolt NJ, Heimersson S, Svanström M, Khan SJ. Global and local health burden trade-off through the hybridisation of quantitative microbial risk assessment and life cycle assessment to aid water management. Water Res 2015; 79:26-38. [PMID: 25965885 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2015.03.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2014] [Revised: 02/27/2015] [Accepted: 03/15/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Life cycle assessment (LCA) and quantitative risk assessment (QRA) are commonly used to evaluate potential human health impacts associated with proposed or existing infrastructure and products. Each approach has a distinct objective and, consequently, their conclusions may be inconsistent or contradictory. It is proposed that the integration of elements of QRA and LCA may provide a more holistic approach to health impact assessment. Here we examine the possibility of merging LCA assessed human health impacts with quantitative microbial risk assessment (QMRA) for waterborne pathogen impacts, expressed with the common health metric, disability adjusted life years (DALYs). The example of a recent large-scale water recycling project in Sydney, Australia was used to identify and demonstrate the potential advantages and current limitations of this approach. A comparative analysis of two scenarios - with and without the development of this project - was undertaken for this purpose. LCA and QMRA were carried out independently for the two scenarios to compare human health impacts, as measured by DALYs lost per year. LCA results suggested that construction of the project would lead to an increased number of DALYs lost per year, while estimated disease burden resulting from microbial exposures indicated that it would result in the loss of fewer DALYs per year than the alternative scenario. By merging the results of the LCA and QMRA, we demonstrate the advantages in providing a more comprehensive assessment of human disease burden for the two scenarios, in particular, the importance of considering the results of both LCA and QRA in a comparative assessment of decision alternatives to avoid problem shifting. The application of DALYs as a common measure between the two approaches was found to be useful for this purpose.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yumi Kobayashi
- School of Civil & Environmental Engineering, University of New South Wales, 2052 NSW, Australia
| | - Greg M Peters
- School of Civil & Environmental Engineering, University of New South Wales, 2052 NSW, Australia; Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, SE-412 96 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Nicholas J Ashbolt
- School of Civil & Environmental Engineering, University of New South Wales, 2052 NSW, Australia; School of Public Health, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2G7, Canada
| | - Sara Heimersson
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, SE-412 96 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Magdalena Svanström
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, SE-412 96 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Stuart J Khan
- School of Civil & Environmental Engineering, University of New South Wales, 2052 NSW, Australia.
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Bechy-Loizeau AL, Flandrois JP, Abaibou H. Assessment of polycarbonate filter in a molecular analytical system for the microbiological quality monitoring of recycled waters onboard ISS. Life Sci Space Res (Amst) 2015; 6:29-35. [PMID: 26256625 DOI: 10.1016/j.lssr.2015.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2015] [Revised: 05/21/2015] [Accepted: 06/12/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
On the ISS, as on Earth, water is an essential element for life and its quality control on a regular basis allows to ensure the health of the crew and the integrity of equipment. Currently, microbial water analysis onboard ISS still relies on the traditional culture-based microbiology methods. Molecular methods based on the amplification of nucleic acids for microbiological analysis of water quality show enormous potential and are considered as the best alternative to culture-based methods. For this reason, the Midass, a fully integrated and automated prototype was designed conjointly by ESA and bioMérieux for a rapid monitoring of the microbiological quality of air. The prototype allows air sampling, sample processing and the amplification/detection of nucleic acids. We describe herein the proof of principle of an analytical approach based on molecular biology that could fulfill the ESA's need for a rapid monitoring of the microbiological quality of recycled water onboard ISS. Both concentration and recovery of microorganisms are the main critical steps when the microfiltration technology is used for water analysis. Among filters recommended standards for monitoring the microbiological quality of the water, the polycarbonate filter was fully in line with the requirements of the ISO 7704-1985 standard in terms of efficacy of capture and recovery of bacteria. Moreover, this filter does not retain nucleic acids on the surface and has no inhibitory effect on their downstream processing steps such as purification and amplification/detection. Although the Midass system was designed for the treatment of air samples, the first results on the integration of PC filters were encouraging. Nevertheless, system modifications are needed to better adapt the Midass system for the monitoring of the microbiological water quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne-Laure Bechy-Loizeau
- bioMérieux S.A., Chemin de L'Orme, 69280 Marcy l'Etoile, France; Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, UMR CNRS 5558 - LBBE, Bâtiment Mendel 43 Bd du 11 novembre 1918, 69622 Villeurbanne, France
| | - Jean-Pierre Flandrois
- Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, UMR CNRS 5558 - LBBE, Bâtiment Mendel 43 Bd du 11 novembre 1918, 69622 Villeurbanne, France
| | - Hafid Abaibou
- bioMérieux S.A., Chemin de L'Orme, 69280 Marcy l'Etoile, France.
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Farooq W, Suh WI, Park MS, Yang JW. Water use and its recycling in microalgae cultivation for biofuel application. Bioresour Technol 2015; 184:73-81. [PMID: 25465788 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2014.10.140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2014] [Revised: 10/26/2014] [Accepted: 10/28/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Microalgal biofuels are not yet economically viable due to high material and energy costs associated with production process. Microalgae cultivation is a water-intensive process compared to other downstream processes for biodiesel production. Various studies found that the production of 1 L of microalgal biodiesel requires approximately 3000 L of water. Water recycling in microalgae cultivation is desirable not only to reduce the water demand, but it also improves the economic feasibility of algal biofuels as due to nutrients and energy savings. This review highlights recently published studies on microalgae water demand and water recycling in microalgae cultivation. Strategies to reduce water footprint for microalgal cultivation, advantages and disadvantages of water recycling, and approaches to mitigate the negative effects of water reuse within the context of water and energy saving are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wasif Farooq
- Environmental and Energy Technology Program, KAIST, 291 Daehak-ro 373-1 Guseong-dong, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 305-701, Republic of Korea
| | - William I Suh
- Advanced Biomass R&D Centre, #2502 Building W1-3, KAIST, 291 Daehak-ro 373-1 Guseong-dong, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 305-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Min S Park
- Advanced Biomass R&D Centre, #2502 Building W1-3, KAIST, 291 Daehak-ro 373-1 Guseong-dong, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 305-701, Republic of Korea; Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, KAIST, 291 Daehak-ro 373-1 Guseong-dong, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 305-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji-Won Yang
- Advanced Biomass R&D Centre, #2502 Building W1-3, KAIST, 291 Daehak-ro 373-1 Guseong-dong, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 305-701, Republic of Korea; Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, KAIST, 291 Daehak-ro 373-1 Guseong-dong, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 305-701, Republic of Korea.
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Leusch FDL, Khan SJ, Laingam S, Prochazka E, Froscio S, Trinh T, Chapman HF, Humpage A. Assessment of the application of bioanalytical tools as surrogate measure of chemical contaminants in recycled water. Water Res 2014; 49:300-15. [PMID: 24355290 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2013.11.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2013] [Revised: 11/15/2013] [Accepted: 11/18/2013] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
The growing use of recycled water in large urban centres requires comprehensive public health risk assessment and management, an important aspect of which is the assessment and management of residual trace chemical substances. Bioanalytical methods such as in vitro bioassays may be ideal screening tools that can detect a wide range of contaminants based on their biological effect. In this study, we applied thirteen in vitro assays selected explicitly for their ability to detect molecular and cellular effects relevant to potential chemical exposure via drinking water as a means of screening for chemical contaminants from recycled water at 9 Australian water reclamation plants, in parallel to more targeted direct chemical analysis of 39 priority compounds. The selected assays provided measures of primary non-specific (cytotoxicity to various cell types), specific (inhibition of acetylcholinesterase and endocrine receptor-mediated effects) and reactive toxicity (mutagenicity and genotoxicity), as well as markers of adaptive stress response (modulation of cytokine production) and xenobiotic metabolism (liver enzyme induction). Chemical and bioassay analyses were in agreement and complementary to each other: the results show that source water (treated wastewater) contained high levels of biologically active compounds, with positive results in almost all bioassays. The quality of the product water (reclaimed water) was only marginally better after ultrafiltration or dissolved air floatation/filtration, but greatly improved after reverse osmosis often reducing biological activity to below detection limit. The bioassays were able to detect activity at concentrations below current chemical method detection limits and provided a sum measure of all biologically active compounds for that bioassay, thus providing an additional degree of confidence in water quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frederic D L Leusch
- Smart Water Research Centre, Griffith University Gold Coast Campus, Southport, Qld 4222, Australia.
| | - Stuart J Khan
- Water Research Centre, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | | | - Erik Prochazka
- Smart Water Research Centre, Griffith University Gold Coast Campus, Southport, Qld 4222, Australia
| | - Suzanne Froscio
- Australian Water Quality Centre, SA Water, Adelaide, SA 5001, Australia
| | - Trang Trinh
- Water Research Centre, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Heather F Chapman
- Smart Water Research Centre, Griffith University Gold Coast Campus, Southport, Qld 4222, Australia
| | - Andrew Humpage
- Australian Water Quality Centre, SA Water, Adelaide, SA 5001, Australia
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Derry C, Attwater R. Regrowth of enterococci indicator in an open recycled-water impoundment. Sci Total Environ 2014; 468-469:63-67. [PMID: 24008073 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2013.07.096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2013] [Revised: 07/27/2013] [Accepted: 07/27/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
The purpose of the research was to assess the potential for enterococci faecal-indicator to regrow in recycled water while under environmentally-open storage. Regrowth would result in false-positive indicator results with possible downgrading, rejection or over-chlorination of recycled water. The research setting was the main 93-megalitre storage impoundment of the Hawkesbury Water Recycling Scheme in Sydney's North West, receiving tertiary treated (chlorinated) effluent from the Richmond sewage treatment plant. The water is used to irrigate horticultural food crops, pasture for dairy cattle, sheep, deer and horses, and for the maintenance of lawns and sports fields. Highly significant positive relationships were noted in multivariate analysis between indicator counts and the growth factors atmospheric temperature and UV254 unfiltered as proxy for total organic carbon (p=0.001 and 0.003 respectively). Nitrate and phosphate did not show significant relationships suggesting that these nutrients may not be growth-limiting at levels found in recycled water. Rainfall and wild duck presence did not appear to have an impact on enterococcal growth in the study. The overall predictive power of the regression model was shown to be highly significant (p=0.001). These findings will assist in recycled water monitoring and the revision of guidelines, with potential for the reduction of the chlorination by-product burden on the environment. A formula derived for the relationship between the indicator and atmospheric temperature could be used in food-production and climate-change modelling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chris Derry
- School of Science and Health, University of Western Sydney, Locked Bag 1797, Penrith South DC, NSW 2751, Australia.
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Bichai F, Smeets PWMH. Using QMRA-based regulation as a water quality management tool in the water security challenge: experience from the Netherlands and Australia. Water Res 2013; 47:7315-26. [PMID: 24184021 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2013.09.062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2013] [Revised: 07/24/2013] [Accepted: 09/01/2013] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Innovation in the water sector is at play when addressing the global water security challenge. This paper highlights an emerging role for Quantitative Microbial Risk Assessment (QMRA) and health-based targets in the design and application of robust and flexible water quality regulation to protect public health. This role is especially critical as traditional supply sources are subject to increased contamination, and recycled wastewater and stormwater become a crucial contribution to integrated water supply strategies. Benefits and weaknesses of QMRA-based regulation are likely to be perceived differently by the multiple stakeholders involved. The goal of the current study is to evaluate the experience of QMRA-based regulation implementation in the Netherlands and Australia, and to draw some lessons learned for regulators, policy makers, the industry and scientists. Water experts from regulatory bodies, government, water utilities, and scientists were interviewed in both countries. This paper explores how QMRA-based regulation has helped decision-making in the Netherlands in drinking water safety management over the past decade. Implementation is more recent in Australia: an analysis of current institutional barriers to nationally harmonized implementation for water recycling regulation is presented. This in-depth retrospective analysis of experiences and perceptions highlights the benefits of QMRA-based regulation and the challenges of implementation. QMRA provides a better assessment of water safety than the absence of indicators. Setting a health target addresses the balance between investments and public safety, and helps understand risks from alternative water sources. Challenges lie in efficient monitoring, institutional support for utilities, interpretation of uncertainty by regulators, and risk communication to consumers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Françoise Bichai
- Harvard University, Water Security Initiative, Harvard School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Environmental Sciences and Engineering, 29 Oxford Street, Pierce Hall 125, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA.
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