A simple approach to improve recording of concerns about child maltreatment in primary care records: developing a quality improvement intervention

'There's a will, but not a way': Norwegian GPs' experiences of collaboration with child welfare services - a grounded theory study

BACKGROUND

Adverse childhood experiences can have immediate effects on a child's wellbeing and health and may also result in disorders and illness in adult life. General practitioners are in a good position to identify and support vulnerable children and parents and to collaborate with other agencies such as child welfare services. There is a need for better integration of relevant services. The aim of this study is to explore GPs' experiences of the collaboration process with child welfare services.

METHOD

This is a qualitative grounded theory study, with data consisting of ten semi-structured interviews with general practitioners across Norway.

RESULTS

The doctors' main concern was: 'There's a will, but not a way'. Three subordinate stages of the collaboration process were identified: (I) Familiar territory, with a whole-person approach to care by the doctor. (II) Unfamiliar territory, when child welfare becomes involved. Here, a one-way window of information and a closed door to dialogue perpetuate the doctors' lack of knowledge about child welfare services and uncertainty about what is happening to their patients. (III) Fragmented territory, where doctors experience lost opportunities to help and missing pieces in the patient's history.

CONCLUSION

General practitioners are willing to contribute to a collaborative process with child welfare, but this is hampered by factors such as poor information flow and opportunities for dialogue, and limited knowledge of the partner. This implies lost opportunities for doctors to help families and contribute their knowledge and potential actions to a child welfare case. It can also impede whole-person care and lead to fragmentation of patient pathways. To counteract this, electronic two-way communication could enable a collaborative process and relationships that enhance coordination between the parties. Making space for all parties and their individual roles was considered important to create a positive collaborative environment.

An external validation of coding for childhood maltreatment in routinely collected primary and secondary care data

Validated methods of identifying childhood maltreatment (CM) in primary and secondary care data are needed. We aimed to create the first externally validated algorithm for identifying maltreatment using routinely collected healthcare data. Comprehensive code lists were created for use within GP and hospital admissions datasets in the SAIL Databank at Swansea University working with safeguarding clinicians and academics. These code lists build on and refine those previously published to include an exhaustive set of codes. Sensitivity, specificity and positive predictive value of previously published lists and the new algorithm were estimated against a clinically assessed cohort of CM cases from a child protection service secondary care-based setting-'the gold standard'. We conducted sensitivity analyses to examine the utility of wider codes indicating Possible CM. Trends over time from 2004 to 2020 were calculated using Poisson regression modelling. Our algorithm outperformed previously published lists identifying 43-72% of cases in primary care with a specificity ≥ 85%. Sensitivity of algorithms for identifying maltreatment in hospital admissions data was lower identifying between 9 and 28% of cases with high specificity (> 96%). Manual searching of records for those cases identified by the external dataset but not recorded in primary care suggest that this code list is exhaustive. Exploration of missed cases shows that hospital admissions data is often focused on the injury being treated rather than recording the presence of maltreatment. The absence of child protection or social care codes in hospital admissions data poses a limitation for identifying maltreatment in admissions data. Linking across GP and hospital admissions maximises the number of cases of maltreatment that can be accurately identified. Incidence of maltreatment in primary care using these code lists has increased over time. The updated algorithm has improved our ability to detect CM in routinely collected healthcare data. It is important to recognize the limitations of identifying maltreatment in individual healthcare datasets. The inclusion of child protection codes in primary care data makes this an important setting for identifying CM, whereas hospital admissions data is often focused on injuries with CM codes often absent. Implications and utility of algorithms for future research are discussed.

Increasing the psychosocial focus in child developmental assessments: a qualitative study

BACKGROUND

Previous studies have indicated a need for increased psychosocial focus on children and their families to improve children's wellbeing and mental health. Child developmental assessments could be a place to implement changes to achieve this. A standardised record might be helpful to clinicians trying to increase psychosocial focus. The aim of this study is to investigate clinical barriers and facilitators when introducing standardised child records with increased focus on psychosocial wellbeing and mental health into child developmental assessments.

METHODS

This is a qualitative study based on 12 semi-structured interviews with four midwives and nine doctors who carry out child developmental assessments in general practice. Data is analysed in the framework of Normalisation Process Theory.

RESULTS

General practice-based clinicians were positive towards increasing the psychosocial focus in child developmental assessments. The main barriers when clinicians used the standardised child records were: feeling forced to ask certain questions, in turn making the conversation rigid; leaving less room for parents to bring up other issues; making clinicians feel awkward when addressing problems that they cannot solve; the need for extended consultation time; and medico-legal concerns when registering findings. The experience of positive aspects when using the standardised child records facilitated continuous use of the records. Positive aspects included having a standardised approach to recording important findings, thereby uncovering psychosocial problems that could potentially be overlooked. Additionally, structured observation of parent-child interaction and gaining a new vocabulary to describe the findings were valued by clinicians. Balancing a standardised approach with clinicians' ability to steer the consultation and explore topics in depth while preserving the potential for patients to bring up other issues became an important theme.

CONCLUSION

Clinicians need to be well-equipped to handle psychosocial problems through coping strategies, referral options and communication techniques in the psychosocial domain. The parent-child-interaction assessment might expose potentially dysfunctional parenting behaviours and could improve communication between health professionals. Implementing standardised child development records with an increased psychosocial focus is feasible but improvements could optimise the use of the records. Parental views on an increased psychosocial focus during child developmental assessments should be investigated prior to further implementation.

TRIAL REGISTRATION

Trial registry number for the FamilieTrivsel (Family Wellbeing) trial: NCT04129359.

Identifying adverse childhood experiences with electronic health records of linked mothers and children in England: a multistage development and validation study

BACKGROUND

Electronic health records (EHRs) of mothers and children provide an opportunity to identify adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) during crucial periods of childhood development, yet well developed indicators of ACEs remain scarce. We aimed to develop clinically relevant indicators of ACEs for linked EHRs of mothers and children using a multistage prediction model of child maltreatment and maternal intimate partner violence (IPV).

METHODS

In this multistage development and validation study, we developed a representative population-based birth cohort of mothers and children in England, followed from up to 2 years before birth to up to 5 years after birth across the Clinical Practice Research Datalink (CPRD) GOLD (primary care), Hospital Episode Statistics (secondary care), and the Office for National Statistics mortality register. We included livebirths in England between July 1, 2004, and June 30, 2016, to mothers aged 16-55 years, who had registered with a general practitioner (GP) that met CPRD quality standards before 21 weeks of gestation. The primary outcome (reference standard) was any child maltreatment or maternal IPV in either the mother's or child's record from 2 years before birth (maternal IPV only) to 5 years after birth. We used seven prediction models, combined with expert ratings, to systematically develop indicators. We validated the final indicators by integrating results from machine learning models, survival analyses, and clustering analyses in the validation cohort.

FINDINGS

We included data collected between July 1, 2002, and June 27, 2018. Of 376 006 eligible births, we included 211 393 mother-child pairs (422 786 patients) from 400 practices, of whom 126 837 mother-child pairs (60·0%; 240 practices) were randomly assigned to a derivation cohort and 84 556 pairs (40·0%; 160 practices) to a validation cohort. We included 63 indicators in six ACE domains: maternal mental health problems, maternal substance misuse, adverse family environments, child maltreatment, maternal IPV, and high-risk presentations of child maltreatment. Excluding the seven indicators in the reference standard, 56 indicators showed high discriminative validity for the reference standard of any child maltreatment or maternal IPV between 2 years before and 5 years after birth (validation cohort, area under the receiver operating characteristic curve 0·85 [95% CI 0·84-0·86]). During the 2 years before birth and 5 years after birth, the overall period prevalence of maternal IPV and child maltreatment (reference standard) was 2·3% (2876 of 126 837 pairs) in the derivation cohort and 2·3% (1916 of 84 556 pairs) in the validation cohort. During the 2 years before and after birth, the period prevalence was 39·1% (95% CI 38·7-39·5; 34 773 pairs) for any of the 63 ACE indicators, 22·2% (21·8-22·5%; 20 122 pairs) for maternal mental health problems, 15·7% (15·4-16·0%; 14 549 pairs) for adverse family environments, 8·1% (7·8-8·3%; 6808 pairs) for high-risk presentations of child maltreatment, 6·9% (6·7-7·2%; 7856 pairs) for maternal substance misuse, and 3·0% (2·9-3·2%; 2540 pairs) for any child maltreatment (2·4% [2·3-5·6%; 2051 pairs]) and maternal IPV (1·0% [0·8-1·0%; 875 pairs]). 62·6% (21 785 of 34 773 pairs) of ACEs were recorded in primary care only, and 72·3% (25 140 cases) were recorded in the maternal record only.

INTERPRETATION

We developed clinically relevant indicators for identifying ACEs using the EHRs of mothers and children presenting to general practices and hospital admissions. Over 70% of ACEs were identified via maternal records and were recorded in primary care by GPs within 2 years of birth, reinforcing the importance of reviewing parental and carer records to inform clinical responses to children. ACE indicators can contribute to longitudinal surveillance informing public health policy and resource allocation. Further evaluation is required to determine how ACE indicators can be used in clinical practice.

FUNDING

None.

Variation in health visiting contacts for children in England: cross-sectional analysis of the 2-2½ year review using administrative data (Community Services Dataset, CSDS)

OBJECTIVE

The 2-2½ year universal health visiting review in England is a key time point for assessing child development and promoting school readiness. We aimed to ascertain which children were least likely to receive their 2-2½ year review and whether there were additional non-mandated contacts for children who missed this review.

DESIGN, SETTING, PARTICIPANTS

Cross-sectional analysis of the 2-2½ year review and additional health visiting contacts for 181 130 children aged 2 in England 2018/2019, stratified by ethnicity, deprivation, safeguarding vulnerability indicator and Looked After Child status.

ANALYSIS

We used data from 33 local authorities submitting highly complete data on health visiting contacts to the Community Services Dataset. We calculated the percentage of children with a recorded 2-2½ year review and/or any additional health visiting contacts and average number of contacts, by child characteristic.

RESULTS

The most deprived children were slightly less likely to receive a 2-2½ year review than the least deprived children (72% vs 78%) and Looked After Children much less likely, compared with other children (44% vs 69%). When all additional contacts were included, the pattern was reversed (deprivation) or disappeared (Looked After children). A substantial proportion of all children (24%), children with a 'safeguarding vulnerability' (22%) and Looked After children (29%) did not have a record of either a 2-2½ year review or any other face-to-face contact in the year.

CONCLUSIONS

A substantial minority of children aged 2 with known vulnerabilities did not see the health visiting team at all in the year. Some higher need children (eg, deprived and Looked After) appeared to be seeing the health visiting team but not receiving their mandated health review. Further work is needed to establish the reasons for this, and potential solutions. There is an urgent need to improve the quality of national health visiting data.

A retrospective study examining the adverse effect of childhood abuse among adult psychiatric service users in Britain

The long-term effects of childhood abuse have been well studied though the effects of abuse of specific types in adult psychiatric service users are less known. This study aimed to assess the association between childhood abuse and the development of harmful social and behavioural outcomes among adult psychiatric service users. Adult psychiatric service users were accessed from secondary mental health services in South London. A retrospective analysis was conducted of a randomly selected sample of 342 mental health records. Chi-square tests and logistic regression models were used to examine associations between childhood abuse - sexual abuse, physical abuse and psychological/emotional abuse - and health and behavioural outcomes. This study identified that 109 (31.8%) psychiatric service users had some history of childhood abuse and more often presented with high-risk or severe behaviours. Sexual abuse in childhood was linked with social isolation related to loss of friends (odds ratio (OR) = 2.68, P < 0.01), risky behaviours such as binge drinking (OR = 2.15, P < 0.05) and self-harming (OR = 2.86, P < 0.01), while childhood physical abuse was associated with drug abuse in adulthood (OR = 1.88, P < 0.05). Revictimization (adult domestic violence) also impacted on service users' quality of life in terms of loss of housing (OR = 2.21, P < 0.05) and loss of friends/family contact (OR = 2.73, P < 0.01). These findings suggest childhood abuse may play an important role in shaping risk and vulnerability for mental health problems across a lifespan. In acute mental health services, the incorporation of a trauma-informed nursing care model is necessary to generate a shift in culture in the delivery of care.

Conversations about FGM in primary care: a realist review on how, why and under what circumstances FGM is discussed in general practice consultations

OBJECTIVES

Little is known about the management of female genital mutilation (FGM) in primary care. There have been significant recent statutory changes relevant to general practitioners (GPs) in England, including a mandatory reporting duty. We undertook a realist synthesis to explore what influences how and when GPs discuss FGM with their patients.

SETTING

Primary care in England.

DATA SOURCES

Realist literature synthesis searching 10 databases with terms: GPs, primary care, obstetrics, gynaecology, midwifery and FGM (UK and worldwide). Citation chasing was used, and relevant grey literature was included, including searching FGM advocacy organisation websites for relevant data. Other potentially relevant literature fields were searched for evidence to inform programme theory development. We included all study designs and papers that presented evidence about factors potentially relevant to considering how, why and in what circumstances GPs feel able to discuss FGM with their patients.

PRIMARY OUTCOME MEASURE

This realist review developed programme theory, tested against existing evidence, on what influences GPs actions and reactions to FGM in primary care consultations and where, when and why these influences are activated.

RESULTS

124 documents were included in the synthesis. Our analysis found that GPs need knowledge and training to help them support their patients with FGM, including who may be affected, what needs they may have and how to talk sensitively about FGM. Access to specialist services and guidance may help them with this role. Reporting requirements may complicate these conversations.

CONCLUSIONS

There is a pressing need to develop (and evaluate) training to help GPs meet FGM-affected communities' health needs and to promote the accessibility of primary care. Education and resources should be developed in partnership with community members. The impact of the mandatory reporting requirement and the Enhanced Dataset on healthcare interactions in primary care warrants evaluation.

PROSPERO REGISTRATION NUMBER

CRD42018091996.

Toward the Development of Data Governance Standards for Using Clinical Free-Text Data in Health Research: Position Paper

BACKGROUND

Clinical free-text data (eg, outpatient letters or nursing notes) represent a vast, untapped source of rich information that, if more accessible for research, would clarify and supplement information coded in structured data fields. Data usually need to be deidentified or anonymized before they can be reused for research, but there is a lack of established guidelines to govern effective deidentification and use of free-text information and avoid damaging data utility as a by-product.

OBJECTIVE

This study aimed to develop recommendations for the creation of data governance standards to integrate with existing frameworks for personal data use, to enable free-text data to be used safely for research for patient and public benefit.

METHODS

We outlined data protection legislation and regulations relating to the United Kingdom for context and conducted a rapid literature review and UK-based case studies to explore data governance models used in working with free-text data. We also engaged with stakeholders, including text-mining researchers and the general public, to explore perceived barriers and solutions in working with clinical free-text.

RESULTS

We proposed a set of recommendations, including the need for authoritative guidance on data governance for the reuse of free-text data, to ensure public transparency in data flows and uses, to treat deidentified free-text data as potentially identifiable with use limited to accredited data safe havens, and to commit to a culture of continuous improvement to understand the relationships between the efficacy of deidentification and reidentification risks, so this can be communicated to all stakeholders.

CONCLUSIONS

By drawing together the findings of a combination of activities, we present a position paper to contribute to the development of data governance standards for the reuse of clinical free-text data for secondary purposes. While working in accordance with existing data governance frameworks, there is a need for further work to take forward the recommendations we have proposed, with commitment and investment, to assure and expand the safe reuse of clinical free-text data for public benefit.

Sharing reports about domestic violence and abuse with general practitioners: a qualitative interview study

BACKGROUND

Domestic violence and abuse (DVA) is common and damaging to health. UK national guidance advocates a multi-agency response to DVA, and domestic homicide reviews consistently recommend improved information-sharing between agencies. Identification of patients experiencing DVA in general practice may come from external information shared with the practice, such as police incident reports and multi-agency risk assessment conference (MARAC) reports. The aim of this study was to explore the views of general practitioners (GPs) and the police about sharing reports about DVA with GPs.

METHODS

Qualitative semi-structured interviews were conducted with GPs, police staff and a partnership manager. Participants were located across England and Wales. Thematic analysis was undertaken.

RESULTS

Interviews were conducted with 23 GPs, six police staff and one former partnership manager. Experiences of information-sharing with GPs about DVA varied. Participants described the relevance and value of external reports to GPs to help address the health consequences of DVA and safeguard patients. They balanced competing priorities when managing this information in the electronic medical record, namely visibility to GPs versus the risk of unintended disclosure to patients. GPs also spoke of the judgements they made about exploring DVA with patients based on external reports, which varied between abusive and non-abusive adults and children. Some felt constrained by short general practice consultations. Some police and GPs reflected on a loss of control when information about DVA was shared between agencies, and the risk of unintended consequences. Both police and GPs highlighted the importance of clear information and a shared understanding about responsibility for action.

CONCLUSION

GPs regarded external reports about DVA as relevant to their role, but safely recording this information in the electronic medical record and using it to support patients required complex judgements. Both GPs and police staff emphasised the importance of clarity of information and responsibility for action when information was shared between agencies about patients affected by DVA.

Effects of a computerised guideline support tool on child healthcare professionals' response to suspicions of child abuse and neglect: a community-based intervention trial

Background

Healthcare professionals’ adherence to guidelines on child protection is not self-evident. This study assessed the effects of a computerised support tool on child healthcare professionals’ adherence to the seven recommended guideline activities, and on time spent seeking information presented in this guideline.

Methods

A community-based intervention trial design was applied, comparing access to a paper-based guideline (control) with access to a paper-based guideline supplemented with a computerised guideline support tool (intervention). A total of 168 child healthcare doctors and nurses working in one large Dutch organisation were allocated to an intervention or control group. Outcomes were professionals’ performance of seven recommended guideline activities and the amount of time spent seeking information presented in the guideline. Professionals’ adherence was measured using two methods: health record analysis and a self-report questionnaire. The questionnaire was also used to collect data on the amount of time spent seeking guideline information.

Results

In total, 152 health records (102 in the intervention group and 50 in the control group) were available for analysis. The tool was registered in 14% of the records in the intervention group. Performance of activities, corrected for intentional non-adherence, was except for one activity, high (range 80–100%); no differences were found between the control and intervention groups. Forty-nine questionnaires (24 in the intervention group and 25 in the control group) were analysed. Sixty-three percent of the questionnaire respondents (15/24) claimed to have used the tool. No differences in guideline adherence were found between the two groups. Respondents in the intervention and control groups spent, on average, 115 and 153 min respectively seeking relevant information presented in the guideline.

Conclusions

The results regarding use of the tool were inconclusive as the outcomes differed per method. In contrast to expectations, performance of guideline activities was high in both groups. The support tool may decrease the amount of time spent on seeking guideline information. However, given the high adherence scores and small number of questionnaire respondents, the outcomes failed to reach statistical significance. Future research should focus on studying the effects of the tool after a longer period of availability.

Electronic supplementary material

The online version of this article (10.1186/s12911-019-0884-y) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

An analysis of childhood consultations in general practice: a multi-practice study

BACKGROUND

The majority of illnesses in children are managed by general practitioners (GPs) and there is a need for up to date data on consultations with children in order to improve healthcare service planning and allocation of resources.

AIMS

To investigate the presenting symptoms, diagnoses and actions taken by the GP at consultations with children in general practice.

METHODS

Senior medical students on general practice placement and their GP supervisors used practice management software to collect data on 100 randomly selected patients aged between 12 months and 14 years of age in each practice. Presenting symptoms, diagnoses and actions taken by the GP for the most recent attendance in the previous 12 months were summarised by age group (1-4 years; 5-10 years; 11-14 years).

RESULTS

Data were collected from 5959 patients at 64 practices. During the 12-month study, 3241 (54%) of children had a consultation with their GP. The most common presenting symptoms were respiratory (1-4 yrs, 28%; 5-10 yrs, 39%; 11-14 yrs, 32%) and skin complaint (1-4 yrs, 13%; 5-10 yrs, 16%; 11-14 yrs, 21%). The most common actions for all age groups were prescribing (1-4 yrs, 55%; 5-10 yrs, 58%; 11-14 yrs, 56%) and providing reassurance (1-4 yrs, 53%; 5-10 yrs, 51%; 11-14 yrs, 48%). Rates of referral and requiring further investigation increased with age.

CONCLUSION

This study provides a comprehensive snapshot of what children commonly present with in general practice, common diagnoses and the actions taken by GPs. The findings will help GPs to organise their practice systems and will inform healthcare service planners.

Juggling confidentiality and safety: a qualitative study of how general practice clinicians document domestic violence in families with children

Background

Domestic violence and abuse (DVA) and child safeguarding are interlinked problems, impacting on all family members. Documenting in electronic patient records (EPRs) is an important part of managing these families. Current evidence and guidance, however, treats DVA and child safeguarding separately. This does not reflect the complexity clinicians face when documenting both issues in one family.

Aim

To explore how and why general practice clinicians document DVA in families with children.

Design and setting

A qualitative interview study using vignettes with GPs and practice nurses (PNs) in England.

Method

Semi-structured telephone interviews with 54 clinicians (42 GPs and 12 PNs) were conducted across six sites in England. Data were analysed thematically using a coding frame incorporating concepts from the literature and emerging themes.

Results

Most clinicians recognised DVA and its impact on child safeguarding, but struggled to work out the best way to document it. They described tensions among the different roles of the EPR: a legal document; providing continuity of care; information sharing to improve safety; and a patient-owned record. This led to strategies to hide information, so that it was only available to other clinicians.

Conclusion

Managing DVA in families with children is complex and challenging for general practice clinicians. National integrated guidance is urgently needed regarding how clinicians should manage the competing roles of the EPR, while maintaining safety of the whole family, especially in the context of online EPRs and patient access.

Facing suspected child abuse--what keeps Swedish general practitioners from reporting to child protective services?

OBJECTIVE

The aim of this study was to examine the reporting of suspected child abuse among Swedish general practitioners (GPs), and to investigate factors influencing them in their decision whether or not to report to child protective services (CPS).

DESIGN

A cross-sectional questionnaire study.

SETTING

Primary health care centres in western Sweden.

SUBJECTS

177 GPs and GP trainees.

MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES

Demographic and educational background, education on child abuse, attitudes to reporting and CPS, previous experience of reporting suspected child abuse, and need of support.

RESULTS

Despite mandatory reporting, 20% of all physicians had at some point suspected but not reported child abuse. Main reasons for non-reporting were uncertainty about the suspicion and use of alternative strategies; for instance, referral to other health care providers or follow-up of the family by the treating physician. Only 30% of all physicians trusted CPS's methods of investigating and acting in cases of suspected child abuse, and 44% of all physicians would have wanted access to expert consultation. There were no differences in the failure to report suspected child abuse that could be attributed to GP characteristics. However, GPs educated abroad reported less frequently to CPS than GPs educated in Sweden.

CONCLUSIONS

This study showed that GPs see a need for support from experts and that the communication and cooperation between GPs and CPS needs to be improved. The low frequency of reporting indicates a need for continued education of GPs and for updated guidelines including practical advice on how to manage child abuse.

Notifications for child safeguarding from an acute hospital in response to presentations to healthcare by parents

BACKGROUND

Consideration of child safeguarding is routine within maternity services but less common in other health services for adults. We audited notifications for child safeguarding from an acute general hospital where the policy includes questioning adults presenting with violence, mental health problems or drug or alcohol misuse to any department within the hospital about children at home and notifying to the local authority children's social care services if there are safeguarding concerns.

METHODS

Cross-sectional audit of notifications for child safeguarding, including abuse, neglect or victimization, from all departments in one hospital to the local authority children's social care department during 12 months (2010/11).

RESULTS

Of 681 notifications (57 per month), 40% (270/681) were triggered by parents' presentation to acute hospital services. Of these, 37% (100/270; 12 teenage mothers) presented for maternity care and 60% (162/270; 8 teenage parents) presented to the emergency department (ED). Of the 60% (411/681) of notifications prompted by children presenting for healthcare, most originated from the ED (358/411; 87%): two-thirds of these presented with injury (250/358; 70%).

CONCLUSION

Given a policy to ask adults about children at home, a substantial proportion of children notified for child safeguarding were recognized through presentations to acute healthcare by their parents. Further research and development of this policy needs to ensure that questioning results in effective interventions for the children and their parents.

Maltreatment or violence-related injury in children and adolescents admitted to the NHS: comparison of trends in England and Scotland between 2005 and 2011

OBJECTIVE

Legislation to safeguard children from maltreatment by carers or violence by others was advanced in England and Scotland around 2004-2005 and resulted in different policies and services. We examined whether subsequent trends in injury admissions to hospital related to maltreatment or violence varied between the two countries.

SETTING AND PARTICIPANTS

We analysed rates of all unplanned injury admission to National Health Service (NHS) hospitals in England and Scotland between 2005 and 2011 for children and adolescents aged less than 19 years.

OUTCOMES

We compared incidence trends for maltreatment or violence-related (MVR) injury and adjusted rate differences between 2005 and 2011 using Poisson or negative binomial regression models to adjust for seasonal effects and secular trends in non-MVR injury. Infants, children 1-10 years and adolescents 11-18 years were analysed separately.

RESULTS

In 2005, MVR rates were similar in England and Scotland for infants and 1-10-year-olds, but almost twice as high in Scotland for 11-18-year-olds. MVR rates for infants increased by similar amounts in both countries, in line with rising non-MVR rates in England but contrary to declines in Scotland. Among 1-10-year-olds, MVR rates increased in England and declined in Scotland, in line with increasing non-MVR rates in England and declining rates in Scotland. Among 11-18-year-olds, MVR rates declined more steeply in Scotland than in England along with declines in non-MVR trends.

CONCLUSIONS

Diverging trends in England and Scotland may reflect true changes in the occurrence of MVR injury or differences in the way services recognise and respond to these children, record such injuries or a combination of these factors. Further linkage of data from surveys and services for child maltreatment and violence could help distinguish the impact of policies.

Responses to concerns about child maltreatment: a qualitative study of GPs in England

OBJECTIVES

To provide a rich description of current responses to concerns related to child maltreatment among a sample of English general practitioners (GPs).

DESIGN

In-depth, face-to-face interviews (November 2010 to September 2011). Participants selected and discussed families who had prompted 'maltreatment-related concerns'. Thematic analysis of data.

SETTING

4 general practices in England.

PARTICIPANTS

14 GPs, 2 practice nurses and 2 health visitors from practices with at least 1 'expert' GP (expertise in child safeguarding/protection).

RESULTS

The concerns about neglect and emotional abuse dominated the interviews. GPs described intense and long-term involvement with families with multiple social and medical problems. Narratives were distilled into seven possible actions that GPs took in response to maltreatment-related concerns. These were orientated towards whole families (monitoring and advocating), the parents (coaching) and children (opportune healthcare), and included referral to or working with other services and recording concerns. Facilitators of the seven actions were: trusting relationships between GPs and parents, good working relationships with health visitors and framing the problem/response as 'medical'. Narratives indicated significant time and energy spent building facilitating relationships with parents with the aim of improving the child's well-being.

CONCLUSIONS

These GPs used core general practice skills for on-going management of families who prompted concerns about neglect and emotional abuse. Policy and research focus should be broadened to include strategies for direct intervention and on-going involvement by GPs, such as using their core skills during consultations and practice systems for monitoring families and encouraging presentation to general practice. Exemplars of current practice, such as those identified in our study, should be evaluated for feasibility and acceptability in representative general practice settings as well as tested for efficacy, safety and cost. The seven actions could form the basis for the 'lead professional' role in general practice as proposed in the 2013 version of 'Working Together 'guidance.

Improving the management of people with a family history of breast cancer in primary care: before and after study of audit-based education

BACKGROUND

In England, guidance from National Institute for Clinical Excellence (NICE) states women with a family history of breast cancer presenting to primary care should be reassured or referred.We reviewed the evidence for interventions that might be applied in primary care and conducted an audit of whether low risk women are correctly advised and flagged.

METHODS

We conducted a literature review to identify modifiable risk factors. We extracted routinely collected data from the computerised medical record systems of 6 general practices (population approximately 30,000); of the variables identified in the guidance. We implemented a quality improvement (QI) intervention called audit-based education (ABE) comparing participant practices with guidelines and each other before and after; we report odds ratios (OR) of any change in data recording.

RESULTS

The review revealed evidence for advising on: diet, weight control, physical exercise, and alcohol. The proportion of patients with recordings of family history of: disease, neoplasms, and breast cancer were: 39.3%, 5.1% and 1.3% respectively. There was no significant change in the recording of family history of disease or cancer; OR 1.02 (95% CI 0.98-1.06); and 1.08 (95% CI 0.99-1.17) respectively. Recording of alcohol consumption and smoking both increased significantly; OR 1.36 (95% CI 1.30-1.43); and 1.42 (95% CI 1.27-1.60) respectively. Recording lifestyle advice fell; OR 0.84 (95% CI 0.81-0.88).

CONCLUSIONS

The study informs about current data recording and willingness to engage in ABE. Recording of risk factors improved after the intervention. Further QI is needed to achieve adherence to current guidance.

Using mixed methods in health research

Mixed methods research is the use of quantitative and qualitative methods in a single study or series of studies. It is an emergent methodology which is increasingly used by health researchers, especially within health services research. There is a growing literature on the theory, design and critical appraisal of mixed methods research. However, there are few papers that summarize this methodological approach for health practitioners who wish to conduct or critically engage with mixed methods studies. The objective of this paper is to provide an accessible introduction to mixed methods for clinicians and researchers unfamiliar with this approach. We present a synthesis of key methodological literature on mixed methods research, with examples from our own work and that of others, to illustrate the practical applications of this approach within health research. We summarize definitions of mixed methods research, the value of this approach, key aspects of study design and analysis, and discuss the potential challenges of combining quantitative and qualitative methods and data. One of the key challenges within mixed methods research is the successful integration of quantitative and qualitative data during analysis and interpretation. However, the integration of different types of data can generate insights into a research question, resulting in enriched understanding of complex health research problems.

Variation in recorded child maltreatment concerns in UK primary care records: a cohort study using The Health Improvement Network (THIN) database

OBJECTIVES

To determine variation over time and between practices in recording of concerns related to abuse and neglect (maltreatment) in children's primary care records.

DESIGN

Retrospective cohort study using a United Kingdom representative primary care database.

SETTING

448 General Practices.

PARTICIPANTS

In total 1,548, 972 children (<18 y) registered between 1995 and 2010.

MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES

Change in annual incidence of one or more maltreatment-related codes per child year of registration. Variation between general practices measured as the proportion of registered children with one or more maltreatment-related codes during 3 years (2008-2010).

RESULTS

From 1995-2010, annual incidence rates of any coded maltreatment-related concerns rose by 10.8% each year (95% confidence interval 10.5, 11.2; adjusted for sex, age and deprivation). In 2010 the rate was 9.5 per 1000 child years (95%CI: 9.3, 9.8), equivalent to a prevalence of 0.8% of all registered children in 2010. Across all practices, the median prevalence of children with any maltreatment-related codes in three years (2008 to 2010) was 0.9% (range 0%-13.4%; 11 practices (2.5%) had zero children with relevant codes in the same period). Once we accounted for sex, age, and deprivation, the prevalence for each practice was within two standard errors of the grand mean.

CONCLUSIONS

General Practitioners (GPs) are far from disengaged from safeguarding children; they are consistently and increasingly recording maltreatment concerns. As these results are likely to underestimate the burden of maltreatment known to primary care, there is much scope for increasing recording in primary care records with implications for resources to respond to concerns about maltreatment. Interventions and policies should build on this evidence that the average GP in the UK is engaged in child safeguarding activity.