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Jean-Berluche D. Pathways to Resilience: Exploring Post-Traumatic Growth in the Wake of Drug-Related Deaths. OMEGA-JOURNAL OF DEATH AND DYING 2024:302228241264048. [PMID: 39031580 DOI: 10.1177/00302228241264048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/22/2024]
Abstract
This review examines Post-Traumatic Growth (PTG) in the aftermath of Drug-Related Deaths (DRDs) amid a public health crisis underscored by an increase in overdose fatalities. It examines grief and unique challenges confronting those bereaved by DRDs, such as stigmatization, and synthesizes existing literature to elucidate pathways toward resilience and growth. Fundamental mechanisms facilitating PTG, including reframing loss, engaging in open dialogues with support, and cultivating self-compassion and hope, are highlighted, demonstrating the transformative potential of navigating bereavement with supportive communication and personal development. The review also addresses limitations within current research, such as focusing on specific bereaved populations, which may impact the generalizability of findings. Recommendations for future research include longitudinal studies and broader demographic inclusion to understand and support individuals grieving a DRD. Advocating for holistic, growth-oriented bereavement care models, this review underscores the necessity of comprehensive approaches to facilitate healing and growth in the wake of DRDs.
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Ifrah K, Tsipper I. Does Interpersonal Vulnerability Mediate the Association Between Parental Bereavement and Mental Health? OMEGA-JOURNAL OF DEATH AND DYING 2024; 89:649-666. [PMID: 35333676 DOI: 10.1177/00302228221080021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The current study examined the role of interpersonal vulnerability, that is, self-perceived threats to one's interpersonal domain, in the mental health of bereaved parents. Israeli bereaved parents in older adulthood (N = 105, aged 48-88, M = 64.06, SD = 9.93) were pair-matched with equivalent 105 non-bereaved parents. Participants completed questionnaires assessing interpersonal vulnerability, satisfaction with life, and depressive symptoms. The results showed higher levels of interpersonal vulnerability among bereaved parents compared to their non-bereaved counterparts. Additionally, parental bereavement and interpersonal vulnerability were associated with worse mental health. Finally, interpersonal vulnerability mediated the association of parental bereavement with worse mental health. This study reveals interpersonal vulnerability as an important vulnerability factor among a significant minority in older adulthood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kfir Ifrah
- Faculty of Social and Community Sciences, Ruppin Academic Center, Israel
- The Herczeg Institute on Aging, Tel Aviv University, Israel
| | - Itay Tsipper
- Faculty of Social and Community Sciences, Ruppin Academic Center, Israel
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Safa A, Adib-Hajbaghery M, Rezaei M. A model for older adults' coping with the death of their child: a grounded theory study. BMC Psychiatry 2024; 24:150. [PMID: 38383337 PMCID: PMC10882903 DOI: 10.1186/s12888-024-05597-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2023] [Accepted: 02/07/2024] [Indexed: 02/23/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Losing a child at an old age while also facing health problems and physical limitations can have significant negative impacts on parents' lives such as anxiety, depression, and impairment in social functions. The process of coping with the death of a child is particularly unknown among older adults. Therefore, this study aimed to explore how older adults cope with the death of their child. METHOD This qualitative study was conducted in 2020-2021, using Corbin and Strauss (2015) approach to the grounded theory method. The sampling began purposefully and continued theoretically until theoretical saturation was achieved. Semi-structured interviews were conducted to collect data from Iranian older adults who had experienced the death of their child. To ensure data trustworthiness, the Guba and Lincoln (1985) criteria were utilized. A qualitative data analysis software, MAXQDA2020, was used to manage the data. FINDINGS The results of this study were obtained from 27 participants. The main concern of older adults was the fear of their lives collapsing following the death of their child. Participants utilized three main strategies to address their concerns: attempting to rebuild themselves, connecting to a higher power, and searching for positivity amidst grief. The central category that emerged from the analysis was "improving physical, mental, and spiritual capacities," resulting in personal growth and improved social relationships. CONCLUSIONS Through the use of the three aforementioned strategies, older adults were able to overcome their primary concern of the fear of their lives collapsing following the death of their child. Further development of the theory is suggested in order to design a model that can facilitate older adults' coping with this difficult life event.
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Affiliation(s)
- Azade Safa
- Trauma Nursing Research Center, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran
| | | | - Mahboubeh Rezaei
- Trauma Nursing Research Center, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran
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Rolbiecki AJ, Washington KT, Holman JG, Lee JE. Sense making in the wake of familial death: "I continue to work through those feelings". DEATH STUDIES 2023:1-8. [PMID: 37725580 DOI: 10.1080/07481187.2023.2258509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/21/2023]
Abstract
Sense making is especially common in bereavement when a death challenges an individual's existing worldview. Thus, it is often discussed in the context of statistically atypical deaths, such as the death of a child or death by suicide, that are apt to create a crisis of meaning. Less understood is the process of sense making following more statistically normative deaths, such as those that occur in old age following prolonged illness. In this descriptive phenomenological study, researchers analyzed qualitative interviews and digital narratives created by six individuals who had experienced the death of an older family member with dementia, seeking to identify the essential nature of sense making during bereavement following so-called "normal" losses. Three themes (memorializing the whole person, reflecting on the caregiving experience, and emotional sense making) were identified, shedding light on this specific meaning making process among individuals representing a large and growing segment of the population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abigail J Rolbiecki
- Department of Family Medicine and Division of Geriatrics, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Karla T Washington
- Division of Palliative Medicine, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Jason G Holman
- Department of Family and Community Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, USA
| | - Jonathan E Lee
- Department of Family and Community Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, USA
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Shin S, Ahn S, Joung J, Kim S. Parents' lived experiences of losing adolescent children in the Korean Ferry Sewol disaster: Lessons through a qualitative meta-synthesis. DEATH STUDIES 2023; 48:584-599. [PMID: 37672392 DOI: 10.1080/07481187.2023.2253764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/08/2023]
Abstract
This study meta-synthesized qualitative studies on the parents' experiences of losing their adolescent children due to the human-made disaster, Ferry Sewol disaster in Korea, 2014. Five Korean and five international electronic databases were searched. Twenty-one studies were selected and critically appraised. Thematic analysis was employed. Four themes (with 10 subthemes) were derived: screaming in excruciating pain at the unbelievable deaths of children, family love evolving amidst pain and deepening into higher value, relationships collapsed and reformed while experiencing various social perspectives, and transitioning from a life of holding on to a life of progress. Bereaved parents experience psychological, physical, social pain for a long time, but gradually tried not to waste their children's death, forming new values and life goals. There is pressing need to devise sustained recovery strategies that account for distinct characteristics and needs of affected population groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soyoung Shin
- College of Nursing, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Suyoun Ahn
- Department of Nursing, Seoyeong University, Paju, South Korea
| | - Jaewon Joung
- College of Nursing, Research Institute of Nursing Science, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju, South Korea
| | - Sungjae Kim
- College of Nursing, The Research Institute of Nursing Science, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
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Delgado H, Goergen J, Tyler J, Windham H. A Loss by Suicide: The Relationship Between Meaning-Making, Post-Traumatic Growth, and Complicated Grief. OMEGA-JOURNAL OF DEATH AND DYING 2023:302228231193184. [PMID: 37499667 DOI: 10.1177/00302228231193184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/29/2023]
Abstract
Meaning making has been found useful in processing grief, yet individuals who have experienced a loss by suicide may have difficulty with post-loss adjustment due to the traumatic nature of their loss. Through quantitative study, this article acts as an initial exploratory study and examines the relationship between meaning-making, post-traumatic growth, and complicated grief symptoms in 81 college students from a large university in the United States who have experienced the loss of a loved one to suicide. The results of this study indicated that meaning-making serves as a mediator in the relationship with post-traumatic growth and complicated grief. This finding sheds light on the importance of meaning-making as a possible avenue of interventions for clinical use in bereavement from loss by suicide to treat grief symptoms and lead to post-traumatic growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heather Delgado
- Department of Special Education, Rehabilitation, and Counseling, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, USA
| | - Jessica Goergen
- Department of Special Education, Rehabilitation, and Counseling, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, USA
| | - Jessica Tyler
- Department of Human and Organizational Development, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Heather Windham
- Department of Human Studies, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
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Champion MJ, Kilcullen M. Complicated Grief Following the Traumatic Loss of a Child: A Systematic Review. OMEGA-JOURNAL OF DEATH AND DYING 2023:302228231170417. [PMID: 37169347 DOI: 10.1177/00302228231170417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Complicated grief is a disabling condition that occurs when the natural grief process is disturbed or prolonged. Research demonstrates that complicated grief is more prevalent following the sudden or violent loss of a child. Despite the high incidence of accidental death worldwide, little research has focused on parental grief trajectories following this form of traumatic loss. A systematic review was conducted to explore parental bereavement outcomes following accidental death. Studies were included if they specifically examined complicated grief in parents bereaved by the accidental death of their child. A total of 767 articles were identified and seven studies met the eligibility criteria for review. Poorer outcomes were identified in relation to the mode of death, relationship type, time post-loss, perceived support, perceived justice and comorbidities. Results of the current study may be used to inform the development of clinical practice guidelines for the treatment of complicated grief.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Meegan Kilcullen
- College of Healthcare Sciences, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD Australia
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Heath G, Screti C, Pattison H, Knibb R. Understanding the impact of 'wish-granting' interventions on the health and well-being of children with life-threatening health conditions and their families: A systematic review. J Child Health Care 2022; 26:479-497. [PMID: 33966480 DOI: 10.1177/13674935211016712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
This review aimed to explore how wish-granting interventions impact on the health and well-being of children with life-threatening health conditions and their families, using any study design. Six electronic databases (Medline; PsycINFO; CINAHL; Embase; AMED and HMIC) were systematically searched to identify eligible research articles. Studies were critically appraised using a Mixed Methods Appraisal Tool. Findings were synthesized narratively. 10 papers were included, reporting studies conducted across five countries, published from 2007 to 2019. Study designs were diverse (four quantitative; two qualitative and four mixed method). Results indicated improvements to physical and mental health, quality of life, social well-being, resilience and coping for wish children, parents and siblings. In conclusion, wish-granting interventions can positively impact health and therefore should not be discouraged; however, more research is needed to define and quantify the impact of wish fulfilment and to understand how it can be maximized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gemma Heath
- School of Psychology, 1722Aston University, Birmingham, UK
| | | | - Helen Pattison
- School of Psychology, 1722Aston University, Birmingham, UK
| | - Rebecca Knibb
- School of Psychology, 1722Aston University, Birmingham, UK
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Najafi K, Shirinabadi Farahani A, Rassouli M, Alavi Majd H, Karami M. Emotional upheaval, the essence of anticipatory grief in mothers of children with life threatening illnesses: a qualitative study. BMC Psychol 2022; 10:196. [PMID: 35953867 PMCID: PMC9366755 DOI: 10.1186/s40359-022-00904-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2022] [Accepted: 08/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Life-threatening illnesses in childhood are considered a crisis for the whole family, especially for the mother, which leads to experiencing different degrees of grief and emotional-behavioral problems.
Objective The present study is conducted with the aim of explaining the concept of anticipatory grief from the perspective of the mothers of the children with life-threatening illnesses. Methods This qualitative study is part of a sequential exploratory research for model development in the field of anticipatory grief, which was conducted using conventional content analysis method. The data were collected through in-depth semi-structured interviews with 19 mothers of the children with life-threatening illnesses living in Shiraz and Tehran, who were selected through purposive sampling with maximum variation. When data saturation were achieved, the data were codified by MAXQDA-10 software and analyzed using Graneheim and Lundman’s approach. Findings Data analysis resulted in the identification of 8 subcategories including shock, irritability, fear of losing, feeling guilty, uncertainty, hopelessness, loneliness and isolation, and mourning without a coffin, all forming the major theme emotional upheaval. Discussion and conclusion As the result of being in a situation of imminent and possible loss of her child, the mother experiences different responses of sadness and sorrow and suffers the consequences the core of which is consisted of emotional upheaval. Therefore, by explaining the behaviors related to anticipatory grief, efficient and effective interventions can be designed to improve coping among this group of mothers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazem Najafi
- Student Research Committee, Departmant of Medical-Surgical Nursing, School of Nursing and Midwifery, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Azam Shirinabadi Farahani
- Department of Pediatric Nursing, School of Nursing and Midwifery, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Maryam Rassouli
- Department of Pediatric Nursing, School of Nursing and Midwifery, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hamid Alavi Majd
- Department of Biostatistics, School of Allied Medical Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Maryam Karami
- Student Research Committee, Departmant of Medical-Surgical Nursing, School of Nursing and Midwifery, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Suttle M, Hall MW, Pollack MM, Berg RA, McQuillen PS, Mourani PM, Sapru A, Carcillo JA, Startup E, Holubkov R, Notterman DA, Colville G, Meert KL. Post-Traumatic Growth in Parents following Their Child's Death in a Pediatric Intensive Care Unit. J Palliat Med 2022; 25:265-273. [PMID: 34612728 PMCID: PMC8861930 DOI: 10.1089/jpm.2021.0290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Although bereaved parents suffer greatly, some may experience positive change referred to as post-traumatic growth. Objective: Explore the extent to which parents perceive post-traumatic growth after their child's death in a pediatric intensive care unit (PICU), and associated factors. Design: Longitudinal parent survey conducted 6 and 13 months after a child's death. Surveys included the Post-traumatic Growth Inventory-Short Form (PTGI-SF), a 10-item measure with range of 0-50 where higher scores indicate more post-traumatic growth. Surveys also included the Inventory of Complicated Grief (ICG), the Patient Health Questionnaire-8 (PHQ-8) for depression, the Short Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder Rating Interview (SPRINT), a single item on perceived overall health, and sociodemographics. Setting/Subjects: One hundred fifty-seven parents of 104 children who died in 1 of 8 PICUs affiliated with the U.S. Collaborative Pediatric Critical Care Research Network. Results: Of participating parents, 62.4% were female, 71.6% White, 82.7% married, and 89.2% had at least a high school education. Mean PTGI-SF scores were 27.5 ± 12.52 (range 5-50) at 6 months and 28.6 ± 11.52 (range 2-49) at 13 months (p = 0.181). On multivariate modeling, higher education (compared with those not completing high school) and higher 6-month ICG scores (reflecting more complicated grief symptoms) were associated with lower 13-month PTGI-SF scores (p = 0.005 and 0.033, respectively). Conclusion: Parents bereaved by their child's PICU death perceive a moderate degree of post-traumatic growth in the first 13 months after the death however variability is wide. Education level and complicated grief symptoms may influence parents' perception of post-traumatic growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markita Suttle
- Department of Pediatrics, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Mark W. Hall
- Department of Pediatrics, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Murray M. Pollack
- Department of Pediatrics, Children's National Hospital, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Robert A. Berg
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Patrick S. McQuillen
- Department of Pediatrics, Benioff Children's Hospital, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Peter M. Mourani
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Arkansas Children's Research Institute, Little Rock, Arkansas, USA
| | - Anil Sapru
- Department of Pediatrics, Mattel Children's Hospital, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Joseph A. Carcillo
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Emily Startup
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
| | - Richard Holubkov
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
| | - Daniel A. Notterman
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey, USA
| | - Gillian Colville
- St. George's University Hospitals National Health Service Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | - Kathleen L. Meert
- Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Michigan, Detroit, Michigan, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, Central Michigan University, Mt. Pleasant, Michigan, USA.,Address correspondence to: Kathleen L. Meert, MD, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Michigan, 3901 Beaubien, Detroit, MI 48201, USA
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Safa A, Adib-Hajbaghery M, Rezaei M, Araban M. The meaning of losing a child in older adults: a qualitative study. BMC Geriatr 2021; 21:652. [PMID: 34798810 PMCID: PMC8603336 DOI: 10.1186/s12877-021-02609-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2021] [Accepted: 11/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND After losing their child, elderly parents look for a meaning in this phenomenon. This meaning comes out from their experiences, and their responses to and actions in life are shaped based on this meaning. Therefore, this study was conducted with the aim of "understanding the meaning of losing a child in older adults." METHODS This qualitative study was conducted using conventional content analysis method. Using semi-structured face-to-face interviews, data were collected from 15 older adults who had experienced of losing their adult child. Data analysis was performed according to the steps proposed by Graneheim and Lundman, 2004. To prove the trustworthiness of the data, credibility, dependability, confirmability and transferability were used. RESULTS The age range of participants was between 61 and 83 years and 73.3% of them were female. The two main categories of "tasting the bitter flavor of life" and "searching for a positive meaning in losing a child" together with the theme of "finding hope in the heart of darkness" were extracted from the participants' experiences. CONCLUSIONS Despite the grief of losing a child, which had cast a dark shadow over the parents' lives, the child's liberation from worldly sufferings, his/her presence in a better world, and being hopeful about the grace of God had caused the elderly parents to find hope in the heart of darkness. After identifying the parents with a deceased child, they should be helped through psychological counseling and care of the healthcare team so that they can adapt to this situation by finding a positive meaning in losing their child.
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Affiliation(s)
- Azade Safa
- Trauma Nursing Research Center, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, 5th of Qotb –e Ravandi Blvd, P.O.Box: 8715981151, Kashan, Iran
| | - Mohsen Adib-Hajbaghery
- Trauma Nursing Research Center, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, 5th of Qotb –e Ravandi Blvd, P.O.Box: 8715981151, Kashan, Iran
| | - Mahboubeh Rezaei
- Trauma Nursing Research Center, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, 5th of Qotb –e Ravandi Blvd, P.O.Box: 8715981151, Kashan, Iran
| | - Marzieh Araban
- Department of Health Education and Promotion, School of Public Health, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
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Ferrajão P. Worldviews about the self mediate the impact of immature and mature defense styles on posttraumatic symptoms in bereaved parents. DEATH STUDIES 2021; 46:1390-1400. [PMID: 34514966 DOI: 10.1080/07481187.2021.1975176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The present study analyzed the mediating role of assumptive worldviews on the effect of defense mechanisms on post-traumatic stress symptoms (PTS) in bereaved parents. Sample included a convenience sample of 153 bereaved parents and a control group of 157 nonbereaved parents. Structural equation modeling was conducted to examine our hypotheses. Bereaved parents presented higher levels of PTS and more negative assumptions compared to nonbereaved participants. Worthiness of the self mediated the effect of both immature and mature defense styles on PTS levels, and neurotic defense style directly predicted PTS levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paulo Ferrajão
- Faculdade de Ciências da Saúde e do Desporto, Universidade Europeia, Lisbon, Portugal
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13
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Chen H, He Q, Zeng Y, Wang L, Yu H, Yin W, Jiang Y, Liu L. Feeling like the sky is falling down: Experiences of parents of adolescents diagnosed with cancer in one-child families in China - A qualitative study. J Clin Nurs 2021; 31:733-743. [PMID: 34258803 DOI: 10.1111/jocn.15913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2020] [Revised: 04/26/2021] [Accepted: 05/21/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND As a result of the one-child policy of 1979, today there are numerous one-child families with adolescents in Mainland China. Little is known about the experiences of parents of such adolescents diagnosed with cancer. OBJECTIVES This study explored the experiences of parents whose adolescent child was diagnosed with cancer in one-child families in China. METHODS A qualitative methodology based on hermeneutic phenomenology was employed. The participants were parents of adolescent cancer patients in one-child families. Data were collected using in-depth semi-structured interviews and analysed using van Manen's hermeneutic phenomenological approach. The COREQ checklist was used for this study. RESULTS Fourteen parents (eleven mothers, three fathers) participated in the study. One overarching theme emerged: feeling like the sky is falling down. In addition, there were five related themes: self-condemnation; 'white lies' - that is, difficulty in telling the truth; struggling with a sense of collapse; fear of losing the child and hopelessness. Almost all the participants experienced insomnia after learning about the diagnosis. In a few cases, hopelessness-induced suicidal ideation or even suicidal behaviour. CONCLUSIONS Parents of adolescents diagnosed with cancer in one-child families in China experienced extremely painful emotions. The truth about their child's condition not only caused immense psychological trauma but also induced pessimism about their own future. IMPLICATIONS FOR CLINICAL PRACTICE The experiences of parents in one-child families where an adolescent child has been diagnosed with cancer should be taken seriously. In addition, support should be provided to help parents maintain a normal life and feel hopeful for their future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huaying Chen
- Department of Head and Neck Oncology, Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Qing He
- Department of Head and Neck Oncology, Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yuanyuan Zeng
- Department of Head and Neck Oncology, Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Lei Wang
- Nursing Department, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Huaqin Yu
- Department of Head and Neck Oncology, Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Wenrong Yin
- Department of Head and Neck Oncology, Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yan Jiang
- Nursing Department, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Lei Liu
- Department of Head and Neck Oncology, Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
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14
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Psychometric properties of a revised posttraumatic growth inventory and its short form in Chinese Shidu parents. CURRENT PSYCHOLOGY 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s12144-021-01717-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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15
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Reis CGDCD, Olesiak LDR, München MAB, Quintana AM, Farias CP. O Luto de Pais: Considerações Sobre a Perda de um Filho Criança. PSICOLOGIA: CIÊNCIA E PROFISSÃO 2021. [DOI: 10.1590/1982-3703003196821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Resumo A morte fora de lugar, a perda dos projetos futuros, das idealizações depositadas no filho e o lugar insubstituível que ele ocupa no imaginário dos pais dificultam o processo de elaboração do luto. Neste trabalho, buscou-se compreender como os pais vivenciam a perda de um filho ainda criança e discutir aspectos característicos desses casos. Foi realizada uma pesquisa qualitativa, em que se entrevistou 11 pais que perderam os filhos crianças, cujas mortes ocorreram em um intervalo que varia entre quatro meses e um ano e quatro meses em relação à entrevista. As entrevistas foram semiestruturadas com eixos norteadores que direcionaram os temas a serem abordados, e os dados foram trabalhados por meio da análise temática, revelando os núcleos de sentido da comunicação. Entre os principais elementos constituintes das narrativas, destacam-se: a dor incomparável, culpa, as experiências diferentes entre pais e mães, os outros filhos, o sentimento de perda de uma parte de si, a perda do objeto narcísico e a vivência do luto diante do funcionamento social contemporâneo. O estudo demonstrou a importância de considerar a singularidade do luto parental e não o confundir com a melancolia. Esses aspectos precisam ser reconhecidos, junto às diferenças que marcam as experiências distintas entre pai e mãe, o narcisismo dos pais e o contexto contemporâneo, a fim de auxiliar na construção de intervenções adequadas nesses casos. Sublinha-se a importância da fala na organização de uma narrativa que permita a construção de um sentido para a perda e a elaboração do luto.
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Parents' views on what facilitated or complicated their grief after losing a child to cancer. Palliat Support Care 2020; 19:524-529. [PMID: 33239119 DOI: 10.1017/s1478951520001212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The loss of a child is a devastating event, and bereaved parents often suffer intense and long-lasting grief reactions and are at risk for psychological symptoms. More knowledge about how parents cope with grief may improve the support to bereaved parents. This study, therefore, aimed to explore parents' views on what facilitated or complicated their grief coping after losing a child to cancer. METHODS This study was derived from a nationwide postal survey. Cancer-bereaved parents (n = 161) provided written responses to two open-ended questions: "Is there anything that has helped you cope with your grief after your child's death?" and "Is there anything that made it difficult for you to cope with your grief?" Content analysis was used to analyze the responses. RESULTS Parents reported that a supportive social network of family and friends, and having remaining children, facilitated their coping with grief. Meeting professional counselors and meeting other bereaved parents, connecting to memories of the deceased child in various contexts, including school and pediatric care settings, were also reported facilitating grief coping. Parents stated that the following experiences had complicated grief coping: additional losses in their family or social network; not being able to share emotions with their partner; when they perceived that friends, relatives, or colleagues lacked empathy or patience; when they felt challenging demands from employers at a too early stage. SIGNIFICANCE OF RESULTS This study contributes to the understanding of parents' grief experiences and what has facilitated or complicated their coping with grief, which can help health care professionals and others improve bereavement support services.
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Living with trauma: impact of police killings on the lives of the family and Community of Child and Teen Victims. CURRENT PSYCHOLOGY 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s12144-020-01129-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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18
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Reid CA, Green JD, Short SD, Willis KD, Moloney JM, Collison EA, Wildschut T, Sedikides C, Gramling S. The past as a resource for the bereaved: nostalgia predicts declines in distress. Cogn Emot 2020; 35:256-268. [PMID: 32964784 DOI: 10.1080/02699931.2020.1825339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Nostalgia, a sentimental longing for one's past, can serve as a resource for individuals coping with discomforting experiences. The experience of bereavement poses psychological and physical risks. In a longitudinal study, we examined whether dispositional nostalgia predicted reductions in distress associated with the death of a loved one. Undergraduate students (N = 133) provided information regarding their loss (time elapsed since loss, expectedness) and levels of initial grief, nostalgia, and distress (hyperarousal, intrusion, avoidance) at three time points over a one-month period (Times 2 and 3 occurred one week and one month after the initial session, respectively). Individuals experiencing higher nostalgia reported a decrease in intrusive thoughts across time, whereas those experiencing lower nostalgia reported no change in intrusive thoughts across time. Hyperarousal (physical symptoms, negative feelings) decreased across time among individuals with higher initial grief who experienced greater nostalgia, but increased across time among those with higher initial grief who experienced lesser nostalgia. No changes occurred in avoidance. Nostalgia can palliate bereavement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chelsea A Reid
- Department of Psychology, College of Charleston, Charleston, SC, USA
| | - Jeffrey D Green
- Department of Psychology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Stephen D Short
- Department of Psychology, College of Charleston, Charleston, SC, USA
| | - Kelcie D Willis
- Department of Psychology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Jaclyn M Moloney
- Department of Psychological Sciences, College of William & Mary, Williamsburg, VA, USA
| | - Elizabeth A Collison
- Division of General, Geriatric and Hospital Medicine, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, USA
| | - Tim Wildschut
- School of Psychology, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | | | - Sandra Gramling
- Department of Psychology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
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Morris S, Fletcher K, Goldstein R. The Grief of Parents After the Death of a Young Child. J Clin Psychol Med Settings 2020; 26:321-338. [PMID: 30488260 DOI: 10.1007/s10880-018-9590-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Research demonstrates that severe forms of grief and grief-related pathology exist in the general population. Less attention, however, has been paid to the grief of parents following the death of a young, dependent child. In this review, we summarize a search of Pubmed, PsycINFO and Web of Science from 1995 to 2017, using the terms 'parental complicated grief', 'parental traumatic grief', and 'parent Prolonged Grief Disorder', specifically addressing parental grief and identified risk factors for complicated or prolonged grief. Forty-two studies met criteria and indicate a significant burden of complicated or prolonged grief in parents of children dying from virtually any cause. It appears that the empiric literature is undermined by great variability, including the composition of samples, the causes of death studied, the psychometric measures used, and post-loss intervals. We conclude that the uniform severity of grief experiences following the death of a young child is potentially a distinct subtype of grief, deserving of attention in its own right in future research and diagnostic formulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sue Morris
- Department of Psychosocial Oncology and Palliative Care, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston Children's Hospital and Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 450 Brookline Avenue, Boston, MA, 02215, USA.
| | - Kalen Fletcher
- Department of Social Work, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, 330 Brookline Avenue, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
| | - Richard Goldstein
- Division of General Pediatrics, Department of Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 300 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
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Bekkering HJ, Woodgate RL. The Parental Experience of Unexpectedly Losing a Child in the Pediatric Emergency Department. OMEGA-JOURNAL OF DEATH AND DYING 2019; 84:28-50. [PMID: 31547765 DOI: 10.1177/0030222819876477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Child loss is the most traumatic loss a parent can experience, increasing their risk of negative outcomes such as complicated grief. Unexpected loss in the unfamiliar environment of the Emergency Department (ED) significantly increases this risk. Despite this knowledge, research on child loss in the context of the ED is scarce. An interpretive description qualitative research study was performed with eight parents (five mothers and three fathers) to examine their experience of unexpectedly losing a child in the pediatric ED. Data collection included interviews, demographic questionnaires, and field notes. Data were analyzed using a constant comparative method and revealed four main themes: "grief as waves," "being the good parent," "coping through the waves of grief," and "the new normal." Improving understanding around child loss and implementing stronger support for parents, through communication, advocacy, and physical presence while in the ED, could greatly reduce parents' risk of negative outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Holly J Bekkering
- Health Sciences Center - Variety Children's Heart Center, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Roberta L Woodgate
- College of Nursing, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
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21
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Caregiver burden and bereavement among family caregivers who lost terminally ill cancer patients. Palliat Support Care 2019; 17:515-522. [PMID: 30702057 DOI: 10.1017/s1478951518001025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Family caregivers (FCs) in China provide hospice care to terminally ill cancer patients; however, few studies have been conducted in China on caregiver burden and bereavement experiences as a process that continues over time. The purpose of this study was to identify the main elements of caring and bereavement experiences for FCs caring for patients diagnosed with terminal cancer. METHOD Twenty in-depth qualitative semistructured interviews were conducted with FCs providing care in a hospice unit in Shenzhen, Southern China. Interview transcripts were analyzed via thematic content analysis. RESULT A framework based on the following eight principal themes was developed through content analysis of our FC interviews: symptoms of the illness, the truth-telling process, attitudes toward death, the "color" of death, social and professional support, the moment of death, and grief and loss. SIGNIFICANCE OF RESULTS The analysis showed that caregiving may positively or negatively influence the bereavement process.
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22
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Sani L, Laurenti Dimanche AC, Bacqué MF. Angels in the Clouds: Stillbirth and Virtual Cemeteries on 50 YouTube Videos. OMEGA-JOURNAL OF DEATH AND DYING 2019; 82:587-608. [PMID: 30691330 DOI: 10.1177/0030222818824732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Today every aspect of our life is published and shared online, including grief. The virtual cemeteries and social networks' use could be considered as a new modern mortuary ritual. Starting from the keyword stillbirth, 50 videos published on YouTube since 2008 have been analyzed qualitatively. The videos, 70% published by the mother, with an average length of 5.52 minutes, a mean of 2,429,576 views and 2,563 of comments, follow a sort of script: the second part with black and white photos, background music, and religious references. Could the continuous access to the child's technological grave encourage a complicated grief or be a support, given by the interaction with users, limiting the sense of isolation. The parent shows his or her own conceptions about death and, as a modern baptism, presents the child to the whole society. Videos keep child's memory alive and fuel a process of personalization and tenderness in the user.
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Affiliation(s)
- Livia Sani
- Clinical Psychological Department, University of Strasbourg, France
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Waugh A, Kiemle G, Slade P. Understanding mothers' experiences of positive changes after neonatal death. Eur J Psychotraumatol 2018; 9:1528124. [PMID: 30370016 PMCID: PMC6201778 DOI: 10.1080/20008198.2018.1528124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2018] [Revised: 09/06/2018] [Accepted: 09/08/2018] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: The death of a neonatal baby has the potential for parents to experience many negative outcomes. Post traumatic growth describes positive personal change from the struggle with a traumatic event. This has not been explored in this context. Objective: This study sought to understand the experiences of mothers whose neonatal baby had died; in particular, whether mothers were able to experience any positive changes in their lives since the death of their baby. The study also sought to explore what factors may have facilitated or prevented these changes. Method: Ten mothers were recruited, whose baby had died in the neonatal period between two and 10 years previously. Mothers completed semi-structured, one-to-one interviews. Interview transcripts were analysed using Template Analysis. Results: Despite ongoing sadness, mothers recognized positive personal changes in their self-perception, relationships and life philosophy which were consistent with the post-traumatic growth model. Mothers also identified facilitators and barriers to these changes which were categorized into five themes: 'Person-centred care', 'making sense', 'personal coping strategies', 'learning to live with it' and 'identity'. Conclusions: This study identified that the mothers made a conscious personal decision to cope with their experience. This is a unique finding which requires further exploration. Facilitators and barriers of growth both occurred as elements within the same five themes, indicating that all identified domains before and after the death have the potential to facilitate or to prevent personal growth. Importantly, these findings indicate that person-centred services, which are responsive to individual needs at all stages, are vital when providing maternity care in the context of loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy Waugh
- School of Psychology, Whelan Building, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
- Department of Clinical Health Psychology, Clinical Sciences Building, Salford Royal Hospital, Stott Lane, Salford, UK
| | - Gundi Kiemle
- School of Psychology, Whelan Building, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Pauline Slade
- Psychological Sciences, Institute of Psychology Health and Society, Whelan Building, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
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Abstract
The death of a child is a heart-wrenching experience that can have a significant impact on parents, siblings, and families while also often having ripple effects throughout the child's community. Pediatric loss has an impact on family structure and dynamics, individual identity formation, and conceptualization as well as professional practice. This article explores bereavement after a child's death through the lens of the family, the parent, the sibling, the forgotten grievers, and the provider.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danielle Jonas
- Division of Comfort and Palliative Care, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
| | - Caitlin Scanlon
- Integrated Care Management, Palliative Care Team, Riley Hospital for Children, Indiana University Health, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Rachel Rusch
- Division of Comfort and Palliative Care, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Janie Ito
- Spiritual Care and Clinical Pastoral Education, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Marsha Joselow
- Pediatric Advance Care Team, Boston Children's Hospital, Dana Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
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25
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Adams E, Hawgood J, Bundock A, Kõlves K. A phenomenological study of siblings bereaved by suicide: A shared experience. DEATH STUDIES 2018; 43:324-332. [PMID: 29757098 DOI: 10.1080/07481187.2018.1469055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
This interpretative phenomenological analysis explored the key issues in the grief experiences of seven young adults bereaved by the youth suicide of a sibling. We conducted semi-structured phone interviews from which we derived four themes describing the participants' experiences of: (a) the process of grief, (b) grief interactions (within families and outside), (c) continuing bonds, and (d) meaning-making and growth through grief. The stories highlight the impact of family relationships on the grieving process in siblings and the need for support to help family members better communicate, understand, and respect each other's needs as they process their grief.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth Adams
- a School of Applied Psychology , Griffith University , Nathan , Queensland , Australia
| | - Jacinta Hawgood
- b Australian Institute for Suicide Research and Prevention, World Health Organization Collaborating Centre for Research and Training in Suicide Prevention, Griffith University , Nathan , Queensland , Australia
| | - Anne Bundock
- a School of Applied Psychology , Griffith University , Nathan , Queensland , Australia
| | - Kairi Kõlves
- b Australian Institute for Suicide Research and Prevention, World Health Organization Collaborating Centre for Research and Training in Suicide Prevention, Griffith University , Nathan , Queensland , Australia
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Zhou N, Yu W, Tang S, Wang J, Killikelly C. Prolonged grief and post-traumatic growth after loss: Latent class analysis. Psychiatry Res 2018; 267:221-227. [PMID: 29935481 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2018.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2018] [Revised: 06/04/2018] [Accepted: 06/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Bereavement may trigger different psychological outcomes, such as prolonged grief disorder or post-traumatic growth. The relationship between these two outcomes and potential precipitators remain unknown. The current study aimed to identify classes of Chinese bereaved individuals based on prolonged grief symptoms and post-traumatic growth and to examine predictors for these classes. We used data from 273 Chinese individuals who lost a relative due to disease (92.3%), accident (4.4%) and other reasons (1.8%). Latent class analysis revealed three classes: a resilient class, a growth class, and a combined grief/growth class. A higher level of functional impairment was found for the combined grief/growth class than for the other two classes. Membership in the combined grief/growth class was significantly predicted by the younger age of the deceased and the death of a parent, child or spouse. Subjective closeness with the deceased and gender were marginally significant predictors. When the four variables were included in the multinomial regression analysis, death of a parent, child or spouse significantly predicted the membership to the combined grief/growth class. These findings provide valuable information for the development of tailored interventions that may build on the bereaved individuals' personal strengths.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ningning Zhou
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Applied Experimental Psychology, National Demonstration Center for Experimental Psychology Education (Beijing Normal University), Faculty of Psychology, Beijing Normal University, No. 19 Xinjiekouwai Street, Haidian District, Beijing 100875, PR China
| | - Wei Yu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Applied Experimental Psychology, National Demonstration Center for Experimental Psychology Education (Beijing Normal University), Faculty of Psychology, Beijing Normal University, No. 19 Xinjiekouwai Street, Haidian District, Beijing 100875, PR China; School of Children's Development & Education, China Women's University, Beijing, PR China
| | - Suqin Tang
- Department of Social Work and Social Administration, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, PR China
| | - Jianping Wang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Applied Experimental Psychology, National Demonstration Center for Experimental Psychology Education (Beijing Normal University), Faculty of Psychology, Beijing Normal University, No. 19 Xinjiekouwai Street, Haidian District, Beijing 100875, PR China.
| | - Clare Killikelly
- Division of Psychopathology and Clinical Intervention, Department of Psychology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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Hirooka K, Fukahori H, Taku K, Izawa S, Ogawa A. Posttraumatic growth in bereaved family members of patients with cancer: a qualitative analysis. Support Care Cancer 2018; 27:1417-1424. [DOI: 10.1007/s00520-018-4440-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2018] [Accepted: 08/23/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Waugh A, Kiemle G, Slade P. What aspects of post-traumatic growth are experienced by bereaved parents? A systematic review. Eur J Psychotraumatol 2018; 9:1506230. [PMID: 30151075 PMCID: PMC6104602 DOI: 10.1080/20008198.2018.1506230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2017] [Revised: 06/02/2018] [Accepted: 07/10/2018] [Indexed: 10/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: The death of a child of any age can be traumatic and can leave bereaved parents experiencing negative psychological outcomes. Recent research has shown the potential utility for understanding more about the development of post-traumatic growth following bereavement. Objective: This paper sought to identify the aspects of post-traumatic growth experienced by bereaved parents and the factors that may be involved in facilitating or preventing post-traumatic growth. Methods: A systematic search of peer-reviewed articles with a primary focus on positive personal growth in bereaved parents was conducted. Thirteen articles met the inclusion criteria, and were analysed and synthesized according to common and divergent themes. Results: Bereaved parents were able to experience elements of growth proposed by the post-traumatic growth model (changes in self-perception, relationships, new possibilities, appreciation of life and existential views). The papers also indicated that (1) mothers appeared to experience more growth than fathers, (2) cultural variation may impact on some participants' experience of growth, and (3) participants were able to identify growth only once some time had passed. Potential facilitators of post-traumatic growth involved making meaning, keeping ongoing bonds with the child, being with bereaved families, and family and personal characteristics. Social networks were identified as having the potential to be either a facilitator or a barrier to growth. Conclusions: In addition to experiencing grief, bereaved parents may experience aspects of post-traumatic growth, and a variety of factors have been identified as potential facilitators and barriers of these changes. The findings may have implications for support services (e.g. expert-by-experience services).
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy Waugh
- School of Psychology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK.,Department of Clinical Health Psychology, Salford Royal Hospital, Stott Lane, UK
| | - Gundi Kiemle
- School of Psychology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Pauline Slade
- Psychological Sciences, Institute of Psychology Health and Society, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
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Benkel I, Molander U. A Qualitative Study of the Experiences of Parents With an Adult Child Who Has a Severe Disease: Existential Questions Will Be Raised. INQUIRY: The Journal of Health Care Organization, Provision, and Financing 2017; 54:46958017727107. [PMID: 28844163 PMCID: PMC5798720 DOI: 10.1177/0046958017727107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
A prominent existential concept is that elderly parents should naturally become severely ill or die before a younger person does. If the reverse should happen, it may influence the parent's existential view of life. The aim of this study was to investigate the existential issues during illness time. This was a qualitative study with in-depth interviews and was conducted in a University Hospital in western Sweden. Eleven parents agreed to participate in individual interviews at baseline and 1 year later. The total number of interviews completed was 19. The study identified 5 areas according to an existential perspective: life took the wrong path, the age of the child, difficult to see the child as sick, worrying about the child, and the relationship with the adult child. Existential questions are often present in those circumstances and can be raised in conversations with parents. Existential questions began to arise for the parent when the child was diagnosed with the severe illness. The situation of having a severely ill child caused both fear and anxiety that the worst-case scenario they could imagine, that the child will die, might happen. Further research is required on this rarely investigated subject of having an adult child with a severe disease.
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Hirooka K, Fukahori H, Taku K, Togari T, Ogawa A. Examining Posttraumatic Growth Among Bereaved Family Members of Patients With Cancer Who Received Palliative Care at Home. Am J Hosp Palliat Care 2017; 35:211-217. [PMID: 28393544 DOI: 10.1177/1049909117703358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The present study examines the factor structure of the Japanese version of the Posttraumatic Growth Inventory (PTGI-J) among bereaved family members who lost loved ones to cancer after home-based palliative care in Japan. It evaluates the relationships between total score, each PTGI-J domain, and participants' having a religious belief, gender, age, relationship to the patient, and time since patient death. PROCEDURE Bereaved family members (n = 849) completed the PTGI-J and a demographic questionnaire. The factor structure was tested using confirmatory factor analysis (CFA), and univariate analysis was used to test hypotheses. RESULTS Confirmatory factor analysis showed that the current sample moderately fitted to both 4-factor and 5-factor models. Univariate analysis revealed that having a religious belief and gender were associated with all domains and total PTGI-J score. Age, time since patient death, and relationship to the patient showed significant differences with the domains of PTGI-J. CONCLUSION Clinicians may be able to adjust the support they provide based on patients' personal characteristics. Future research should look at the mechanisms of PTG by examining the role of rumination, social support, and emotional distress among bereaved family members of patients with cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kayo Hirooka
- 1 Department of System Management in Nursing, Graduate School of Health Care Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hiroki Fukahori
- 1 Department of System Management in Nursing, Graduate School of Health Care Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kanako Taku
- 2 Department of Psychology, Oakland University, Rochester, MI, USA
| | - Taisuke Togari
- 3 Faculty of Liberal Arts, The Open University of Japan, Chiba, Japan
| | - Asao Ogawa
- 4 Psycho Oncology Division, Research Center for Innovative Oncology, National Cancer Center Hospital East, Chiba, Japan
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Watanabe H. The Mediating Effects of Benefit Finding on the Relationship Between the Identity Centrality of Negative Stressful Events and Identity Achievement. IDENTITY 2017. [DOI: 10.1080/15283488.2016.1268536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hitomi Watanabe
- Department of Psychology, Doshisha University, Kyotanabe, Japan
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Latent Profiles of Posttraumatic Growth and Their Relation to Differences in Resilience among Only-Child-Lost People in China. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0167398. [PMID: 28005990 PMCID: PMC5179078 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0167398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2016] [Accepted: 11/14/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
AIMS Since the early 1980s, the one-child policy has been implemented nationwide in China. A special group called the "only-child-lost family" (OCL family) has emerged and has become a social phenomenon that cannot be ignored. We report latent profiles of posttraumatic growth and their relation to differences in resilience among OCL people in China. METHODS A total of 222 OCL people were investigated using the Posttraumatic Growth Inventory and the Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale. Latent profile analysis was applied to explore PTG latent profiles. Multinomial logistic regression was used to analyze the socio-demographic variables in each latent profile and the association between profile membership and resilience. RESULTS Three latent profiles were identified and labeled the "high appreciation-power group" (30.6%), the "general moderate growth group" (47.7%) and the "low growth and extreme possibility group" (21.7%). Compared to those in the high appreciation-power group, individuals with monthly income >2000 ($312) were less likely to be in the general moderate growth group (OR = 0.13, P<0.01), whereas individuals with a spouse were less likely to be in the low growth and extreme possibility group (OR = 0.43, P<0.01). Individuals in the "general moderate growth group"(OR = 0.92, P<0.01, 95%CI:0.89-0.94) and the "low growth and extreme possibility" groups (OR = 0.83, P<0.01, 95%CI:0.79-0.87) demonstrated significantly lower levels of resilience compared to the high appreciation-power group. CONCLUSION The PTG patterns in only-child-lost parents were varied. Promoting resilience may be a way to foster these parents' PTG. Targeted intervention should be developed based on the characteristics of each latent class, and timely attention must be paid to the mental health of OCL parents who are without a spouse and have low income.
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Björk M, Sundler AJ, Hallström I, Hammarlund K. Like being covered in a wet and dark blanket – Parents' lived experiences of losing a child to cancer. Eur J Oncol Nurs 2016; 25:40-45. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejon.2016.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2015] [Revised: 07/13/2016] [Accepted: 08/18/2016] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Vishnevsky T, Quinlan MM, Kilmer RP, Cann A, Danhauer SC. "The Keepers of Stories": Personal Growth and Wisdom Among Oncology Nurses. J Holist Nurs 2015; 33:326-44. [PMID: 25744357 DOI: 10.1177/0898010115574196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
This study examined whether oncology nurses experience personal growth and wisdom as a result of caring for patients. Using a grounded theory approach, 30 nurses were interviewed regarding their experiences caring for cancer patients. Every nurse in this sample cited at least one example of growth and wisdom. Subthemes of personal growth were largely consistent with the documented domains of posttraumatic growth and included appreciation of life, new perspective on life, relating to others, spiritual/religious growth, and personal strength. Subthemes of wisdom were more varied, reflecting the diversity of this construct in the context of nursing. Benevolence arose as a unifying theme between personal growth and wisdom, with subthemes centering on altruistic attitudes and behavior toward patients and the greater community. Findings suggest that nurses develop personal growth, wisdom, and benevolence as a result of the emotional connections formed with patients and the subsequent struggle to cope with their loss. This process accords well with findings in other populations experiencing trauma and adversity directly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanya Vishnevsky
- Providence Behavioral Health Associates, Providence, Rhode Island, and the University of North Carolina at Charlotte
| | | | | | - Arnie Cann
- University of North Carolina at Charlotte
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Rosner R. Prolonged grief: setting the research agenda. Eur J Psychotraumatol 2015; 6:27303. [PMID: 25994020 PMCID: PMC4439410 DOI: 10.3402/ejpt.v6.27303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2015] [Revised: 02/02/2015] [Accepted: 02/26/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Prolonged grief disorder is proposed for the International Classification of Diseases (ICD-11), though it was rejected as a diagnosis for DSM-5. OBJECTIVE This review outlines findings and defines important areas for future research viewed from a lifespan perspective. RESULTS The development and psychometric evaluation of measures for the new diagnosis is paramount, specifically for children and adolescents. Treatments need to be adapted for specific subgroups and research findings have to be disseminated into various professional settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rita Rosner
- Department of Clinical and Biological Psychology, Catholic University Eichstätt-Ingolstadt, Eichstätt, Germany;
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