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De Vincenzo C, Biancalani G, Sani L, Bacqué MF, Novelletto L, Scussolin D, Testoni I. The Impact of COVID-19 on Grief: A Quantitative and Qualitative Analysis in Italy. Omega (Westport) 2024:302228241248534. [PMID: 38632232 DOI: 10.1177/00302228241248534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/19/2024]
Abstract
This mixed-method research study delves into the repercussions of the COVID-19 pandemic on loss and mental health in Italy. The analysis uncovers a significant correlation between COVID-19 fear and heightened anxiety, depression, and stress, exacerbated by social isolation and misinformation. The loss of loved ones during the pandemic intensifies distress, with 28% showing signs of prolonged disorder and 22.8% displaying maladaptive grief symptoms. Distress persists across pandemic phases (59.3% critical, 54.9% intermediate, 48.4% less critical), attributed to grief, fear, uncertainty, and isolation. Qualitative analysis identifies two core themes: 'Death without Dying' and 'Online Grieving Practices and Coping Strategies,' elucidating disruptions to traditional grieving and the role of online coping strategies. Our findings underscore the pandemic's multifaceted impact on grief and mental health in Italy, highlighting the importance of addressing social and emotional needs during crises.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ciro De Vincenzo
- Department of Philosophy, Sociology, Education and Applied Psychology (FISPPA), University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Gianmarco Biancalani
- Drama & Health Science Lab, and the Emili Sagol Creative Arts Therapies Research Center, Faculty of Social Welfare and Health Sciences, University of Haifa, Haifa, Israel
| | - Livia Sani
- Laboratoire Subjectivité, Lien Social et Modernité, University of Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Marie-Frédérique Bacqué
- Laboratoire Subjectivité, Lien Social et Modernité, University of Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Livia Novelletto
- Department of Philosophy, Sociology, Education and Applied Psychology (FISPPA), University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Debora Scussolin
- Department of Philosophy, Sociology, Education and Applied Psychology (FISPPA), University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Ines Testoni
- Department of Philosophy, Sociology, Education and Applied Psychology (FISPPA), University of Padova, Padova, Italy
- Sagol Creative Arts Therapies Research Center, Haifa, Israel
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Koliouli F, Canellopoulos L, Stasinopoulou I, Risvas C, Sani L, Bacqué MF. Experiences of grief and mourning practices of Greek bereaved adults during the pandemic: A qualitative approach. Death Stud 2024:1-13. [PMID: 38293741 DOI: 10.1080/07481187.2024.2309451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2024]
Abstract
This pilot study aims to explore the experiences of grief and mourning practices of bereaved adults during the pandemic. Eleven adults who have lost a loved one since March 2020 participated in a semi-structured interview exploring the experiences of grief and mourning. Data were analyzed through Thematic Analysis. Participants experienced contrasting psycho-emotional reactions to loss, and they highlighted the restriction of being physically present to the dying loved one as the hardest aspect of losing someone during COVID-19. Moreover, they identified challenging factors during the funeral practices: the small number of mourners during ceremonies, abstinence from hugging and touching each other as a form of consolation, and wearing masks, which further made the ceremony impersonal. Finally, the alteration of the paying respects process has contributed to the mourners' experienced stress and sorrow. Findings are discussed per the current literature and recommendations based on cultural diversities are proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Flora Koliouli
- Assistant Professor in Developmental Psychology: social and emotional development, Department of Early Childhood Education, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Lissy Canellopoulos
- Psychoanalyst, Associate Professor in Clinical Psychology, Psychology Department, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Zografou, Greece
| | - Irene Stasinopoulou
- BSc Psychology, Psychology, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Zografou, Greece
| | - Charalampos Risvas
- Clinical Psychologist, Psychology Department, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Zografou, Greece
| | - Livia Sani
- Clinical Psychology, University of Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Marie-Frédérique Bacqué
- Psychoanalyst, Professor in Clinical Psychopathology, University of Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
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Cherblanc J, Zech E, Gauthier G, Verdon C, Simard C, Bergeron-Leclerc C, Grenier J, Maltais D, Cadell S, Sani L, Bacqué MF. Sociographie des ritualités funéraires en temps de pandémie: des rites empêchés aux rites appropriés. Can Rev Sociol 2022; 59:348-368. [PMID: 35713006 DOI: 10.1111/cars.12390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
COVID-19 has led to unprecedented health and social measures in several countries, including major restrictions on funeral rituals. These restrictions concerned pre-mortem, peri-mortem and post-mortem rites. Based on a longitudinal study of 955 French-speaking Canadians bereaved of a loved one during the pandemic, this article describes the reality of these impediments. Through an analysis of the quantitative and qualitative data collected, it is possible to identify the gap between desired and realized funeral rituals during the first year of the COVID-19 pandemic. The results show important hindrances to the various desired rituals, yet some ritual and symbolic creativity by the bereaved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacques Cherblanc
- Département des sciences humaines et sociales, Université du Québec à Chicoutimi, Québec, Canada
| | - Emmanuelle Zech
- Institut de recherche en sciences psychologiques, Université Catholique de Louvain, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgique
| | - Geneviève Gauthier
- Département des sciences humaines et sociales, Université du Québec à Chicoutimi, Québec, Canada
| | - Chantal Verdon
- Département des sciences infirmières, Université du Québec en Outaouais, Gatineau, Québec, Canada
| | - Chantale Simard
- Département des sciences de la santé, Université du Québec à Chicoutimi, Québec, Canada
| | | | - Josée Grenier
- Département de travail social, Université du Québec en Outaouais, Gatineau, Québec, Canada
| | - Danielle Maltais
- Département des sciences humaines et sociales, Université du Québec à Chicoutimi, Québec, Canada
| | - Susan Cadell
- School of social work, University of Waterloo, Ontario, Canada
| | - Livia Sani
- Faculté de psychologie, Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
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Bacqué MF. [How grief moved from culture to psychiatry]. Soins Psychiatr 2022; 43:12-16. [PMID: 36109131 DOI: 10.1016/j.spsy.2022.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Bereavement has been debated among psychiatric experts since 2000. In addition to its precise manifestations, its duration is discussed: six months for the ICD-1, one year for the DSM-5-TR. Grief is not an illness but a process that can be blocked in the announcement phase of the death or in the depression phase following the absence. In all cases, acceptance of the loss is impossible. Psychiatric treatment can define a bereaved person who is suffering too much, and can reduce his or her suffering, but it cannot accelerate the process of remembering and then resuming a life without the loved one. Social rituals and psychosocial support have had this place for millennia in cultures throughout humanity.
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Guillou P, Pelaccia T, Bacqué MF, Lorenzo M. Does burnout affect clinical reasoning? An observational study among residents in general practice. BMC Med Educ 2021; 21:35. [PMID: 33413369 PMCID: PMC7792007 DOI: 10.1186/s12909-020-02457-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2020] [Accepted: 12/11/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Burnout results from excessive demands at work. Caregivers suffering from burnout show a state of emotional exhaustion, leading them to distance themselves from their patients and to become less efficient in their work. While some studies have shown a negative impact of burnout on physicians' clinical reasoning, others have failed to demonstrate any such impacts. To better understand the link between clinical reasoning and burnout, we carried out a study looking for an association between burnout and clinical reasoning in a population of general practice residents. METHODS We conducted a cross-sectional observational study among residents in general practice in 2017 and 2019. Clinical reasoning performance was assessed using a script concordance test (SCT). The Maslach Burnout Inventory for Human Services Survey (MBI-HSS) was used to determine burnout status in both original standards of Maslach's burnout inventory manual (conventional approach) and when individuals reported high emotional exhaustion in combination with high depersonalization or low personal accomplishment compared to a norm group ("emotional exhaustion +1" approach). RESULTS One hundred ninety-nine residents were included. The participants' mean SCT score was 76.44% (95% CI: 75.77-77.10). In the conventional approach, 126 residents (63.31%) had no burnout, 37 (18.59%) had mild burnout, 23 (11.56%) had moderate burnout, and 13 (6.53%) had severe burnout. In the "exhaustion + 1" approach, 38 residents had a burnout status (19.10%). We found no significant correlation between burnout status and SCT scores either for conventional or "exhaustion + 1" approaches. CONCLUSIONS Our data seem to indicate that burnout status has no significant impact on clinical reasoning. However, one speculation is that SCT mostly examines the clinical reasoning process's analytical dimension, whereas emotions are conventionally associated with the intuitive dimension. We think future research might aim to explore the impact of burnout on intuitive clinical reasoning processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philippe Guillou
- Departement of General Practice, Medicine Campus, University of Strasbourg, 4, rue Kirschleger, 67085, Strasbourg Cedex, France
| | - Thierry Pelaccia
- Center for Training and Research in Health Sciences Education, Medicine Campus, University of Strasbourg, 4, rue Kirschleger, 67085, Strasbourg Cedex, France
- Prehospital Emergency Care Service, Strasbourg University Hospital, University of Strasbourg, 1, place de l'hôpital, BP 426, 67091, Strasbourg Cedex, France
| | - Marie-Frédérique Bacqué
- EA3071, Psychology Faculty, University of Strasbourg, 12, rue Goethe, 67000, Strasbourg, France
| | - Mathieu Lorenzo
- Departement of General Practice, Medicine Campus, University of Strasbourg, 4, rue Kirschleger, 67085, Strasbourg Cedex, France.
- Center for Training and Research in Health Sciences Education, Medicine Campus, University of Strasbourg, 4, rue Kirschleger, 67085, Strasbourg Cedex, France.
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Kokou-Kpolou CK, Moukouta CS, Sani L, McIntee SE, Cénat JM, Awesso A, Bacqué MF. A Mixed Methods Approach of End-of-Life Care, Social Rites, and Bereavement Outcomes: A Transnational Perspective. Cult Med Psychiatry 2020; 44:501-523. [PMID: 32124133 DOI: 10.1007/s11013-020-09669-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
The current article focused on examining the potential benefits of the End-of-Life (EoL) informal caregiving, communication, and ritualistic behaviors in adaptation to the conjugal bereavement across two different cultural-background contexts: France and Togo, West Africa. The investigation adopted a transnational approach including a total of 235 bereaved spouses. Despite the variation in the length of time since death, no significant difference was found between the Togolese and French bereaved with respect to the level of complicated grief symptoms. However, the Togolese bereaved perceived a significant postloss growth, fostered by EoL communication with the dying and the performance of ritualistic behaviors. In the French sample, bereaved individuals who had experienced more intimate communication with their dying spouse reported a high level of postloss growth. Moreover, findings showed that EoL caregiving without ritualistic support or communication is associated with poor postbereavement outcomes. These findings suggest a clinical need to promote informal caregiving to the dying, communication with the dying, and ritualistic support during the process of dying as entangled components of EoL care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cyrille Kossigan Kokou-Kpolou
- Department of Psychology, University of Picardy Jules Verne, Amiens, France. .,Laboratoire Subjectivité, Lien Social et Modernité, University of Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France.
| | | | - Livia Sani
- Laboratoire Subjectivité, Lien Social et Modernité, University of Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Sara-Emilie McIntee
- Vulnerability, Trauma, Resilience and Culture Research Laboratory, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada
| | - Jude Mary Cénat
- Vulnerability, Trauma, Resilience and Culture Research Laboratory, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada
| | | | - Marie-Frédérique Bacqué
- Laboratoire Subjectivité, Lien Social et Modernité, University of Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
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Putois O, Bacqué MF, Anheim M. Joint Consultation by a Neurogeneticist of Movement Disorders and a Psychodynamic Psychotherapist: An Occasion for Subjectivization. Front Psychol 2020; 11:1828. [PMID: 32849077 PMCID: PMC7419571 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2019] [Accepted: 07/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
We set out to model a joint therapeutic setting meant to address both medical care and the transferential processes at stake in specialized neurogenetics consultations. Previous authors have explored joint consultation settings with a specialized physician and a psychodynamically oriented psychotherapist, however, few have attempted to provide a model of its transfero-countertransferential dynamics. We aim to do the latter by focusing on a subset of patients to whom such consultations are offered "on the spot." We want to explore situations in which they initially deny the transference's contribution to their complaint, when addressing it would instead prove to be beneficial to them, even medically speaking. Standard neurogenetics consultations put the physician in a double-bind position. These patients' conflicting complaint both manifests transferential expectations and denies them by adhering to medical elements. Since the physician's challenge is to avoid colluding with the patient's denial, a joint setting would enable him to address the medical content of the patient's complaint while simultaneously letting its transferential elements emerge, allowing for the psychotherapist to use them to induce subjective integration (subjectivization). We conceptualize this jointly induced subjectivization by drawing on Fain's work on primary hystericization of the complaint (inspired by Freud's late indications). We finish with an example of subjectivization of a family's complaint based on an adolescent's limb tremor, which had no genetic or neurological etiology. Its seemingly conversional nature appeared in light of her father's reaction to our subjectivizing response: his latent transference was likely underlying his daughter's symptom.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivier Putois
- SuLiSoM UR 3071, Faculté de Psychologie, Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
- Service de Psychiatrie, Santé Mentale et Addictologie, Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
- Institut d’Immunologie et d’Hématologie, Institut Thématique Interdisciplinaire TRANSPLANTEX NG, Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Marie-Frédérique Bacqué
- SuLiSoM UR 3071, Faculté de Psychologie, Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
- Institut d’Immunologie et d’Hématologie, Institut Thématique Interdisciplinaire TRANSPLANTEX NG, Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Mathieu Anheim
- Service de Neurologie, Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire (IGBMC), INSERM U964, CNRS UMR 7104, Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
- Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle de Strasbourg (FMTS), Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
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Kokou-Kpolou CK, Moukouta CS, Masson J, Bernoussi A, Cénat JM, Bacqué MF. Correlates of grief-related disorders and mental health outcomes among adult refugees exposed to trauma and bereavement: A systematic review and future research directions. J Affect Disord 2020; 267:171-184. [PMID: 32217217 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2020.02.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2018] [Revised: 01/02/2020] [Accepted: 02/08/2020] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND With conflict driving millions of refugees away from their homes worldwide, there has been an increase in interest in the field of refugee trauma. However, while trauma and bereavement interlink, prior studies have focused on trauma and its related disorders (PTSD) and predictive factors. This paper reviewed up-to-date literature on the prevalence rates of prolonged grief disorder (PGD), its comorbidities, and associated risk factors among adult refugees. METHOD We systematically reviewed the literature using five databases (PsycINFO, PsycARTICLES, Psychology and Behavioral Sciences Collection, Academic Search Elite, and PubMed). The process of study selection was designed according to PRISMA guidelines. RESULTS The initial search generated 126 articles, of which 12 met the inclusion criteria. The pooled prevalence of PGD was 33.2% (95% CI: 15.2-54.2%). Being an older refugee, traumatic and multiple losses implying the death of first-degree relatives appeared to be consistent risk factors for PGD, combined PTSD/PGD, depression, idioms of distress, and functional impairment. PGD, PTSD, and PTSD/PGD intersect on PTSD-intrusions and painful memories. LIMITATIONS All included studies adopted a cross-sectional design, thus limiting the understanding of causal pathways. CONCLUSIONS Our findings showed that the high prevalence of PGD and related comorbidities were influenced by the load of traumatic circumstances surrounding the death(s). The findings shed light on the current proposed grief-related diagnostic criteria . Psychopathological and transcultural aspects are discussed, and we provide concrete recommendations for improvements to future research in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Joanic Masson
- Department of Psychology, University of Picardy Jules Verne, Amiens, France
| | - Amal Bernoussi
- Department of Psychology, University of Picardy Jules Verne, Amiens, France
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Abstract
Today every aspect of our life is published and shared online, including grief. The virtual cemeteries and social networks' use could be considered as a new modern mortuary ritual. Starting from the keyword stillbirth, 50 videos published on YouTube since 2008 have been analyzed qualitatively. The videos, 70% published by the mother, with an average length of 5.52 minutes, a mean of 2,429,576 views and 2,563 of comments, follow a sort of script: the second part with black and white photos, background music, and religious references. Could the continuous access to the child's technological grave encourage a complicated grief or be a support, given by the interaction with users, limiting the sense of isolation. The parent shows his or her own conceptions about death and, as a modern baptism, presents the child to the whole society. Videos keep child's memory alive and fuel a process of personalization and tenderness in the user.
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Affiliation(s)
- Livia Sani
- Clinical Psychological Department, University of Strasbourg, France
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Metz C, Nicot C, Bacqué MF. Support groups for parents with an adult child suffering from bipolar disorder. Psychodynamic Practice 2018. [DOI: 10.1080/14753634.2017.1421093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Claire Metz
- ESPE, The Strasbourg Academy, Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Chloé Nicot
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
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Kokou-Kpolou K, Moukouta CS, Bacqué MF, Kpelly DE, Baugnet L. L’accompagnement du mourir et le deuil créateur dans le contexte de la perte du conjoint. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.3917/eslm.150.0135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
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Bacqué MF. Livres et Vidéos / Books and Videos. PSYCHO-ONCOLOGIE 2011. [DOI: 10.1007/s11839-011-0336-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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Bacqué MF. Annoncer un cancer. PSYCHO-ONCOLOGIE 2011. [DOI: 10.1007/978-2-8178-0160-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Bacqué MF. Temps et médecine. PSYCHO-ONCOLOGIE 2007. [DOI: 10.1007/s11839-007-0008-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Bacqué MF. [Helping patients cope with the psychological burden of chronic disease]. Rev Mal Respir 2002; 19:35-7. [PMID: 17546811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
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Ruszniewski M, Bacqué MF, Zittoun R. [The relationship of a married couple, defense mechanism when faced with the anxiety of death]. Rev Med Suisse Romande 1988; 108:103-4. [PMID: 3375673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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