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Shiferaw W, Martin BM, Dean JA, Mills D, Lau C, Paterson D, Koh K, Eriksson L, Furuya-Kanamori L. A systematic review and meta-analysis of sexually transmitted infections and blood-borne viruses in travellers. J Travel Med 2024; 31:taae038. [PMID: 38438164 PMCID: PMC11149723 DOI: 10.1093/jtm/taae038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2023] [Revised: 02/18/2024] [Accepted: 02/29/2024] [Indexed: 03/06/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sexually transmitted infections (STIs) and blood-borne viruses (BBVs) impose a global health and economic burden. International travellers facilitate the spread of infectious diseases, including STIs. Hence, this review assessed the prevalence/proportionate morbidity of travellers with STIs and sexually transmitted BBVs and factors associated with the infection in this population. METHODS PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature (CINAHL), Embase and Cochrane Library were searched from inception of the databases until November 2022. Published analytical observational studies reporting the prevalence/proportionate morbidity of travellers with STIs and factors associated with STIs by type of traveller [i.e. tourists, business travellers, students, visiting friends or relatives (VFRs), international truck drivers, backpackers, expatriates and men who have sex with men (MSM)] were included. The selection of articles, data extraction and risk of bias assessment were conducted by two independent reviewers. Meta-analyses were conducted for each STI by clinical presentation and type of traveller. RESULTS Thirty-two studies (n = 387 731 travellers) were included; 19 evaluated the proportionate morbidity of STIs among symptomatic travellers, while 13 examined the prevalence of STIs in asymptomatic travellers. The highest proportionate morbidity was found among VFRs (syphilis, 1.67%; 95% CI: 1.03-2.81%), backpackers (Chlamydia trachomatis, 6.58%; 95% CI: 5.96-7.25%) and MSM (HIV [2.50%;95% CI: 0.44-12.88%], gonorrhoea [4.17%; 95% CI: 1.1.5-13.98%], lymphogranuloma venereum [4.17%;95% CI: 1.1.5-13.98%] and HAV [20.0%; 95% CI: 14.99-26.17%]). The highest prevalence of STIs among asymptomatic were found in MSM (HIV [25.94%; 95% CI: 22.21-30.05%] and HBV [24.90%; 95% CI: 21.23-28.96%]) and backpackers (C. trachomatis, 3.92%; 95% CI: 2.72-5.32%). Short duration of the trip (<1 month), not having pre-travel consultation, travelling to Southeast Asia and being unvaccinated for HBV were identified as risk factors for STIs. CONCLUSION Strategies to prevent STIs and sexually transmitted BBVs should be discussed at pre-travel consultations, and recommendations should be prioritized in high-risk groups of travellers, such as backpackers, VFRs and MSMs. Additionally, healthcare providers should tailor recommendations for safe sex practices to individual travellers' unique needs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wondimeneh Shiferaw
- UQ Centre for Clinical Research, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Herston, Australia
- Asrat Woldeyes Health Science Campus, Debre Berhan University, Ethiopia
| | - Beatris Mario Martin
- UQ Centre for Clinical Research, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Herston, Australia
| | - Judith A Dean
- UQ Poche Centre for Indigenous Health, Faculty of Health, and Behavioural Sciences, The University of Queensland, Toowong, Australia
| | - Deborah Mills
- UQ Centre for Clinical Research, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Herston, Australia
- Dr Deb The Travel Doctor, Travel Medicine Alliance, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Colleen Lau
- UQ Centre for Clinical Research, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Herston, Australia
| | - David Paterson
- UQ Centre for Clinical Research, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Herston, Australia
| | - Kenneth Koh
- Gladstone Road Medical Centre, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Lars Eriksson
- Herston Health Sciences Library, The University of Queensland, Herston, Australia
| | - Luis Furuya-Kanamori
- UQ Centre for Clinical Research, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Herston, Australia
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Amimo F, Lambert B, Magit A, Hashizume M. A review of prospective pathways and impacts of COVID-19 on the accessibility, safety, quality, and affordability of essential medicines and vaccines for universal health coverage in Africa. Global Health 2021; 17:42. [PMID: 33832487 PMCID: PMC8027968 DOI: 10.1186/s12992-021-00666-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2020] [Accepted: 01/11/2021] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The ongoing pandemic of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has the potential to reverse progress towards global targets. This study examines the risks that the COVID-19 pandemic poses to equitable access to essential medicines and vaccines (EMV) for universal health coverage in Africa. Methods We searched medical databases and grey literature up to 2 October 2020 for studies reporting data on prospective pathways and innovative strategies relevant for the assessment and management of the emerging risks in accessibility, safety, quality, and affordability of EMV in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic. We used the resulting pool of evidence to support our analysis and to draw policy recommendations to mitigate the emerging risks and improve preparedness for future crises. Results Of the 310 records screened, 134 were included in the analysis. We found that the disruption of the international system affects more immediately the capability of low- and middle-income countries to acquire the basket of EMV. The COVID-19 pandemic may facilitate dishonesty and fraud, increasing the propensity of patients to take substandard and falsified drugs. Strategic regional cooperation in the form of joint tenders and contract awarding, joint price negotiation and supplier selection, as well as joint market research, monitoring, and evaluation could improve the supply, affordability, quality, and safety of EMV. Sustainable health financing along with international technology transfer and substantial investment in research and development are needed to minimize the vulnerability of African countries arising from their dependence on imported EMV. To ensure equitable access, community-based strategies such as mobile clinics as well as fees exemptions for vulnerable and under-served segments of society might need to be considered. Strategies such as task delegation and telephone triage could help reduce physician workload. This coupled with payments of risk allowance to frontline healthcare workers and health-literate healthcare organization might improve the appropriate use of EMV. Conclusions Innovative and sustainable strategies informed by comparative risk assessment are increasingly needed to ensure that local economic, social, demographic, and epidemiological risks and potentials are accounted for in the national COVID-19 responses. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12992-021-00666-8.
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Affiliation(s)
- Floriano Amimo
- Department of Global Health Policy, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan. .,Faculty of Medicine, Eduardo Mondlane University, Maputo, Mozambique.
| | - Ben Lambert
- MRC Centre for Global Infectious Disease Analysis, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, W2 1PG, UK
| | - Anthony Magit
- Human Research Protection Program, University of California San Diego School of Medicine, San Diego, California, USA
| | - Masahiro Hashizume
- Department of Global Health Policy, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
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Okagbue HI, Oguntunde PE, Bishop SA, Adamu PI, Akhmetshin EM, Iroham CO. Significant Predictors of Henley Passport Index. JOURNAL OF INTERNATIONAL MIGRATION AND INTEGRATION 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s12134-019-00726-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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4
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Wilder-Smith A, Osman S. Public health emergencies of international concern: a historic overview. J Travel Med 2020; 27:6025447. [PMID: 33284964 PMCID: PMC7798963 DOI: 10.1093/jtm/taaa227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2020] [Revised: 11/24/2020] [Accepted: 12/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE The International Health Regulations (IHR) have been the governing framework for global health security since 2007. Declaring public health emergencies of international concern (PHEIC) is a cornerstone of the IHR. Here we review how PHEIC are formally declared, the diseases for which such declarations have been made from 2007 to 2020 and justifications for such declarations. KEY FINDINGS Six events were declared PHEIC between 2007 and 2020: the 2009 H1N1 influenza pandemic, Ebola (West African outbreak 2013-2015, outbreak in Democratic Republic of Congo 2018-2020), poliomyelitis (2014 to present), Zika (2016) and COVID-19 (2020 to present). Poliomyelitis is the longest PHEIC. Zika was the first PHEIC for an arboviral disease. For several other emerging diseases a PHEIC was not declared despite the fact that the public health impact of the event was considered serious and associated with potential for international spread. RECOMMENDATIONS The binary nature of a PHEIC declaration is often not helpful for events where a tiered or graded approach is needed. The strength of PHEIC declarations is the ability to rapidly mobilize international coordination, streamline funding and accelerate the advancement of the development of vaccines, therapeutics and diagnostics under emergency use authorization. The ultimate purpose of such declaration is to catalyse timely evidence-based action, to limit the public health and societal impacts of emerging and re-emerging disease risks while preventing unwarranted travel and trade restrictions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annelies Wilder-Smith
- Global Health and Epidemiology, University of Umea, 901 87 Umea, Sweden.,Heidelberg Institute of Global Health, University of Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 365, 6900 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Sarah Osman
- Global Health and Epidemiology, University of Umea, 901 87 Umea, Sweden
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5
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Perez-Molina JA, Crespillo-Andújar C, Moreno S, Serrano-Villar S, López-Vélez R. Travelling with HIV in the XXI century: Case report and narrative review. Travel Med Infect Dis 2020; 38:101921. [PMID: 33220457 DOI: 10.1016/j.tmaid.2020.101921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2020] [Revised: 11/12/2020] [Accepted: 11/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The number of migrants and travellers has grown in recent decades. This phenomenon is also true of people living with HIV, given their much-improved life expectancy and quality of life. A significant number of travellers with HIV are migrants returning to their home countries to visit friends and relatives (VFRs). This population constitutes a high-risk group because they travel for longer and often to rural and remote areas and have closer contact with the local population. In this review we discuss the sociodemographic characteristics of travellers with HIV, the differences between conventional travellers and VFRs, and the risks of HIV acquisition and transmission during travel. We also present the most relevant travel-associated illnesses and highlight the particularities of pre-travel advice given to this population, including immunosuppression, responses to vaccines, high incidence of comorbidities, drug interactions, legal and language barriers. The need to integrate these factors based on far less evidence than that available for the general population makes pre-travel advice for travellers with HIV genuinely challenging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jose A Perez-Molina
- National Referral Centre for Tropical Diseases, Infectious Diseases Department, Hospital Universitario Ramón y Cajal. Instituto Ramón y Cajal de Investigación Sanitaria (IRYCIS), Carretera Colmenar, Km 9.1, 28034, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Clara Crespillo-Andújar
- National Referral Centre for Tropical Diseases, Infectious Diseases Department, Hospital Universitario Ramón y Cajal. Instituto Ramón y Cajal de Investigación Sanitaria (IRYCIS), Carretera Colmenar, Km 9.1, 28034, Madrid, Spain
| | - Santiago Moreno
- HIV Unit, Infectious Diseases Department, Hospital Universitario Ramón y Cajal. Instituto Ramón y Cajal de Investigación Sanitaria (IRYCIS), Carretera Colmenar, Km 9.1, 28034, Madrid, Spain
| | - Sergio Serrano-Villar
- HIV Unit, Infectious Diseases Department, Hospital Universitario Ramón y Cajal. Instituto Ramón y Cajal de Investigación Sanitaria (IRYCIS), Carretera Colmenar, Km 9.1, 28034, Madrid, Spain
| | - Rogelio López-Vélez
- National Referral Centre for Tropical Diseases, Infectious Diseases Department, Hospital Universitario Ramón y Cajal. Instituto Ramón y Cajal de Investigación Sanitaria (IRYCIS), Carretera Colmenar, Km 9.1, 28034, Madrid, Spain
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Nyaga R. The HIV/AIDS pandemic in Kenya: an investigation into the perceptions of Kenyans toward people living with HIV/AIDS and government programmes. AJAR-AFRICAN JOURNAL OF AIDS RESEARCH 2020; 19:117-122. [PMID: 32780680 DOI: 10.2989/16085906.2020.1758172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The HIV/AIDS pandemic is compounded by the continued stigmatization of the virus/disease and of people living with HIV/AIDS (PLWHA). Employing structuration theory, this study sought to examine the perceptions of Kenyans toward their government's efforts to curtail HIV/AIDS as well as their attitudes toward PLWHA. Data for this study were collected using an open-ended online survey. In total, 103 participants (25.3%) completed the survey. We used snowball sampling to select prospective participants known to the researcher; they were sent a link to the survey via email or direct message on a social networking site like Facebook or WhatsApp, and were asked to share the survey with people in their social circles. Data were analysed using thematic analysis. Findings revealed that some participants had confidence in the Kenyan government's efforts to address the HIV/AIDS pandemic, while others showed no confidence in government-led initiatives. Consistent with previous research, this study found that stigma towards HIV/ AIDS and PLWHA still exists. Practical and theoretical implications of the findings are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Nyaga
- Communication Department, Purdue University, West Lafayette, USA
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Sowell RL. Stigma and Discrimination: Threats to Living Positively with Human Immunodeficiency Virus. Nurs Clin North Am 2019; 53:111-121. [PMID: 29362055 DOI: 10.1016/j.cnur.2017.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Antiretroviral therapy and care advances have resulted in people with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) living longer and enjoying a higher level of physical well-being. Despite such advances, individuals with HIV continue to confront challenges to living positively, including facing the secondary epidemic of stigma and discrimination. Following is a historical overview of the concept of stigma and an exploration of the causes and consequences of multilevel stigma for individuals with HIV. Strategies used by individuals and societies to manage stigma and avoid negative experiences also are examined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard L Sowell
- Academy of Inclusive Learning and Social Growth, WellStar College of Health and Human Services, Kennesaw State University, 520 Parliament Garden Way, Prillaman Hall, Room 4211, Kennesaw, GA 30144, USA.
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Abstract
In 2015, approximately 244 million people were transnational migrants, approximately half of whom were workers, often engaged in jobs that are hazardous to their health. They work for less pay, for longer hours, and in worse conditions than do nonmigrants and are often subject to human rights violations, abuse, human trafficking, and violence. Worldwide, immigrant workers have higher rates of adverse occupational exposures and working conditions, which lead to poor health outcomes, workplace injuries, and occupational fatalities. Health disparities of immigrant workers are related to environmental and occupational exposures and are a result of language/cultural barriers, access to health care, documentation status, and the political climate of the host country. Recommendations on global and local scales are offered as potential solutions to improving the health of immigrant workers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sally C Moyce
- School of Nursing, Samuel Merritt University, Oakland, California 94609, USA;
| | - Marc Schenker
- Department of Public Health Sciences, University of California, Davis, California 95616, USA;
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9
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Modjarrad K, Vermund SH. Ensuring HIV Data Availability, Transparency and Integrity in the MENA Region Comment on "Improving the Quality and Quantity of HIV Data in the Middle East and North Africa: Key Challenges and Ways Forward". Int J Health Policy Manag 2017; 6:729-732. [PMID: 29172382 PMCID: PMC5726325 DOI: 10.15171/ijhpm.2017.53] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2017] [Accepted: 04/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
In this commentary, we elaborate on the main points that Karamouzian and colleagues have made about HIVdata scarcity in Middle Eastern and North African (MENA) countries. Without accessible and reliable data, no epidemic can be managed effectively or efficiently. Clearly, increased investments are needed to bolster capabilities to capture and interpret HIV surveillance data. We believe that this enhanced capacity can be achieved, in part, by leveraging and repurposing existing data platforms, technologies and patient cohorts. An immediate modest investment that capitalizes on available infrastructure can generate data on the HIV burden and spread that can be persuasive for MENA policy-makers to intensify efforts to track and contain the growing HIV epidemic in this region. A focus on key populations will yield the most valuable data, including among men who have sex with men (MSM), transgender women and men, persons who inject drugs (PWIDs), female partners of high risk men and female sex workers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kayvon Modjarrad
- U.S. Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD, USA
- Henry M. Jackson Foundation, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Sten H. Vermund
- Yale School of Public Health, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
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10
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Keralis JM. At the Nexus: How HIV-Related Immigration Policies Affect Foreign Nationals and Citizens in South Korea. Health Hum Rights 2017; 19:123-132. [PMID: 29302170 PMCID: PMC5739364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Effective HIV prevention requires the protection and empowerment of marginalized groups at high risk of infection. However, many policies persist that stigmatize these groups and hinder HIV prevention efforts, including HIV-related travel restrictions. In the Republic of Korea, which requires HIV tests for certain visa categories, these restrictions negatively affect the national HIV response and access to accurate information on effective HIV prevention. In addition, they violate migrants' human rights to confidentiality and informed consent to testing and the rights of persons living with HIV (PLHIV) to privacy, work, medical care, bodily integrity, and freedom from discrimination. Furthermore, the discrimination and misconceptions perpetuated by this policy may be driving South Korea's burgeoning infection rates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica M. Keralis
- Governing councilor of the International Health Section of the American Public Health Association
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11
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Seixas BV, Mitton C, Danis M, Williams I, Gold M, Baltussen R. Should Priority Setting Also Be Concerned About Profound Socio-Economic Transformations? A Response to Recent Commentary. Int J Health Policy Manag 2017; 6:733-734. [PMID: 29172383 PMCID: PMC5726326 DOI: 10.15171/ijhpm.2017.85] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2017] [Accepted: 07/11/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Brayan V. Seixas
- School of Population and Public Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- Correspondence to: Brayan V. Seixas
| | - Craig Mitton
- School of Population and Public Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Marion Danis
- National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | | | - Marthe Gold
- New York Academy of Medicine, New York City, NY, USA
- City College, New York City, NY, USA
| | - Rob Baltussen
- Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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12
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Gebreselassie HM, Kraus D, Fux CA, Haubitz S, Scherrer A, Hatz C, Veit O, Stoeckle M, Fehr J, de Lucia S, Cavassini M, Bernasconi E, Schmid P, Furrer H, Staehelin C. Ethnicity predicts viral rebound after travel to the tropics in HIV-infected travelers to the tropics in the Swiss HIV Cohort Study. HIV Med 2017; 18:564-572. [PMID: 28247589 DOI: 10.1111/hiv.12491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/23/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The number of HIV-infected individuals from developed countries travelling to tropical and subtropical areas has increased as a result of the clinical and survival benefits of combination antiretroviral therapy. The aim of our study was to describe the traveler population in the SHCS and to determine the frequency of viral rebound in virologically suppressed individuals after a travel episode to the tropics compared to non-travelers. METHODS Swiss HIV Cohort Study participants with at least one follow-up visit between 1 January 1989 and 28 February 2015 were eligible for inclusion in the study. The primary outcome was the occurrence of viral rebound (viral load > 200 HIV-1 RNA copies/mL) after a travel episode compared with a nontravel episode in previously suppressed individuals (≤ 200 copies/mL). All virologically suppressed patients contributed multiple travel or nontravel episodes to the analysis. Logistic regression was performed including factors associated with viral rebound. RESULTS We included 16 635 patients in the study, of whom 6084 (36.5%) had ever travelled to the tropics. Travel frequency increased over time, with travellers showing better HIV parameters than nontravellers [less advanced Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) stage and higher CD4 count nadir]. Viral rebound was seen in 477 (3.9%) of 12 265 travel episodes and in 5121 (4.5%) of 114 884 nontravel episodes [unadjusted odds ratio (OR) 0.87; 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.78-0.97]. Among these 477 post-travel viral rebounds, 115 had a resistance test performed and 51 (44%) of these showed new resistance mutations. Compared with European and North American patients, the odds for viral rebound were significantly lower in Southeast Asian (OR 0.67; 95% CI 0.51-0.88) and higher in sub-Saharan African (SSA) patients (OR 1.41; 95% CI 1.22-1.62). Travel further increased the odds of viral rebound in SSA patients (OR 2.00; 95% CI 1.53-2.61). CONCLUSIONS Region of origin is the main risk factor for viral rebound rather than travel per se. Pre-travel adherence counselling should focus on patients of SSA origin.
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Affiliation(s)
- H M Gebreselassie
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Switzerland
| | - D Kraus
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Switzerland.,Institute for Social and Preventive Medicine, Bern University, Bern, Switzerland.,Institute of Mathematics and Statistics, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - C A Fux
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Hospital Hygiene, Kantonsspital Aarau, Aarau, Switzerland
| | - S Haubitz
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Switzerland.,Department of Infectious Diseases and Hospital Hygiene, Kantonsspital Aarau, Aarau, Switzerland
| | - A Scherrer
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Hospital Epidemiology, Zürich University Hospital, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - C Hatz
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland.,Institute for Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Prevention, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - O Veit
- Institute for Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Prevention, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - M Stoeckle
- Clinic for Infectious Diseases, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - J Fehr
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Hospital Epidemiology, Zürich University Hospital, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - S de Lucia
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Geneva University Hospital, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - M Cavassini
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Lausanne University Hospital, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - E Bernasconi
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Lugano Regional Hospital, Lugano, Switzerland
| | - P Schmid
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Gallen Cantonal Hospital, St. Gallen, Switzerland
| | - H Furrer
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Switzerland
| | - C Staehelin
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Switzerland
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13
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López-Vélez R, Norman FF, Pérez-Molina JA. Migration and the geography of disease. Infect Dis (Lond) 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/9781119085751.ch30] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Rogelio López-Vélez
- National Referral Unit for Tropical Diseases, Infectious Diseases Department; Ramón y Cajal University Hospital; Madrid Spain
| | - Francesca F. Norman
- National Referral Unit for Tropical Diseases, Infectious Diseases Department; Ramón y Cajal University Hospital; Madrid Spain
| | - José-Antonio Pérez-Molina
- National Referral Unit for Tropical Diseases, Infectious Diseases Department; Ramón y Cajal University Hospital; Madrid Spain
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14
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Kirsch HL, Thakur KT, Birbeck GL. Central nervous system infections in travelers. Curr Infect Dis Rep 2013; 15:600-11. [PMID: 24190735 DOI: 10.1007/s11908-013-0383-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
International travelers commonly contract infections while abroad, many of which are primary neurological diseases or have potential neurological sequelae. The implications of these neuroinfectious diseases extend beyond the individual, since returning travelers may contribute to the spread of infection in novel areas. In this review, we discuss signs, symptoms, treatments, and prophylaxes for these infections, as well as emerging trends with regard to neuroinfectious diseases of the returning traveler.
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Affiliation(s)
- H L Kirsch
- New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, 10016, USA,
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