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Paul S, Haynes E, Rush K, Hiwi BT, Jakobi J, Robbins F. Hunting can increase physical activity of Indigenous peoples in Canada: pixem re yecwme'nstut. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 2024; 49:818-823. [PMID: 38382052 DOI: 10.1139/apnm-2023-0095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/23/2024]
Abstract
This study examined whether Indigenous peoples could achieve the Canadian Physical Activity Guidelines (CPAG) for adults while engaging in the cultural practice of hunting. It was hypothesized that Indigenous hunters would achieve or surpass the physical activity (PA) thresholds set forth by the CPAG on days spent hunting. Step count and heart rate were recorded from six male participants during mule deer hunts and days spent on-reserve. Step count was not statistically different between days spent hunting (28 803 ± 10 657 steps) and on-reserve (15 086 ± 7536 steps) (p = 0.10). Time spent in light (257 ± 45 min; p = 0.04), moderate (118 ± 71 min; p = 0.03), and vigorous (45 ± 42 min; p = 0.04) activities while hunting was greater than on-reserve (light, 180 ± 86; moderate, 71 ± 73; vigorous, 7 ± 10 min). The duration of moderate-to-vigorous PA (119 ± 95 min) for an average day hunting nearly meets the weekly CPAG recommendation of 150 min per week and is 1.8× greater than on-reserve (67 ± 80 min). Data suggest that hunting is probably a viable mode of PA for Indigenous adults to achieve health benefits. A strength of this study is the 10 h of daily recording which includes vehicular transportation to remote hunting areas. The duration of very light/sedentary PA did not differ between hunting (233 ± 211 min) and on-reserve (327 ± 164 min; p = 0.10), and highlights the importance of modernized vehicles in traditional Indigenous activities. A larger sample size would facilitate greater exploration of transportation, as well as success of the hunt on PA. These data suggest that health researchers and clinicians should consider traditional activities such as hunting as a means for Indigenous adults to increase participation in sufficiently vigorous PA to incur health benefits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sidney Paul
- Esk'etemc First Nation, Alkali Lake, BC, Canada
- School of Health and Exercise Sciences, Faculty of Health and Social Development, The University of British Columbia Okanagan, Kelowna, BC, Canada
| | - Elijah Haynes
- School of Health and Exercise Sciences, Faculty of Health and Social Development, The University of British Columbia Okanagan, Kelowna, BC, Canada
| | - Kathy Rush
- School of Nursing, Faculty of Health and Social Development, The University of British Columbia Okanagan, Kelowna, BC, Canada
| | - Braden Te Hiwi
- Indigenous Studies, Faculty of Arts, The University of British Columbia Okanagan, Kelowna, BC, Canada
| | - Jennifer Jakobi
- School of Health and Exercise Sciences, Faculty of Health and Social Development, The University of British Columbia Okanagan, Kelowna, BC, Canada
| | - Fred Robbins
- Esk'etemc Indian Band, Secwépemc First Nation, Alkali Lake, BC, Canada
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Shulman R, Slater M, Khan S, Jones C, Walker JD, Jacklin K, Green ME, Frymire E, Shah BR. Prevalence, incidence and outcomes of diabetes in Ontario First Nations children: a longitudinal population-based cohort study. CMAJ Open 2020; 8:E48-E55. [PMID: 31992559 PMCID: PMC6996034 DOI: 10.9778/cmajo.20190226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND First Nations people are known to have a higher risk of childhood-onset type 2 diabetes, yet population-level data about diabetes in First Nations children are unavailable. In a partnership between Chiefs of Ontario and academic researchers, we describe the epidemiologic features and outcomes of diabetes in First Nations children in Ontario. METHODS We created annual cohorts from 1995/96 to 2014/15 using data from the Registered Persons Database linked with the federal Indian Register. We used the Ontario Diabetes Database to identify children with all types of diabetes and calculated the prevalence and incidence for First Nations children and other children in Ontario. We describe glycemic control in First Nations children and other children in 2014. RESULTS In 2014/15, there were 254 First Nations children and 10 144 other children with diagnosed diabetes in Ontario. From 1995/96 to 2014/15, the prevalence increased from 0.17 to 0.57 per 100 children, and the annual incidence increased from 37 to 94 per 100 000 per year among First Nations children. In 2014/15, the prevalence of diabetes was 0.62/100 among First Nations girls and 0.36/100 among other girls. The mean glycosylated hemoglobin level among First Nations children was 9.1% (standard deviation 2.7%) and for other children, 8.5% (standard deviation 2.1%). INTERPRETATION First Nations children have substantially higher rates of diabetes than non-Aboriginal children in Ontario; this is likely driven by an increased incidence of type 2 diabetes and increased risk for diabetes among First Nations girls. There is an urgent need for strategies to address modifiable factors associated with the risk of diabetes, improve access to culturally sensitive diabetes care and improve outcomes for First Nations children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rayzel Shulman
- The Hospital for Sick Children (Shulman); ICES (Shulman, Slater, Khan, Walker, Green, Frymire, Shah); Departments of Pediatrics (Shulman, Green) and Medicine (Shah), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Family Medicine (Slater), Queen's University, Kingston, Ont.; Chiefs of Ontario (Jones), Toronto, Ont.; School of Rural and Northern Health (Walker), Laurentian University, Sudbury, Ont.; Memory Keepers Medical Discover Team (Jacklin), Department of Family Medicine and Biobehavioral Health, University of Minnesota Medical School, Duluth, Minn.; Health Services and Policy Research Institute (Khan, Green, Frymire), Queen's University, Kingston, Ont.; Division of Endocrinology (Shah), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, Ont.
| | - Morgan Slater
- The Hospital for Sick Children (Shulman); ICES (Shulman, Slater, Khan, Walker, Green, Frymire, Shah); Departments of Pediatrics (Shulman, Green) and Medicine (Shah), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Family Medicine (Slater), Queen's University, Kingston, Ont.; Chiefs of Ontario (Jones), Toronto, Ont.; School of Rural and Northern Health (Walker), Laurentian University, Sudbury, Ont.; Memory Keepers Medical Discover Team (Jacklin), Department of Family Medicine and Biobehavioral Health, University of Minnesota Medical School, Duluth, Minn.; Health Services and Policy Research Institute (Khan, Green, Frymire), Queen's University, Kingston, Ont.; Division of Endocrinology (Shah), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, Ont
| | - Shahriar Khan
- The Hospital for Sick Children (Shulman); ICES (Shulman, Slater, Khan, Walker, Green, Frymire, Shah); Departments of Pediatrics (Shulman, Green) and Medicine (Shah), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Family Medicine (Slater), Queen's University, Kingston, Ont.; Chiefs of Ontario (Jones), Toronto, Ont.; School of Rural and Northern Health (Walker), Laurentian University, Sudbury, Ont.; Memory Keepers Medical Discover Team (Jacklin), Department of Family Medicine and Biobehavioral Health, University of Minnesota Medical School, Duluth, Minn.; Health Services and Policy Research Institute (Khan, Green, Frymire), Queen's University, Kingston, Ont.; Division of Endocrinology (Shah), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, Ont
| | - Carmen Jones
- The Hospital for Sick Children (Shulman); ICES (Shulman, Slater, Khan, Walker, Green, Frymire, Shah); Departments of Pediatrics (Shulman, Green) and Medicine (Shah), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Family Medicine (Slater), Queen's University, Kingston, Ont.; Chiefs of Ontario (Jones), Toronto, Ont.; School of Rural and Northern Health (Walker), Laurentian University, Sudbury, Ont.; Memory Keepers Medical Discover Team (Jacklin), Department of Family Medicine and Biobehavioral Health, University of Minnesota Medical School, Duluth, Minn.; Health Services and Policy Research Institute (Khan, Green, Frymire), Queen's University, Kingston, Ont.; Division of Endocrinology (Shah), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, Ont
| | - Jennifer D Walker
- The Hospital for Sick Children (Shulman); ICES (Shulman, Slater, Khan, Walker, Green, Frymire, Shah); Departments of Pediatrics (Shulman, Green) and Medicine (Shah), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Family Medicine (Slater), Queen's University, Kingston, Ont.; Chiefs of Ontario (Jones), Toronto, Ont.; School of Rural and Northern Health (Walker), Laurentian University, Sudbury, Ont.; Memory Keepers Medical Discover Team (Jacklin), Department of Family Medicine and Biobehavioral Health, University of Minnesota Medical School, Duluth, Minn.; Health Services and Policy Research Institute (Khan, Green, Frymire), Queen's University, Kingston, Ont.; Division of Endocrinology (Shah), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, Ont
| | - Kristen Jacklin
- The Hospital for Sick Children (Shulman); ICES (Shulman, Slater, Khan, Walker, Green, Frymire, Shah); Departments of Pediatrics (Shulman, Green) and Medicine (Shah), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Family Medicine (Slater), Queen's University, Kingston, Ont.; Chiefs of Ontario (Jones), Toronto, Ont.; School of Rural and Northern Health (Walker), Laurentian University, Sudbury, Ont.; Memory Keepers Medical Discover Team (Jacklin), Department of Family Medicine and Biobehavioral Health, University of Minnesota Medical School, Duluth, Minn.; Health Services and Policy Research Institute (Khan, Green, Frymire), Queen's University, Kingston, Ont.; Division of Endocrinology (Shah), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, Ont
| | - Michael E Green
- The Hospital for Sick Children (Shulman); ICES (Shulman, Slater, Khan, Walker, Green, Frymire, Shah); Departments of Pediatrics (Shulman, Green) and Medicine (Shah), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Family Medicine (Slater), Queen's University, Kingston, Ont.; Chiefs of Ontario (Jones), Toronto, Ont.; School of Rural and Northern Health (Walker), Laurentian University, Sudbury, Ont.; Memory Keepers Medical Discover Team (Jacklin), Department of Family Medicine and Biobehavioral Health, University of Minnesota Medical School, Duluth, Minn.; Health Services and Policy Research Institute (Khan, Green, Frymire), Queen's University, Kingston, Ont.; Division of Endocrinology (Shah), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, Ont
| | - Eliot Frymire
- The Hospital for Sick Children (Shulman); ICES (Shulman, Slater, Khan, Walker, Green, Frymire, Shah); Departments of Pediatrics (Shulman, Green) and Medicine (Shah), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Family Medicine (Slater), Queen's University, Kingston, Ont.; Chiefs of Ontario (Jones), Toronto, Ont.; School of Rural and Northern Health (Walker), Laurentian University, Sudbury, Ont.; Memory Keepers Medical Discover Team (Jacklin), Department of Family Medicine and Biobehavioral Health, University of Minnesota Medical School, Duluth, Minn.; Health Services and Policy Research Institute (Khan, Green, Frymire), Queen's University, Kingston, Ont.; Division of Endocrinology (Shah), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, Ont
| | - Baiju R Shah
- The Hospital for Sick Children (Shulman); ICES (Shulman, Slater, Khan, Walker, Green, Frymire, Shah); Departments of Pediatrics (Shulman, Green) and Medicine (Shah), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Family Medicine (Slater), Queen's University, Kingston, Ont.; Chiefs of Ontario (Jones), Toronto, Ont.; School of Rural and Northern Health (Walker), Laurentian University, Sudbury, Ont.; Memory Keepers Medical Discover Team (Jacklin), Department of Family Medicine and Biobehavioral Health, University of Minnesota Medical School, Duluth, Minn.; Health Services and Policy Research Institute (Khan, Green, Frymire), Queen's University, Kingston, Ont.; Division of Endocrinology (Shah), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, Ont
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Thibault V, Bélanger M, LeBlanc E, Babin L, Halpine S, Greene B, Mancuso M. Factors that could explain the increasing prevalence of type 2 diabetes among adults in a Canadian province: a critical review and analysis. Diabetol Metab Syndr 2016; 8:71. [PMID: 27833664 PMCID: PMC5103368 DOI: 10.1186/s13098-016-0186-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2016] [Accepted: 10/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The prevalence of diabetes has increased since the last decade in New Brunswick. Identifying factors contributing to the increase in diabetes prevalence will help inform an action plan to manage the condition. The objective was to describe factors that could explain the increasing prevalence of type 2 diabetes in New Brunswick since 2001. METHODS A critical literature review was conducted to identify factors potentially responsible for an increase in prevalence of diabetes. Data from various sources were obtained to draw a repeated cross-sectional (2001-2014) description of these factors concurrently with changes in the prevalence of type 2 diabetes in New Brunswick. Linear regressions, Poisson regressions and Cochran Armitage analysis were used to describe relationships between these factors and time. RESULTS Factors identified in the review were summarized in five categories: individual-level risk factors, environmental risk factors, evolution of the disease, detection effect and global changes. The prevalence of type 2 diabetes has increased by 120% between 2001 and 2014. The prevalence of obesity, hypertension, prediabetes, alcohol consumption, immigration and urbanization increased during the study period and the consumption of fruits and vegetables decreased which could represent potential factors of the increasing prevalence of type 2 diabetes. Physical activity, smoking, socioeconomic status and education did not present trends that could explain the increasing prevalence of type 2 diabetes. During the study period, the mortality rate and the conversion rate from prediabetes to diabetes decreased and the incidence rate increased. Suggestion of a detection effect was also present as the number of people tested increased while the HbA1c and the age at detection decreased. Period and birth cohort effect were also noted through a rise in the prevalence of type 2 diabetes across all age groups, but greater increases were observed among the younger cohorts. CONCLUSIONS This study presents a comprehensive overview of factors potentially responsible for population level changes in prevalence of type 2 diabetes. Recent increases in type 2 diabetes in New Brunswick may be attributable to a combination of some individual-level and environmental risk factors, the detection effect, the evolution of the disease and global changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Véronique Thibault
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Université de Sherbrooke, 2500 boul. de l’Université, Sherbrooke, QC J1K 2R1 Canada
- Centre de formation médicale du Nouveau-Brunswick, 100 Des Aboiteaux St, Moncton, NB E1A 7R1 Canada
| | - Mathieu Bélanger
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Université de Sherbrooke, 2500 boul. de l’Université, Sherbrooke, QC J1K 2R1 Canada
- Centre de formation médicale du Nouveau-Brunswick, 100 Des Aboiteaux St, Moncton, NB E1A 7R1 Canada
- Vitalité Health Network, 275 Main Street Suite 600, Bathurst, NB E2A 1A9 Canada
- 100 rue des Aboiteaux, Pavillon J.-Raymond Frenette, Moncton, NB E1A 3E9 Canada
| | - Emilie LeBlanc
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Université de Sherbrooke, 2500 boul. de l’Université, Sherbrooke, QC J1K 2R1 Canada
- Centre de formation médicale du Nouveau-Brunswick, 100 Des Aboiteaux St, Moncton, NB E1A 7R1 Canada
| | - Lise Babin
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Université de Sherbrooke, 2500 boul. de l’Université, Sherbrooke, QC J1K 2R1 Canada
- Centre de formation médicale du Nouveau-Brunswick, 100 Des Aboiteaux St, Moncton, NB E1A 7R1 Canada
- Vitalité Health Network, 275 Main Street Suite 600, Bathurst, NB E2A 1A9 Canada
| | - Stuart Halpine
- New Brunswick Department of Health, 520 King Street, Fredericton, NB E3B 6G3 Canada
| | - Beverly Greene
- New Brunswick Department of Health, 520 King Street, Fredericton, NB E3B 6G3 Canada
| | - Michelina Mancuso
- New Brunswick Health Council, 100 des Aboiteaux Street, Suite 2200, Moncton, NB E1A 7R1 Canada
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Crume TL, Hamman RF, Isom S, Talton J, Divers J, Mayer-Davis EJ, Zhong VW, Liese AD, Saydah S, Standiford DA, Lawrence JM, Pihoker C, Dabelea D. Factors influencing time to case registration for youth with type 1 and type 2 diabetes: SEARCH for Diabetes in Youth Study. Ann Epidemiol 2016; 26:631-7. [PMID: 27664849 PMCID: PMC5322941 DOI: 10.1016/j.annepidem.2016.07.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2015] [Revised: 07/28/2016] [Accepted: 07/31/2016] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The development of a sustainable pediatric diabetes surveillance system for the United States requires a better understanding of issues related to case ascertainment. METHODS Using the SEARCH for Diabetes in Youth registry, we examined whether time from diabetes diagnosis to case registration differed by diabetes type, patient demographics, and the type of provider reporting the case to the study. Plots for time from diagnosis to registration were developed, and differences by key variables were examined using the log-rank test. RESULTS Compared with time to registration for type 1 cases, it took 2.6 (95% confidence interval [CI], 2.5-2.6) times longer to register 50% of type 2 diabetes cases, and 2.3 (95% CI, 2.0-2.5) times longer to register 90% of type 2 cases. For type 1 diabetes cases, a longer time to registration was associated with older age, minority race/ethnicity, and cases, where the referring provider was not an endocrinologist. For type 2 diabetes cases, older age, non-Hispanic white race/ethnicity, and cases reported by providers other than an endocrinologist took longer to identify and register. CONCLUSIONS These findings highlight the need for continued childhood diabetes surveillance to identify future trends and influences on changes in prevalence and incidence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tessa L Crume
- Department of Epidemiology, Colorado School of Public Health, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora.
| | - Richard F Hamman
- Department of Epidemiology, Colorado School of Public Health, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora
| | - Scott Isom
- Wake Forest School of Medicine, Medical Center Blvd, Winston-Salem, NC
| | - Jennifer Talton
- Wake Forest School of Medicine, Medical Center Blvd, Winston-Salem, NC
| | - Jasmin Divers
- Wake Forest School of Medicine, Medical Center Blvd, Winston-Salem, NC
| | - Elizabeth J Mayer-Davis
- School of Public Health and School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill
| | - Victor W Zhong
- School of Public Health and School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill
| | - Angela D Liese
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of South Carolina, Columbia
| | - Sharon Saydah
- Division of Diabetes Translation, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Hyattsville, MD
| | - Debra A Standiford
- Division of Endocrinology, Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH
| | - Jean M Lawrence
- Department of Research & Evaluation, Kaiser Permanente Southern California, Pasadena
| | - Catherine Pihoker
- Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Children's Hospital & Regional Medical Center, University of Washington, Seattle
| | - Dana Dabelea
- Department of Epidemiology, Colorado School of Public Health, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora
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Dabelea D, Mayer-Davis EJ, Saydah S, Imperatore G, Linder B, Divers J, Bell R, Badaru A, Talton JW, Crume T, Liese AD, Merchant AT, Lawrence JM, Reynolds K, Dolan L, Liu LL, Hamman RF. Prevalence of type 1 and type 2 diabetes among children and adolescents from 2001 to 2009. JAMA 2014; 311:1778-86. [PMID: 24794371 PMCID: PMC4368900 DOI: 10.1001/jama.2014.3201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 972] [Impact Index Per Article: 97.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
IMPORTANCE Despite concern about an "epidemic," there are limited data on trends in prevalence of either type 1 or type 2 diabetes across US race and ethnic groups. OBJECTIVE To estimate changes in the prevalence of type 1 and type 2 diabetes in US youth, by sex, age, and race/ethnicity between 2001 and 2009. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS Case patients were ascertained in 4 geographic areas and 1 managed health care plan. The study population was determined by the 2001 and 2009 bridged-race intercensal population estimates for geographic sites and membership counts for the health plan. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES Prevalence (per 1000) of physician-diagnosed type 1 diabetes in youth aged 0 through 19 years and type 2 diabetes in youth aged 10 through 19 years. RESULTS In 2001, 4958 of 3.3 million youth were diagnosed with type 1 diabetes for a prevalence of 1.48 per 1000 (95% CI, 1.44-1.52). In 2009, 6666 of 3.4 million youth were diagnosed with type 1 diabetes for a prevalence of 1.93 per 1000 (95% CI, 1.88-1.97). In 2009, the highest prevalence of type 1 diabetes was 2.55 per 1000 among white youth (95% CI, 2.48-2.62) and the lowest was 0.35 per 1000 in American Indian youth (95% CI, 0.26-0.47) and type 1 diabetes increased between 2001 and 2009 in all sex, age, and race/ethnic subgroups except for those with the lowest prevalence (age 0-4 years and American Indians). Adjusted for completeness of ascertainment, there was a 21.1% (95% CI, 15.6%-27.0%) increase in type 1 diabetes over 8 years. In 2001, 588 of 1.7 million youth were diagnosed with type 2 diabetes for a prevalence of 0.34 per 1000 (95% CI, 0.31-0.37). In 2009, 819 of 1.8 million were diagnosed with type 2 diabetes for a prevalence of 0.46 per 1000 (95% CI, 0.43-0.49). In 2009, the prevalence of type 2 diabetes was 1.20 per 1000 among American Indian youth (95% CI, 0.96-1.51); 1.06 per 1000 among black youth (95% CI, 0.93-1.22); 0.79 per 1000 among Hispanic youth (95% CI, 0.70-0.88); and 0.17 per 1000 among white youth (95% CI, 0.15-0.20). Significant increases occurred between 2001 and 2009 in both sexes, all age-groups, and in white, Hispanic, and black youth, with no significant changes for Asian Pacific Islanders and American Indians. Adjusted for completeness of ascertainment, there was a 30.5% (95% CI, 17.3%-45.1%) overall increase in type 2 diabetes. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE Between 2001 and 2009 in 5 areas of the United States, the prevalence of both type 1 and type 2 diabetes among children and adolescents increased. Further studies are required to determine the causes of these increases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dana Dabelea
- Department of Epidemiology, Colorado School of Public Health, Aurora
| | | | - Sharon Saydah
- Division of Diabetes Translation, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Giuseppina Imperatore
- Division of Diabetes Translation, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Barbara Linder
- Childhood Diabetes Research Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolic Diseases, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Jasmin Divers
- Department of Biostatistical Sciences, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina
| | - Ronny Bell
- Department of Epidemiology and Prevention, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina
| | - Angela Badaru
- Department of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes, Children's Hospital and Regional Medical Center, Seattle, Washington
| | - Jennifer W Talton
- Department of Biostatistical Sciences, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina
| | - Tessa Crume
- Department of Epidemiology, Colorado School of Public Health, Aurora
| | - Angela D Liese
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Arnold School of Public Health, Columbia, South Carolina
| | - Anwar T Merchant
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Arnold School of Public Health, Columbia, South Carolina
| | - Jean M Lawrence
- Department of Research and Evaluation, Kaiser Permanente Southern California, Pasadena
| | - Kristi Reynolds
- Department of Research and Evaluation, Kaiser Permanente Southern California, Pasadena
| | - Lawrence Dolan
- Department of Endocrinology, Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Lenna L Liu
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington, and Seattle Children's Hospital, Seattle
| | - Richard F Hamman
- Department of Epidemiology, Colorado School of Public Health, Aurora
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