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Villhauer AL, Lynch DJ, Warren JJ, Dawson DV, Blanchette DR, Drake DR. Genotypic characterization and comparison of Streptococcus mutans in American Indian and Southeast Iowa children. Clin Exp Dent Res 2017; 3:235-243. [PMID: 29416899 PMCID: PMC5788224 DOI: 10.1002/cre2.94] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2017] [Revised: 10/16/2017] [Accepted: 10/27/2017] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Early childhood caries is a complex health care issue that has a multifactorial etiology. One aspect of this etiology is the colonization and propagation of acidogenic bacteria at an early age. There have been several bacterial species associated with caries but 1 common species is Streptococcus mutans. Here, we describe genotypic diversity and commonality of Streptococcus mutans recovered from children representing 2 groups with similar socioeconomic demographics: a Northern Plains American Indian Tribe and a Southeast Iowa population. Forty 36‐month‐old American Indian children were selected from a cohort of 239 mothers and children, and forty 2‐ to 5‐year‐old children from Southeast Iowa were selected to compare the genotypic profiles of Streptococcus mutans recovered from each child's plaque. S. mutans isolates were selected from whole mouth plaque samples; DNA was extracted and amplified via AP‐PCR to show specific genotype patterns. These patterns were compared with GelComparIIv6.5 gel analysis software. We found 18 distinct genotypes from 524 isolates; 13 of which were common between the 2 communities. Five genotypes were unique to only the American Indian children while the Southeast Iowa children harbored no unique genotypes. Although the American Indian children had some genotypes that were not present in the Southeast Iowa children, these were not widely distributed among the community. Furthermore, the levels of genotypic diversity and commonality were similar between the 2 populations. This study sets the groundwork for a comprehensive comparison of genotypes and caries among larger subsections of both populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alissa L Villhauer
- Iowa Institute for Oral Health Research University of Iowa, College of Dentistry Iowa USA
| | - David J Lynch
- Iowa Institute for Oral Health Research University of Iowa, College of Dentistry Iowa USA
| | - John J Warren
- Preventive and Community Dentistry University of Iowa, College of Dentistry Iowa USA
| | - Deborah V Dawson
- Iowa Institute for Oral Health Research University of Iowa, College of Dentistry Iowa USA
| | - Derek R Blanchette
- Iowa Institute for Oral Health Research University of Iowa, College of Dentistry Iowa USA
| | - David R Drake
- Iowa Institute for Oral Health Research University of Iowa, College of Dentistry Iowa USA
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Zhou Y, Yu L, Tao Y, Zhi Q, Lin H. Genetic polymorphism of scrA gene of Streptococcus mutans isolates is not associated with biofilm formation in severe early childhood caries. BMC Oral Health 2017; 17:114. [PMID: 28705197 PMCID: PMC5513023 DOI: 10.1186/s12903-017-0407-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2017] [Accepted: 07/05/2017] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Background To explore and analyse the association between biofilm and the genetic polymorphisms of scrA gene of EnzymeIIscr found in clinical isolates of Streptococcus mutans (S. mutans) from severe early childhood caries (S-ECC) in 3 years old children. Methods Clinical strains of S. mutans were conserved from a previous study. Thirty strains of S. mutans from the S-ECC group and 30 strains of S. mutans from the caries free (CF) group were selected. Biomass and viability of biofilm formed by the strains were evaluated by crystal violet and alamar blue assay. Genomic DNA was extracted from the S. mutans isolates. PCR was conducted to amplify scrA gene. After purified and sequenced the PCR products, BioEdit sofeware was used to analyse the sequence results. A chi-square test was used to compare the results. Results Compared to the CF group, the biomass of S-ECC group was higher (P = 0.0424). However, the viability of the two groups showed no significant difference. All 60 clinically isolated S. mutans strains had a 1995 base pair (bp) scrA gene. Forty-nine point mutations were identified in scrA from the 60 clinical isolates. There were 17 missense point mutations at the 10, 65, 103, 284, 289, 925, 1444, 1487, 1494, 1508, 1553, 1576, 1786, 1822, 1863, 1886, and 1925 bp positions. The other 32 mutations were silent point mutations. No positions were found at active sites of ScrA. The statistic analyse showed no significant missense mutation rates between the two groups. Conclusions There was no association between biofilm and genetic polymorphisms of scrA from S. mutans with S-ECC in 3 years old children. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12903-017-0407-0) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Zhou
- Department of Preventive Dentistry, Guanghua School of Stomatology, Sun Yat-Sen University, 56 Ling Yuan Road West, Guangzhou, 510055, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510055, China
| | - Lixia Yu
- Department of Preventive Dentistry, Guanghua School of Stomatology, Sun Yat-Sen University, 56 Ling Yuan Road West, Guangzhou, 510055, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510055, China
| | - Ye Tao
- Department of Preventive Dentistry, Guanghua School of Stomatology, Sun Yat-Sen University, 56 Ling Yuan Road West, Guangzhou, 510055, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510055, China
| | - Qinghui Zhi
- Department of Preventive Dentistry, Guanghua School of Stomatology, Sun Yat-Sen University, 56 Ling Yuan Road West, Guangzhou, 510055, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510055, China
| | - Huancai Lin
- Department of Preventive Dentistry, Guanghua School of Stomatology, Sun Yat-Sen University, 56 Ling Yuan Road West, Guangzhou, 510055, China. .,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510055, China.
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Antibacterial Effect of Hydroalcoholic Extract of Punica granatum Linn. Petal on Common Oral Microorganisms. Int J Biomater 2016; 2016:8098943. [PMID: 26884763 PMCID: PMC4738741 DOI: 10.1155/2016/8098943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2015] [Accepted: 12/13/2015] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives. This study aimed to assess the effect of hydroalcoholic extract of Punica granatum Linn. (P. granatum) petal on Streptococcus sanguinis, Streptococcus mutans, Streptococcus salivarius, Streptococcus sobrinus, and Enterococcus faecalis. Materials and Methods. In this in vitro study, P. granatum extract was prepared using powdered petals and water-ethanol solvent. Antibacterial effect of the extract, chlorhexidine (CHX), and ampicillin was evaluated on brain heart infusion agar (BHIA) using the cup-plate method. By assessing the diameter of the growth inhibition zone, the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) of the extract were determined for the above-mentioned bacteria. Results. Hydroalcoholic extract of P. granatum petal had inhibitory effects on the proliferation of all five bacterial strains with maximum effect on S. mutans with MIC and MBC of 3.9 mg/mL. The largest growth inhibition zone diameter belonged to S. sanguinis and the smallest to E. faecalis. Ampicillin and CHX had the greatest inhibitory effect on S. sanguinis. Conclusions. Hydroalcoholic extract of P. granatum had a significant antibacterial effect on common oral bacterial pathogens with maximum effect on S. mutans, which is the main microorganism responsible for dental plaque and caries.
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Li Y, Tanner A. Effect of Antimicrobial Interventions on the Oral Microbiota Associated with Early Childhood Caries. Pediatr Dent 2015; 37:226-44. [PMID: 26063552 PMCID: PMC4485441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE The purposes of this systematic literature review were to identify research-based evidence for an effect of antimicrobial therapeutic approaches on the cariogenic microbiota and early childhood caries (ECC) outcomes; and to review methods used to perform microbial assessments in clinical studies of ECC. METHODS Multiple databases were searched; only clinical cohort studies and randomized controlled trials published from 1998 to 2014 were selected. A total of 471 titles and abstracts were identified; 114 studies met the inclusion criteria for a full review, from which 41 studies were included in the meta-analyses. RESULTS In most of the reviewed studies, moderate reductions in cariogenic bacterial levels, mainly in mutans streptococci (MS), were demonstrated following the use of antimicrobial agents, but bacterial regrowth occurred and new carious lesions developed once the treatment had ceased, particularly in high-risk children. Relatively consistent findings suggested that anti-cariogenic microbial interventions in mothers significantly reduced MS acquisition by children. However, studies of the long-term benefits of ECC prevention are lacking. CONCLUSION Based on the meta-analyses, antimicrobial interventions and treatments show temporary reductions in MS colonization levels. However, there is insufficient evidence to indicate that the approaches used produced sustainable effects on cariogenic microbial colonization or ECC reduction and prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yihong Li
- Professor and Director, Department of Basic Science and Craniofacial biology, New York University School of Dentistry, 345 E. 24th Street, New York, NY 10010, Tel: (212) 998-9607/ Fax: (212) 995-4087
| | - Anne Tanner
- Senior member of the staff, Department of Microbiology, The Forsyth Institute, Associate Professor, Department of Oral Medicine, Infection, and Immunity, Harvard School of Dental Medicine, 245 First Street, Cambridge, MA, 02142, Phone (617) 892-8285 /FAX: (617) 892-8510
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Drake D, Dawson D, Kramer K, Schumacher A, Warren J, Marshall T, Starr D, Phipps K. Experiences with the Streptococcus Mutans in Lakota Sioux (SMILeS) Study: Risk factors for Caries in American Indian Children 0-3 Years. JOURNAL OF HEALTH DISPARITIES RESEARCH AND PRACTICE 2015; 8:123-132. [PMID: 27668133 PMCID: PMC5033124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Severe Early Childhood Caries (S-ECC) is a terribly aggressive and devastating disease that is all too common in lower socio-economic children, but none more so that what is encountered in American Indian Tribes. Nationwide, approximately 27% of 2-5 year olds have decay while 62% percent of American Indian/Alaska Native children in the same age group have a history of decay (IHS 2010, NHANES 1999-2002). We have conducted a study of children from birth to 36 months of age on Pine Reservation to gain a better understanding of the variables that come into play in the development of this disease, from transmission and acquisition of Streptococcus mutans genotypes from mother to child to multiple dietary and behavioral components. This article describes how we established a direct partnership with the Tribe and the many opportunities and challenges we faced in performing this 5-year field study.
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Gilbert K, Joseph R, Vo A, Patel T, Chaudhry S, Nguyen U, Trevor A, Robinson E, Campbell M, McLennan J, Houran F, Wong T, Flann K, Wages M, Palmer EA, Peterson J, Engle J, Maier T, Machida CA. Children with severe early childhood caries: streptococci genetic strains within carious and white spot lesions. J Oral Microbiol 2014; 6:25805. [PMID: 25405004 PMCID: PMC4216391 DOI: 10.3402/jom.v6.25805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2014] [Revised: 10/08/2014] [Accepted: 10/09/2014] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and objectives Mutans streptococci (MS) are one of the major microbiological determinants of dental caries. The objectives of this study are to identify distinct MS and non-MS streptococci strains that are located at carious sites and non-carious enamel surfaces in children with severe early childhood caries (S-ECC), and assess if cariogenic MS and non-cariogenic streptococci might independently exist as primary bacterial strains on distinct sites within the dentition of individual children. Design Dental plaque from children (N=20; aged 3–6) with S-ECC was collected from carious lesions (CLs), white spot lesions (WSLs) and non-carious enamel surfaces. Streptococcal isolates (N=10–20) from each site were subjected to polymerase chain reaction (PCR) to identify MS, and arbitrarily primed-PCR for assignment of genetic strains. Primary strains were identified as ≥50% of the total isolates surveyed at any site. In several cases, strains were characterized for acidurity using ATP-driven bioluminescence and subjected to PCR-determination of potential MS virulence products. Identification of non-MS was determined by 16S rRNA gene sequencing. Results Sixty-four independent MS or non-MS streptococcal strains were identified. All children contained 1–6 strains. In many patients (N=11), single primary MS strains were identified throughout the dentition. In other patients (N=4), primary MS strains were identified within CLs that were distinct from primary strains found on enamel. Streptococcus gordonii strains were identified as primary strains on enamel or WSLs in four children, and in general were less aciduric than MS strains. Conclusions Many children with S-ECC contained only a single primary MS strain that was present in both carious and non-carious sites. In some cases, MS and non-cariogenic S. gordonii strains were found to independently exist as dominant strains at different locations within the dentition of individual children, and the aciduric potential of these strains may influence susceptibility in the development of CLs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth Gilbert
- Academic DMD Program, School of Dentistry, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Raphael Joseph
- Academic DMD Program, School of Dentistry, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Alex Vo
- Academic DMD Program, School of Dentistry, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Trusha Patel
- Academic DMD Program, School of Dentistry, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA ; Department of Integrative Biosciences, School of Dentistry, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Samiya Chaudhry
- Academic DMD Program, School of Dentistry, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA ; Department of Integrative Biosciences, School of Dentistry, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Uyen Nguyen
- Department of Integrative Biosciences, School of Dentistry, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Amy Trevor
- Academic DMD Program, School of Dentistry, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Erica Robinson
- Academic DMD Program, School of Dentistry, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Margaret Campbell
- Academic DMD Program, School of Dentistry, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - John McLennan
- Academic DMD Program, School of Dentistry, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Farielle Houran
- Academic DMD Program, School of Dentistry, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Tristan Wong
- Academic DMD Program, School of Dentistry, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Kendra Flann
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, School of Dentistry, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Melissa Wages
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, School of Dentistry, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Elizabeth A Palmer
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, School of Dentistry, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - John Peterson
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, School of Dentistry, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - John Engle
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, School of Dentistry, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Tom Maier
- Department of Integrative Biosciences, School of Dentistry, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA ; Department of Pathology and Radiology, School of Dentistry, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Curtis A Machida
- Department of Integrative Biosciences, School of Dentistry, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA ; Department of Pediatric Dentistry, School of Dentistry, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
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Palmer EA, Vo A, Hiles SB, Peirano P, Chaudhry S, Trevor A, Kasimi I, Pollard J, Kyles C, Leo M, Wilmot B, Engle J, Peterson J, Maier T, Machida CA. Mutans streptococci genetic strains in children with severe early childhood caries: follow-up study at one-year post-dental rehabilitation therapy. J Oral Microbiol 2012; 4:19530. [PMID: 23248741 PMCID: PMC3523314 DOI: 10.3402/jom.v4i0.19530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2012] [Revised: 11/01/2012] [Accepted: 11/05/2012] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Genotypic strains of cariogenic mutans streptococci (MS) may vary in important virulence properties. In previous published studies, we identified 39 MS strains from pediatric patients undergoing full-mouth dental rehabilitation, including the removal and/or repair of carious lesions and application of antimicrobial rinse and fluoride varnish. Objectives The objectives of this current 1-year follow-up study are to assess the variability of MS strains that occur at 1-year post-rehabilitation and characterize the xylitol-resistance properties of MS strains that predominate. Methods Plaque from five children with severe early childhood caries was collected 1-year post-rehabilitation. MS isolates were subjected to arbitrarily primed-polymerase chain reaction (AP-PCR) for identification of genetic strains and in vitro xylitol-inhibition experiments. To more precisely define strain distributions within each patient, we isolated large numbers of isolates per patient. Results MS strains diminished from several strains pre-rehabilitation, to one dominant strain at 1-year post-rehabilitation, with several new emergent strains. The majority of the clinical MS strains, as well as the Streptococcus mutans laboratory strains ATCC 25175 and 35668, were predicted to undergo 50% inhibition with 2.48–5.58% xylitol, with some clinical MS strains being significantly more resistant in vitro. Conclusions Our follow-up study using patients from the original cohort demonstrates that specific MS strains are dominant at 1-year post-dental rehabilitation. Most of the clinical MS strains are similar in xylitol resistance to the attenuated S. mutans ATCC control strains, with some strains being more resistant to xylitol in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth A Palmer
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Oregon Health & Science University (OHSU) School of Dentistry, Portland, OR
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