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Callegari IOM, Rocha GZ, Oliveira AG. Physical exercise, health, and disease treatment: The role of macrophages. Front Physiol 2023; 14:1061353. [PMID: 37179836 PMCID: PMC10166825 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2023.1061353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2022] [Accepted: 04/11/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Subclinical inflammation is linked to comorbidities and risk factors, consolidating the diagnosis of chronic non-communicable diseases, such as insulin resistance, atherosclerosis, hepatic steatosis, and some types of cancer. In this context, the role of macrophages is highlighted as a marker of inflammation as well as for the high power of plasticity of these cells. Macrophages can be activated in a wide range between classical or proinflammatory, named M1, and alternative or anti-inflammatory, also known as M2 polarization. All nuances between M1 and M2 macrophages orchestrate the immune response by secreting different sets of chemokines, while M1 cells promote Th1 response, the M2 macrophages recruit Th2 and Tregs lymphocytes. In turn, physical exercise has been a faithful tool in combating the proinflammatory phenotype of macrophages. This review proposes to investigate the cellular and molecular mechanisms in which physical exercise can help control inflammation and infiltration of macrophages within the non-communicable diseases scope. During obesity progress, proinflammatory macrophages predominate in adipose tissue inflammation, which reduces insulin sensitivity until the development of type 2 diabetes, progression of atherosclerosis, and diagnosis of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. In this case, physical activity restores the balance between the proinflammatory/anti-inflammatory macrophage ratio, reducing the level of meta-inflammation. In the case of cancer, the tumor microenvironment is compatible with a high level of hypoxia, which contributes to the advancement of the disease. However, exercise increases the level of oxygen supply, favoring macrophage polarization in favor of disease regression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irineu O. M. Callegari
- Department of Physical Education, Bioscience Institute, São Paulo State University (UNESP), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Guilherme Z. Rocha
- Department of Internal Medicine, State University of Campinas, Campinas, Brazil
| | - Alexandre G. Oliveira
- Department of Physical Education, Bioscience Institute, São Paulo State University (UNESP), São Paulo, Brazil
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Jiang Z, Wang J, Imai D, Snider T, Klug J, Mangalindan R, Morton J, Zhu L, Salmon AB, Wezeman J, Hu J, Menon V, Marka N, Neidernhofer L, Ladiges W. Short term treatment with a cocktail of rapamycin, acarbose and phenylbutyrate delays aging phenotypes in mice. Sci Rep 2022; 12:7300. [PMID: 35508491 PMCID: PMC9067553 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-11229-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2021] [Accepted: 04/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Pharmaceutical intervention of aging requires targeting multiple pathways, thus there is rationale to test combinations of drugs targeting different but overlapping processes. In order to determine if combining drugs shown to extend lifespan and healthy aging in mice would have greater impact than any individual drug, a cocktail diet containing 14 ppm rapamycin, 1000 ppm acarbose, and 1000 ppm phenylbutyrate was fed to 20-month-old C57BL/6 and HET3 4-way cross mice of both sexes for three months. Mice treated with the cocktail showed a sex and strain-dependent phenotype consistent with healthy aging including decreased body fat, improved cognition, increased strength and endurance, and decreased age-related pathology compared to mice treated with individual drugs or control. The severity of age-related lesions in heart, lungs, liver, and kidney was consistently decreased in mice treated with the cocktail compared to mice treated with individual drugs or control, suggesting an interactive advantage of the three drugs. This study shows that a combination of three drugs, each previously shown to enhance lifespan and health span in mice, is able to delay aging phenotypes in middle-aged mice more effectively than any individual drug in the cocktail over a 3-month treatment period.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhou Jiang
- Department of Comparative Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Juan Wang
- Biological Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, USA
| | - Denise Imai
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Tim Snider
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK, USA
| | - Jenna Klug
- Department of Comparative Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Ruby Mangalindan
- Department of Comparative Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - John Morton
- Department of Comparative Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Lida Zhu
- In Vivo Pharmacology, HD Bioscience Co., Ltd, Shanghai, China
| | - Adam B Salmon
- Department of Molecular Medicine, San Antonio Sam and Ann Barshop Institute for Longevity and Aging Studies, South Texas Veterans Health Care System, Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Center, The University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Jackson Wezeman
- Department of Comparative Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Jiayi Hu
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, and Biophysics, Institute on the Biology of Aging and Metabolism, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, MN, USA
| | - Vinal Menon
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, and Biophysics, Institute on the Biology of Aging and Metabolism, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, MN, USA
| | - Nicholas Marka
- Clinical and Translational Sciences Institute, Biostatistical Design and Analysis Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Laura Neidernhofer
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, and Biophysics, Institute on the Biology of Aging and Metabolism, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, MN, USA
| | - Warren Ladiges
- Department of Comparative Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.
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Morimoto M, Amano Y, Oka M, Harada A, Fujita H, Hikichi Y, Tozawa R, Yamaoka M, Hara T. Amelioration of sexual behavior and motor activity deficits in a castrated rodent model with a selective androgen receptor modulator SARM-2f. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0189480. [PMID: 29216311 PMCID: PMC5720794 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0189480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2017] [Accepted: 11/27/2017] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Sarcopenia and cachexia present characteristic features of a decrease in skeletal muscle mass and strength, anorexia, and lack of motivation. Treatments for these diseases have not yet been established, although selective androgen receptor modulators (SARMs) are considered as therapeutic targets. We previously reported that a novel SARM compound, SARM-2f, exhibits anabolic effect on muscles, with less stimulatory effect on prostate weight compared with testosterone, in rat Hershberger assays and cancer cachexia models. In this study, we studied the mechanism of action for SARM-2f selectivity and also assessed whether the muscle increase by this compound might lead to improvement of muscle function and physical activity. First, we examined the tissue distribution of SARM-2f. Tissue concentration was 1.2-, 1.6-, and 1.9-fold as high as the plasma concentration in the levator ani muscle, brain, and prostate, respectively. This result showed that the tissue-selective pharmacological effect did not depend on SARM-2f concentration in the tissues. The ability of SARM-2f to influence androgen receptor (AR)-mediated transcriptional activation was examined by reporter assays using human normal prostate epithelial cells (PrEC) and skeletal muscle cells (SKMC). SARM-2f exerted higher activity against AR in SKMC than in PrEC. Mammalian two hybrid assays showed different co-factor recruitment patterns between SARM-2f and dihydrotestosterone. Next, we studied the effect of SARM-2f on motivation and physical functions such as sexual behavior and motor activities in castrated rat or mouse models. SARM-2f restored the sexual behavior that was lost by castration in male rats. SARM-2f also increased voluntary running distance and locomotor activities. These results suggest that tissue-specific AR regulation by SARM-2f, but not tissue distribution, might account for its tissue specific androgenic effect, and that the muscle mass increase by SARM-2f leads to improvement of physical function. Together, these findings suggest that SARM-2f might represent an effective treatment for sarcopenia and cachexia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megumi Morimoto
- Oncology Drug Discovery Unit, Pharmaceutical Research Division, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Yuichiro Amano
- CVM Drug Discovery Unit, Pharmaceutical Research Division, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Masahiro Oka
- CVM Drug Discovery Unit, Pharmaceutical Research Division, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Ayako Harada
- CVM Drug Discovery Unit, Pharmaceutical Research Division, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Hisashi Fujita
- DMPK Unit, Pharmaceutical Research Division, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Yukiko Hikichi
- Oncology Drug Discovery Unit, Pharmaceutical Research Division, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Ryuichi Tozawa
- CVM Drug Discovery Unit, Pharmaceutical Research Division, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Masuo Yamaoka
- Oncology Drug Discovery Unit, Pharmaceutical Research Division, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Takahito Hara
- Oncology Drug Discovery Unit, Pharmaceutical Research Division, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, Kanagawa, Japan
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