1
|
Bayuo J, Aziato L, Wong KCA, Su J, Abu-Odah H, Wong FKY. Phenomenography: An emerging qualitative research design for nursing. J Adv Nurs 2024; 80:821-834. [PMID: 37743604 DOI: 10.1111/jan.15874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2023] [Revised: 07/25/2023] [Accepted: 09/11/2023] [Indexed: 09/26/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Phenomenography emerged from pedagogy to examine the qualitatively different ways that individuals experience and perceive the same phenomenon. Despite its uniqueness, the uptake of phenomenography in nursing research is still limited. Potentially, this may be related to confusion regarding what the design is about, its philosophical underpinnings and how distinct it is from other qualitative designs. OBJECTIVES To offer a better understanding of phenomenography by comparing it with other established qualitative research designs, examining its theoretical foundations, highlighting some studies that have employed the approach in nursing and offering methodological guidance to improve its uptake in nursing. DESIGN Discussion paper. FINDINGS Compared to the traditional qualitative designs employed in nursing, phenomenography has been utilized in fewer studies. The ontological, epistemological and methodological basis of phenomenography highlights it as a distinct design. The strength of phenomenography lies in its emphasis on understanding the collective variations between participants and presenting these holistically as an 'outcome space'. DISCUSSION Phenomenography is a distinct qualitative research approach that presents a unique opportunity for nursing to further its use. Issues regarding bracketing, the inclusion of phenomenography studies in qualitative meta-synthesis and employing a hermeneutic approach to phenomenography are avenues for further work in nursing. PATIENT AND PUBLIC CONTRIBUTION No patient or public contribution.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Bayuo
- School of Nursing, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Kowloon, Hong Kong
| | - Lydia Aziato
- University of Health and Allied Sciences, Hohoe, Ghana
| | | | - Jingjing Su
- School of Nursing, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Kowloon, Hong Kong
| | - Hammoda Abu-Odah
- School of Nursing, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Kowloon, Hong Kong
| | | |
Collapse
|
2
|
Whitfield MM, Mimirinis M, Macdonald D, Klein T, Wilson R. Phenomenographic Approaches in Research About Nursing. Glob Qual Nurs Res 2023; 10:23333936231212281. [PMID: 38028736 PMCID: PMC10676629 DOI: 10.1177/23333936231212281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2023] [Revised: 10/18/2023] [Accepted: 10/19/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
We propose that phenomenography is well-suited to research about nursing, given its focus on identifying variation in individuals' experiences, and inclusion of diverse voices and perspectives. Phenomenography explores qualitatively different ways in which a group of people experience a phenomenon, often using semi-structured interviews. The use of phenomenography is especially relevant in research about nursing which provides accounts of the experiences of nurses and patients within complex practice settings. We consider the tenets of phenomenography and examine phenomenography's relationship to and differences from phenomenology. We review literature published about phenomenographic research in nursing and reflect on the potential benefits of phenomenographic research about nursing. This paper adds to knowledge about use of phenomenography in research about nursing.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Martha M. Whitfield
- Queen’s University, Kingston, ON, Canada
- University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, USA
| | - Mike Mimirinis
- University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
- University of West London, London, Middlesex, United Kingdom
| | | | - Tracy Klein
- Washington State University Vancouver, Vancouver, WA, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
3
|
Carroll S, Moon Z, Hudson J, Hulme K, Moss-Morris R. An Evidence-Based Theory of Psychological Adjustment to Long-Term Physical Health Conditions: Applications in Clinical Practice. Psychosom Med 2022; 84:547-559. [PMID: 35412516 DOI: 10.1097/psy.0000000000001076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Around 30% of people with long-term physical health conditions (LTCs) experience comorbid anxiety and depression. For many, comorbid distress is linked to difficulties adjusting to the challenges of the LTC. The aims of this article are to present a transdiagnostic theoretical model of adjustment to LTCs (TMA-LTC), demonstrate the application of this model in clinical practice, and highlight the distinguishing features of treating LTC-related distress compared with treating primary anxiety and/or depression. METHODS A systematic review (k = 21) was conducted to collate preexisting evidence-based models of adjustment across LTCs. Models of adjustment for a range of LTCs were extracted and synthesized into a new preliminary TMA-LTC. Two expert consensus meetings were held, where experts rated the relevance and importance of all concepts within the models. RESULTS The TMA-LTC proposes that acute critical events or ongoing illness stressors can disrupt emotional equilibrium, and that whether a person returns to equilibrium and achieves good psychological adjustment depends on a number of cognitive and behavioral factors, as well as their interpersonal, intrapersonal, environmental, and illness-specific contexts. A case study is presented to demonstrate the clinical application of this model in treating illness-related distress, highlighting how it overcomes roadblocks that may be encountered when working primarily within traditional mental health paradigms. CONCLUSIONS As an empirically and clinically informed model, TMA-LTC provides a useful guide for assessment, formulation, and treatment in the context of psychological adjustment to LTCs. Future studies are needed to test treatments that have been developed based on TMA-LTC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Susan Carroll
- From the Psychology Department, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, United Kingdom
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
4
|
Sarabia-Cobo C, Taltavull JM, Lladó-Jordan G, González S, Molina-Mula J, Ortego-Mate C, Fernández-Peña R. Comparison between attention and experiences of chronic complex patients: A multicentric study. HEALTH & SOCIAL CARE IN THE COMMUNITY 2022; 30:976-987. [PMID: 33453131 DOI: 10.1111/hsc.13269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2020] [Revised: 09/25/2020] [Accepted: 11/11/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this research is to explore and analyse the functional status and experiences of complex patients located at levels 3-4 of the risk pyramid of the chronic care model in primary care, within the hospital system of two regions in Spain. The design was a mixed design (COREQ). The participants were enrolled in programs for chronic complex patients and their caregivers. Sociodemographic variables were gathered, together with the following measures: the Barthel test, the Mini mental test, the Zarit questionnaire, the IEXPAC scale and the Braden scale. A semi-structured interview was conducted individually with patients in order to explore their experiences and narrative on the process of their illness and the support they had received. The sample comprised 206 chronic pluripathological patients, of whom 103 were from Cantabria and a further 103 were from Mallorca. The patient profile in both regions was very similar. There was an equal distribution across both gender and the patients were over 78 years old. They all had a basic (primary) education, an average income and required moderate physical dependence, receiving assistance primarily from their children. The qualitative analysis highlighted patients' awareness of the illness and their concern for the future, noting that, overall, patients were satisfied with the care provided by their caregivers and the health system. We can conclude that is the first multicentric study of these characteristics conducted in Spain, despite it being the country with the second largest ageing population in the world. It is important to test new organisational models with differentiating areas of advanced clinical practice in primary care, whereby both patients and their caregivers can be co-responsible within the care process.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Carmen Sarabia-Cobo
- Faculty of Nursing, University of Cantabria, Santander, Spain
- Nursing Research Group IDIVAL, Santander, Spain
| | - J M Taltavull
- Gerencia de Atención Primaria de Mallorca. Servicio Balear de Salud, Islas Baleares, Spain
| | | | | | - Jesús Molina-Mula
- Nursing and Physiotherapy Department, University of Illes Balears, Santander, Spain
| | - Carmen Ortego-Mate
- Faculty of Nursing, University of Cantabria, Santander, Spain
- Nursing Research Group IDIVAL, Santander, Spain
| | - Rosario Fernández-Peña
- Faculty of Nursing, University of Cantabria, Santander, Spain
- Nursing Research Group IDIVAL, Santander, Spain
- SALBIS Research Group, León, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Benkel I, Arnby M, Molander U. Living with a chronic disease: A quantitative study of the views of patients with a chronic disease on the change in their life situation. SAGE Open Med 2020; 8:2050312120910350. [PMID: 32341782 PMCID: PMC7171994 DOI: 10.1177/2050312120910350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2019] [Accepted: 01/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives: Chronic diseases have an impact on and change patient’s lives which means that they need to find ways to cope with the new situation. The aim was to describe how the chronic disease has influenced patients’ views of their life situation. Methods: The study was quantitative in design with data collected using a semi-structured questionnaire. Descriptive statistics were used to compare similarities and differences between patients with asthma-allergy, diabetes mellitus, cancer and inflammatory rheumatoid arthritis. Results: Changes in their life were experienced as a negative outcome for the majority of participants. Support can be in the form of interpersonal support from various persons, but also from activities and beliefs/religion. Family and friends as well as healthcare professionals were identified as being most supportive. Sadness and worry were the most common emotions among the participants and their surrounding networks. Conclusion: People with a chronic disease have to live with the consequences the disease has for their life situation. They need to find strategies to cope with the negative outcome in their new life. Support from their own network and healthcare professionals can be helpful in the new life situation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Inger Benkel
- Geriatric Medicine and Clinical Osteoporosis Research School, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden.,Palliative section, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Maria Arnby
- Palliative section, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Ulla Molander
- Geriatric Medicine and Clinical Osteoporosis Research School, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden.,Palliative section, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Lagercrantz B, Persson Å, Jonsson M, Kull I. Living with a Severe Allergy: Lived Perspectives from Swedish Adolescents and their Parents. J Pediatr Nurs 2020; 50:e107-e112. [PMID: 31196590 DOI: 10.1016/j.pedn.2019.05.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2018] [Revised: 05/26/2019] [Accepted: 05/27/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND During adolescence, the young person should gradually develop independence from his or her parents. However, having a chronic disease like a severe allergy may add stress and challenges beyond normal development and involves a struggle between adapting socially, feeling healthy, and managing the disease. OBJECTIVE To describe experiences of living with a severe allergy from the perspective of adolescents and their parents. METHOD A qualitative study with six focus group interviews were performed, two with adolescents and four with their parents (10 adolescents, 10-16 years old and 21 parents). The transcribed data were analyzed using systematic text condensation. RESULT Four themes emerged: Feeling different (adolescents and parents), shift in responsibility (adolescents and parents), the importance of parents (only adolescents) and the importance of healthcare providers (only parents). The adolescents relied on their parents, while also taking responsibility for managing their disease. The parents expressed a need to protect their children; but they did not seem to be aware of the responsibility their children took. The parents highlighted the importance of support from healthcare providers but this was not mentioned by the adolescents. CONCLUSION This study showed that both the adolescents and their parents stated that they took responsibility for managing the disease, but in different ways. For healthcare providers, this needs to be taken into account in order to support both adolescents and parents for self-management and shift in responsibilities which begins during adolescents.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Åsa Persson
- Department of Paediatrics, Region Skåne, Kristianstad Central Hospital, Sweden
| | - Marina Jonsson
- Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, and Center for Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Stockholm County Council, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Inger Kull
- Department of Clinical Science and Education, Karolinska Institutet, and Sachs' Children and Youth Hospital, Södersjukhuset, Stockholm, Sweden.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Benkel I, Ljungqvist E, Arnby M, Molander U. "Not Thinking that This Means the End When You Are Seriously Ill but Doing Something Positive about It"-A Qualitative Study of Living with a Life-Changing Disease. Diseases 2019; 7:diseases7030053. [PMID: 31514413 PMCID: PMC6787749 DOI: 10.3390/diseases7030053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2019] [Revised: 09/06/2019] [Accepted: 09/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Chronic diseases have an impact on and can change the lives of the persons affected by them. This study examines how a disease can influence patients’ daily lives, the strategies they adopt to cope, and their experiences of support. The study focuses on four chronic diseases: asthma-allergy, cancer, diabetes mellitus, and inflammatory rheumatic arthritis. Methods: The study has a qualitative design and includes 41 transcribed in-depth interviews and a content analysis. Results: The participants’ new life situation was changed for a very long time or forever, and this was not a voluntary choice. The new life situation comprised the following themes: life-changing—the disease could be a turning point in a negative or positive way, strategies—designed to create ways of coping with daily tasks to find a good quality of life, and support—that could be obtained from the participants’ private network or the healthcare professionals. Conclusions: The patients had to make changes in their daily life, and these could bring about different feelings and restrict activity. Healthcare professionals need more knowledge of the process of coping with such life-changing matters and what could strengthen patients and give a sense of empowerment in their lives.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Inger Benkel
- Sahlgrenska Academy, Institute of Medicine, Geriatric Medicine and Clinical Osteoporosis Research School, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg 4405 30, Sweden.
- Sahlgrenska University Hospital Palliative Care Unit, Gothenburg 400 43, Sweden.
| | - Elin Ljungqvist
- Regional Cancer Centre West, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg 413 45, Sweden.
| | - Maria Arnby
- Sahlgrenska University Hospital Palliative Care Unit, Gothenburg 400 43, Sweden.
| | - Ulla Molander
- Sahlgrenska Academy, Institute of Medicine, Geriatric Medicine and Clinical Osteoporosis Research School, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg 4405 30, Sweden.
- Sahlgrenska University Hospital Palliative Care Unit, Gothenburg 400 43, Sweden.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Seidlein AH, Salloch S. Illness and disease: an empirical-ethical viewpoint. BMC Med Ethics 2019; 20:5. [PMID: 30626443 PMCID: PMC6327539 DOI: 10.1186/s12910-018-0341-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2018] [Accepted: 12/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The concepts of disease, illness and sickness capture fundamentally different aspects of phenomena related to human ailments and healthcare. The philosophy and theory of medicine are making manifold efforts to capture the essence and normative implications of these concepts. In parallel, socio-empirical studies on patients’ understanding of their situation have yielded a comprehensive body of knowledge regarding subjective perspectives on health-related statuses. Although both scientific fields provide varied valuable insights, they have not been strongly linked to each other. Therefore, the article aims to scrutinise the normative-ethical implications of patient perspectives in building a bridge to the empirical ethics debates. Main text Three potential fields of tension between the illness and the disease perspective are presented. Consequently, findings from empirical research examining patient perspectives on illness are displayed and the practical implications and associated ethical issues which arise are discussed. This leads to the conclusion that an explicit and elaborate empirical-ethical methodology is needed to deal appropriately with the complex interaction between patients’ views and the medico-professional view of disease. Kon’s four-stage model of normative-empirical collaboration is then applied against the background of empirical data on patient perceptions. Starting from this exemplary approach, the article suggests employing empirical-ethical frameworks for further research on the conceptual and normative issues, as they help to integrate perspectives from the philosophy of medicine with socio-empirical research. Conclusion The combination of theoretical and empirical perspectives suggested contributes to a more nuanced discussion of the normative impact of patients’ actual understanding of illness. Further empirical research in this area would profit from explicitly considering potential ethical issues to avoid naturalistic fallacies or crypto-normative conclusions that may compromise healthcare practice. Vice versa, medico-theoretical debates could be enriched by integrating subjective views of those people who are immediately affected.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anna-Henrikje Seidlein
- Institute of Ethics and History of Medicine, University Medicine Greifswald, Ellernholzstr. 1-2, 17487, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Sabine Salloch
- Institute of Ethics and History of Medicine, University Medicine Greifswald, Ellernholzstr. 1-2, 17487, Greifswald, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Årestedt L, Persson C, Rämgård M, Benzein E. Experiences of encounters with healthcare professionals through the lenses of families living with chronic illness. J Clin Nurs 2017; 27:836-847. [PMID: 29076223 DOI: 10.1111/jocn.14126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/19/2017] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
AIMS AND OBJECTIVES To describe and explore the experience of healthcare encounters in families living with chronic illness. BACKGROUND Living with chronic illness is a family concern and often includes frequent encounters with healthcare professionals. These encounters affect how persons with illness and family members handle everyday life. Disease-related explanations are perceived by healthcare professionals as being of higher importance than the actual experience of illness, even though patients are concerned with issues involving their everyday life. DESIGN A descriptive design with a qualitative approach. METHODS Narrative family interviews were conducted with twelve families, using a qualitative content analysis. RESULTS One main category was indicated following analysis, specifically "The impact of an accompanying family member." Additionally, three subcategories were revealed; "The importance of collaboration," "Mutual understanding," "A desire to be confirmed in one's illness". CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE TO CLINICAL PRACTICE Having a participating family member increased the sense of power in families during encounters with healthcare professionals. This participation constitutes a level of support, making it easier for families to handle everyday life due to illness. Family members are, in most cases, included in discussions and decisions, both before and after encounters, and it should be a natural for healthcare professionals to invite them to the encounter too. This is an offer that may not fit every family, but the person with illness or the family should at least have the opportunity to choose.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Liselott Årestedt
- Department of Health and Caring Sciences, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Linnaeus University, Kalmar, Sweden
| | - Carina Persson
- Department of Health and Caring Sciences, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Linnaeus University, Kalmar, Sweden.,Centre for Collaborative Palliative Care, Linnaeus University, Kalmar, Sweden
| | - Margareta Rämgård
- Department of Care Science, Faculty of Health and Society, Malmö University, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Eva Benzein
- Department of Health and Caring Sciences, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Linnaeus University, Kalmar, Sweden.,Centre for Collaborative Palliative Care, Linnaeus University, Kalmar, Sweden
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Chen AT, Kaplan SJ, Carriere R. A constant conversation: tuning into and harmonizing the needs and priorities of the body and mind. Int J Qual Stud Health Well-being 2017; 12:1350550. [PMID: 28762295 PMCID: PMC5613916 DOI: 10.1080/17482631.2017.1350550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose: Individuals rely upon many types of information to manage an illness, including information provided by their own bodies. This study investigated how people tune into and manage the flow of information from their bodies to manage their health. Method: We developed a platform for participants to share and collaboratively reflect on how they engaged in this dialogic process, in which participants contributed to a discussion on topics relating to body listening and body awareness. Though the study was open to anyone interested in or wanting to contribute to knowledge on “body listening,” the social media recruitment focused on chronic conditions requiring self-care and having overlapping symptomatology, with chronic pain as the primary characteristic. A qualitative analysis method based on grounded theory was used to analyse the data. Results: Six main themes emerged: learning the language, recognizing and heeding limits, experiencing emotional fatigue and despair, regulating the channel, moving from conflict to communication, and settling into an uneasy acceptance. Conclusion: The monitoring and filtering of information from one’s body, and the appeasement of conflicting demands and voices, is difficult work. Knowledge of this process can be used in patient education and in the development of tools to support body listening.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Annie T Chen
- a Department of Biomedical Informatics and Medical Education , University of Washington School of Medicine , Seattle , WA , USA
| | - Samantha J Kaplan
- b School of Information and Library Science , University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill , Chapel Hill , NC , USA
| | - Rachel Carriere
- c Content Management , EBSCO Information Services , Ipswich , MA , USA
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Årestedt L, Benzein E, Persson C, Rämgård M. A shared respite--The meaning of place for family well-being in families living with chronic illness. Int J Qual Stud Health Well-being 2016; 11:30308. [PMID: 26956097 PMCID: PMC4783430 DOI: 10.3402/qhw.v11.30308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/11/2016] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Living with chronic illness is a family affair that involves ongoing changes and challenges in everyday life. When life changes, the environment is important for family health and well-being. The relation between a place and a family is rarely described, and therefore the aim of this study was to explore the meaning of place for family well-being in families living with chronic illness. A qualitative design was chosen. Data were collected by photovoice combined with narrative family research interviews with 10 families living with chronic illness. A phenomenological hermeneutic analysis was used to interpret the data. The results showed that the meaning of place for family well-being in families living with chronic illness can be described as "a shared respite." This main theme included three subthemes: "a place for relief," "a place for reflection," and "a place for re-creation." These results were further understood by means of the concept place security. Feeling well means having place security in these families. Through knowledge about the meaning of place for family well-being, health care personnel can stimulate families living with chronic illness to find respite in places that contribute to well-being, both in familiar and new places.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Liselott Årestedt
- Department of Health and Caring Sciences, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Linnaeus University, Kalmar, Sweden;
| | - Eva Benzein
- Department of Health and Caring Sciences, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Linnaeus University, Kalmar, Sweden.,Centre for Collaborative Palliative Care, Linnaeus University, Kalmar, Sweden
| | - Carina Persson
- Department of Health and Caring Sciences, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Linnaeus University, Kalmar, Sweden.,Centre for Collaborative Palliative Care, Linnaeus University, Kalmar, Sweden
| | - Margareta Rämgård
- Department of Care Science, Faculty of Health and Society, Malmö University, Malmö, Sweden
| |
Collapse
|