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Beito MR, Ashraf S, Odogwu D, Harmancey R. Role of Ectopic Olfactory Receptors in the Regulation of the Cardiovascular-Kidney-Metabolic Axis. Life (Basel) 2024; 14:548. [PMID: 38792570 PMCID: PMC11122380 DOI: 10.3390/life14050548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2024] [Revised: 04/19/2024] [Accepted: 04/22/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Olfactory receptors (ORs) represent one of the largest yet least investigated families of G protein-coupled receptors in mammals. While initially believed to be functionally restricted to the detection and integration of odors at the olfactory epithelium, accumulating evidence points to a critical role for ectopically expressed ORs in the regulation of cellular homeostasis in extranasal tissues. This review aims to summarize the current state of knowledge on the expression and physiological functions of ectopic ORs in the cardiovascular system, kidneys, and primary metabolic organs and emphasizes how altered ectopic OR signaling in those tissues may impact cardiovascular-kidney-metabolic health.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Romain Harmancey
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX 77030, USA; (M.R.B.); (S.A.); (D.O.)
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Ashraf S, Frazier OH, Carranza S, McPherson DD, Taegtmeyer H, Harmancey R. A Two-Step Transcriptome Analysis of the Human Heart Reveals Broad and Disease-Responsive Expression of Ectopic Olfactory Receptors. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:13709. [PMID: 37762009 PMCID: PMC10530704 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241813709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2023] [Revised: 08/31/2023] [Accepted: 08/31/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) are critical regulators of cardiac physiology and a key therapeutic target for the treatment of heart disease. Ectopic olfactory receptors (ORs) are GPCRs expressed in extra-nasal tissues which have recently emerged as new mediators in the metabolic control of cardiac function. The goals of this study were to profile OR gene expression in the human heart, to identify ORs dysregulated by heart failure caused by ischemic cardiomyopathy, and to provide evidence suggestive of a role for those altered ORs in the pathogenesis of heart failure. Left ventricular tissue from heart failure patients (n = 18) and non-failing heart samples (n = 4) were subjected to a two-step transcriptome analysis consisting of the quantification of 372 distinct OR transcripts on real-time PCR arrays and simultaneous determination of global cardiac gene expression by RNA sequencing. This strategy led to the identification of >160 ORs expressed in the human heart, including 38 receptors differentially regulated with heart failure. Co-expression analyses predicted the involvement of dysregulated ORs in the alteration of mitochondrial function, extracellular matrix remodeling, and inflammation. We provide this dataset as a resource for investigating roles of ORs in the human heart, with the hope that it will assist in the identification of new therapeutic targets for the treatment of heart failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sadia Ashraf
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Cardiology, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX 77030, USA; (S.A.)
| | - O. Howard Frazier
- Texas Heart Institute at Baylor St. Luke’s Medical Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Sylvia Carranza
- Texas Heart Institute at Baylor St. Luke’s Medical Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - David D. McPherson
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Cardiology, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX 77030, USA; (S.A.)
| | - Heinrich Taegtmeyer
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Cardiology, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX 77030, USA; (S.A.)
| | - Romain Harmancey
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Cardiology, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX 77030, USA; (S.A.)
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Mayanja R, Machipisa T, Soremekun O, Kamiza AB, Kintu C, Kalungi A, Kalyesubula R, Sande OJ, Jjingo D, Fabian J, Robinson-Cohen C, Franceschini N, Nitsch D, Nyirenda M, Zeggini E, Morris AP, Chikowore T, Fatumo S. Genome-wide association analysis of cystatin-C kidney function in continental Africa. EBioMedicine 2023; 95:104775. [PMID: 37639939 PMCID: PMC10474146 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2023.104775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2023] [Revised: 08/08/2023] [Accepted: 08/11/2023] [Indexed: 08/31/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chronic kidney disease is becoming more prevalent in Africa, and its genetic determinants are poorly understood. Creatinine-based estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) is commonly used to estimate kidney function, modelling the excretion of the endogenous biomarker (creatinine). However, eGFR based on creatinine has been shown to inadequately detect individuals with low kidney function in Sub-Saharan Africa, with eGFR based on cystatin-C (eGFRcys) exhibiting significantly superior performance. Therefore, we opted to conduct a GWAS for eGFRcys. METHODS Using the Uganda Genomic Resource, we performed a genome-wide association study (GWAS) of eGFRcys in 5877 Ugandans and evaluated replication in independent studies. Subsequently, putative causal variants were screened through Bayesian fine-mapping. Functional annotation of the GWAS loci was performed using Functional Mapping and Annotation (FUMA). FINDINGS Three independent lead single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) (P-value <5 × 10-8 (based on likelihood ratio test (LRT))) were identified; rs59288815 (ANK3), rs4277141 (OR51B5) and rs911119 (CST3). From fine-mapping, rs59288815 and rs911119 each had a posterior probability of causality of >99%. The rs911119 SNP maps to the cystatin C gene and has been previously associated with eGFRcys among Europeans. With gene-set enrichment analyses of the olfactory receptor family 51 overlapping genes, we identified an association with the G-alpha-S signalling events. INTERPRETATION Our study found two previously unreported associated SNPs for eGFRcys in continental Africans (rs59288815 and rs4277141) and validated a previously well-established SNP (rs911119) for eGFRcys. The identified gene-set enrichment for the G-protein signalling pathways relates to the capacity of the kidney to readily adapt to an ever-changing environment. Additional GWASs are required to represent the diverse regions in Africa. FUNDING Wellcome (220740/Z/20/Z).
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard Mayanja
- The African Computational Genomics (TACG) Research Group, MRC/UVRI and LSHTM Uganda Research Unit, Entebbe, Uganda; Department of Immunology and Molecular Biology, School of Biomedical Sciences, Makerere University, College of Health Sciences, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Tafadzwa Machipisa
- Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town & Groote Schuur Hospital, Cape Town, South Africa; Clinical Research Laboratory-Genetic and Molecular Epidemiology Laboratory (CRLB-GMEL), Population Health Research Institute (PHRI) & McMaster University, David Braley Cardiac, Vascular and Stroke Research Institute, 237 Barton Street East, Hamilton, Ontario, L8L 2X2, Canada
| | - Opeyemi Soremekun
- The African Computational Genomics (TACG) Research Group, MRC/UVRI and LSHTM Uganda Research Unit, Entebbe, Uganda
| | - Abram B Kamiza
- The African Computational Genomics (TACG) Research Group, MRC/UVRI and LSHTM Uganda Research Unit, Entebbe, Uganda; Malawi Epidemiology and Intervention Research Unit, Lilongwe, Malawi
| | - Christopher Kintu
- The African Computational Genomics (TACG) Research Group, MRC/UVRI and LSHTM Uganda Research Unit, Entebbe, Uganda; Department of Immunology and Molecular Biology, School of Biomedical Sciences, Makerere University, College of Health Sciences, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Allan Kalungi
- The African Computational Genomics (TACG) Research Group, MRC/UVRI and LSHTM Uganda Research Unit, Entebbe, Uganda
| | - Robert Kalyesubula
- Medical Research Council/ Uganda Virus Research Institute (MRC/UVRI) and London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine (LSHTM) Uganda Research Unit, Entebbe, Uganda
| | - Obondo J Sande
- Department of Immunology and Molecular Biology, School of Biomedical Sciences, Makerere University, College of Health Sciences, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Daudi Jjingo
- African Center of Excellence in Bioinformatics (ACE-B), Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
| | - June Fabian
- Medical Research Council/Wits University Rural Public Health and Health Transitions Research Unit (Agincourt), School of Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa; Wits Donald Gordon Medical Centre, School of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Cassianne Robinson-Cohen
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Nora Franceschini
- Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | | | - Moffat Nyirenda
- Clinical Research Laboratory-Genetic and Molecular Epidemiology Laboratory (CRLB-GMEL), Population Health Research Institute (PHRI) & McMaster University, David Braley Cardiac, Vascular and Stroke Research Institute, 237 Barton Street East, Hamilton, Ontario, L8L 2X2, Canada; London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine London, UK
| | - Eleftheria Zeggini
- Institute of Translational Genomics, Helmholtz Zentrum München - German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany; TUM School of Medicine, Translational Genomics, Technical University of Munich and Klinikum Rechts der Isar, Munich, Germany
| | - Andrew P Morris
- Centre for Genetics and Genomics Versus Arthritis, Centre for Musculoskeletal Research, Division of Musculoskeletal and Dermatological Sciences, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Tinashe Chikowore
- Sydney Brenner Institute for Molecular Bioscience, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa; MRC/Wits Developmental Pathways for Health Research Unit, Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Segun Fatumo
- The African Computational Genomics (TACG) Research Group, MRC/UVRI and LSHTM Uganda Research Unit, Entebbe, Uganda; Medical Research Council/ Uganda Virus Research Institute (MRC/UVRI) and London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine (LSHTM) Uganda Research Unit, Entebbe, Uganda; London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine London, UK; Institute of Translational Genomics, Helmholtz Zentrum München - German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany.
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Kornbausch N, Debong MW, Buettner A, Heydel JM, Loos H. Odorant Metabolism in Humans. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202202866. [PMID: 35522818 PMCID: PMC9541901 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202202866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Odorants are relatively small molecules which are easily taken up and distributed in the human body. Despite their relevance in everyday life, however, only a limited amount of evidence about their metabolism, pathways, and bioactivities in the human body exists. With this Review, we aim to encourage future interdisciplinary research on the function and mechanisms of the biotransformation of odorants, involving different disciplines such as nutrition, medicine, biochemistry, chemistry, and sensory sciences. Starting with a general overview of the different ways of odorant uptake and enzymes involved in the metabolism of odorants, a more precise description of biotransformation processes and their function in the oral cavity, the nose, the lower respiratory tract (LRT), and the gastrointestinal tract (GIT) is given together with an overview of the different routes of odorant excretion. Finally, perspectives for future research are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole Kornbausch
- Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Chemistry and Pharmacy, GERMANY
| | - Marcel W Debong
- Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Chemistry and Pharmacy, GERMANY
| | - Andrea Buettner
- Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Chemistry and Pharmacy, GERMANY
| | - Jean-Marie Heydel
- Centre des Sciences du Goût et de l'Alimentation: Centre des Sciences du Gout et de l'Alimentation, Flavour perception: from molecule to behavior, FRANCE
| | - Helene Loos
- Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Chemistry and Pharmacy, Henkestr. 9, 91054, Erlangen, GERMANY
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