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Kontush A, Martin M, Brites F. Sweet swell of burning fat: emerging role of high-density lipoprotein in energy homeostasis. Curr Opin Lipidol 2023; 34:235-242. [PMID: 37797204 DOI: 10.1097/mol.0000000000000904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/07/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Metabolism of lipids and lipoproteins, including high-density lipoprotein (HDL), plays a central role in energy homeostasis. Mechanisms underlying the relationship between energy homeostasis and HDL however remain poorly studied. RECENT FINDINGS Available evidence reveals that HDL is implicated in energy homeostasis. Circulating high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (HDL-C) levels are affected by energy production, raising with increasing resting metabolic rate. Lipolysis of triglycerides as a source of energy decreases plasma levels of remnant cholesterol, increases levels of HDL-C, and can be cardioprotective. Switch to preferential energy production from carbohydrates exerts opposite effects. SUMMARY Low HDL-C may represent a biomarker of inefficient energy production from fats. HDL-C-raising can be beneficial when it reflects enhanced energy production from burning fat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anatol Kontush
- Sorbonne University, INSERM, Institute of Cardiometabolism and Nutrition (ICAN), UMR_S 1166, Paris, France
| | - Maximiliano Martin
- Laboratory of Lipids and Atherosclerosis, Department of Clinical Biochemistry, INFIBIOC, University of Buenos Aires. CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Fernando Brites
- Laboratory of Lipids and Atherosclerosis, Department of Clinical Biochemistry, INFIBIOC, University of Buenos Aires. CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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Li J, Yang G, Zhang L. Artificial Intelligence Empowered Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging in Cardiology: A State-of-the-Art Review. PHENOMICS (CHAM, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 3:586-596. [PMID: 38223683 PMCID: PMC10781930 DOI: 10.1007/s43657-023-00137-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2023] [Revised: 10/13/2023] [Accepted: 10/16/2023] [Indexed: 01/16/2024]
Abstract
Nuclear medicine and molecular imaging plays a significant role in the detection and management of cardiovascular disease (CVD). With recent advancements in computer power and the availability of digital archives, artificial intelligence (AI) is rapidly gaining traction in the field of medical imaging, including nuclear medicine and molecular imaging. However, the complex and time-consuming workflow and interpretation involved in nuclear medicine and molecular imaging, limit their extensive utilization in clinical practice. To address this challenge, AI has emerged as a fundamental tool for enhancing the role of nuclear medicine and molecular imaging. It has shown promising applications in various crucial aspects of nuclear cardiology, such as optimizing imaging protocols, facilitating data processing, aiding in CVD diagnosis, risk classification and prognosis. In this review paper, we will introduce the key concepts of AI and provide an overview of its current progress in the field of nuclear cardiology. In addition, we will discuss future perspectives for AI in this domain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junhao Li
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Jinling Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Medical School, Nanjing University, 305 Zhongshan East Road, Xuanwu District, Nanjing, 210002 Jiangsu China
| | - Guifen Yang
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Jinling Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Medical School, Nanjing University, 305 Zhongshan East Road, Xuanwu District, Nanjing, 210002 Jiangsu China
| | - Longjiang Zhang
- Department of Radiology, Jinling Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Medical School, Nanjing University, 305 Zhongshan East Road, Xuanwu District, Nanjing, 210002 Jiangsu China
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Brain-to-BAT - and Back?: Crosstalk between the Central Nervous System and Thermogenic Adipose Tissue in Development and Therapy of Obesity. Brain Sci 2022; 12:brainsci12121646. [PMID: 36552107 PMCID: PMC9775239 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci12121646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2022] [Revised: 11/28/2022] [Accepted: 11/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
The body of mammals harbors two distinct types of adipose tissue: while cells within the white adipose tissue (WAT) store surplus energy as lipids, brown adipose tissue (BAT) is nowadays recognized as the main tissue for transforming chemical energy into heat. This process, referred to as 'non-shivering thermogenesis', is facilitated by the uncoupling of the electron transport across mitochondrial membranes from ATP production. BAT-dependent thermogenesis acts as a safeguarding mechanism under reduced ambient temperature but also plays a critical role in metabolic and energy homeostasis in health and disease. In this review, we summarize the evolutionary structure, function and regulation of the BAT organ under neuronal and hormonal control and discuss its mutual interaction with the central nervous system. We conclude by conceptualizing how better understanding the multifaceted communicative links between the brain and BAT opens avenues for novel therapeutic approaches to treat obesity and related metabolic disorders.
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Saydam CD. Subclinical cardiovascular disease and utility of coronary artery calcium score. IJC HEART & VASCULATURE 2021; 37:100909. [PMID: 34825047 PMCID: PMC8604741 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijcha.2021.100909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2021] [Revised: 10/14/2021] [Accepted: 10/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
ASCVD are the leading causes of mortality and morbidity among Globe. Evaluation of patients' comprehensive and personalized risk provides risk management strategies and preventive interventions to achieve gain for patients. Framingham Risk Score (FRS) and Systemic Coronary Risk Evaluation Score (SCORE) are two well studied risk scoring models, however, can miss some (20-35%) of future cardiovascular events. To obtain more accurate risk assessment recalibrating risk models through utilizing novel risk markers have been studied in last 3 decades and both ESC and AHA recommends assessing Family History, hs-CRP, CACS, ABI, and CIMT. Subclinical Cardiovascular Disease (SCVD) has been conceptually developed for investigating gradually progressing asymptomatic development of atherosclerosis and among these novel risk markers it has been well established by literature that CACS having highest improvement in risk assessment. This review study mainly selectively discussing studies with CACS measurement. A CACS = 0 can down-stratify risk of patients otherwise treated or treatment eligible before test and can reduce unnecessary interventions and cost, whereas CACS ≥ 100 is equivalent to statin treatment threshold of ≥ 7.5% risk level otherwise statin ineligible before test. Since inflammation, insulin resistance, oxidative stress, dyslipidemia and ongoing endothelial damage due to hypertension could lead to CAC, ASCVD linked with comorbidities. Recent cohort studies have shown a CACS 100-300 as a sign of increased cancer risk. Physical activity, dietary factors, cigarette use, alcohol consumption, metabolic health, family history of CHD, aging, exposures of neighborhood environment and non-cardiovascular comorbidities can determine CACs changes.
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Santhanam P, Rowe SP, Solnes LB, Quainoo B, Ahima RS. A systematic review of imaging studies of human brown adipose tissue. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2021; 1495:5-23. [PMID: 33604891 DOI: 10.1111/nyas.14579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2020] [Revised: 01/25/2021] [Accepted: 01/31/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Brown adipose tissue (BAT) is involved in energy dissipation and has been linked to weight loss, insulin sensitivity, and reduced risk of atherosclerotic disease. BAT is found most often in the supraclavicular region, as well as mediastinal and paravertebral areas, and it is predominantly seen in young persons. BAT is activated by cold temperature and the sympathetic nervous system. In humans, BAT was initially detected via 2-deoxy-2-[18 F]fluoro-d-glucose (FDG) positron emission tomography/computed tomography (PET/CT), a high-resolution molecular imaging modality used to identify and stage malignancies. Recent studies have shown that BAT can be localized using conventional imaging modalities, such as CT or magnetic resonance imaging, as well as radiotracers used for single-photon emission CT. In this systematic review, we have summarized the evidence for BAT detection in humans using various imaging techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prasanna Santhanam
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Asthma and Allergy Center, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Steven P Rowe
- Division of Nuclear Medicine, Department of Radiology and Radiological Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Lilja B Solnes
- Division of Nuclear Medicine, Department of Radiology and Radiological Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Brittany Quainoo
- Columbian College of Arts and Sciences, George Washington University, Washington, DC
| | - Rexford S Ahima
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Asthma and Allergy Center, Baltimore, Maryland
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Azzu V, Vacca M, Virtue S, Allison M, Vidal-Puig A. Adipose Tissue-Liver Cross Talk in the Control of Whole-Body Metabolism: Implications in Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease. Gastroenterology 2020; 158:1899-1912. [PMID: 32061598 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2019.12.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 172] [Impact Index Per Article: 43.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2019] [Revised: 11/20/2019] [Accepted: 12/04/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Adipose tissue and the liver play significant roles in the regulation of whole-body energy homeostasis, but they have not evolved to cope with the continuous, chronic, nutrient surplus seen in obesity. In this review, we detail how prolonged metabolic stress leads to adipose tissue dysfunction, inflammation, and adipokine release that results in increased lipid flux to the liver. Overall, the upshot of hepatic fat accumulation alongside an insulin-resistant state is that hepatic lipid enzymatic pathways are modulated and overwhelmed, resulting in the selective buildup of toxic lipid species, which worsens the pro-inflammatory and pro-fibrotic shift observed in nonalcoholic steatohepatitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vian Azzu
- Wellcome Trust-Medical Research Council Institute of Metabolic Science-Metabolic Research Laboratories, Addenbrooke's Hospital; The Liver Unit, Department of Medicine, Cambridge University Hospitals National Health Service Foundation Trust, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Hills Road, Cambridge.
| | - Michele Vacca
- Wellcome Trust-Medical Research Council Institute of Metabolic Science-Metabolic Research Laboratories, Addenbrooke's Hospital
| | - Samuel Virtue
- Wellcome Trust-Medical Research Council Institute of Metabolic Science-Metabolic Research Laboratories, Addenbrooke's Hospital
| | - Michael Allison
- The Liver Unit, Department of Medicine, Cambridge University Hospitals National Health Service Foundation Trust, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Hills Road, Cambridge
| | - Antonio Vidal-Puig
- Wellcome Trust-Medical Research Council Institute of Metabolic Science-Metabolic Research Laboratories, Addenbrooke's Hospital; Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, United Kingdom
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Srivastava S, Veech RL. Brown and Brite: The Fat Soldiers in the Anti-obesity Fight. Front Physiol 2019; 10:38. [PMID: 30761017 PMCID: PMC6363669 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2019.00038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2018] [Accepted: 01/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Brown adipose tissue (BAT) is proposed to maintain thermal homeostasis through dissipation of chemical energy as heat by the uncoupling proteins (UCPs) present in their mitochondria. The recent demonstration of the presence of BAT in humans has invigorated research in this area. The research has provided many new insights into the biology and functioning of this tissue and the biological implications of its altered activities. Another finding of interest is browning of white adipose tissue (WAT) resulting in what is known as beige/brite cells, which have increased mitochondrial proteins and UCPs. In general, it has been observed that the activation of BAT is associated with various physiological improvements such as a reduction in blood glucose levels increased resting energy expenditure and reduced weight. Given the similar physiological functions of BAT and beige/ brite cells and the higher mass of WAT compared to BAT, it is likely that increasing the brite/beige cells in WATs may also lead to greater metabolic benefits. However, development of treatments targeting brown fat or WAT browning would require not only a substantial understanding of the biology of these tissues but also the effect of altering their activity levels on whole body metabolism and physiology. In this review, we present evidence from recent literature on the substrates utilized by BAT, regulation of BAT activity and browning by circulating molecules. We also present dietary and pharmacological activators of brown and beige/brite adipose tissue and the effect of physical exercise on BAT activity and browning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shireesh Srivastava
- Systems Biology for Biofuels Group, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (ICGEB), New Delhi, India
| | - Richard L Veech
- Laboratory of Metabolic Control, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, United States
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The relationship between epicardial adipose tissue and coronary artery stenosis by sex and menopausal status in patients with suspected angina. Biol Sex Differ 2018; 9:52. [PMID: 30547834 PMCID: PMC6295015 DOI: 10.1186/s13293-018-0212-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2018] [Accepted: 12/04/2018] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Evidence suggests that epicardial adipose tissue (EAT) is closely related to coronary artery stenosis (CAS). However, sexual dimorphism may be present in adipose tissue, and its influence on CAS between men and women is controversial. We assessed the relationship between EAT and CAS by sex and menopausal status in patients with suspected angina. Methods Six hundred twenty-eight consecutive patients (men/women n = 257/371; mean age = 59.9 ± 10.2 years) who had chest pain for angina and underwent coronary angiography were included. CAS was defined as > 50% luminal narrowing of at least one epicardial coronary artery. EAT thickness was measured by transthoracic echocardiography. Results Of the 628 patients, 52.1% (n = 134) of men and 35.3% (n = 131) of women had CAS. The mean EAT thickness was not different between men and women and was larger in patients with CAS (8.04 ± 2.39 vs 6.58 ± 1.88 mm, P < 0.001). EAT thickness was independently associated with CAS in both sexes (P < 0.001). The odds ratio (OR) of EAT for the presence of CAS was higher in men (OR = 1.43, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.21–1.69) than in women (OR = 1.24, 95% CI 1.10–1.40). EAT thickness was larger in postmenopausal women than in premenopausal women (7.59 ± 2.25 vs 5.80 ± 1.57 mm, P < 0.001) and was independently related with CAS (OR = 1.24, 95% CI 1.09–1.41). This was not the case in premenopausal women. Conclusion In patients with suspected angina, an increase in EAT thickness was independently related to the presence of CAS in both men and women, with it being stronger in men. According to menopausal status in women, EAT thickness is significantly associated with CAS only in postmenopausal women.
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Cho DH, Joo HJ, Kim MN, Lim DS, Shim WJ, Park SM. Association between epicardial adipose tissue, high-sensitivity C-reactive protein and myocardial dysfunction in middle-aged men with suspected metabolic syndrome. Cardiovasc Diabetol 2018; 17:95. [PMID: 29960588 PMCID: PMC6026337 DOI: 10.1186/s12933-018-0735-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2018] [Accepted: 06/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND As body fat composition and metabolism differ between men and women, we evaluated sex-related differences in the association among epicardial adipose tissue (EAT), secretome profile, and myocardial function of subjects with suspected metabolic syndrome. METHODS We evaluated 277 participants (men, n = 140; 56.1 ± 4.7 years) who underwent conventional echocardiography and two-dimensional speckle tracking from the Seoul Metabolic Syndrome cohort. EAT was measured from the right ventricular free wall perpendicular to the aortic annulus at end systole. Global longitudinal strain (GLS) was obtained from 18 apical segments. Apolipoprotein A1, apolipoprotein B, adiponectin, and high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP) levels were measured using immunoturbidimetry assay. RESULTS Mean age, body mass index, and hs-CRP level did not differ by sex. Waist circumference, fasting blood glucose level, and triglyceride/high-density lipoprotein cholesterol ratio were higher, and apolipoprotein AI and adiponectin levels were lower in men. No significant difference in mean EAT thickness was found (7.02 ± 1.81 vs. 7.13 ± 1.70 mm, p = 0.613). Men had a higher left ventricular (LV) mass index and lower GLS. EAT thickness was associated with hs-CRP level in men alone (ß = 0.206, p = 0.015). LV mass index (ß = 2.311, p = 0.037) and function represented by e' (ß = - 0.279, p = 0.001) and GLS (ß = - 0.332, p < 0.001) were independently associated with EAT thickness in men alone. CONCLUSIONS In middle-aged subjects with suspected metabolic syndrome, EAT was associated with inflammation represented by hs-CRP level, LV mass, and subclinical myocardial dysfunction only in men, suggesting that the inflammatory activity of EAT induced myocardial remodeling and dysfunction in middle-aged subjects but was attenuated in women. Trial registration NCT02077530 (date of registration: November 1, 2013).
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong-Hyuk Cho
- Division of Cardiology, Korea University College of Medicine, Anam Hospital, Inchonro 73, Seongbukgu, Seoul, 136-705 Republic of Korea
| | - Hyung Joon Joo
- Division of Cardiology, Korea University College of Medicine, Anam Hospital, Inchonro 73, Seongbukgu, Seoul, 136-705 Republic of Korea
| | - Mi-Na Kim
- Division of Cardiology, Korea University College of Medicine, Anam Hospital, Inchonro 73, Seongbukgu, Seoul, 136-705 Republic of Korea
| | - Do-Sun Lim
- Division of Cardiology, Korea University College of Medicine, Anam Hospital, Inchonro 73, Seongbukgu, Seoul, 136-705 Republic of Korea
| | - Wan Joo Shim
- Division of Cardiology, Korea University College of Medicine, Anam Hospital, Inchonro 73, Seongbukgu, Seoul, 136-705 Republic of Korea
| | - Seong-Mi Park
- Division of Cardiology, Korea University College of Medicine, Anam Hospital, Inchonro 73, Seongbukgu, Seoul, 136-705 Republic of Korea
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