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Soto J, Linsley C, Song Y, Chen B, Fang J, Neyyan J, Davila R, Lee B, Wu B, Li S. Engineering Materials and Devices for the Prevention, Diagnosis, and Treatment of COVID-19 and Infectious Diseases. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 13:2455. [PMID: 37686965 PMCID: PMC10490511 DOI: 10.3390/nano13172455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2023] [Revised: 08/22/2023] [Accepted: 08/25/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023]
Abstract
Following the global spread of COVID-19, scientists and engineers have adapted technologies and developed new tools to aid in the fight against COVID-19. This review discusses various approaches to engineering biomaterials, devices, and therapeutics, especially at micro and nano levels, for the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of infectious diseases, such as COVID-19, serving as a resource for scientists to identify specific tools that can be applicable for infectious-disease-related research, technology development, and treatment. From the design and production of equipment critical to first responders and patients using three-dimensional (3D) printing technology to point-of-care devices for rapid diagnosis, these technologies and tools have been essential to address current global needs for the prevention and detection of diseases. Moreover, advancements in organ-on-a-chip platforms provide a valuable platform to not only study infections and disease development in humans but also allow for the screening of more effective therapeutics. In addition, vaccines, the repurposing of approved drugs, biomaterials, drug delivery, and cell therapy are promising approaches for the prevention and treatment of infectious diseases. Following a comprehensive review of all these topics, we discuss unsolved problems and future directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Soto
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Chase Linsley
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Yang Song
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Binru Chen
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Jun Fang
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- School of Biomedical Engineering and Med-X Research Institute, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Josephine Neyyan
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Raul Davila
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Brandon Lee
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Benjamin Wu
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- Department of Dentistry, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Song Li
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- Department of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
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Amza CG, Zapciu A, Baciu F, Radu C. Effect of UV-C Radiation on 3D Printed ABS-PC Polymers. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:polym15081966. [PMID: 37112113 PMCID: PMC10141134 DOI: 10.3390/polym15081966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2023] [Revised: 04/13/2023] [Accepted: 04/19/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
During the initial stages of the COVID-19 pandemic, healthcare facilities experienced severe shortages of personal protective equipment (PPE) and other medical supplies. Employing 3D printing to rapidly fabricate functional parts and equipment was one of the emergency solutions used to tackle these shortages. Using ultraviolet light in the UV-C band (wavelengths of 200 nm to 280 nm) might prove useful in sterilizing 3D printed parts, enabling their reusability. Most polymers, however, degrade under UV-C radiation, so it becomes necessary to determine what 3D printing materials can withstand the conditions found during medical equipment sterilization with UV-C. This paper analyzes the effect of accelerated aging through prolonged exposure to UV-C on the mechanical properties of parts 3D printed from a polycarbonate and acrylonitrile butadiene styrene polymer (ABS-PC). Samples 3D printed using a material extrusion process (MEX) went through a 24-h UV-C exposure aging cycle and then were tested versus a control group for changes in tensile strength, compressive strength and some selected material creep characteristics. Testing showed minimal mechanical property degradation following the irradiation procedure, with tensile strength being statistically the same for irradiated parts as those in the control group. Irradiated parts showed small losses in stiffness (5.2%) and compressive strength (6.5%). Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was employed in order to assess if any changes occurred in the material structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catalin Gheorghe Amza
- Faculty of Industrial Engineering and Robotics, University Politehnica of Bucharest, 060042 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Aurelian Zapciu
- Faculty of Industrial Engineering and Robotics, University Politehnica of Bucharest, 060042 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Florin Baciu
- Faculty of Industrial Engineering and Robotics, University Politehnica of Bucharest, 060042 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Constantin Radu
- Faculty of Industrial Engineering and Robotics, University Politehnica of Bucharest, 060042 Bucharest, Romania
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3
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Three-Dimensional Printing and Its Potential to Develop Sensors for Cancer with Improved Performance. BIOSENSORS 2022; 12:bios12090685. [PMID: 36140070 PMCID: PMC9496342 DOI: 10.3390/bios12090685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2022] [Revised: 08/17/2022] [Accepted: 08/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Cancer is the second leading cause of death globally and early diagnosis is the best strategy to reduce mortality risk. Biosensors to detect cancer biomarkers are based on various principles of detection, including electrochemical, optical, electrical, and mechanical measurements. Despite the advances in the identification of biomarkers and the conventional 2D manufacturing processes, detection methods for cancers still require improvements in terms of selectivity and sensitivity, especially for point-of-care diagnosis. Three-dimensional printing may offer the features to produce complex geometries in the design of high-precision, low-cost sensors. Three-dimensional printing, also known as additive manufacturing, allows for the production of sensitive, user-friendly, and semi-automated sensors, whose composition, geometry, and functionality can be controlled. This paper reviews the recent use of 3D printing in biosensors for cancer diagnosis, highlighting the main advantages and advances achieved with this technology. Additionally, the challenges in 3D printing technology for the mass production of high-performance biosensors for cancer diagnosis are addressed.
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Amaechi CV, Adefuye EF, Kgosiemang IM, Huang B, Amaechi EC. Scientometric Review for Research Patterns on Additive Manufacturing of Lattice Structures. MATERIALS 2022; 15:ma15155323. [PMID: 35955258 PMCID: PMC9369840 DOI: 10.3390/ma15155323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2022] [Revised: 07/22/2022] [Accepted: 07/23/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Over the past 15 years, interest in additive manufacturing (AM) on lattice structures has significantly increased in producing 3D/4D objects. The purpose of this study is to gain a thorough grasp of the research pattern and the condition of the field’s research today as well as identify obstacles towards future research. To accomplish the purpose, this work undertakes a scientometric analysis of the international research conducted on additive manufacturing for lattice structure materials published from 2002 to 2022. A total of 1290 journal articles from the Web of Science (WoS) database and 1766 journal articles from the Scopus database were found using a search system. This paper applied scientometric science, which is based on bibliometric analysis. The data were subjected to a scientometric study, which looked at the number of publications, authorship, regions by countries, keyword co-occurrence, literature coupling, and scientometric mapping. VOSviewer was used to establish research patterns, visualize maps, and identify transcendental issues. Thus, the quantitative determination of the primary research framework, papers, and themes of this research field was possible. In order to shed light on current developments in additive manufacturing for lattice structures, an extensive systematic study is provided. The scientometric analysis revealed a strong bias towards researching AM on lattice structures but little concentration on technologies that emerge from it. It also outlined its unmet research needs, which can benefit both the industry and academia. This review makes a prediction for the future, with contributions by educating researchers, manufacturers, and other experts on the current state of AM for lattice structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiemela Victor Amaechi
- School of Engineering, Lancaster University, Bailrigg, Lancaster LA1 4YR, UK
- Standards Organisation of Nigeria (SON), 52 Lome Crescent, Wuse Zone 7, Abuja 900287, Federal Capital Territory, Nigeria
- Correspondence: (C.V.A.); (E.F.A.)
| | - Emmanuel Folarin Adefuye
- School of Engineering, Lancaster University, Bailrigg, Lancaster LA1 4YR, UK
- Department of Mechanical/MetalWork Technology, Federal College of Education [Technical], Akoka 100001, Lagos State, Nigeria
- Correspondence: (C.V.A.); (E.F.A.)
| | - Irish Mpho Kgosiemang
- Department of Management, University of Central Lancashire (UCLAN), Preston PR1 2HE, UK;
| | - Bo Huang
- School of Civil Engineering, Hunan University of Science and Technology, Xiangtan 411201, China;
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Ji Q, Wang XV, Wang L, Feng L. Customized protective visors enabled by closed loop controlled 4D printing. Sci Rep 2022; 12:7566. [PMID: 35534667 PMCID: PMC9082988 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-11629-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2021] [Accepted: 04/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic makes protective visors important for protecting people in close contacts. However, the production of visors cannot be increased greatly in a short time, especially at the beginning of the pandemic. The 3D printing community contributed largely in fabricating the visor frames using the rapid and adaptive manufacturing ability. While there are many open source designs of face visors for affordable 3D printers, all these designs fabricate mono-sized frames without considering diverse users’ dimensions. Here, a new method of visor post-processing technology enabled by closed loop controlled 4D printing is proposed. The new process can further deform the printed visor to any customized size for a more comfortable user experience. FEM analysis of the customized visor also shows consistent wearing experience in different circumstances compared with the old visor design. The fabrication precision and time cost of the method is studied experimentally. A case study regarding the reducing, reusing and recycling (3R) of customized visors in classrooms is proposed to enable the customized visors manufactured in a more sustainable way.
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Amza CG, Zapciu A, Baciu F, Vasile MI, Popescu D. Aging of 3D Printed Polymers under Sterilizing UV-C Radiation. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:4467. [PMID: 34961017 PMCID: PMC8709156 DOI: 10.3390/polym13244467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2021] [Revised: 12/12/2021] [Accepted: 12/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
In the context of the COVID-19 pandemic, shortwave ultraviolet radiation with wavelengths between 200 nm and 280 nm (UV-C) is seeing increased usage in the sterilization of medical equipment, appliances, and spaces due to its antimicrobial effect. During the first weeks of the pandemic, healthcare facilities experienced a shortage of personal protective equipment. This led to hospital technicians, private companies, and even members of the public to resort to 3D printing in order to produce fast, on-demand resources. This paper analyzes the effect of accelerated aging through prolonged exposure to UV-C on mechanical properties of parts 3D printed by material extrusion (MEX) from common polymers, such as polylactic acid (PLA) and polyethylene terephthalate-glycol (PETG). Samples 3D printed from these materials went through a 24-h UV-C exposure aging cycle and were then tested versus a control group for changes in mechanical properties. Both tensile and compressive strength were determined, as well as changes in material creep properties. Prolonged UV-C exposure reduced the mechanical properties of PLA by 6-8% and of PETG by over 30%. These findings are of practical importance for those interested in producing functional MEX parts intended to be sterilized using UV-C. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was performed in order to assess any changes in material structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catalin Gheorghe Amza
- Department of Quality Engineering and Industrial Technologies, Faculty of Industrial Engineering and Robotics, University Politehnica of Bucharest, 060042 Bucharest, Romania;
| | - Aurelian Zapciu
- Department of Robotics and Production Systems, Faculty of Industrial Engineering and Robotics, University Politehnica of Bucharest, 060042 Bucharest, Romania; (A.Z.); (D.P.)
| | - Florin Baciu
- Department of Strength Materials, Faculty of Industrial Engineering and Robotics, University Politehnica of Bucharest, 060042 Bucharest, Romania;
| | - Mihai Ion Vasile
- Department of Quality Engineering and Industrial Technologies, Faculty of Industrial Engineering and Robotics, University Politehnica of Bucharest, 060042 Bucharest, Romania;
| | - Diana Popescu
- Department of Robotics and Production Systems, Faculty of Industrial Engineering and Robotics, University Politehnica of Bucharest, 060042 Bucharest, Romania; (A.Z.); (D.P.)
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Patel P, Gohil P. Role of additive manufacturing in medical application COVID-19 scenario: India case study. JOURNAL OF MANUFACTURING SYSTEMS 2021; 60:811-822. [PMID: 33204048 PMCID: PMC7659810 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmsy.2020.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2020] [Revised: 11/09/2020] [Accepted: 11/09/2020] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
This paper reviews how the Additive Manufacturing (AM) industry played a key role in stopping the spread of the Coronavirus by providing customized parts on-demand quickly and locally, reducing waste and eliminating the need for an extensive manufacturer. The AM technology uses digital files for the production of crucial medical parts, which has been proven essential during the COVID-19 crisis. Going ahead, the 3D printable clinical model resources described here will probably be extended in various centralized model storehouses with new inventive open-source models. Government agencies, individuals, corporations and universities are working together to quickly development of various 3D-printed products especially when established supply chains are under distress, and supply cannot keep up with demand.
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Affiliation(s)
- Piyush Patel
- Mechanical Engineering Department, Faculty of Technology and Engineering, M.S. University, Baroda, 390001, Gujarat, India
| | - Piyush Gohil
- Mechanical Engineering Department, Faculty of Technology and Engineering, Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda, Gujarat, India
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Budinoff HD, Bushra J, Shafae M. Community-driven PPE production using additive manufacturing during the COVID-19 pandemic: Survey and lessons learned. JOURNAL OF MANUFACTURING SYSTEMS 2021; 60:799-810. [PMID: 35068654 PMCID: PMC8759144 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmsy.2021.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2021] [Revised: 06/14/2021] [Accepted: 07/07/2021] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
This study presents a detailed analysis of the production efforts for personal protective equipment in makerspaces and informal production spaces (i.e., community-driven efforts) in response to the COVID-19 pandemic in the United States. The focus of this study is on additive manufacturing (also known as 3D printing), which was the dominant manufacturing method employed in these production efforts. Production details from a variety of informal production efforts were systematically analyzed to quantify the scale and efficiency of different efforts. Data for this analysis was primarily drawn from detailed survey data from 74 individuals who participated in these different production efforts, as well as from a systematic review of 145 publicly available news stories. This rich dataset enables a comprehensive summary of the community-driven production efforts, with detailed and quantitative comparisons of different efforts. In this study, factors that influenced production efficiency and success were investigated, including choice of PPE designs, production logistics, and additive manufacturing processes employed by makerspaces and universities. From this investigation, several themes emerged including challenges associated with matching production rates to demand, production methods with vastly different production rates, inefficient production due to slow build times and high scrap rates, and difficulty obtaining necessary feedstocks. Despite these challenges, nearly every maker involved in these production efforts categorized their response as successful. Lessons learned and themes derived from this systematic study of these results are compiled and presented to help inform better practices for future community-driven use of additive manufacturing, especially in response to emergencies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah D Budinoff
- Department of Systems and Industrial Engineering, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States
| | - Jannatul Bushra
- Department of Systems and Industrial Engineering, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States
| | - Mohammed Shafae
- Department of Systems and Industrial Engineering, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States
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Tareq MS, Rahman T, Hossain M, Dorrington P. Additive manufacturing and the COVID-19 challenges: An in-depth study. JOURNAL OF MANUFACTURING SYSTEMS 2021; 60:787-798. [PMID: 33897085 PMCID: PMC8058390 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmsy.2020.12.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2020] [Revised: 12/28/2020] [Accepted: 12/30/2020] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) rapidly achieved global pandemic status. The pandemic created huge demand for relevant medical and personal protective equipment (PPE) and put unprecedented pressure on the healthcare system within a very short span of time. Moreover, the supply chain system faced extreme disruption as a result of the frequent and severe lockdowns across the globe. In such a situation, additive manufacturing (AM) becomes a supplementary manufacturing process to meet the explosive demands and to ease the health disaster worldwide. Providing the extensive design customization, a rapid manufacturing route, eliminating lengthy assembly lines and ensuring low manufacturing lead times, the AM route could plug the immediate supply chain gap, whilst mass production routes restarted again. The AM community joined the fight against COVID-19 by producing components for medical equipment such as ventilators, nasopharyngeal swabs and PPE such as face masks and face shields. The aim of this article is to systematically summarize and to critically analyze all major efforts put forward by the AM industry, academics, researchers, users, and individuals. A step-by-step account is given summarizing all major additively manufactured products that were designed, invented, used, and produced during the pandemic in addition to highlighting some of the potential challenges. Such a review will become a historical document for the future as well as a stimulus for the next generation AM community.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Sarower Tareq
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Michigan State University, East Lansing, USA
| | - Tanzilur Rahman
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Michigan State University, East Lansing, USA
| | - Mokarram Hossain
- Zienkiewicz Centre for Computational Engineering, College of Engineering, Swansea University, SA1 8EN, United Kingdom
| | - Peter Dorrington
- College of Engineering, Swansea University, SA1 8EN, United Kingdom
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O’Shaughnessy PT, Strzelecki B, Ortiz-Hernandez M, Aubin P, Jing X, Chang Q, Xiang J, Thorne PS, Stapleton JT. Characterization of performance and disinfection resilience of nonwoven filter materials for use in 3D-printed N95 respirators. JOURNAL OF OCCUPATIONAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL HYGIENE 2021; 18:265-275. [PMID: 33989113 PMCID: PMC8215690 DOI: 10.1080/15459624.2021.1913283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic has caused a high demand for respiratory protection among health care workers in hospitals, especially surgical N95 filtering facepiece respirators (FFRs). To aid in alleviating that demand, a survey of commercially available filter media was conducted to determine whether any could serve as a substitute for an N95 FFR while held in a 3D-printed mask (Stopgap Surgical Face Mask from the NIH 3D Print Exchange). Fourteen filter media types and eight combinations were evaluated for filtration efficiency, breathing resistance (pressure drop), and liquid penetration. Additional testing was conducted to evaluate two filter media disinfection methods in the event that the filters were reused in a hospital setting. Efficiency testing was conducted in accordance with the procedures established for approving an N95 FFR. One apparatus used a filter-holding device and another apparatus employed a manikin head to which the 3D-printed mask could be sealed. The filter media and combinations exhibited collection efficiencies varied between 3.9% and 98.8% when tested with a face velocity comparable to that of a standard N95 FFR at the 85 L min-1 used in the approval procedure. Breathing resistance varied between 10.8 to >637 Pa (1.1 to > 65 mm H2O). When applied to the 3D-printed mask efficiency decreased by an average of 13% and breathing resistance increased 4-fold as a result of the smaller surface area of the filter media when held in that mask compared to that of an N95 FFR. Disinfection by dry heat, even after 25 cycles, did not significantly affect filter efficiency and reduced viral infectivity by > 99.9%. However, 10 cycles of 59% vaporized H2O2 significantly (p < 0.001) reduced filter efficiency of the media tested. Several commercially available filter media were found to be potential replacements for the media used to construct the typical cup-like N95 FFR. However, their use in the 3D-printed mask demonstrated reduced efficiency and increased breathing resistance at 85 L min-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick T. O’Shaughnessy
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, College of Public Health, The University of Iowa, 100 CPHB, S320, Iowa City, Iowa
| | - Brian Strzelecki
- VA Puget Sound Health Care System, 1660 S. Columbian Way, Seattle, WA 98108
| | - Monica Ortiz-Hernandez
- VA Puget Sound Health Care System, 1660 S. Columbian Way, Seattle, WA 98108
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195
| | - Patrick Aubin
- VA Puget Sound Health Care System, 1660 S. Columbian Way, Seattle, WA 98108
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195
| | - Xuefang Jing
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, College of Public Health, The University of Iowa, 100 CPHB, S320, Iowa City, Iowa
| | - Qing Chang
- Department of Internal Medicine, Iowa City Veterans Administration Healthcare and the University of Iowa, 601 Highway 6 West, Iowa City, Iowa
| | - Jinhua Xiang
- Department of Internal Medicine, Iowa City Veterans Administration Healthcare and the University of Iowa, 601 Highway 6 West, Iowa City, Iowa
| | - Peter S. Thorne
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, College of Public Health, The University of Iowa, 100 CPHB, S320, Iowa City, Iowa
| | - Jack T. Stapleton
- Department of Internal Medicine, Iowa City Veterans Administration Healthcare and the University of Iowa, 601 Highway 6 West, Iowa City, Iowa
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, GH, The University of Iowa, SW54-11, Iowa City, Iowa
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11
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Longhitano GA, Nunes GB, Candido G, da Silva JVL. The role of 3D printing during COVID-19 pandemic: a review. PROGRESS IN ADDITIVE MANUFACTURING 2020; 6:19-37. [PMID: 38624444 PMCID: PMC7685299 DOI: 10.1007/s40964-020-00159-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2020] [Accepted: 11/07/2020] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2), has spread through more than 180 countries, leading to diverse health systems overload around the world. Because of the high number of patients and the supply chain disruption, it generated a shortage of medical devices and personal protective equipment. In this context, initiatives from the additive manufacturing community emerged to fight the lack of devices. Diverse designs were produced and are currently being used in hospitals by patients and health workers. However, as some devices must follow strict standards, these products may not fulfill these standards. Therefore, to ensure the user's health, there is a need for understanding each device, their usage, and standards. This study reviews the use of additive manufacturing during COVID-19 pandemic. It gathers the source of several 3D printed devices such as face shields, face masks, valves, nasopharyngeal swabs, and others, discussing their use and regulatory issues. In this regard, the major drawbacks of the technology, addressed for the next pandemic scenario, are highlighted. Finally, some insights of the future of additive manufacturing during emergency are given and discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Geovany Candido
- Center for Information Technology Renato Archer (CTI), Campinas, Brazil
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12
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Zhang PC, Ahmed Y, Hussein IM, Afenu E, Feasson M, Daud A. Optimization of community-led 3D printing for the production of protective face shields. 3D Print Med 2020; 6:35. [PMID: 33230665 PMCID: PMC7682762 DOI: 10.1186/s41205-020-00089-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2020] [Accepted: 11/16/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background As the healthcare system faced an acute shortage of personal protective equipment (PPE) during the COVID-19 pandemic, the use of 3D printing technologies became an innovative method of increasing production capacity to meet this acute need. Due to the emergence of a large number of 3D printed face shield designs and community-led PPE printing initiatives, this case study examines the methods and design best optimized for community printers who may not have the resources or experience to conduct such a thorough analysis. Case presentation We present the optimization of the production of 3D printed face shields by community 3D printers, as part of an initiative aimed at producing PPE for healthcare workers. The face shield frames were manufactured using the 3DVerkstan design and were coupled with an acetate sheet to assemble a complete face shield. Rigorous quality assurance and decontamination protocols ensured community-printed PPE was satisfactory for healthcare use. Conclusion Additive manufacturing is a promising method of producing adequate face shields for frontline health workers because of its versatility and quick up-start time. The optimization of stacking and sanitization protocols allowed 3D printing to feasibly supplement formal public health responses in the face of a global pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Chengming Zhang
- Leslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Rotman School of Management, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Yousuf Ahmed
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Isra M Hussein
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Institute of Health Policy, Management, and Evaluation, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Edem Afenu
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Institute of Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Manon Feasson
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Anser Daud
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
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13
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Asfia A, Deepak B, Novak JI, Rolfe B, Kron T. Infill selection for 3D printed radiotherapy immobilisation devices. Biomed Phys Eng Express 2020; 6. [DOI: 10.1088/2057-1976/abb981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2020] [Accepted: 09/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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