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Qian X, Liu W, Chen Y, Zhang J, Jiang Y, Pan L, Hu C. A UPLC-MS/MS method for simultaneous determination of arachidonic acid, stearic acid, and related endocannabinoids in human plasma. Heliyon 2024; 10:e28467. [PMID: 38560270 PMCID: PMC10979285 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e28467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2023] [Revised: 03/18/2024] [Accepted: 03/19/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Endocannabinoids (eCBs) exert considerable influence over energy metabolism, lipid metabolism, and glucose metabolism within the human body. Among the most biologically active cannabinoids identified thus far are 2-arachidonoylglycerol (2-AG), arachidonoyl ethanolamide (AEA), 1-stearoylglycerol (1-SRG), and stearoyl ethanolamide (SEA), which are derived from arachidonic acid (AA) and stearic acid (SA). However, despite the unique in bioactivities exhibited by eCBs, their determination in plasma has been hindered by the lack of sensitive analytical methods. The aim of this study was to develop and validate a highly sensitive and rapid method using ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS) for accurate measurement of AEA, SEA, 2-AG, 1-SRG, AA, and SA levels in human plasma samples. Sample preparation involved a protein precipitation method and a methyl tert-butyl ether liquid-liquid extraction method. Chromatographic separation was accomplished by utilizing an ACQUITY UPLC BEH C8 column with a mobile phase of acetonitrile containing 0.1% formic acid and water containing 0.1% formic acid, flowing at a rate of 0.35 mL/min. AA-d8, 2-AG-d5, and AEA-d8 were selected as deuterated internal standards. The analytes were determined with MRM in both positive and negative ion mode. The lower limit of quantification ranged from 0.1 to 400 ng/mL, and the correlation coefficient (R2) was >0.99. Inter-day and intra-day precision exhibited values of 0.55-13.29% and 0.62%-13.90%, respectively. Recovery and matrix effect were within the range of 77.7%-109.7%, and 90.0%-113.5%, respectively. Stability tests confirmed the acceptability of all analytes. To demonstrate the effectiveness of the approach, it was implemented to assess and compare plasma samples from healthy volunteers (n = 49) and individuals with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) (n = 62). The study revealed significant differences in AEA, SEA, AA, and SA levels between the two groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaojing Qian
- Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 201203, China
- Department of Pharmacy, Shanghai Municipal Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 200071, China
| | - Wangzhenzu Liu
- Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Ying Chen
- Shanghai TCM-Integrated Hospital Afliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 200082, China
| | - Jiaqi Zhang
- Department of Pharmacy, Shanghai Municipal Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 200071, China
| | - Yuanye Jiang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Putuo Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 200062, China
| | - Lingyun Pan
- Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Cheng Hu
- Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 201203, China
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Alcohol-Related Liver Disease: An Overview on Pathophysiology, Diagnosis and Therapeutic Perspectives. Biomedicines 2022; 10:biomedicines10102530. [PMID: 36289791 PMCID: PMC9599689 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10102530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2022] [Revised: 10/01/2022] [Accepted: 10/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Alcohol-related liver disease (ALD) refers to a spectrum of liver manifestations ranging from fatty liver diseases, steatohepatitis, and fibrosis/cirrhosis with chronic inflammation primarily due to excessive alcohol use. Currently, ALD is considered as one of the most prevalent causes of liver disease-associated mortality worldwide. Although the pathogenesis of ALD has been intensively investigated, the present understanding of its biomarkers in the context of early clinical diagnosis is not complete, and novel therapeutic targets that can significantly alleviate advanced forms of ALD are limited. While alcohol abstinence remains the primary therapeutic intervention for managing ALD, there are currently no approved medications for treating ALD. Furthermore, given the similarities and the differences between ALD and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease in terms of disease progression and underlying molecular mechanisms, numerous studies have demonstrated that many therapeutic interventions targeting several signaling pathways, including oxidative stress, inflammatory response, hormonal regulation, and hepatocyte death play a significant role in ALD treatment. Therefore, in this review, we summarized several key molecular targets and their modes of action in ALD progression. We also described the updated therapeutic options for ALD management with a particular emphasis on potentially novel signaling pathways.
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Ryu T, Kim K, Choi SE, Chung KPS, Jeong WI. New insights in the pathogenesis of alcohol-related liver disease: The metabolic, immunologic, and neurologic pathways. LIVER RESEARCH 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.livres.2022.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/16/2023]
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Benedicto A, Arteta B, Duranti A, Alonso-Alconada D. The Synthetic Cannabinoid URB447 Exerts Antitumor and Antimetastatic Effect in Melanoma and Colon Cancer. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2022; 15:ph15101166. [PMID: 36297277 PMCID: PMC9606960 DOI: 10.3390/ph15101166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2022] [Revised: 09/16/2022] [Accepted: 09/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The endocannabinoid system is widespread through the body and carries out a wide variety of functions. However, its involvement in other pathologies, such as cancer, still needs further attention. We aim to investigate the role of CB2 receptor during melanoma and colorectal cancer (CRC) aggressiveness and metastatic growth in the liver. We used the synthetic cannabinoid URB447, a known CB2 agonist and CB1 antagonist drug, and studied prometastatic ability of mouse B16 melanoma and MCA38 CRC cells, by means of proliferation, apoptosis, cell cycle, migration and matrix degradation in vitro upon URB447 treatment. We reported a dose-dependent viability decrease in both tumor types. This result is partly mediated by apoptotic cell death and cell cycle arrest in G1/G0 phase, as observed through flow cytometry. Melanoma and CRC cell migration was affected in a dose-dependent fashion as observed through scratch assay, whereas the secretion of matrix degrading proteins metalloprotease 2 (MMP2) and 9 (MMP9) in tumor cells did not significantly change. Moreover, daily treatment of tumor bearing mice with URB447 decreased the development of liver metastasis in a melanoma model in vivo. This proof of concept study points out to the synthetic cannabinoid URB447 as a potential candidate for deeper studies to confirm its potential as antitumor therapy and liver metastasis treatment for CRC and melanoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aitor Benedicto
- Department of Cell Biology and Histology, Faculty of Medicine and Nursery, University of the Basque Country, 48940 Leioa, Bizkaia, Spain
| | - Beatriz Arteta
- Department of Cell Biology and Histology, Faculty of Medicine and Nursery, University of the Basque Country, 48940 Leioa, Bizkaia, Spain
| | - Andrea Duranti
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, University of Urbino Carlo Bo, 61029 Urbino, Italy
| | - Daniel Alonso-Alconada
- Department of Cell Biology and Histology, Faculty of Medicine and Nursery, University of the Basque Country, 48940 Leioa, Bizkaia, Spain
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +34-946013294
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Cannabinoids and Chronic Liver Diseases. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23169423. [PMID: 36012687 PMCID: PMC9408890 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23169423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2022] [Revised: 08/13/2022] [Accepted: 08/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), alcohol-induced liver disease (ALD), and viral hepatitis are the main causes of morbidity and mortality related to chronic liver diseases (CLDs) worldwide. New therapeutic approaches to prevent or reverse these liver disorders are thus emerging. Although their etiologies differ, these CLDs all have in common a significant dysregulation of liver metabolism that is closely linked to the perturbation of the hepatic endocannabinoid system (eCBS) and inflammatory pathways. Therefore, targeting the hepatic eCBS might have promising therapeutic potential to overcome CLDs. Experimental models of CLDs and observational studies in humans suggest that cannabis and its derivatives may exert hepatoprotective effects against CLDs through diverse pathways. However, these promising therapeutic benefits are not yet fully validated, as the few completed clinical trials on phytocannabinoids, which are thought to hold the most promising therapeutic potential (cannabidiol or tetrahydrocannabivarin), remained inconclusive. Therefore, expanding research on less studied phytocannabinoids and their derivatives, with a focus on their mode of action on liver metabolism, might provide promising advances in the development of new and original therapeutics for the management of CLDs, such as NAFLD, ALD, or even hepatitis C-induced liver disorders.
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Metrik J, Patel S. Alcohol and Cannabinoids - From the Editors. Alcohol Res 2022; 42:10. [PMID: 35821767 PMCID: PMC9232221 DOI: 10.35946/arcr.v42.1.10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Jane Metrik
- Center for Alcohol and Addiction Studies, Brown University School of Public Health, Providence, Rhode Island,Providence Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Providence, Rhode Island
| | - Sachin Patel
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois
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Laudanski K, Wain J. Considerations for Cannabinoids in Perioperative Care by Anesthesiologists. J Clin Med 2022; 11:jcm11030558. [PMID: 35160010 PMCID: PMC8836924 DOI: 10.3390/jcm11030558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2021] [Revised: 01/17/2022] [Accepted: 01/18/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Increased usage of recreational and medically indicated cannabinoid compounds has been an undeniable reality for anesthesiologists in recent years. These compounds’ complicated pharmacology, composition, and biological effects result in challenging issues for anesthesiologists during different phases of perioperative care. Here, we review the existing formulation of cannabinoids and their biological activity to put them into the context of the anesthesia plan execution. Perioperative considerations should include a way to gauge the patient’s intake of cannabinoids, the ability to gain consent properly, and vigilance to the increased risk of pulmonary and airway problems. Intraoperative management in individuals with cannabinoid use is complicated by the effects cannabinoids have on general anesthetics and depth of anesthesia monitoring while simultaneously increasing the potential occurrence of intraoperative hemodynamic instability. Postoperative planning should involve higher vigilance to the risk of postoperative strokes and acute coronary syndromes. However, most of the data are not up to date, rending definite conclusions on the importance of perioperative cannabinoid intake on anesthesia management difficult.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krzysztof Laudanski
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
- Correspondence: (K.L.); (J.W.)
| | - Justin Wain
- School of Osteopathic Medicine, Campbell University, Buies Creek, NC 27506, USA
- Correspondence: (K.L.); (J.W.)
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