1
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Robinson CD, Hale MD, Wittman TN, Cox CL, John-Alder HB, Cox RM. Species differences in hormonally mediated gene expression underlie the evolutionary loss of sexually dimorphic coloration in Sceloporus lizards. J Hered 2023; 114:637-653. [PMID: 37498153 DOI: 10.1093/jhered/esad046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2023] [Accepted: 07/24/2023] [Indexed: 07/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Phenotypic sexual dimorphism often involves the hormonal regulation of sex-biased expression for underlying genes. However, it is generally unknown whether the evolution of hormonally mediated sexual dimorphism occurs through upstream changes in tissue sensitivity to hormone signals, downstream changes in responsiveness of target genes, or both. Here, we use comparative transcriptomics to explore these possibilities in 2 species of Sceloporus lizards exhibiting different patterns of sexual dichromatism. Sexually dimorphic S. undulatus develops blue and black ventral coloration in response to testosterone, while sexually monomorphic S. virgatus does not, despite exhibiting similar sex differences in circulating testosterone levels. We administered testosterone implants to juveniles of each species and used RNAseq to quantify gene expression in ventral skin. Transcriptome-wide responses to testosterone were stronger in S. undulatus than in S. virgatus, suggesting species differences in tissue sensitivity to this hormone signal. Species differences in the expression of genes for androgen metabolism and sex hormone-binding globulin were consistent with this idea, but expression of the androgen receptor gene was higher in S. virgatus, complicating this interpretation. Downstream of androgen signaling, we found clear species differences in hormonal responsiveness of genes related to melanin synthesis, which were upregulated by testosterone in S. undulatus, but not in S. virgatus. Collectively, our results indicate that hormonal regulation of melanin synthesis pathways contributes to the development of sexual dimorphism in S. undulatus, and that changes in the hormonal responsiveness of these genes in S. virgatus contribute to the evolutionary loss of ventral coloration.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Matthew D Hale
- University of Virginia, Department of Biology, Charlottesville, VA, United States
- U.S. Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD, United States
- Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine Inc., Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Tyler N Wittman
- University of Virginia, Department of Biology, Charlottesville, VA, United States
| | - Christian L Cox
- Florida International University, Department of Biological Sciences and Institute of Environment, Miami, FL, United States
| | - Henry B John-Alder
- Rutgers University, Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Natural Resources, New Brunswick, NJ, United States
| | - Robert M Cox
- University of Virginia, Department of Biology, Charlottesville, VA, United States
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2
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Maldarine JS, Sanches BDA, Cabral ÁS, Lima MLD, Guerra LHA, Baraldi CMB, Calmon MF, Rahal P, Góes RM, Vilamaior PSL, Taboga SR. Prenatal exposure to finasteride promotes sex-specific changes in gerbil prostate development. Reprod Fertil Dev 2020; 31:1719-1729. [PMID: 31248476 DOI: 10.1071/rd19106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2019] [Accepted: 06/05/2019] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Finasteride is a drug that is widely used in the treatment of benign prostatic hyperplasia, hair loss and even as a chemotherapeutic agent in the treatment of prostatic adenocarcinoma. However, its use is known to cause several side effects in adults and it can also cause changes in the embryonic development of the male prostate, which is a cause for concern given the possibility of the accumulation of finasteride in the environment. Nevertheless, no studies have investigated the effects of finasteride on the development of the prostate in females, which occurs in several species of mammals. To evaluate the effects of intrauterine exposure to finasteride (500μgkg-1 day-1) on postnatal prostate development in the Mongolian gerbil in the present study, we used immunohistochemistry, immunofluorescence, serological analysis and three-dimensional reconstruction techniques. Differences were observed in the effects of finasteride on periductal smooth muscle and cell proliferation between the sexes, as well as intersex differences in the presence of the androgen receptor, which was elevated in males, and the oestrogen receptor ERα, which was increased in females. Together, the data indicate that the female prostate has its own hormone dynamics and that there are sex-specific differences in the way in which the female prostate reacts to prenatal exposure to finasteride.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliana S Maldarine
- Department of Structural and Functional Biology, Institute of Biology, State University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Bertrand Russel Avenue, 13083-862, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Bruno D A Sanches
- Department of Structural and Functional Biology, Institute of Biology, State University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Bertrand Russel Avenue, 13083-862, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Ágata S Cabral
- Department of Biology, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Laboratory of Genome Studies, Cristóvão Colombo Street, 2265, 15054-000, São José do Rio Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Maria L D Lima
- Department of Biology, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Laboratory of Genome Studies, Cristóvão Colombo Street, 2265, 15054-000, São José do Rio Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Luiz H A Guerra
- Department of Biology, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Laboratory of Microscopy and Microanalysis, Cristóvão Colombo Street, 2265, 15054-000, São José do Rio Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Carolina M B Baraldi
- Department of Biology, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Laboratory of Microscopy and Microanalysis, Cristóvão Colombo Street, 2265, 15054-000, São José do Rio Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Marília F Calmon
- Department of Biology, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Laboratory of Genome Studies, Cristóvão Colombo Street, 2265, 15054-000, São José do Rio Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Paula Rahal
- Department of Biology, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Laboratory of Genome Studies, Cristóvão Colombo Street, 2265, 15054-000, São José do Rio Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Rejane M Góes
- Department of Biology, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Laboratory of Microscopy and Microanalysis, Cristóvão Colombo Street, 2265, 15054-000, São José do Rio Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Patricia S L Vilamaior
- Department of Biology, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Laboratory of Microscopy and Microanalysis, Cristóvão Colombo Street, 2265, 15054-000, São José do Rio Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Sebastião R Taboga
- Department of Structural and Functional Biology, Institute of Biology, State University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Bertrand Russel Avenue, 13083-862, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil; and Department of Biology, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Laboratory of Microscopy and Microanalysis, Cristóvão Colombo Street, 2265, 15054-000, São José do Rio Preto, São Paulo, Brazil; and Corresponding author.
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3
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Maldarine JS, Sanches BDA, Santos VA, Cabral ÁS, Lima MLD, Bedolo CM, Calmon MF, Rahal P, Góes RM, Vilamaior PSL, Taboga SR. Postnatal exposure to finasteride causes different effects on the prostate of male and female gerbils. Cell Biol Int 2020; 44:1341-1352. [PMID: 32100915 DOI: 10.1002/cbin.11328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2019] [Accepted: 02/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
The development and maintenance of prostate function depend on a fine balance between oestrogen and androgen levels. Finasteride inhibits 5α-reductase, which is responsible for the conversion of testosterone into its most active form, dihydrotestosterone. Enzymes that metabolize these hormones have a highly relevant role in both the normal prostate metabolism and in the occurrence of pathological conditions. There are few studies on the impact of finasteride on male prostate development and fewer studies on the female prostate and possible intersexual differences. Therefore, we treated male and female gerbils from 7 to 14 days in postnatal life with a high dose of finasteride (500 μg/kg/day); the prostate complexes were then removed and submitted to immunohistochemistry, immunofluorescence and three-dimensional reconstruction. In addition, hormonal serum dosages were administered. Treatment with finasteride resulted in an increased thickness of the periductal smooth musculature in the prostate of both male and female gerbils, such as well as a reduction in the thickness of developing prostate alveoli in both sexes. In addition, intersexual differences were observed as increased epithelial proliferation and decreases in the number of developing alveoli in females. Together, the data indicate that postnatal exposure to finasteride causes greater changes in the female gerbil prostate than in the male.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliana S Maldarine
- Department of Structural and Functional Biology, Institute of Biology, State University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Bertrand RusseLl Av., Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Bruno D A Sanches
- Department of Structural and Functional Biology, Institute of Biology, State University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Bertrand RusseLl Av., Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Vitória A Santos
- Laboratory of Microscopy and Microanalysis, Department of Biology, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Cristóvão Colombo, São José do Rio Preto, São Paulo, 2265, Brazil
| | - Ágata S Cabral
- Laboratory of Genome Studies, Department of Biology, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Cristóvão Colombo, São José do Rio Preto, São Paulo, 2265, Brazil
| | - Maria L D Lima
- Laboratory of Genome Studies, Department of Biology, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Cristóvão Colombo, São José do Rio Preto, São Paulo, 2265, Brazil
| | - Carolina M Bedolo
- Laboratory of Microscopy and Microanalysis, Department of Biology, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Cristóvão Colombo, São José do Rio Preto, São Paulo, 2265, Brazil
| | - Marília F Calmon
- Laboratory of Genome Studies, Department of Biology, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Cristóvão Colombo, São José do Rio Preto, São Paulo, 2265, Brazil
| | - Paula Rahal
- Laboratory of Genome Studies, Department of Biology, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Cristóvão Colombo, São José do Rio Preto, São Paulo, 2265, Brazil
| | - Rejane M Góes
- Laboratory of Microscopy and Microanalysis, Department of Biology, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Cristóvão Colombo, São José do Rio Preto, São Paulo, 2265, Brazil
| | - Patricia S L Vilamaior
- Laboratory of Microscopy and Microanalysis, Department of Biology, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Cristóvão Colombo, São José do Rio Preto, São Paulo, 2265, Brazil
| | - Sebastião R Taboga
- Department of Structural and Functional Biology, Institute of Biology, State University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Bertrand RusseLl Av., Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil.,Laboratory of Microscopy and Microanalysis, Department of Biology, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Cristóvão Colombo, São José do Rio Preto, São Paulo, 2265, Brazil
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4
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Maldarine JS, Sanches BDA, Santos VA, Amaro GM, Calmon MF, Rahal P, Góes RM, Vilamaior PSL, Taboga SR. Low-dose in utero exposure to finasteride promotes developmental changes in both male and female gerbil prostates. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY 2020; 35:15-26. [PMID: 31454150 DOI: 10.1002/tox.22838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2019] [Revised: 08/07/2019] [Accepted: 08/09/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The prostate is an accessory reproductive gland that is sensitive to the action of exogenous compounds known as endocrine disrupters that alter normal hormonal function. Finasteride is a widely used chemical that acts to inhibit the conversion of testosterone in its most active form, dihydrotestosterone. It is known that intrauterine exposure to finasteride causes changes in the male prostate even at low dosages; however, it is not known whether these dosages are capable of causing changes in the female prostate, which is present in a large number of mammalian species, including humans. In the present study, histochemistry, immunohistochemistry, immunofluorescence, serological dosages, and three-dimensional reconstruction techniques were employed to evaluate the effects of intrauterine exposure to a low dose of finasteride (100 μg.BW/d) on postnatal prostate development in male and female Mongolian gerbils. The results indicate that the gerbil female prostate also undergoes alterations following intrauterine exposure to finasteride, exhibiting a thickening of periductal smooth muscle and increased stromal proliferation. There are also intersex differences in the impact of exposure on the expression of the androgen receptor, which was increased in males, and of the estrogen-α receptor, which was decreased in the male prostate but unchanged in females. Altogether, this study indicates there are sex differences in the effects of finasteride exposure even at low dosages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliana S Maldarine
- Department of Structural and Functional Biology, Institute of Biology, State University of Campinas (UNICAMP), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Bruno D A Sanches
- Department of Structural and Functional Biology, Institute of Biology, State University of Campinas (UNICAMP), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Vitória A Santos
- Department of Biology, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Laboratory of Microscopy and Microanalysis, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Gustavo M Amaro
- Department of Biology, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Laboratory of Microscopy and Microanalysis, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Marília F Calmon
- Department of Biology, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Laboratory of Genome Studies, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Paula Rahal
- Department of Biology, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Laboratory of Genome Studies, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Rejane M Góes
- Department of Biology, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Laboratory of Microscopy and Microanalysis, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Patricia S L Vilamaior
- Department of Biology, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Laboratory of Microscopy and Microanalysis, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Sebastião R Taboga
- Department of Structural and Functional Biology, Institute of Biology, State University of Campinas (UNICAMP), São Paulo, Brazil
- Department of Biology, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Laboratory of Microscopy and Microanalysis, São Paulo, Brazil
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5
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Cabeza M, Sánchez-Márquez A, Garrido M, Silva A, Bratoeff E. Recent Advances in Drug Design and Drug Discovery for Androgen- Dependent Diseases. Curr Med Chem 2016; 23:792-815. [PMID: 26861003 PMCID: PMC5412001 DOI: 10.2174/0929867323666160210125642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2015] [Revised: 12/28/2015] [Accepted: 02/09/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
This article summarizes the importance of different targets such as 5α-reductase, 17β-HSD, CYP17A, androgen receptor and protein kinase A for the treatment of prostate cancer and benign prostatic hyperplasia. It is a well known fact that dihydrotestosterone (DHT) is associated with the development of androgen-dependent afflictions. At the present time, several research groups are attempting to develop new steroidal and non-steroidal molecules with the purpose of inhibiting the synthesis and biological response of DHT. This review also discusses the most recent studies reported in the literature that describe the therapeutic potential of novel compounds, as well as the new drugs, principally inhibitors of 5α-reductase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marisa Cabeza
- Departamento De Sistemas Biológicos, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana- Xochimilco Calzada Del Hueso No. 1100, México, D.F., C.P. 04960, México.
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6
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Sánchez-Márquez A, Arellano Y, Bratoeff E, Heuze Y, Córdova K, Nieves G, Soriano J, Cabeza M. Synthesis and biological evaluation of esters of 16-formyl-17-methoxy-dehydroepiandrosterone derivatives as inhibitors of 5α-reductase type 2. J Enzyme Inhib Med Chem 2015; 31:1170-6. [DOI: 10.3109/14756366.2015.1103235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Araceli Sánchez-Márquez
- Departamento de Sistemas Biológicos y de Producción Agrícola y Animal, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana-Xochimilco, México, D.F., México,
| | - Yazmín Arellano
- Departamento de Sistemas Biológicos y de Producción Agrícola y Animal, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana-Xochimilco, México, D.F., México,
- Departamento de Farmacia, Facultad de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, México, D.F., México, and
| | - Eugene Bratoeff
- Departamento de Farmacia, Facultad de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, México, D.F., México, and
| | - Yvonne Heuze
- Departamento de Sistemas Biológicos y de Producción Agrícola y Animal, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana-Xochimilco, México, D.F., México,
| | - Karen Córdova
- Departamento de Farmacia, Facultad de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, México, D.F., México, and
| | - Gladys Nieves
- Departamento de Farmacia, Facultad de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, México, D.F., México, and
| | - Juan Soriano
- Departamento de Patología, Hospital General de México, México, D.F., México
| | - Marisa Cabeza
- Departamento de Sistemas Biológicos y de Producción Agrícola y Animal, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana-Xochimilco, México, D.F., México,
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7
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Arellano Y, Bratoeff E, Segura T, Mendoza ME, Sánchez-Márquez A, Medina Y, Heuze Y, Soriano J, Cabeza M. Novel dehydroepiandrosterone benzimidazolyl derivatives as 5α-reductase isozymes inhibitors. J Enzyme Inhib Med Chem 2015; 31:908-14. [DOI: 10.3109/14756366.2015.1070843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Yazmín Arellano
- Departamento de Sistemas Biológicos y de Producción Agrícola y Animal, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana-Xochimilco, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Eugene Bratoeff
- Facultad de Química, Departamento de Farmacia, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, Distrito Federal, México, and
| | - Tania Segura
- Facultad de Química, Departamento de Farmacia, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, Distrito Federal, México, and
| | - Maria Eugenia Mendoza
- Facultad de Química, Departamento de Farmacia, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, Distrito Federal, México, and
| | - Araceli Sánchez-Márquez
- Departamento de Sistemas Biológicos y de Producción Agrícola y Animal, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana-Xochimilco, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Yesica Medina
- Departamento de Sistemas Biológicos y de Producción Agrícola y Animal, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana-Xochimilco, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Yvonne Heuze
- Departamento de Sistemas Biológicos y de Producción Agrícola y Animal, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana-Xochimilco, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Juan Soriano
- Departamento de Patología, Hospital General de México, México
| | - Marisa Cabeza
- Departamento de Sistemas Biológicos y de Producción Agrícola y Animal, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana-Xochimilco, Ciudad de México, México
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8
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Klotz L, Nabid A, Higano C, Ryanm C, Kebabdjian M, Chin J. Effect of dutasteride in men receiving intermittent androgen ablation therapy: The AVIAS trial. Can Urol Assoc J 2014; 8:E789-94. [PMID: 25485005 PMCID: PMC4250242 DOI: 10.5489/cuaj.2332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTON We studied the effect of dutasteride on the length of the off-treatment period in prostate cancer patients on intermittent androgen deprivation (IAD) therapy. METHODS We conducted a randomized, placebo-controlled Phase II trial in men with localized prostate cancer and a rising prostate-specific antigen (PSA) level post-primary treatment. Patients were randomized to dutasteride (0.5 mg/day) or placebo. All patients received androgen deprivation therapy (ADT), which was stopped at month 9 if the PSA level was <1.0 ng/mL. ADT was resumed when PSA increased to ≥5.0 ng/mL. End points included time off treatment, PSA nadir after 9 months of ADT, serum testosterone and dihydrotestosterone levels, and time to castrate-resistant prostate cancer (rising PSA while testosterone levels remain <50 ng/mL). RESULTS There were 87 evaluable patients: 49 dutasteride, 38 placebo. In total, 80 patients completed one treatment cycle: 45 dutasteride, 35 placebo. The median time off treatment for patients reaching ≥5 ng/mL was 18.6 and 16.7 months for dutasteride and placebo, respectively (p = 0.7600). The median PSA nadir at 9 months was 0.1 and 0.075 ng/mL, respectively (p = 0.4486). There were no cases of androgen-independent prostate cancer. Our study limitations include its short duration with only one treatment cycle evaluated. CONCLUSIONS This small-scale Phase II randomized controlled trial showed no benefit to the addition of dutasteride to an IAD regimen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurence Klotz
- Division of Urology, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, ON
| | - Abdenour Nabid
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Centre Hospitalier de Universitaire de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC
| | - Celestia Higano
- Departments of Medicine and Urology, University of Washington Seattle Cancer Care Alliance, Seattle, WA
| | - Chris Ryanm
- Department of Medicine, Oregon Health Sciences University, Portland, OR
| | | | - Joseph Chin
- Division of Urology, London Health Sciences Centre, London, ON
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9
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Pascal LE, Masoodi KZ, O'Malley KJ, Shevrin D, Gingrich JR, Parikh RA, Wang Z. 5α-Reductase inhibition coupled with short off cycles increases survival in the LNCaP xenograft prostate tumor model on intermittent androgen deprivation therapy. J Urol 2014; 193:1388-93. [PMID: 25444984 DOI: 10.1016/j.juro.2014.10.101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/27/2014] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Intermittent androgen deprivation therapy in patients with prostate specific antigen progression after localized prostate cancer treatment is an alternative to standard continuous androgen deprivation therapy. Intermittent androgen deprivation therapy allows for testosterone recovery during off cycles. This stimulates regrowth and differentiation of the regressed prostate tumor, lessens the side effects of continuous androgen deprivation therapy and potentially prolongs survival. Previously intermittent androgen deprivation therapy coupled with finasteride was shown to prolong survival in animals bearing androgen sensitive prostate tumors when the off cycle duration was not prolonged but rather fixed at 10 to 14 days. Regressed prostate tumor xenografts with testosterone replacement were initially responsive to 5α-reductase inhibition but growth resumed after several days. In shorter off cycles of testosterone recovery 5α-reductase inhibition might maximize tumor growth inhibition during intermittent androgen deprivation therapy and perhaps increase survival. MATERIALS AND METHODS We used the LNCaP xenograft tumor model to evaluate the effectiveness of short off cycles of 4 days coupled with 5α-reductase inhibition on survival and tumor regrowth while on intermittent androgen deprivation therapy. RESULTS Dutasteride inhibited initial testosterone induced tumor regrowth off cycles 1 and 2, and significantly increased survival. CONCLUSIONS These results further support the potential for intermittent androgen deprivation therapy combined with 5α-reductase inhibition to improve survival in patients with prostate cancer when off cycle duration is short or very short.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura E Pascal
- Department of Urology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Khalid Z Masoodi
- Department of Urology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Katherine J O'Malley
- Department of Urology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | | | - Jeffrey R Gingrich
- Department of Urology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Rahul A Parikh
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Zhou Wang
- Department of Urology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania; Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania; University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.
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10
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Parikh RA, Pascal LE, Davies BJ, Wang Z. Improving intermittent androgen deprivation therapy: lessons learned from basic and translational research. Asian J Androl 2014; 16:505-10. [PMID: 24759577 PMCID: PMC4104071 DOI: 10.4103/1008-682x.125410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2013] [Revised: 12/17/2013] [Accepted: 12/17/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Intermittent androgen deprivation therapy (IADT) is an alternative to continuous androgen deprivation therapy (ADT) in prostate cancer patients with nonmetastatic disease. ADT is associated with numerous side effects such as hot flashes, sexual dysfunction, anemia, fatigue, loss of muscle mass, osteoporosis, metabolic syndrome and premature cardiovascular disease. IADT was developed with the intention of improving the quality of life and to delay progression of prostate cancer to castration resistance. The benefits of slightly improved quality of life by IADT compared to ADT were demonstrated in multiple clinical trials. IADT was noted to be noninferior to ADT in patients with biochemical recurrence of prostate cancer but in studies performed in patients with metastatic prostate cancer, the results were inconclusive. Our recent studies suggested that the administration of 5 alpha-reductase inhibitors during the off-cycle of IADT can significantly prolong the survival of mice bearing androgen-sensitive prostate tumors when off-cycle duration was short. This review discusses the survival benefit of 5 alpha-reductase inhibition in IADT in animal models and the potential translation of this finding into clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rahul A Parikh
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Hillman Cancer Centre, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Laura E Pascal
- Department of Urology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Hillman Cancer Centre, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Benjamin J Davies
- Department of Urology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Hillman Cancer Centre, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Zhou Wang
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Hillman Cancer Centre, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
- Department of Urology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Hillman Cancer Centre, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Hillman Cancer Centre, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
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11
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Garcia RR, Masoodi KZ, Pascal LE, Nelson JB, Wang Z. Growth of LAPC4 prostate cancer xenograft tumor is insensitive to 5α-reductase inhibitor dutasteride. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF CLINICAL AND EXPERIMENTAL UROLOGY 2014; 2:82-91. [PMID: 25374909 PMCID: PMC4219295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2014] [Accepted: 03/30/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Intermittent androgen deprivation therapy (IADT) allows prostate cancer patients a break from the side-effects of continuous androgen deprivation therapy (ADT). Although clinical studies suggest that IADT can significantly improve patient quality of life over ADT, it has not been demonstrated to improve patient survival. Recently, increased survival has been demonstrated when 5α-reductase inhibitors have been used during the off-cycle of IADT in animal xenograft tumor models LNCaP and LuCaP35. In the current study, the sensitivity of LAPC4 xenograft tumor regrowth to the 5ARI dutasteride was determined. Tumor regrowth and gene expression changes in LAPC4 tumors were compared to the previously determined response of LNCaP and LuCaP35 xenograft tumors to 5ARI treatment during the off-cycle of IADT, LAPC4, LNCaP and LuCaP35 tumors were sensitive to androgen manipulation. However, in contrast to LNCaP and LuCaP35, dutasteride treatment during testosterone-stimulated prostate regrowth did not affect tumor regrowth or the expression of androgen responsive genes. Tumor response to dutasteride during the off-cycle of IADT is variable in xenograft prostate tumor models. Future studies will be required to elucidate the mechanisms contributing to the dutasteride resistance observed in the LAPC4 model during the off-cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raquel Ramos Garcia
- Department of Urology, University of Pittsburgh School of MedicinePittsburgh PA 15232, USA
| | - Khalid Z Masoodi
- Department of Urology, University of Pittsburgh School of MedicinePittsburgh PA 15232, USA
| | - Laura E Pascal
- Department of Urology, University of Pittsburgh School of MedicinePittsburgh PA 15232, USA
| | - Joel B Nelson
- Department of Urology, University of Pittsburgh School of MedicinePittsburgh PA 15232, USA
- University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, University of Pittsburgh School of MedicinePittsburgh, PA 15232, USA
| | - Zhou Wang
- Department of Urology, University of Pittsburgh School of MedicinePittsburgh PA 15232, USA
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of MedicinePittsburgh, PA 15232, USA
- University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, University of Pittsburgh School of MedicinePittsburgh, PA 15232, USA
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12
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Masoodi KZ, Ramos Garcia R, Pascal LE, Wang Y, Ma HM, O'Malley K, Eisermann K, Shevrin DH, Nguyen HM, Vessella RL, Nelson JB, Parikh RA, Wang Z. 5α-reductase inhibition suppresses testosterone-induced initial regrowth of regressed xenograft prostate tumors in animal models. Endocrinology 2013; 154:2296-307. [PMID: 23671262 PMCID: PMC3689274 DOI: 10.1210/en.2012-2077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Androgen deprivation therapy (ADT) is the standard treatment for patients with prostate-specific antigen progression after treatment for localized prostate cancer. An alternative to continuous ADT is intermittent ADT (IADT), which allows recovery of testosterone during off-cycles to stimulate regrowth and differentiation of the regressed prostate tumor. IADT offers patients a reduction in side effects associated with ADT, improved quality of life, and reduced cost with no difference in overall survival. Our previous studies showed that IADT coupled with 5α-reductase inhibitor (5ARI), which blocks testosterone conversion to DHT could prolong survival of animals bearing androgen-sensitive prostate tumors when off-cycle duration was fixed. To further investigate this clinically relevant observation, we measured the time course of testosterone-induced regrowth of regressed LuCaP35 and LNCaP xenograft tumors in the presence or absence of a 5ARI. 5α-Reductase inhibitors suppressed the initial regrowth of regressed prostate tumors. However, tumors resumed growth and were no longer responsive to 5α-reductase inhibition several days after testosterone replacement. This finding was substantiated by bromodeoxyuridine and Ki67 staining of LuCaP35 tumors, which showed inhibition of prostate tumor cell proliferation by 5ARI on day 2, but not day 14, after testosterone replacement. 5α-Reductase inhibitors also suppressed testosterone-stimulated proliferation of LNCaP cells precultured in androgen-free media, suggesting that blocking testosterone conversion to DHT can inhibit prostate tumor cell proliferation via an intracrine mechanism. These results suggest that short off-cycle coupled with 5α-reductase inhibition could maximize suppression of prostate tumor growth and, thus, improve potential survival benefit achieved in combination with IADT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khalid Z Masoodi
- Department of Urology, Hillman Cancer Centre, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15232, USA
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13
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Logothetis CJ, Gallick GE, Maity SN, Kim J, Aparicio A, Efstathiou E, Lin SH. Molecular classification of prostate cancer progression: foundation for marker-driven treatment of prostate cancer. Cancer Discov 2013; 3:849-61. [PMID: 23811619 DOI: 10.1158/2159-8290.cd-12-0460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Recently, many therapeutic agents for prostate cancer have been approved that target the androgen receptor and/or the prostate tumor microenvironment. Each of these therapies has modestly increased patient survival. A better understanding of when in the course of prostate cancer progression specific therapies should be applied, and of what biomarkers would indicate when resistance arises, would almost certainly improve survival due to these therapies. Thus, applying the armamentarium of therapeutic agents in the right sequences in the right combination at the right time is a major goal in prostate cancer treatment. For this to occur, an understanding of prostate cancer evolution during progression is required. In this review, we discuss the current understanding of prostate cancer progression, but challenge the prevailing view by proposing a new model of prostate cancer progression, with the goal of improving biologic classification and treatment strategies. We use this model to discuss how integrating clinical and basic understanding of prostate cancer will lead to better implementation of molecularly targeted therapeutics and improve patient survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher J Logothetis
- Departments of 1Genitourinary Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
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14
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Testosterone-dependent interaction between androgen receptor and aryl hydrocarbon receptor induces liver receptor homolog 1 expression in rat granulosa cells. Mol Cell Biol 2013; 33:2817-28. [PMID: 23689136 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.00011-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Androgens play a major role in the regulation of normal ovarian function; however, they are also involved in the development of ovarian pathologies. These contrasting effects may involve a differential response of granulosa cells to the androgens testosterone (T) and dihydrotestosterone (DHT). To determine the molecular pathways that mediate the distinct effects of T and DHT, we studied the expression of the liver receptor homolog 1 (LRH-1) gene, which is differentially regulated by these steroids. We found that although both T and DHT stimulate androgen receptor (AR) binding to the LRH-1 promoter, DHT prevents T-mediated stimulation of LRH-1 expression. T stimulated the expression of aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR) and its interaction with the AR. T also promoted the recruitment of the AR/AHR complex to the LRH-1 promoter. These effects were not mimicked by DHT. We also observed that the activation of extracellular regulated kinases by T is required for AR and AHR interaction. In summary, T, but not DHT, stimulates AHR expression and the interaction between AHR and AR, leading to the stimulation of LRH-1 expression. These findings could explain the distinct response of granulosa cells to T and DHT and provide a molecular mechanism by which DHT negatively affects ovarian function.
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15
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Sánchez P, Torres JM, Castro B, Olmo A, del Moral RG, Ortega E. Expression of steroid 5α-reductase isozymes in prostate of adult rats after environmental stress. FEBS J 2012; 280:93-101. [DOI: 10.1111/febs.12052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2012] [Revised: 09/13/2012] [Accepted: 10/15/2012] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Pilar Sánchez
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine; University of Granada; Spain
| | | | - Beatriz Castro
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine; University of Granada; Spain
| | - Asunción Olmo
- Department of Pathology; San Cecilio University Hospital and School of Medicine, University of Granada; Spain
| | - Raimundo G. del Moral
- Department of Pathology; San Cecilio University Hospital and School of Medicine, University of Granada; Spain
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16
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Bratoeff E, Sánchez A, Arellano Y, Heuze Y, Soriano J, Cabeza M. In vivo and in vitro effect of androstene derivatives as 5α-reductase type 1 enzyme inhibitors. J Enzyme Inhib Med Chem 2012; 28:1247-54. [PMID: 23051174 DOI: 10.3109/14756366.2012.729827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of these studies was to synthesize twelve ester derivatives of dehydroepiandrosterone with therapeutic potential. The effect of 1-12 was demonstrated in the flank organs of gonadectomized hamsters treated with testosterone and the synthesized steroids. In vitro studies were carried out determining the IC50 values for the inhibition of the activity of 5α-reductase type 1 and 2, which are present in rat liver and human prostate respectively. The binding of 1-12 to the androgen receptors (AR) was determined using rat's prostate cytosol. Steroids 1-12 containing different substituents in the phenyl group of the ester moiety in C-3 reduced the flank organs and inhibited the activity of 5α-R type 1; however only steroids 1 and 2 inhibited 5α-R type 2. 1-12 did not bind to the AR. The modification of one atom of the substituents in the phenyl group of the ester moiety in C-3 changed their biological potency (IC50).
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Affiliation(s)
- Eugene Bratoeff
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Chemistry, National University of Mexico City , Mexico, D. F. , Mexico
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17
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Uggere de Andrade T, Loiola LZ, Alcure SMN, Medeiros ARS, Santos MCLFS, Moysés MR, Abreu GRD, Lenz D, Bissoli NS. Role of the renin–angiotensin system in the nandrolone-decanoate-induced attenuation of the Bezold–Jarisch reflex. Can J Physiol Pharmacol 2011; 89:891-7. [DOI: 10.1139/y11-090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The androgen nandrolone decanoate (ND) is known to cause cardiovascular abnormalities, such as attenuation of the Bezold–Jarisch Reflex (BJR), cardiac hypertrophy, and elevation of mean arterial pressure (MAP). Futhermore, a relationship between androgens and the renin–angiotensin system (RAS) has been reported. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the influence of RAS on the BJR, cardiac and prostatic hypertrophy, and MAP evoked by ND. For this, male Wistar rats were treated with ND (10 mg·(kg body mass)–1 for 8 weeks; DECA), or vehicle (control animals; CON), or enalapril (10 mg·(kg body mass)–1, daily; CONE), or ND and enalapril (10 mg ND + 10 mg enalapril per kilogram of body mass; DECAE). After 8 weeks of treatment, the BJR was evaluated by bradycardia and hypotensive responses that were elicited by serotonin administration (2–32 µg·(kg body mass)–1). MAP was assessed; cardiac and prostate hypertrophy were determined by the ratio of the tissue mass:body mass, and by histological analysis of the heart. Animals from the DECA group showed prostatic and cardiac hypertrophy, elevation in mean arterial pressure, and an impairment of BJR. Co-treatment with enalapril inhibited these changes. The data from the present study suggest that RAS has an impact on BJR attenuation, cardiac and prostatic hypertrophy, and the elevation in MAP evoked by ND.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Leonardo Zanoteli Loiola
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Health Sciences Center, Federal University of Espírito Santo, Avenida Marechal Campos, 1468, Vitória, ES 29042-755, Brazil
| | | | - Ana Raquel Santos Medeiros
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Health Sciences Center, Federal University of Espírito Santo, Avenida Marechal Campos, 1468, Vitória, ES 29042-755, Brazil
| | | | - Margareth Ribeiro Moysés
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Health Sciences Center, Federal University of Espírito Santo, Avenida Marechal Campos, 1468, Vitória, ES 29042-755, Brazil
| | - Gláucia Rodrigues de Abreu
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Health Sciences Center, Federal University of Espírito Santo, Avenida Marechal Campos, 1468, Vitória, ES 29042-755, Brazil
| | - Dominik Lenz
- Department of Pharmacy, University Center of Vila Velha, Espírito Santo, Brazil
| | - Nazaré Souza Bissoli
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Health Sciences Center, Federal University of Espírito Santo, Avenida Marechal Campos, 1468, Vitória, ES 29042-755, Brazil
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18
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Goldenberg L, So A, Fleshner N, Rendon R, Drachenberg D, Elhilali M. The role of 5-alpha reductase inhibitors in prostate pathophysiology: Is there an additional advantage to inhibition of type 1 isoenzyme? Can Urol Assoc J 2011; 3:S109-14. [PMID: 19543428 DOI: 10.5489/cuaj.1114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Normal growth and function of the prostate are contingent on the reduction of testosterone to dihydrotestosterone (DHT) by 5-alpha reductase (5-AR) enzymes types 1 and 2. It has been theorized that an overabundance of DHT may be implicated in the pathogenesis of both benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) and prostate cancer. Inhibitors of 5-AR such as dutasteride and finasteride may therefore have an important role in the prevention and treatment of BPH and prostate cancer. Dutasteride provides greater suppression of DHT than finasteride, thereby underlying the hypothesis that inhibition of both type 1 and type 2 would provide correspondingly greater protection than inhibition of type 2 alone. We review the potential significance of the 5-AR inhibitors in reducing the risk of prostate cancer according to the basic biology of prostate disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Larry Goldenberg
- Professor and Head, Department of Urologic Sciences, University of British Columbia Vancouver, BC
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19
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Cabeza M, Trejo KV, González C, García P, Soriano J, Heuze Y, Bratoeff E. Steroidal 5α-reductase inhibitors using 4-androstenedione as substrate. J Enzyme Inhib Med Chem 2011; 26:712-9. [DOI: 10.3109/14756366.2010.548330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Marisa Cabeza
- Department of Biological Systems and Animal Production, Metropolitan University-Xochimilco, Mexico D. F., Mexico
| | - Karla Valeria Trejo
- Department of Biological Systems and Animal Production, Metropolitan University-Xochimilco, Mexico D. F., Mexico
| | - Claudia González
- Department of Biological Systems and Animal Production, Metropolitan University-Xochimilco, Mexico D. F., Mexico
| | - Perla García
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Chemistry, National University of Mexico City, Mexico D. F., Mexico
| | - Juan Soriano
- Department of Pathology of the General Hospital of Mexico, Mexico D. F
| | - Yvonne Heuze
- Department of Biological Systems and Animal Production, Metropolitan University-Xochimilco, Mexico D. F., Mexico
| | - Eugene Bratoeff
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Chemistry, National University of Mexico City, Mexico D. F., Mexico
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20
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Wu YG, Bennett J, Talla D, Stocco C. Testosterone, not 5α-dihydrotestosterone, stimulates LRH-1 leading to FSH-independent expression of Cyp19 and P450scc in granulosa cells. Mol Endocrinol 2011; 25:656-68. [PMID: 21273442 DOI: 10.1210/me.2010-0367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Androgens are crucial for normal folliculogenesis and female fertility as evidenced in androgen receptor-null and granulosa cell conditional knockout mice. It is thought, however, that the multiple effects of androgens in the ovary are mainly complementary to the actions of gonadotropins. Using primary rat granulosa cells, we demonstrated that in the absence of gonadotropins, testosterone (T) increases aromatase (Cyp19) and P450 side-change cleavage expression, two enzymes crucial for normal ovarian function. T can be converted into estradiol, a classical estrogen, by Cyp19 and into 5α-dihydrotestosterone, a pure androgen, by 5α-reductase. However, inhibition of Cyp19 and/or 5α-reductase did not prevent the stimulatory effects of T. In contrast, the effect of this steroid was potentiated by blocking 5α-reductase. Additionally, T, not 5α-dihydrotestosterone, stimulates liver receptor homolog-1 (LRH-1) expression, whereas the expression of steroidogenic factor-1 (SF-1) was not affected by either steroid. LRH-1 and SF-1 are transcription factors known to be involved in the regulation of Cyp19. Accordingly, small interference RNA against LRH-1 prevented Cyp19 and P450 side-change cleavage up-regulation whereas anti-SF-1 small interference RNA had no effects. Chromatin immunoprecipitation demonstrated that T stimulation of LRH-1 leads to the recruitment of LRH-1 to the native Cyp19 promoter, which was not affected by cotreatment with 5α-reductase and Cyp19 inhibitors. Finally, gel shift and supershift analysis demonstrated that the androgen receptor binds to an androgen response element located within the LRH-1 promoter. These results provide novel evidence that T has a direct effect on the expression of genes involved in granulosa cell differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan-Guang Wu
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60612, USA
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21
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Gupta S, Wang Y, Ramos-Garcia R, Shevrin D, Nelson JB, Wang Z. Inhibition of 5alpha-reductase enhances testosterone-induced expression of U19/Eaf2 tumor suppressor during the regrowth of LNCaP xenograft tumor in nude mice. Prostate 2010; 70:1575-85. [PMID: 20564326 PMCID: PMC3076187 DOI: 10.1002/pros.21193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Intermittent androgen deprivation therapy (IADT) was developed to improve the quality of life and retard prostate cancer progression to castration resistance. IADT involves regrowth of the tumor during the off cycle upon testosterone recovery. Our previous studies showed that testosterone is more potent than dihydrotestosterone (DHT) in the induction of a subset of androgen-responsive genes during rat prostate regrowth. However, it is not clear if the same phenomenon would occur during androgen-induced regrowth of prostate tumors. Understanding the differences between testosterone and DHT in inducing androgen-responsive genes during prostate tumor regrowth may provide new insight for improving IADT. METHODS Nude mice bearing androgen-sensitive LNCaP xenograft were castrated and followed up for 7-10 days before being randomized into various androgen manipulations, consisting of continuous castration (C) or testosterone replacement (T) in the absence or presence of dutasteride (D), a 5alpha-reductase inhibitor that blocks the conversion of testosterone to DHT. Testes-intact animals in the absence or presence of D were used as controls. The expression of five androgen-responsive genes, including the tumor suppressor U19/Eaf2, was determined using real-time RT-PCR, 3 days after randomization. RESULTS In LNCaP tumors, the expression of U19/Eaf2 was higher in the T+D group as compared with T alone (2.87-fold, P < 0.05). In contrast, dutasteride treatment in testes-intact animals inhibited the expression of U19/Eaf2. CONCLUSIONS Inhibition of 5alpha-reductase during LNCaP tumor regrowth enhanced the expression of U19/Eaf2, an androgen-regulated tumor suppressor. This finding suggests that off cycle 5alpha-reductase inhibition may enhance the efficacy of IADT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shubham Gupta
- Department of Urology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Yujuan Wang
- Department of Urology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | | | - Daniel Shevrin
- North Shore University Health System Medical Group, Evanston, Illinois
| | - Joel B Nelson
- Department of Urology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
- University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Zhou Wang
- Department of Urology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
- Department of Pharmacology & Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
- University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
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22
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Wang Y, Gupta S, Hua V, Ramos-Garcia R, Shevrin D, Jovanovic BD, Nelson JB, Wang Z. Prolongation of off-cycle interval by finasteride is not associated with survival improvement in intermittent androgen deprivation therapy in LNCaP tumor model. Prostate 2010; 70:147-54. [PMID: 19739129 PMCID: PMC2805824 DOI: 10.1002/pros.21046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND We have previously reported that finasteride administration in intermittent androgen deprivation therapy (IADT) can improve survival of nude mice bearing LNCaP xenograft tumors when the duration of off-cycle in IADT was fixed. A recent retrospective study showed that addition of finasteride doubled the duration of the off-cycle, without changing progression to castration resistance. In view of the above difference, we attempted to investigate the relationship of 5alpha-reductase inhibition with the off-cycle interval and overall survival in a murine model. METHODS Subcutaneous LNCaP tumors were established in nude mice (Balb/C-Nu). After the tumors reached a size of 0.5 cm in diameter, the mice were castrated and followed up for 2 weeks after which they were randomized to continuous androgen deprivation (CAD), CAD plus finasteride, IADT, and IADT plus finasteride. The off-cycle was discontinued when the tumor volume was doubled. Subsequent cycles were carried out similarly. RESULTS Use of finasteride during the off-cycle of IADT doubled the first off-cycle duration. However, prolongation of the off-cycle by finasteride did not translate into an increase in overall survival. CONCLUSIONS The survival advantage of IADT + finasteride over IADT that we previously reported was lost when the off-cycle prolongation by finasteride was allowed. Maximum possible lengthening of the off-cycle by 5alpha-reductase inhibition is not associated with survival improvement in this animal model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yujuan Wang
- Department of Urology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
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23
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Kolasa A, Marchlewicz M, Adler G, Ciechanowicz A, Głąbowski W, Wiszniewska B. Expression of E-SOD, GPX5 mRNAs and immunoexpression of Cu/ZnSOD in epididymal epithelial cells of finasteride-treated rats. Andrologia 2008; 40:303-11. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1439-0272.2008.00858.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
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24
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Friedman AE. Can a single model explain both breast cancer and prostate cancer? Theor Biol Med Model 2007; 4:28. [PMID: 17678531 PMCID: PMC2014741 DOI: 10.1186/1742-4682-4-28] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2007] [Accepted: 08/01/2007] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The Estradiol-Dihydrotestosterone model of prostate cancer (PC) showed how the interaction of hormones with specific hormone receptors affected apoptosis. The same hormone can produce different effects, depending on which hormone receptor it interacts with. MODEL This model proposes that the first step in the development of most PC and breast cancer (BC) occurs when aromatase converts testosterone to estradiol (E2). A sufficiently high enough local level of E2 results in telomerase activity. The telomerase activity allows cell division and may lead to BC or PC, which will proliferate if the rate of cell division is greater than the rate of cell death. The effect of hormones on their hormone receptors will affect the rate of cell death and determine whether or not the cancer proliferates. CONCLUSION By minimizing bcl-2 and maximizing apoptotic proteins, new systemic treatments for BC and PC can be developed that may be more effective than existing treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Edward Friedman
- Department of Mathematics, University of Chicago, 5734 S, University Avenue, Chicago, IL 60637, USA.
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25
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Eggener SE, Stern JA, Jain PM, Oram S, Ai J, Cai X, Roehl KA, Wang Z. Enhancement of intermittent androgen ablation by "off-cycle" maintenance with finasteride in LNCaP prostate cancer xenograft model. Prostate 2006; 66:495-502. [PMID: 16372330 DOI: 10.1002/pros.20297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Intermittent androgen ablation (IAA) was developed with the intention of delaying progression of prostate cancer to androgen-independence and improving quality of life. Our previous studies suggest that relative to dihydrotestosterone (DHT), testosterone (T) is a weak inducer of proliferation and a more potent inducer of differentiation. We hypothesize that administration of finasteride (F), a type-II 5-alpha-reductase inhibitor that increases T and decreases DHT, during the IAA "off-cycle" would enhance the efficacy. METHODS After LNCaP tumor establishment, nude mice were castrated and randomized to continuous androgen ablation (CAA), continuous androgen ablation plus finasteride (CAA + F), intermittent androgen ablation (IAA), or intermittent androgen ablation plus finasteride (IAA + F). RESULTS After one cycle of therapy, mice treated with IAA + F had significantly less tumor growth than the other treatment groups (P = 0.002). Mice treated with IAA + F had the best survival (P = 0.048) and were 3-5 times more likely to be alive 70 days following treatment initiation. CONCLUSIONS IAA with finasteride provides the most favorable tumor growth kinetics and survival compared to both CAA and standard IAA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott E Eggener
- Department of Urology, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois 60611, USA
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26
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Karri S, Johnson H, Hendry WJ, Williams SC, Khan SA. Neonatal exposure to diethylstilbestrol leads to impaired action of androgens in adult male hamsters. Reprod Toxicol 2005; 19:53-63. [PMID: 15336712 DOI: 10.1016/j.reprotox.2004.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2004] [Revised: 04/30/2004] [Accepted: 06/23/2004] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Neonatal treatment with diethylstilbestrol (DES) leads to disruption of spermatogenesis in adult animals after apparently normal testicular development during puberty indicating aberrant androgen action in DES-exposed adult hamsters. The present study determined the effects of exogenous androgens in neonatally DES-exposed hamsters. Exogenous androgens failed to reverse the disruption of spermatogenesis in DES-exposed animals. Neonatal DES exposure caused a significant decrease in seminal vesicle weight, and abnormal histology. While exogenous androgens caused a significant increase in seminal vesicle weight in control animals, they failed to restore the seminal vesicle weight and normal histology in DES-exposed animals. Northern blot and/or RT-PCR analysis revealed that (1) AR, ERalpha and ERbeta mRNA levels were unchanged in DES-exposed animals, and (2) mRNA levels for the AR-responsive genes calreticulin, SEC-23B, and ornithine decarboxylase were significantly decreased in DES-exposed animals. Our results suggest that neonatal DES exposure impairs the action of androgens on target organs in male hamsters.
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MESH Headings
- Androgen Antagonists/administration & dosage
- Androgen Antagonists/toxicity
- Androgens/physiology
- Androgens/toxicity
- Animals
- Animals, Newborn
- Blotting, Northern
- Cricetinae
- Diethylstilbestrol/administration & dosage
- Diethylstilbestrol/toxicity
- Dihydrotestosterone/pharmacology
- Drug Therapy, Combination
- Estrogens, Non-Steroidal/administration & dosage
- Estrogens, Non-Steroidal/toxicity
- Gene Expression/drug effects
- Injections, Subcutaneous
- Male
- Organ Size/drug effects
- RNA, Messenger/metabolism
- Receptors, Androgen/drug effects
- Receptors, Androgen/genetics
- Receptors, Androgen/metabolism
- Receptors, Estrogen/drug effects
- Receptors, Estrogen/genetics
- Receptors, Estrogen/metabolism
- Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction
- Seminal Vesicles/drug effects
- Seminal Vesicles/metabolism
- Seminal Vesicles/pathology
- Spermatogenesis/drug effects
- Spermatogenesis/physiology
- Testis/drug effects
- Testis/metabolism
- Testis/pathology
- Testosterone/physiology
- Testosterone/toxicity
- Testosterone Propionate/pharmacology
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Affiliation(s)
- SriTulasi Karri
- Department of Cell Biology and Biochemistry, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX 79430, USA
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