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Borlongan CV, Yu G, Matsukawa N, Yasuhara T, Hara K, Xu L. Article Commentary: Cell Transplantation: Stem Cells in the Spotlight. Cell Transplant 2017; 14:519-526. [DOI: 10.3727/000000005783982774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Cesar V. Borlongan
- Neurology/Insttitute of Molecular Medicind & Genetics/School of Graduate Studies, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta, GA, USA
- Research/Affiliations Service Line, Augusta VAMC, Augusta, GA, USA
| | - Guolong Yu
- Neurology/Insttitute of Molecular Medicind & Genetics/School of Graduate Studies, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta, GA, USA
- Research/Affiliations Service Line, Augusta VAMC, Augusta, GA, USA
| | - Noriyuki Matsukawa
- Neurology/Insttitute of Molecular Medicind & Genetics/School of Graduate Studies, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta, GA, USA
- Research/Affiliations Service Line, Augusta VAMC, Augusta, GA, USA
| | - Takao Yasuhara
- Neurology/Insttitute of Molecular Medicind & Genetics/School of Graduate Studies, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta, GA, USA
- Research/Affiliations Service Line, Augusta VAMC, Augusta, GA, USA
| | - Koichi Hara
- Neurology/Insttitute of Molecular Medicind & Genetics/School of Graduate Studies, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta, GA, USA
- Research/Affiliations Service Line, Augusta VAMC, Augusta, GA, USA
| | - Lin Xu
- Neurology/Insttitute of Molecular Medicind & Genetics/School of Graduate Studies, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta, GA, USA
- Research/Affiliations Service Line, Augusta VAMC, Augusta, GA, USA
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SanMartin A, Borlongan CV. Article Commentary: Cell Transplantation: Toward Cell Therapy. Cell Transplant 2017; 15:665-73. [PMID: 17176618 DOI: 10.3727/000000006783981666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Agneta SanMartin
- Center of Excellence for Aging and Brain Repair, Department of Neurosurgery, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33612, USA.
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Domínguez-Bendala J, Ricordi C. Article Commentary: Stem Cell Plasticity and Tissue Replacement. Cell Transplant 2017; 14:423-425. [DOI: 10.3727/000000005783982891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Juan Domínguez-Bendala
- Diabetes Research Institute, University of Miami School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA
| | - Camillo Ricordi
- Diabetes Research Institute, University of Miami School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA
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Micci MA, Boone DR, Parsley MA, Wei J, Patrikeev I, Motamedi M, Hellmich HL. Development of a novel imaging system for cell therapy in the brain. Stem Cell Res Ther 2015; 6:131. [PMID: 26194790 PMCID: PMC4534109 DOI: 10.1186/s13287-015-0129-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2014] [Revised: 05/19/2015] [Accepted: 07/09/2015] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Stem cells have been evaluated as a potential therapeutic approach for several neurological disorders of the central and peripheral nervous system as well as for traumatic brain and spinal cord injury. Currently, the lack of a reliable and safe method to accurately and non-invasively locate the site of implantation and track the migration of stem cells in vivo hampers the development of stem cell therapy and its clinical application. In this report, we present data that demonstrate the feasibility of using the human sodium iodide symporter (hNIS) as a reporter gene for tracking neural stem cells (NSCs) after transplantation in the brain by using single-photon emission tomography/computed tomography (SPECT/CT) imaging. Methods NSCs were isolated from the hippocampus of adult rats (Hipp-NSCs) and transduced with a lentiviral vector containing the hNIS gene. Hipp-NSCs expressing the hNIS (NIS-Hipp-NSCs) were characterized in vitro and in vivo after transplantation in the rat brain and imaged by using technetium-99m (99mTc) and a small rodent SPECT/CT apparatus. Comparisons were made between Hipp-NSCs and NIS-Hipp-NSCs, and statistical analysis was performed by using two-tailed Student’s t test. Results Our results show that the expression of the hNIS allows the repeated visualization of NSCs in vivo in the brain by using SPECT/CT imaging and does not affect the ability of Hipp-NSCs to generate neuronal and glial cells in vitro and in vivo. Conclusions These data support the use of the hNIS as a reporter gene for non-invasive imaging of NSCs in the brain. The repeated, non-invasive tracking of implanted cells will accelerate the development of effective stem cell therapies for traumatic brain injury and other types of central nervous system injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria-Adelaide Micci
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Texas Medical Branch, 301 University Blvd., Galveston, TX, 77555, USA.
| | - Debbie R Boone
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Texas Medical Branch, 301 University Blvd., Galveston, TX, 77555, USA.
| | - Margaret A Parsley
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Texas Medical Branch, 301 University Blvd., Galveston, TX, 77555, USA.
| | - Jingna Wei
- Center for Biomedical Engineering, University of Texas Medical Branch, 301 University Blvd., Galveston, TX 77555, USA.
| | - Igor Patrikeev
- Center for Biomedical Engineering, University of Texas Medical Branch, 301 University Blvd., Galveston, TX 77555, USA.
| | - Massoud Motamedi
- Center for Biomedical Engineering, University of Texas Medical Branch, 301 University Blvd., Galveston, TX 77555, USA.
| | - Helen L Hellmich
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Texas Medical Branch, 301 University Blvd., Galveston, TX, 77555, USA.
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Liu Y, Yi XC, Guo G, Long QF, Wang XA, Zhong J, Liu WP, Fei Z, Wang DM, Liu J. Basic fibroblast growth factor increases the transplantation‑mediated therapeutic effect of bone mesenchymal stem cells following traumatic brain injury. Mol Med Rep 2013; 9:333-9. [PMID: 24248266 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2013.1803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2013] [Accepted: 10/15/2013] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) has proven useful for neural stem and progenitor cells during the transplantation‑mediated therapeutic effect of bone mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs). Endogenous bFGF expression levels increase during brain development and gradually diminish with aging. To date, few studies have been conducted on exogenous bFGF promoting BMSC transplantation‑mediated functional recovery in adult rats following traumatic brain injury (TBI). The results of the present study showed that BMSCs in the TBI cortex and dentate gyrus showed differentiation along the glial and neuronal lines, which are possibly enhanced by bFGF. The neuronal differentiation rate was not consistent with neurological functional recovery rate over time. bFGF may promote the transplantation‑mediated therapeutic effect of BMSCs more significantly and rapidly in rats following TBI, with a small proportion of differentiated neurons. In conclusion, exogenous bFGF functions as a booster of the transplantation‑mediated therapeutic effect of BMSCs following TBI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Liu
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Third Hospital of Mianyang, Mianyang, Sichuan 621000, P.R. China
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Polgar S. Composite Brains: Toward a Systems Theory of Neural Reconstruction. Cell Transplant 2013; 22:381-91. [DOI: 10.3727/096368912x656072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The results of uncontrolled, open-label clinical trials indicate that reconstructive cellular therapies have the capacity to produce meaningful functional improvements in patients with brain disorders. However, the transplantation of fetal cells has not progressed to viable best practice treatment for any brain disorder. A conceptual approach, referred to as the Repair Model, has served as a useful heuristic for initiating research in the field and guiding the development of new practices. Analysis of evidence for the treatment of Parkinson's disease indicates that recovery following neural grafting is a complex process influenced by factors beyond the replacement of neurons. An alternative approach, the Composite Brain Model, is outlined to address limitations of the Repair Model. A hierarchical, open-system model is proposed, which aims to track the interactions between the grafted cells, the host brain, and the environment. The Composite Brain Model emphasizes the importance of the interactions between the patient, their physical and social environment, and the provision of rehabilitation during recovery. It is proposed that the Composite Brain Model is useful in providing an alternative perspective for research, theory building, and practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen Polgar
- School of Health Sciences and Human Biosciences, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Victoria, Australia
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Edalatmanesh MA, Bahrami AR, Hosseini E, Hosseini M, Khatamsaz S. Neuroprotective effects of mesenchymal stem cell transplantation in animal model of cerebellar degeneration. Neurol Res 2012; 33:913-20. [PMID: 22080991 DOI: 10.1179/1743132811y.0000000036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The cerebellum has been considered a key structure for the processes involved in sensorimotor integration ultimately leading to motor planning and execution of coordinated movement. Thus, motor deficits and behavioral changes can be associated with cerebellar degeneration. METHODS Here, the chemical neurotoxin pyridine-2,3-dicarboxylic acid (quinolinic acid, QA) used to create partially cerebellar degeneration in adult Wistar rats suitable for use in stem cell transplantation studies. Stereotaxicaly administration of QA (0.2 mmol) in the right cerebellar hemisphere (folia VI) caused noticeable motor disturbance in all treated animals. Forty-eights hours after causing lesion, rat bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) were transplanted into damaged cerebellar hemisphere. We investigated the role of MSC transplantation in forms of motor and non-motor learning that involves the cerebellum and its neuroprotective effects in Purkinje cells loss. RESULTS CM-Dil labeling showed that the transplanted MSCs survived and migrated in the cerebellum 6 weeks after transplantation. The MSC-transplanted group showed markedly improved functional performance on the rotating rod test (P≤0.0001) and beam walking test (P≤0.0001) during 6 weeks compared with the controls. For non-motor learning, we used passive avoidance learning test in 3 weeks after transplantation. The results showed that MSC transplantation prevented the development of memory deficit caused by cerebellar degeneration (P≤0.001). Stereological analysis in 6 weeks after transplantation showed that QA significantly decreases Purkinje cells in vehicle-treated rats and MSC transplantation is neuroprotective and decreases Purkinje cell loss in MSC-treated rats (P≤0.0001). CONCLUSION The results indicate that transplantation of MSCs can significantly reduce the behavioral and neuroanatomical abnormalities of these animals during 6 weeks after engraftment. According to results of this assay, cell therapy by means of bone marrow-derived adult stem cells promises for treatment of cerebellar diseases.
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Edalatmanesh MA, Bahrami AR, Hosseini E, Hosseini M, Khatamsaz S. Bone marrow derived mesenchymal stem cell transplantation in cerebellar degeneration: a behavioral study. Behav Brain Res 2011; 225:63-70. [PMID: 21741411 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2011.06.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2011] [Revised: 06/18/2011] [Accepted: 06/23/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
In addition to its key role in complex motor function, the cerebellum is increasingly recognized to have a role in cognition. Thus, motor and cognitive deficits can be associated with cerebellar degeneration. After unilateral lesion in cerebellum (folia VI) was caused by Quinolinic acid, CM-DiI labeled mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), which were isolated and purified from bone marrow, were transplanted into the damaged folium. Motor function was assessed using the cylinder test, rotarod, hanging wire and beam balance during 6 weeks after transplantation. Cognitive function was assessed using the Morris water maze learning paradigm in 3 weeks after transplantation. Six weeks after transplantation surviving MSCs were detectable in QA-treated animals. The MSC-transplanted group showed markedly improved functional performance in spatial memory, motor learning, locomotor asymmetry, dysmetria, abnormality in neuromuscular strength and equilibrium 2-6 weeks compared with the controls. We found that cerebellar lesions produced deficits (folia VI) in motor and cognitive aspects of a spatial task. The results indicate that transplantation of MSCs can significantly reduce the behavioral abnormalities of these animals during six weeks after engraftment. According to results of this assay, cell therapy by means of bone marrow derived adult stem cells promises for treatment of cerebellar diseases.
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Lu HX, Levis H, Liu Y, Parker T. Organotypic slices culture model for cerebellar ataxia: Potential use to study Purkinje cell induction from neural stem cells. Brain Res Bull 2011; 84:169-73. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2010.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2010] [Revised: 11/30/2010] [Accepted: 12/01/2010] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Lo WC, Hsu CH, Wu ATH, Yang LY, Chen WH, Chiu WT, Lai WF, Wu CH, Gelovani JG, Deng WP. A novel cell-based therapy for contusion spinal cord injury using GDNF-delivering NIH3T3 cells with dual reporter genes monitored by molecular imaging. J Nucl Med 2008; 49:1512-9. [PMID: 18703596 DOI: 10.2967/jnumed.108.051896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED This aim of our study was to evaluate a novel cell-based therapy for contusion spinal cord injury (SCI) using embryonic-derived NIH3T3 cells, which endogenously express glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF). METHODS Proliferation and differentiation of transplanted NIH3T3 cells and their anti-apoptotic effects were examined after their engraftment into the spinal cords of Long-Evans rats subjected to acute SCI at the T10 vertebral level by a New York University impactor device. NIH3T3 cells were initially engineered to contain dual reporter genes, namely thymidine kinase (T) and enhanced green fluorescence protein (G), for in vivo cell tracking by both nuclear and fluorescence imaging modalities. RESULTS Planar and fluorescence imaging demonstrated that transplanted NIH3T3-TG cells at the L1 vertebral level migrated 2 cm distal to the injury site as early as 2 h, and the signals persisted for 48 h after SCI. The expression of GDNF by NIH3T3-TG cells was then confirmed by immunohistochemical analysis both in vitro and in vivo. GDNF-secreting NIH3T3-TG transplant provided anti-apoptotic effects in the injured cord over the period of 3 wk. Finally, NIH3T3-TG cells cultured under neuronal differentiation medium exhibited both morphologic and genetic resemblance to neuronal cells. CONCLUSION GDNF-secreting NIH3T3-TG cells in combination with molecular imaging could be a platform for developing therapeutic tools for acute SCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Cheng Lo
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
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McAdoo DJ, Wu P. Microdialysis in central nervous system disorders and their treatment. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2008; 90:282-96. [PMID: 18436292 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbb.2008.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2007] [Revised: 02/27/2008] [Accepted: 03/05/2008] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Central nervous system (CNS) insults elevate endogenous toxins and alter levels of indicators of metabolic disorder. These contribute to neurotrauma, neurodegenerative diseases and chronic pain and are possible targets for pharmaceutical treatment. Microdialysis samples substances in the extracellular space for chemical analysis. It has demonstrated that toxic levels of glutamate are released and that toxic levels of the reactive species O(2)(-), H(2)O(2), HO. NO and HOONO are generated upon CNS injury. Agent administration by microdialysis can also help elucidate mechanisms of damage and protection, and to identify targets for clinical application. Microdialysis sampling indicates that circuits descending from the brain to the spinal cord transmit and modulate pain signals by releasing neurotransmitter amines and amino acids. Efforts are under way to develop microdialysis into a technique for intensive care monitoring and predicting outcomes of brain insults. Finally, microdialysis sampling has demonstrated in vivo elevation of glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor following grafting of primed fetal human neural stem cells into brain-injured rats, the first in vivo demonstration of the release of a neurotrophic factor by grafted stem cells. This increased release correlated with significantly improved spatial learning and memory.
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Affiliation(s)
- David J McAdoo
- Department of Neurosciences and Cell Biology, University of Texas Medical Branch, 301 University Boulevard, Galveston, TX 77555-1043, United States.
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Walczak P, Zhang J, Gilad AA, Kedziorek DA, Ruiz-Cabello J, Young RG, Pittenger MF, van Zijl PCM, Huang J, Bulte JWM. Dual-modality monitoring of targeted intraarterial delivery of mesenchymal stem cells after transient ischemia. Stroke 2008; 39:1569-74. [PMID: 18323495 DOI: 10.1161/strokeaha.107.502047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 290] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE In animal models of stroke, functional improvement has been obtained after stem cell transplantation. Successful therapy depends largely on achieving a robust and targeted cell engraftment, with intraarterial (IA) injection being a potentially attractive route of administration. We assessed the suitability of laser Doppler flow (LDF) signal measurements and magnetic resonance (MR) imaging for noninvasive dual monitoring of targeted IA cell delivery. METHODS Transient cerebral ischemia was induced in adult Wistar rats (n=25) followed by IA or intravenous (IV) injection of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) labeled with superparamagnetic iron oxide. Cell infusion was monitored in real time with transcranial laser Doppler flowmetry while cellular delivery was assessed with MRI in vivo (4.7 T) and ex vivo (9.4 T). RESULTS Successful delivery of magnetically labeled MSCs could be readily visualized with MRI after IA but not IV injection. IA stem cell injection during acute stroke resulted in a high variability of cerebral engraftment. The amount of LDF reduction during cell infusion (up to 80%) was found to correlate well with the degree of intracerebral engraftment, with low LDF values being associated with significant morbidity. CONCLUSIONS High cerebral engraftment rates are associated with impeded cerebral blood flow. Noninvasive dual-modality imaging enables monitoring of targeted cell delivery, and through interactive adjustment may improve the safety and efficacy of stem cell therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Piotr Walczak
- Division of MR Research, Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 217 Traylor, 720 Rutland Ave, Baltimore, MD 21205-2195, USA
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Lu HX, Levis H, Melhem N, Parker T. Toxin-produced Purkinje cell death: a model for neural stem cell transplantation studies. Brain Res 2008; 1207:207-13. [PMID: 18374311 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2008.02.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2007] [Revised: 02/05/2008] [Accepted: 02/06/2008] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Purkinje cell loss is the hallmark of the cerebellar ataxias. Here the fungal neurotoxin Penitrem A was used to create partially Purkinje-cell-deficient cerebella in neonate and young adult rats suitable for use in neural stem cell transplantation studies. I.p. administration of Penitrem A to P3, P6 and 11-week old rats caused noticeable tremor in all treated animals that lasted between 1 and 3 days and was more immediate in the rat pups than in the 11-week old rats. Quantification of cresyl violet stained sections showed that Purkinje cells were preferentially lost in the cerebellar vermis and specifically in folia VI to IX (P<0.001-0.05). No change occurred in Purkinje cell number in folia I-III and folium X. These results were confirmed by the loss of calbindin binding cells in the Purkinje cell layer and the appearance of enlarged vacuolated mitochondria. The results of the present study show that the Penitrem A can remove Purkinje cells in the immature rat cerebellum and thus provide a potential model to study the micro-environmental cues in vivo for the differentiation of Purkinje cells from transplanted and/or intrinsic neural stem cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hai-xia Lu
- Institute of Neurobiology, School of Medicine, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710061, PR China
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Ourednik V, Ourednik J. Plasticity of the central nervous system and formation of "auxiliary niches" after stem cell grafting: an essay. Cell Transplant 2007; 16:263-71. [PMID: 17503737 DOI: 10.3727/000000007783464696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
It is hoped that stem cell biology will play a major role in the treatment of a number of so far incurable diseases via transplantation therapy. Today, we know that neural stem cell grafts not only represent a valuable source of missing cells and molecules for the host nervous system, but they also bring with them biological principles and processes assuring tissue plasticity and homeostasis found in early development and in postnatal neurogenic areas. In this review, we discuss the potential of grafted neural stem/progenitor cells to induce plasticity in the adult diseased brain by mimicking the cellular and molecular processes governing the biology of endogenous stem cell niches. If confirmed, such anlagen of "auxiliary niches" could help us to optimize intercellular communication in donor cell-initiated networks of graft-host interactions and to "rejuvenate" the adult nervous system in its response to disease and injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Václav Ourednik
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA.
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Bhang SH, Lee YE, Cho SW, Shim JW, Lee SH, Choi CY, Chang JW, Kim BS. Basic fibroblast growth factor promotes bone marrow stromal cell transplantation-mediated neural regeneration in traumatic brain injury. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2007; 359:40-5. [PMID: 17531197 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2007.05.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2007] [Accepted: 05/07/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The current study was designed to evaluate the effects of basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) on human BMSC (hBMSC) transplantation-mediated neural regeneration in traumatic brain injury (TBI). Fibrin gel was used as a delivery vehicle to release bFGF locally in the TBI sites in a controlled manner. To test this hypothesis, hBMSCs suspended in fibrin gel containing bFGF were transplanted to rat TBI sites. Transplantation of hBMSCs suspended in fibrin gel without bFGF served as a control. hBMSC transplantation and bFGF treatment showed enhanced neural tissue regeneration than that of the control. The infarction volume and apoptotic activity of the transplanted hBMSCs were significantly decreased, and functional outcomes were significantly improved in the hBMSC transplantation and bFGF treatment group than in the control group. This study demonstrates that bFGF significantly enhances histological and functional recovery when used in hBMSC transplantation therapy in TBI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suk Ho Bhang
- Department of Bioengineering, Hanyang University, Seoul 133-791, Republic of Korea
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Micci MA, Pasricha PJ. Neural stem cells for the treatment of disorders of the enteric nervous system: strategies and challenges. Dev Dyn 2007; 236:33-43. [PMID: 17029286 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.20975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The main goal of this review is to summarize the status of the research in the field of stem cells transplantation, as it is applicable to the treatment of gastrointestinal motility. This field of research has advanced tremendously in the past 10 years, and recent data produced in our laboratories as well as others is contributing to the excitement on the use of neural stem cells (NSC) as a valuable therapeutic approach for disorders of the enteric nervous system characterized by a loss of critical neuronal subpopulations. There are several sources of NSC, and here we describe therapeutic strategies for NSC transplantation in the gut. These include using NSC as a relatively nonspecific cellular replacement strategy in conditions where large populations of neurons or their subsets are missing or destroyed. As with many other recent "breakthroughs" stem cell therapy may eventually prove to be overrated. However, at the present time, it does appear to provide the hope for a true cure for many currently intractable diseases of both the central and the peripheral nervous system. Certainly more extensive research is needed in this field. We hope that our review will encourage new investigators in entering this field of research ad contribute to our knowledge of the potentials of NSC and other cells for the treatment of gastrointestinal dysmotility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria-Adelaide Micci
- Enteric Neuromuscular Disorders and Pain Laboratory, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas 77555-0764, USA
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Cabanes C, Bonilla S, Tabares L, Martínez S. Neuroprotective effect of adult hematopoietic stem cells in a mouse model of motoneuron degeneration. Neurobiol Dis 2007; 26:408-18. [PMID: 17337196 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2007.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2006] [Revised: 01/12/2007] [Accepted: 01/28/2007] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Degenerative spinal motor diseases, like amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, are produced by progressive degeneration of motoneurons. Their clinical manifestations include a progressive muscular weakness and atrophy, which lead to paralysis and premature death. Current pharmacological therapies fail to stop the progression of motor deficits or to restore motor function. The purpose of our study was to explore the possible beneficial effect of mouse adult hematopoietic stem cells (hSCs) transplanted into the spinal cord of a mouse model of motoneuron degeneration. Our results show that grafted hSCs survive in the spinal cord. In addition, the number of motoneurons in the transplanted spinal cord is larger than in non-transplanted mdf mice at the same spinal cord segments and importantly, motor function significantly improves. These effects can be explained by the increased levels of glial cell line derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) around host motoneurons produced by the grafted cells. Thus, these experiments demonstrate the neuroprotective effect of adult hSCs in the model employed and indicate that this cell type may contribute to ameliorating motor function in degenerative spinal motor diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmen Cabanes
- Instituto de Neurociencias, Universidad Miguel Hernández-CSIC, E-03550 San Juan de Alicante, Alicante, Spain
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Hermann A, Maisel M, Storch A. Epigenetic conversion of human adult bone mesodermal stromal cells into neuroectodermal cell types for replacement therapy of neurodegenerative disorders. Expert Opin Biol Ther 2006; 6:653-70. [PMID: 16805706 DOI: 10.1517/14712598.6.7.653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Tissue-specific stem cells, such as bone marrow-derived mesodermal stromal cells (MSCs), are thought to be lineage restricted and, therefore, could only be differentiated into cell types of the tissue of origin. Several recent studies, however, suggest that these types of stem cells might be able to break barriers of germ layer commitment and differentiate in vitro and/or in vivo into cells of different tissues, such as neuroectodermal cell types. Recently, protocols for high-yield generation of undifferentiated neural stem cell (NSC)-like cells from MSCs of primate and human origin were reported. Undifferentiated NSCs are commonly used and are more suitable for neurotransplantation compared with fully differentiated neural cells, as differentiated neural cells are well known to poorly survive detachment and subsequent transplantation procedures. These human MSC-derived NSC-like cells (MSC-NSCs) grow in neurosphere-like structures and express high levels of early neuroectodermal markers, but lose characteristics of MSCs. In the presence of selected growth factors, human MSC-NSCs can be differentiated into the three main neural phenotypes: astroglia, oligodendroglia and neurons. Compared with direct differentiation of human MSCs into mature neural cells, the conversion step seems to be essential to generate mature functional neuroectodermal cells. This review describes the techniques for the conversion of human MSCs into NSCs and summarises the data on epigenetic conversion of human MSCs into immature neuroectodermal cells. These cells provide a powerful tool for investigating the molecular mechanisms of neural differentiation, and might serve as an autologous cell source to treat acute and chronic neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Hermann
- Technical University of Dresden, Department of Neurology, Fetscherstrasse 74, 01307 Dresden, Germany
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Enzmann GU, Benton RL, Talbott JF, Cao Q, Whittemore SR. Functional considerations of stem cell transplantation therapy for spinal cord repair. J Neurotrauma 2006; 23:479-95. [PMID: 16629631 DOI: 10.1089/neu.2006.23.479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Stem cells hold great promise for therapeutic repair after spinal cord injury (SCI). This review compares the current experimental approaches taken towards a stem cell-based therapy for SCI. It critically evaluates stem cell sources, injury paradigms, and functional measurements applied to detect behavioral changes after transplantation into the spinal cord. Many of the documented improvements do not exclusively depend on lineage-specific cellular differentiation. In most of the studies, the functional tests used cannot unequivocally demonstrate how differentiation of the transplanted cells contributes to the observed effects. Standardized cell isolation and transplantation protocols could facilitate the assessment of the true contribution of various experimental parameters on recovery. We conclude that at present embryonic stem (ES)-derived cells hold the most promise for therapeutic utility, but that non-neural cells may ultimately be optimal if the mechanism of possible transdifferentiation can be elucidated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaby U Enzmann
- Kentucky Spinal Cord Injury Research Center, Louisville, Kentucky 40202, USA
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English D, Klasko SK, Sanberg PR. Elusive mechanisms of "stem cell"-mediated repair of cerebral damage. Exp Neurol 2006; 199:10-5. [PMID: 16730352 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2006.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2005] [Accepted: 03/05/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Denis English
- Department of Neurosurgery, Center of Excellence for Aging and Brain Repair, University of South Florida, College of Medicine, Bruce B. Downs Blvd., MDC-78, Tampa, FL 36112, USA.
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Döbrössy MD, Dunnett SB. Optimising plasticity: environmental and training associated factors in transplant-mediated brain repair. Rev Neurosci 2005; 16:1-21. [PMID: 15810651 DOI: 10.1515/revneuro.2005.16.1.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
With progressively ageing populations, degeneration of nerve cells of the brain, due to accident or disease, represents one of the major problems for health and welfare in the developed world. The molecular environment in the adult brain promotes stability limiting its ability to regenerate or to repair itself following injury. Cell transplantation aims to repair the nervous system by introducing new cells that can replace the function of the compromised or lost cells. Alternatives to primary embryonic tissue are actively being sought but this is at present the only source that has been shown reliably to survive grafting into the adult brain and spinal cord, connect with the host nervous system, and influence behaviour. Based on animal studies, several clinical trials have now shown that embryonic tissue grafts can partially alleviate symptoms in Parkinson's disease, and related strategies are under evaluation for Huntington's disease, spinal cord injury, stroke and other CNS disorders. The adult brain is at its most plastic in the period following injury, offering a window of opportunity for therapeutic intervention. Enriched environment, behavioural experience and grafting can each separately influence neuronal plasticity and recovery of function after brain damage, but the extent to which these factors interact is at present unknown. To improve the outcome following brain damage, transplantation must make use of the endogenous potential for plasticity of both the host and the graft and optimise the external circumstances associated with graft-mediated recovery. Our understanding of mechanisms of brain plasticity subsequent to brain damage needs to be associated with what we know about enhancing intrinsic recovery processes in order to improve neurobiological and surgical strategies for repair at the clinical level. With the proof of principle beginning to emerge from clinical trials, a rich area for innovative research with profound therapeutic application, even broader than the specific context of transplantation, is now opening for investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Màtè Daniel Döbrössy
- The Brain Repair Group, Cardiff School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, Wales, UK
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Collier TJ. Emerging Strategies in Neural Transplantation and Repair: A Special Section Based on the 10th ASNTR Meeting. Cell Transplant 2004; 13:261-262. [PMID: 28849967 DOI: 10.3727/000000004783984034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
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