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Fahmy HM, Abd El-Daim TM, Mohamed HAAENE, Mahmoud EAAEQ, Abdallah EAS, Mahmoud Hassan FEZ, Maihop DI, Amin AEAE, Mustafa ABE, Hassan FMA, Mohamed DME, Shams-Eldin EMM. Multifunctional nanoparticles in stem cell therapy for cellular treating of kidney and liver diseases. Tissue Cell 2020; 65:101371. [PMID: 32746989 DOI: 10.1016/j.tice.2020.101371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2019] [Revised: 04/22/2020] [Accepted: 04/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The review gives an overview of the mechanisms of internalization and distribution of nanoparticles in stem cells this is achieved via providing analysis of the methods used in exploring the migration routes of stem cells, and their reciprocity. In addition, exploring microenvironment target in the body, and tracking the fate of exogenously transplanted stem cells by using innovative and non-invasive techniques will also be discussed. Such techniques like magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), multimodality tracking, optical imaging, and nuclear medicine imaging, which were designed to follow up stem cell migration. This review will explain the various distinctive strategies to enhance homing of labeled stem cells with nanoparticles into damaged hepatic and renal tissues, this purpose was obtained by inducing a specific gene into stem cells, various chemokines, and applying an external magnetic field. Also, this work illustrates how to improve nanoparticles uptake by using transfection agents or covalently binding an exogenous protein (i.e., Human immunodeficiency virus-Tat protein) or conjugating a receptor-specific monoclonal antibody or make modifications to iron coat. It contains stem cell labeling methods such as extracellular labeling and internalization approaches. Ultimately, our review indicates trails of researchers in nanoparticles utilization in stem cell therapy in both kidney and liver diseases.
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Efficacy Evaluation and Tracking of Bone Marrow Stromal Stem Cells in a Rat Model of Renal Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2019; 2019:9105768. [PMID: 31016203 PMCID: PMC6446097 DOI: 10.1155/2019/9105768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2018] [Accepted: 02/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Objectives The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of bone marrow stromal stem cells (BMSCs) on renal ischemia-reperfusion injury (RIRI) and dynamically monitor engrafted BMSCs in vivo for the early prediction of their therapeutic effects in a rat model. Methods A rat model of RIRI was prepared by clamping the left renal artery for 45 min. One week after renal artery clamping, 2 × 106 superparamagnetic iron oxide- (SPIO-) labeled BMSCs were injected into the renal artery. Next, MR imaging of the kidneys was performed on days 1, 7, 14, and 21 after cell transplantation. On day 21, after transplantation, serum creatinine (Scr) and urea nitrogen (BUN) levels were assessed, and HE staining and TUNEL assay were also performed. Results The body weight growth rates in the SPIO-BMSC group were significantly higher than those in the PBS group (P < 0.05), and the Scr and BUN levels were also significantly lower than those in the PBS group (P < 0.05). HE staining showed that the degree of degeneration and vacuole-like changes in the renal tubular epithelial cells in the SPIO-BMSC group was significantly better than that observed in the PBS group. The TUNEL assay showed that the number of apoptotic renal tubular epithelial cells in the SPIO-BMSC group was significantly lower than that in the PBS group. The T2 value of the renal lesion was the highest on day 1 after cell transplantation, and it gradually decreased with time in both the PBS and SPIO-BMSC groups but was always the lowest in the SPIO-BMSC group. Conclusion SPIO-labeled BMSC transplantation can significantly promote the recovery of RIRI and noninvasive dynamic monitoring of engrafted cells and can also be performed simultaneously with MRI in vivo for the early prediction of therapeutic effects.
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Zhang JB, Wang XQ, Lu GL, Huang HS, Xu SY. Adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells therapy for acute kidney injury induced by ischemia-reperfusion in a rat model. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol 2017; 44:1232-1240. [PMID: 28688148 DOI: 10.1111/1440-1681.12811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2016] [Revised: 06/10/2017] [Accepted: 06/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Acute kidney injury (AKI) represents a group of complicated syndromes with a high mortality rate. The administration of adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells (ADMSCs) has been tested as a possible treatment method for AKI. The long-term evaluation of AKI induced by ischemia/reperfusion (IR) and the probable renal protection of ADMSCs are limited. In this study we have established a rat AKI model induced by IR and investigated the possible protective effects of ADMSCs. Adult Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats were divided into three groups (n = 6/each group). The MOCK group was as the normal control. Rats in the IR-AKI and IR-AKI+ADMSCs groups were subjected to IR injury by clamping both renal pedicles for 40 minutes. Rats in the MOCK and IR-AKI groups were injected with PBS via the tail vein as negative treatment controls. Rats in the IR-AKI+ADMSCs group received ADMSCs therapy (2 × 106 cells were injected into the rats via the tail vein). We found that ADMSC transplantation restored the pathologic morphology induced by IR-AKI to normal compared with the MOCK group, suggesting the reparative function of ADMSCs in kidney tissues. Compared with IR-induced AKI alone, ADMSC treatment significantly decreased the number of apoptotic cells, the level of total urinary protein and serum creatinine, the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-6, TNF-α, IL-1β, IFN-γ, TNF-α, IFN-γ, and TGF-β), and the inflammation-associated proteins (HGF and SDF1), but increased the expression of the anti-inflammatory cytokine, IL-10, and the anti-apoptotic regulator, Bcl-2. Our data have indicated that ADMSC transplantation may protect against IR-induced AKI by anti-apoptotic and anti-inflammatory effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian-Bo Zhang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Zhujiang Hospital of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China.,Department of Anesthesiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiao-Qiao Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Guo-Lin Lu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Zhujiang Hospital of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Huan-Sen Huang
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shi-Yuan Xu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Zhujiang Hospital of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
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Magnetic resonance imaging tracking and assessing repair function of the bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells transplantation in a rat model of spinal cord injury. Oncotarget 2017; 8:58985-58999. [PMID: 28938612 PMCID: PMC5601708 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.19775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2017] [Accepted: 07/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The transplantation of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) to repair spinal cord injury (SCI) has become a promising therapy. However, there is still a lack of visual evidence directly implicating the transplanted cells as the source of the improvement of spinal cord function. In this study, BMSCs were labeled with NF-200 promoter and lipase-activated gadolinium-containing nanoparticles (Gd-DTPA-FA). Double labeled BMSCs were implanted into spinal cord transaction injury in rat models in situ, the function recovery was evaluated on 1st, 7th, 14th, 28 th days by MRI, Diffusion Tensor Imaing, CT imaging and post-processing, and histological observations. BBB scores were used for assessing function recovery. After transplantation of BMSCs, the hypersignal emerged in spinal cord in T1WI starting at day 7 that was focused at the injection site, which then increased and extended until day 14. Subsequently, the increased signal intensity area rapidly spread from the injection site to entire injured segment lasting four weeks. The diffusion tensor tractography and histological analysis both showed the nerve fibre from dividing to connecting partly. Immunofluorescence showed higher expression of NF-200 in Repaired group than Injury group. Electron microscopy showed detachment and loose of myelin lamellar getting better in Repaired group compared with the Injury group. BBB scores in Repaired group were significantly higher than those of injury animals. Our study suggests that the migration and distribution of Gd-DTPA-FA labeled BMSCs can be tracked using MRI. Transplantation of BMSCs represents a promising potential strategy for the repair of SCI.
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Qin X, Hu X, Wu C, Cai M, Li Z, Zhang L, Lin L, Huang W, Zhu K. Hepatocellular Carcinoma Cells Carrying a Multimodality Reporter Gene for Fluorescence, Bioluminescence, and Magnetic Resonance Imaging In Vitro and In Vivo. Acad Radiol 2016; 23:1422-1430. [PMID: 27641103 DOI: 10.1016/j.acra.2016.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2016] [Revised: 06/27/2016] [Accepted: 07/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE AND OBJECTIVES The study aimed to evaluate the feasibility of imaging or tracking hepatocellular carcinoma cells by modifying these cells to carry a multimodality reporter gene, enabling fluorescence, bioluminescence, and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in vitro and in vivo. MATERIALS AND METHODS HepG2 cells were labeled with the enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP)/luciferase2/ferritin-the multimodality reporter gene (labeled HepG2 cells). The labeled and unlabeled HepG2 cells were cultured in vitro and then injected subcutaneously into mice as a hepatoma model in vivo. The expressions of EGFP, luciferase2, and ferritin in HepG2 cell suspensions and hepatoma model were investigated using fluorescence, bioluminescence, and MRI. RESULTS Individual HepG2 cells expressing EGFP were identified under blue laser excitation. The linear coefficient between the optical signal intensity of luciferase2 and the number of labeled cells was 0.993. MRI was used to distinguish the T2* signal of 2 × 107 cells/mL between the labeled (6.67 ± 1.88 ms) and unlabeled cells (10.66 ± 2.22 ms) (P = 0.034). In vivo, individual HepG2 cells expressing EGFP in frozen sections were observed. Labeled cells expressing luciferase2 have been detected since the second day after injection, and the bioluminescence increased with the tumor size. The T2* signal was significantly different between the labeled (6.04 ± 1.60 ms) and unlabeled cells (17.06 ± 2.17 ms) (P <0.001). CONCLUSIONS A multimodality reporter gene consisting of EGFP, luciferase2, and ferritin was successfully integrated into the HepG2 cell genome via a lentiviral vector and was highly expressed in the daughter cells. These cells could be detected by fluorescence, bioluminescence, and MRI in vitro and in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoxiao Qin
- Department of Minimally Invasive Interventional Radiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, 250 East Changgang Road, Guangzhou 510260, Guangdong Province, China; Department of Radiology, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Xiaojun Hu
- Department of Radiology, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Chun Wu
- Department of Radiology, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China; Interventional Radiology Institute, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Mingyue Cai
- Department of Radiology, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China; Interventional Radiology Institute, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Zhengran Li
- Department of Radiology, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China; Interventional Radiology Institute, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Lina Zhang
- Department of Radiology, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Liteng Lin
- Department of Radiology, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China; Interventional Radiology Institute, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Wensou Huang
- Department of Minimally Invasive Interventional Radiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, 250 East Changgang Road, Guangzhou 510260, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Kangshun Zhu
- Department of Minimally Invasive Interventional Radiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, 250 East Changgang Road, Guangzhou 510260, Guangdong Province, China.
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Gupta AK, Jadhav SH, Tripathy NK, Nityanand S. Fetal Kidney Cells Can Ameliorate Ischemic Acute Renal Failure in Rats through Their Anti-Inflammatory, Anti-Apoptotic and Anti-Oxidative Effects. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0131057. [PMID: 26086475 PMCID: PMC4472721 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0131057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2014] [Accepted: 05/29/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Fetal kidney cells may contain multiple populations of kidney stem cells and thus appear to be a suitable cellular therapy for the treatment of acute renal failure (ARF) but their biological characteristics and therapeutic potential have not been adequately explored. We have culture expanded fetal kidney cells derived from rat fetal kidneys, characterized them and evaluated their therapeutic effect in an ischemia reperfusion (IR) induced rat model of ARF. The fetal kidney cells grew in culture as adherent spindle shaped/polygonal cells and expressed CD29, CD44, CD73, CD90, CD105, CD24 and CD133 markers. Administration of PKH26 labeled fetal kidney cells in ARF rats resulted in a significant decrease in the levels of blood urea nitrogen, creatinine, and neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin and decreased tubular necrosis in the kidney tissues (p<0.05 for all). The injected fetal kidney cells were observed to engraft around injured tubular cells, and there was increased proliferation and decreased apoptosis of tubular cells in the kidneys (p<0.05 for both). In addition, the kidney tissues of ARF rats treated with fetal kidney cells had a higher gene expression of renotropic growth factors (VEGF-A, IGF-1, BMP-7 and bFGF) and anti-inflammatory cytokine (IL10); up regulation of anti-oxidative markers (HO-1 and NQO-1); and a lower Bax/Bcl2 ratio as compared to saline treated rats (p<0.05 for all). Our data shows that culture expanded fetal kidney cells express mesenchymal and renal progenitor markers, and ameliorate ischemic ARF predominantly by their anti-apoptotic, anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidative effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashwani Kumar Gupta
- Stem Cell Research Facility (SCRF), Department of Hematology, Sanjay Gandhi Post Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Raebareli Road, Lucknow, 226014, India
| | - Sachin H Jadhav
- Stem Cell Research Facility (SCRF), Department of Hematology, Sanjay Gandhi Post Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Raebareli Road, Lucknow, 226014, India
| | - Naresh Kumar Tripathy
- Stem Cell Research Facility (SCRF), Department of Hematology, Sanjay Gandhi Post Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Raebareli Road, Lucknow, 226014, India
| | - Soniya Nityanand
- Stem Cell Research Facility (SCRF), Department of Hematology, Sanjay Gandhi Post Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Raebareli Road, Lucknow, 226014, India
- * E-mail:
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Wu C, Li J, Pang P, Liu J, Zhu K, Li D, Cheng D, Chen J, Shuai X, Shan H. Polymeric vector-mediated gene transfection of MSCs for dual bioluminescent and MRI tracking in vivo. Biomaterials 2014; 35:8249-60. [PMID: 24976241 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2014.06.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2014] [Accepted: 06/05/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
MSC's transplantation is a promising cell-based therapy for injuries in regenerative medicine, and in vivo visualization of transplanted MSCs with noninvasive technique is essential for the tracking of cell infusion and homing. A new cationic polymer, poly(ethylene glycol)-block-poly(l-aspartic acid)-grafted polyethylenimine functionalized with superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (PAI/SPION), was constructed as a magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)-visible non-viral vector for the delivery of plasmids DNA (pDNA) encoding for luciferase and red fluorescence protein (RFP) as reporter genes into MSCs. As a result, the MSCs were labeled with SPION and reporter genes. The PAI/SPION complexes exhibited high transfection efficiency in transferring pDNA into MSCs, which resulted in efficient luciferase and RFP co-expression. Furthermore, the complexes did not significantly affect the viability and multilineage differentiation capacity of MSCs. After the labeled MSCs were transplanted into the rats with acute liver injury via the superior mesenteric vein (SMV) injection, the migration behavior and organ-specific accumulation of the cells could be effectively monitored using the in vivo imaging system (IVIS) and MRI, respectively. The immunohistochemical analysis further confirmed that the transplanted MSCs were predominantly distributed in the liver parenchyma. Our results indicate that the PAI/SPION is a MRI-visible gene delivery agent which can effectively label MSCs to provide the basis for bimodal bioluminescence and MRI tracking in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun Wu
- Molecular Imaging Lab, Department of Radiology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510630, China; Interventional Radiology Institute, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510630, China
| | - Jingguo Li
- PCFM Lab of Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Pengfei Pang
- Molecular Imaging Lab, Department of Radiology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510630, China; Interventional Radiology Institute, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510630, China
| | - Jingjing Liu
- Molecular Imaging Lab, Department of Radiology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510630, China
| | - Kangshun Zhu
- Molecular Imaging Lab, Department of Radiology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510630, China; Interventional Radiology Institute, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510630, China
| | - Dan Li
- Molecular Imaging Lab, Department of Radiology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510630, China
| | - Du Cheng
- PCFM Lab of Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Junwei Chen
- Molecular Imaging Lab, Department of Radiology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510630, China; Interventional Radiology Institute, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510630, China
| | - Xintao Shuai
- PCFM Lab of Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China.
| | - Hong Shan
- Molecular Imaging Lab, Department of Radiology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510630, China; Interventional Radiology Institute, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510630, China.
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Chen YC, Wen S, Shang SA, Cui Y, Luo B, Teng GJ. Magnetic resonance and near-infrared imaging using a novel dual-modality nano-probe for dendritic cell tracking in vivo. Cytotherapy 2013; 16:699-710. [PMID: 24219906 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcyt.2013.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2013] [Revised: 09/14/2013] [Accepted: 09/28/2013] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AIMS The effect of cellular-based immunotherapy is highly correlated with the success of dendritic cells (DCs) homing to the draining lymph nodes (LNs) and interacting with antigen-specific CD4(+) T cells. In this study, a novel magneto-fluorescent nano-probe was used to track the in vivo migration of DCs to the draining LNs. METHODS A dual-modality nano-probe composed of superparamagnetic iron oxide (SPIO) and near-infrared fluorescent (NIRF) dye (NIR797) was developed, and its magnetic and optical contrasting properties were characterized. DCs generated from mouse bone marrow were co-cultured with the probe at a lower concentration of 10 μg/mL. The cell phenotype and function of DCs were also investigated by fluorescence-activated cell sorting analysis and mixed leukocyte reactivity assay. Labeled DCs were injected into the footpad of C57BL/6 mice. Afterward, magnetic resonance imaging, NIRF imaging, Perls staining and CD11c immunofluorescence were used to observe the migration of the labeled DCs into draining LNs. RESULTS The synthetic SPIO-NIR797 nano-probe had a desirable superparamagnetic and near-infrared behavior. Perls staining showed perfect labeling efficiency. The cell phenotypes, including CD11c, CD80, CD86 and major histocompatibility complex class II, as well as the T-cell activation potential of the mature DCs were insignificantly affected after incubation (P > 0.05). Labeled DCs migrating into LNs could be detected by both magnetic resonance imaging and NIRF imaging simultaneously, which was further confirmed by Perls staining and immunofluorescence. CONCLUSIONS The novel dual-modality SPIO-NIR797 nano-probe has highly biocompatible characteristics for labeling and tracking DCs, which can be used to evaluate cancer immunotherapy in clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Chen Chen
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular and Functional Imaging, Department of Radiology, Zhongda Hospital, Medical School of Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Song Wen
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular and Functional Imaging, Department of Radiology, Zhongda Hospital, Medical School of Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Song-An Shang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular and Functional Imaging, Department of Radiology, Zhongda Hospital, Medical School of Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Ying Cui
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular and Functional Imaging, Department of Radiology, Zhongda Hospital, Medical School of Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Bing Luo
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular and Functional Imaging, Department of Radiology, Zhongda Hospital, Medical School of Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Gao-Jun Teng
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular and Functional Imaging, Department of Radiology, Zhongda Hospital, Medical School of Southeast University, Nanjing, China.
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Thurman JM, Serkova NJ. Nanosized contrast agents to noninvasively detect kidney inflammation by magnetic resonance imaging. Adv Chronic Kidney Dis 2013; 20:488-99. [PMID: 24206601 DOI: 10.1053/j.ackd.2013.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2013] [Revised: 06/02/2013] [Accepted: 06/03/2013] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Several molecular imaging methods have been developed that use nanosized contrast agents to detect markers of inflammation within tissues. Kidney inflammation contributes to disease progression in a wide range of autoimmune and inflammatory diseases, and a biopsy is currently the only method of definitively diagnosing active kidney inflammation. However, the development of new molecular imaging methods that use contrast agents capable of detecting particular immune cells or protein biomarkers will allow clinicians to evaluate inflammation throughout the kidneys and to assess a patient's response to immunomodulatory drugs. These imaging tools will improve our ability to validate new therapies and to optimize the treatment of individual patients with existing therapies. This review describes the clinical need for new methods of monitoring kidney inflammation and recent advances in the development of nanosized contrast agents for the detection of inflammatory markers of kidney disease.
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Fayol D, Le Visage C, Ino J, Gazeau F, Letourneur D, Wilhelm C. Design of Biomimetic Vascular Grafts with Magnetic Endothelial Patterning. Cell Transplant 2013; 22:2105-18. [DOI: 10.3727/096368912x661300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The development of small diameter vascular grafts with a controlled pluricellular organization is still needed for effective vascular tissue engineering. Here, we describe a technological approach combining a tubular scaffold and magnetically labeled cells to create a pluricellular and organized vascular graft, the endothelialization of which could be monitored by MRI prior to transplantation. A novel type of scaffold was developed with a tubular geometry and a porous bulk structure enabling the seeding of cells in the scaffold pores. A homogeneous distribution of human mesenchymal stem cells in the macroporous structure was obtained by seeding the freeze-dried scaffold with the cell suspension. The efficient covering of the luminal surface of the tube was then made possible thanks to the implementation of a magnetic-based patterning technique. Human endothelial cells or endothelial progenitors were magnetically labeled with iron oxide nanoparticles and successfully attracted to the 2-mm lumen where they attached and formed a continuous endothelium. The combination of imaging modalities [fluorescence imaging, histology, and 3D magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)] evidenced the integrity of the vascular construct. In particular, the observation of different cell organizations in a vascular scaffold within the range of resolution of single cells by 4.7 T MRI is reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- Delphine Fayol
- Laboratoire Matière et Systèmes Complexes (MSC), UMR 7057 CNRS and Université Paris Diderot, Paris, France
| | - Catherine Le Visage
- Inserm, U698, Bio-ingénierie Cardiovasculaire, Université Paris Diderot, CHU X. Bichat, Paris, France
| | - Julia Ino
- Inserm, U698, Bio-ingénierie Cardiovasculaire, Université Paris Diderot, CHU X. Bichat, Paris, France
| | - Florence Gazeau
- Laboratoire Matière et Systèmes Complexes (MSC), UMR 7057 CNRS and Université Paris Diderot, Paris, France
| | - Didier Letourneur
- Inserm, U698, Bio-ingénierie Cardiovasculaire, Université Paris Diderot, CHU X. Bichat, Paris, France
| | - Claire Wilhelm
- Laboratoire Matière et Systèmes Complexes (MSC), UMR 7057 CNRS and Université Paris Diderot, Paris, France
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Edmundson M, Thanh NTK, Song B. Nanoparticles based stem cell tracking in regenerative medicine. Theranostics 2013; 3:573-82. [PMID: 23946823 PMCID: PMC3741606 DOI: 10.7150/thno.5477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2012] [Accepted: 01/07/2013] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Stem cell therapies offer great potentials in the treatment for a wide range of diseases and conditions. With so many stem cell replacement therapies going through clinical trials currently, there is a great need to understand the mechanisms behind a successful therapy, and one of the critical points of discovering them is to track stem cell migration, proliferation and differentiation in vivo. To be of most use tracking methods should ideally be non-invasive, high resolution and allow tracking in three dimensions. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is one of the ideal methods, but requires a suitable contrast agent to be loaded to the cells to be tracked, and one of the most wide-spread in stem cell tracking is a group of agents known as magnetic nanoparticles. This review will explore the current use of magnetic nanoparticles in developing and performing stem cell therapies, and will investigate their potential limitations and the future directions magnetic nanoparticle tracking is heading in.
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Imaging of human mesenchymal stromal cells: homing to human brain tumors. J Neurooncol 2011; 107:257-67. [DOI: 10.1007/s11060-011-0754-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2011] [Accepted: 10/24/2011] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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13
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Shen B, Kezheng W, Xilin S, Lina W. Development of molecular imaging and nanomedicine in China. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS. NANOMEDICINE AND NANOBIOTECHNOLOGY 2011; 3:533-44. [PMID: 21850712 DOI: 10.1002/wnan.156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The rapid progress of molecular imaging (MI) and the application of nanotechnology in medicine have the potential to advance the foundations of diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of diseases. Although MI and biomedical nanotechnology are still in a formative phase in China, much has been achieved over the last decade. This article provides a commentary on the development and current status of nanomedicine in China, with a selective focus on Chinese nanoparticle synthesis technology, the development of imaging equipment, and the preclinical application of novel MI probes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baozhong Shen
- Molecular Imaging Center, Department of Radiology, Fourth Affiliated Hospital, Harbin Medical University, Heilongjiang, China. ,
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14
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The use of cellular magnetic resonance imaging to track the fate of iron-labeled multipotent stromal cells after direct transplantation in a mouse model of spinal cord injury. Mol Imaging Biol 2011; 13:702-11. [PMID: 20686855 DOI: 10.1007/s11307-010-0393-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The objective of this study was to track the fate of iron-labeled, multipotent stromal cells (MSC) after their direct transplantation into mice with spinal cord injuries using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). PROCEDURES Mice with spinal cord injuries received a direct transplant of (1) live MSC labeled with micron-sized iron oxide particles (MPIO); (2) dead, MPIO-labeled MSC; (3) unlabeled MSC; or (4) free MPIO and were imaged at 3 T for 6 weeks after transplantation. RESULTS Live, iron-labeled MSC appeared as a well-defined region of signal loss in the mouse spinal cord at the site of transplant. However, the MR appearance of dead, iron-labeled MSC and free iron particles was similar and persisted for the 6 weeks of the study. CONCLUSIONS Iron-labeled stem cells can be detected and monitored in vivo after direct transplantation into the injured spinal cord of mice. However, the fate of the iron label is not clear. Our investigation indicates that caution should be taken when interpreting MR images after direct transplantation of iron-labeled cells.
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Ju S, Qiu Y, Li C, Teng GJ, Ni Y. Multimodality Imaging of Endothelial Progenitor Cells with a Novel Multifunctional Probe Featuring Positive Magnetic Resonance Contrast and Near-Infrared Fluorescence. Mol Imaging 2011; 10:359-69. [PMID: 21521551 DOI: 10.2310/7290.2010.00055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2010] [Accepted: 08/09/2010] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Shenghong Ju
- From the Laboratory of Molecular Imaging, Department of Radiology, Zhongda Hospital, Southeast University, Nanjing, China; School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai, China; and Department of Radiology, University Hospitals, Catholic University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Yiru Qiu
- From the Laboratory of Molecular Imaging, Department of Radiology, Zhongda Hospital, Southeast University, Nanjing, China; School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai, China; and Department of Radiology, University Hospitals, Catholic University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Cong Li
- From the Laboratory of Molecular Imaging, Department of Radiology, Zhongda Hospital, Southeast University, Nanjing, China; School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai, China; and Department of Radiology, University Hospitals, Catholic University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Gao-Jun Teng
- From the Laboratory of Molecular Imaging, Department of Radiology, Zhongda Hospital, Southeast University, Nanjing, China; School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai, China; and Department of Radiology, University Hospitals, Catholic University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Yicheng Ni
- From the Laboratory of Molecular Imaging, Department of Radiology, Zhongda Hospital, Southeast University, Nanjing, China; School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai, China; and Department of Radiology, University Hospitals, Catholic University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
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Chen J, Jia ZY, Ma ZL, Wang YY, Teng GJ. In vivo serial MR imaging of magnetically labeled endothelial progenitor cells homing to the endothelium injured artery in mice. PLoS One 2011; 6:e20790. [PMID: 21731624 PMCID: PMC3123281 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0020790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2011] [Accepted: 05/09/2011] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Emerging evidence of histopathological analyses suggests that endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs) play an important role in vascular diseases. Neointimal hyperplasia can be reduced by intravenous transfusion of EPCs after vascular injury in mice. Therefore, it would be advantageous to develop an in vivo technique that can explore the temporal and spatial migration of EPCs homing to the damaged endothelium noninvasively. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS The left carotid common artery (LCCA) was injured by removal of endothelium with a flexible wire in Kunming mice. EPCs were collected by in vitro culture of spleen-derived mouse mononuclear cells (MNCs). EPCs labeling was carried out in vitro using Fe₂O₃-poly-L-lysine (Fe₂O₃-PLL). In vivo serial MR imaging was performed to follow-up the injured artery at different time points after intravenous transfusion of EPCs. Vessel wall areas of injured artery were computed on T₂WI. Larger MR signal voids of vessel wall on T₂WI was revealed in all 6 mice of the labeled EPC transfusion group 15 days after LCCA injury, and it was found only in 1 mouse in the unlabeled EPC transfusion group (p = 0.015). Quantitative analyses of vessel wall areas on T₂WI showed that the vessel wall areas of labeled EPC transfusion group were less than those of unlabeled EPC transfusion group and control group fifteen days after artery injury (p<0.05). Histopathological analyses confirmed accumulation and distribution of transfused EPCs at the injury site of LCCA. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE These data indicate that MR imaging might be used as an in vivo method for the tracking of EPCs homing to the endothelium injured artery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Chen
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Imaging and Functional Imaging, Department of Radiology, Zhongda Hospital, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Zhen-Yu Jia
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Imaging and Functional Imaging, Department of Radiology, Zhongda Hospital, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Zhan-Long Ma
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Imaging and Functional Imaging, Department of Radiology, Zhongda Hospital, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yuan-Yuan Wang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Imaging and Functional Imaging, Department of Radiology, Zhongda Hospital, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Gao-Jun Teng
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Imaging and Functional Imaging, Department of Radiology, Zhongda Hospital, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
- * E-mail:
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In vivo differentiation of magnetically labeled mesenchymal stem cells into hepatocytes for cell therapy to repair damaged liver. Invest Radiol 2011; 45:625-33. [PMID: 20808237 DOI: 10.1097/rli.0b013e3181ed55f4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES It was unclear whether systemically administered mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) labeled with magnetic nanoparticles can transdifferentiate into hepatocytes. In the present study, we built a new in vivo murine model for monitoring the transdifferentiation of magnetically labeled green fluorescent protein (GFP) positive MSCs into albumin-positive hepatocytes, under the carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) induced persistent liver damage. We also tracked magnetically labeled MSCs by using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in vivo. MATERIALS AND METHODS Among the liver damage groups, magnetically labeled GFP-positive MSCs (group A), GFP-positive MSCs (group B), and saline alone (group C) were intravenously injected. In control groups without CCl4 administration magnetically labeled GFP-positive MSCs (group D) were infused, whereas nothing was given in group E. MRI examinations were performed 24 hours and 4 weeks after cell injection in group A, B, and C. Liver-to-muscle contrast-to-noise ratios on T2*-weighted MR images were measured. At 4 weeks, 3 serum biologic liver function markers were analyzed, and mice in all groups were killed for histologic examination. RESULTS The results showed that migration of transplanted magnetic labeled cells to the liver was successfully documented with in vivo MRI. Serum liver function markers were changed for all liver damage groups than nondamage control groups (P < 0.05), but still insignificant compared with group C (P > 0.05). Hematoxylin and eosin and Masson staining confirmed the presence of liver damage and hepatic fibrosis in group A, B, and C. Positive Prussian blue stained cells were highly correlated with GFP-positive cells in group A with an average matching rate of 95%. In group D, no iron-GFP-positive cells can be found in the liver. Albumin was expressed in (34% ± 6%) and (35% ± 7%) of GFP-positive cells in group A and B, respectively, and there was no significant difference between the 2 groups. CONCLUSIONS Our data demonstrate that magnetic labeling technique synchronized well in GFP expressing MSCs and did not interfere with the transdifferentiation process and amending function of MSCs in vivo. Both magnetically labeled and unlabeled MSCs appeared to have the potential to differentiate into hepatocytes.
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Eve DJ, Fillmore RW, Borlongan CV, Sanberg PR. Stem cell research in cell transplantation: sources, geopolitical influence, and transplantation. Cell Transplant 2010; 19:1493-509. [PMID: 21054954 DOI: 10.3727/096368910x540612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
If the rapidly progressing field of stem cell research reaches its full potential, successful treatments and enhanced understanding of many diseases are the likely results. However, the full potential of stem cell science will only be reached if all possible avenues can be explored and on a worldwide scale. Until 2009, the US had a highly restrictive policy on obtaining cells from human embryos and fetal tissue, a policy that pushed research toward the use of adult-derived cells. Currently, US policy is still in flux, and retrospective analysis does show the US lagging behind the rest of the world in the proportional increase in embryonic/fetal stem cell research. The majority of US studies being on either a limited number of cell lines, or on cells derived elsewhere (or funded by other sources than Federal) rather than on freshly isolated embryonic or fetal material. Neural, mesenchymal, and the mixed stem cell mononuclear fraction are the most commonly investigated types, which can generally be classified as adult-derived stem cells, although roughly half of the neural stem cells are fetal derived. Other types, such as embryonic and fat-derived stem cells, are increasing in their prominence, suggesting that new types of stem cells are still being pursued. Sixty percent of the reported stem cell studies involved transplantation, of which over three quarters were allogeneic transplants. A high proportion of the cardiovascular systems articles were on allogeneic transplants in a number of different species, including several autologous studies. A number of pharmaceutical grade stem cell products have also recently been tested and reported on. Stem cell research shows considerable promise for the treatment of a number of disorders, some of which have entered clinical trials; over the next few years it will be interesting to see how these treatments progress in the clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- David J Eve
- Center of Excellence for Aging & Brain Repair, Department of Neurosurgery and Brain Repair, University of South Florida College of Medicine, Tampa, FL 33612, USA.
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Yoo JH, Park C, Jung DI, Lim CY, Kang BT, Kim JH, Park JW, Kim JH, Park HM. In vivo cell tracking of canine allogenic mesenchymal stem cells administration via renal arterial catheterization and physiopathological effects on the kidney in two healthy dogs. J Vet Med Sci 2010; 73:269-74. [PMID: 20953134 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.10-0044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Stem cell therapy is being special premise for various renal diseases. However, there is limited literature on localization and pathologic and functional effects of allogenic mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) in healthy dogs. Two healthy dogs were included in this study. Canine MSCs (cMSCs) were cultured from canine bone marrow and incubated with superparamagnetic iron oxide (SPIO) for in vivo cell tracking via MR imaging. The dogs were given the MSC (3 × 10(6) cells) into a renal artery via femoral artery catheterization. Follow-up serial renal assessments included ultrasonography and MRI, serum chemistry, urine analysis, and renal clearance tests. The dogs were euthanized at days 8 and 35 respectively for histopathologic evaluation of kidney. Strong hypointensity in MRI was detected in the treated renal cortex the day after cMSCs infusion. However they disappeared from MR image by the 8th day. Of the serum chemistry tests, serum hepatic enzymes (ALT, AST) were significantly elevated for one week after cMSCs treatment. Histopathological findings also revealed infiltration of SPIO-containing cells into the parenchyma of kidney. On 35th day, histopathology, glomerular atrophy, tubular necrosis, and mineralization were found in the subcapsular cortex, with fibrosis of the interstitial tissues. In vivo MRI studies of stem cells were useful in determining the sequential location of stem cells in the renal parenchyma of healthy dogs. Allogenic stem cells administered via renal artery caused inflammation, tubular necrosis, mineralization, and fibrosis without functional complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jong-Hyun Yoo
- Department of Veterinary Internal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul, Korea
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Chen Y, Qian H, Zhu W, Zhang X, Yan Y, Ye S, Peng X, Li W, Xu W. Hepatocyte growth factor modification promotes the amelioration effects of human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells on rat acute kidney injury. Stem Cells Dev 2010; 20:103-13. [PMID: 20446811 DOI: 10.1089/scd.2009.0495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Human umbilical cord-derived mesenchymal stem cells (hucMSCs) are particularly attractive cells for cellular and gene therapy in acute kidney injury (AKI). Adenovirus-mediated gene therapy has been limited by immune reaction and target genes selection. However, in the present study, we investigated the therapeutic effects of hepatocyte growth factor modified hucMSCs (HGF-hucMSCs) in ischemia/reperfusion-induced AKI rat models. In vivo animal models were generated by subjecting to 60 min of bilateral renal injury by clamping the renal pedicles and then introduced HGF-hucMSCs via the left carotid artery. Our results revealed that serum creatinine and urea nitrogen levels decreased to the baseline more quickly in HGF-hucMSCs-treated group than that in hucMSCs- or green fluorescent protein-hucMSCs-treated groups at 72 h after injury. The percent of proliferating cell nuclear antigen-positive cells in HGF-hucMSCs-treated group was higher than that in the hucMSCs or green fluorescent protein-hucMSCs-treated groups. Moreover, injured renal tissues treated with HGF-hucMSCs also exhibited less hyperemia and renal tubule cast during the recovery process. Immunohistochemistry and living body imaging confirmed that HGF-hucMSCs localize to areas of renal injury. Real-time polymerase chain reaction result showed that HGF-hucMSCs also inhibited caspase-3 and interleukin-1β mRNA expression in injured renal tissues. Western blot also showed HGF-hucMSCs-treated groups had lower expression of interleukin-1β. Terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase biotin-deoxyuridine triphosphate (dUTP) nick end labeling method indicated that HGF-hucMSCs-treated group had the least apoptosis cells. In conclusion, our findings suggest that HGF modification promotes the amelioration of ischemia/reperfusion-induced rat renal injury via antiapoptotic and antiinflammatory mechanisms; thus, providing a novel therapeutic application for hucMSCs in AKI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Chen
- Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, People's Republic of China
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21
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So PW, Kalber T, Hunt D, Farquharson M, Al-Ebraheem A, Parkes HG, Simon R, Bell JD. Efficient and rapid labeling of transplanted cell populations with superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles using cell surface chemical biotinylation for in vivo monitoring by MRI. Cell Transplant 2010; 19:419-29. [PMID: 20579412 DOI: 10.3727/096368910x498250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Determination of the dynamics of specific cell populations in vivo is essential for the development of cell-based therapies. For cell tracking by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), cells need to internalize, or be surface labeled with a MRI contrast agent, such as superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (SPIOs): SPIOs give rise to signal loss by gradient-echo and T(2)-weighted MRI techniques. In this study, cancer cells were chemically tagged with biotin and then magnetically labeled with anti-biotin SPIOs. No significant detrimental effects on cell viability or death were observed following cell biotinylation. SPIO-labeled cells exhibited signal loss compared to non-SPIO-labeled cells by MRI in vitro. Consistent with the in vitro MRI data, signal attenuation was observed in vivo from SPIO-labeled cells injected into the muscle of the hind legs, or implanted subcutaneously into the flanks of mice, correlating with iron detection by histochemical and X-ray fluorescence (XRF) methods. To further validate this approach, human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs) were also employed. Chemical biotinylation and SPIO labeling of hMSCs were confirmed by fluorescence microscopy and flow cytometry. The procedure did not affect proliferation and multipotentiality, or lead to increased cell death. The SPIO-labeled hMSCs were shown to exhibit MRI signal reduction in vitro and was detectable in an in vivo model. In this study, we demonstrate a rapid, robust, and generic methodology that may be a useful and practical adjuvant to existing methods of cell labeling for in vivo monitoring by MRI. Further, we have shown the first application of XRF to provide iron maps to validate MRI data in SPIO-labeled cell tracking studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Po-Wah So
- Preclinical Imaging Unit, Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London, London, UK.
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Schäfer R, Bantleon R, Kehlbach R, Siegel G, Wiskirchen J, Wolburg H, Kluba T, Eibofner F, Northoff H, Claussen CD, Schlemmer HP. Functional investigations on human mesenchymal stem cells exposed to magnetic fields and labeled with clinically approved iron nanoparticles. BMC Cell Biol 2010; 11:22. [PMID: 20370915 PMCID: PMC2871263 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2121-11-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2009] [Accepted: 04/06/2010] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background For clinical applications of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), labeling and tracking is crucial to evaluate cell distribution and homing. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) has been successfully established detecting MSCs labeled with superparamagnetic particles of iron oxide (SPIO). Despite initial reports that labeling of MSCs with SPIO is safe without affecting the MSC's biology, recent studies report on influences of SPIO-labeling on metabolism and function of MSCs. Exposition of cells and tissues to high magnetic fields is the functional principle of MRI. In this study we established innovative labeling protocols for human MSCs using clinically established SPIO in combination with magnetic fields and investigated on functional effects (migration assays, quantification of colony forming units, analyses of gene and protein expression and analyses on the proliferation capacity, the viability and the differentiation potential) of magnetic fields on unlabeled and labeled human MSCs. To evaluate the imaging properties, quantification of the total iron load per cell (TIL), electron microscopy, and MRI at 3.0 T were performed. Results Human MSCs labeled with SPIO permanently exposed to magnetic fields arranged and grew according to the magnetic flux lines. Exposure of MSCs to magnetic fields after labeling with SPIO significantly enhanced the TIL compared to SPIO labeled MSCs without exposure to magnetic fields resulting in optimized imaging properties (detection limit: 1,000 MSCs). Concerning the TIL and the imaging properties, immediate exposition to magnetic fields after labeling was superior to exposition after 24 h. On functional level, exposition to magnetic fields inhibited the ability of colony formation of labeled MSCs and led to an enhanced expression of lipoprotein lipase and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ in labeled MSCs under adipogenic differentiation, and to a reduced expression of alkaline phosphatase in unlabeled MSCs under osteogenic differentiation as detected by qRT-PCR. Moreover, microarray analyses revealed that exposition of labeled MSCs to magnetic fields led to an up regulation of CD93 mRNA and cadherin 7 mRNA and to a down regulation of Zinc finger FYVE domain mRNA. Exposition of unlabeled MSCs to magnetic fields led to an up regulation of CD93 mRNA, lipocalin 6 mRNA, sialic acid acetylesterase mRNA, and olfactory receptor mRNA and to a down regulation of ubiquilin 1 mRNA. No influence of the exposition to magnetic fields could be observed on the migration capacity, the viability, the proliferation rate and the chondrogenic differentiation capacity of labeled or unlabeled MSCs. Conclusions In our study an innovative labeling protocol for tracking MSCs by MRI using SPIO in combination with magnetic fields was established. Both, SPIO and the static magnetic field were identified as independent factors which affect the functional biology of human MSCs. Further in vivo investigations are needed to elucidate the molecular mechanisms of the interaction of magnetic fields with stem cell biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard Schäfer
- Institute of Clinical and Experimental Transfusion Medicine, University Hospital of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.
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Cao AH, Shi HJ, Zhang Y, Teng GJ. In vivo tracking of dual-labeled mesenchymal stem cells homing into the injured common carotid artery. Anat Rec (Hoboken) 2009; 292:1677-83. [PMID: 19685506 DOI: 10.1002/ar.20951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study is to conduct in vivo, noninvasive magnetic resonance imaging of labeled rat bone mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) as they home into the site of injured common carotid artery following allograft transplantation. Our study was approved by the Institutional Committee on Animal Research. Purified rat BMSCs were dual labeled with superparamagnetic iron oxide (SPIO) particle and fluorescent DiI dye, and subsequently transplanted into recipient rats injured in the left common carotid arteries. Immediately before and 3 hr, 3, 7 and 12 days after transplantation, the labeled cells were monitored in vivo using a 7T micromagnetic resonance imaging (7T micro-MRI) scanner. The signal-to-noise ratios (SNRs) at the injured sites were corroborated with histological examination using Prussian blue staining and fluorescent imaging. Rat BMSCs were labeled with SPIO and DiI at 100% efficiency. When compared with the baseline level before transplantation, the SNR decreased significantly on Days 3 and 7 after injection in the experimental group (Dunnet t test, P < 0.05), whereas insignificant differences were observed after 3 hr and 12 days (Dunnet t test, P > 0.05). In the control group, no significant differences in SNR were found among different time points (ANOVA, P > 0.05). Histological analyses illustrated that red fluorescence and Prussian blue-positive cells were mainly distributed around the lesion areas of injured common carotid arteries. Rat BMSCs can be efficiently labeled with SPIO and DiI, and the directional homing of labeled cells to the site of injured common carotid arteries after intravascular transplantation could be tracked in vivo with 7T micro-MRI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ai Hong Cao
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular and Functional Imaging, Department of Radiology, Zhongda Hospital, Southeast University, Nanjing 210009, China
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Henning TD, Sutton EJ, Kim A, Golovko D, Horvai A, Ackerman L, Sennino B, McDonald D, Lotz J, Daldrup-Link HE. The influence of ferucarbotran on the chondrogenesis of human mesenchymal stem cells. CONTRAST MEDIA & MOLECULAR IMAGING 2009; 4:165-73. [PMID: 19670250 DOI: 10.1002/cmmi.276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
For in vivo applications of magnetically labeled stem cells, biological effects of the labeling procedure have to be precluded. This study evaluates the effect of different ferucarbotran cell labeling protocols on chondrogenic differentiation of human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSC) as well as their implications for MR imaging. hMSC were labeled with ferucarbotran using various protocols: cells were labeled with 100 microg Fe/ml for 4 and 18 h and additional samples were cultured for 6 or 12 days after the 18 h labeling. Supplementary samples were labeled by transfection with protamine sulfate. Iron uptake was quantified by ICP-spectrometry and labeled cells were investigated by transmission electron microscopy and by immunostaining for ferucarbotran. The differentiation potential of labeled cells was compared with unlabeled controls by staining with Alcian blue and Hematoxylin and Eosin, then quantified by measurements of glucosaminoglycans (GAG). Contrast agent effect at 3 T was investigated on days 1 and 14 of chondrogenic differentiation by measuring signal-to-noise ratios on T(2)-SE and T(2)*-GE sequences. Iron uptake was significant for all labeling protocols (p < 0.05). The uptake was highest after transfection with protamine sulfate (25.65 +/- 3.96 pg/cell) and lowest at an incubation time of 4 h without transfection (3.21 +/- 0.21 pg/cell). While chondrogenic differentiation was decreased using all labeling protocols, the decrease in GAG synthesis was not significant after labeling for 4 h without transfection. After labeling by simple incubation, chondrogenesis was found to be dose-dependent. MR imaging showed markedly lower SNR values of all labeled cells compared with the unlabeled controls. This contrast agent effect persisted for 14 days and the duration of differentiation. Magnetic labeling of hMSC with ferucarbotran inhibits chondrogenesis in a dose-dependent manner when using simple incubation techniques. When decreasing the incubation time to 4 h, inhibition of chondrogenesis was not significant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tobias D Henning
- Department of Radiology, UCSF Medical Center, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143-0628, USA
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Liu ZY, Wang Y, Liang CH, Li XH, Wang GY, Liu HJ, Li Y. In Vitro Labeling of Mesenchymal Stem Cells with Superparamagnetic Iron Oxide by Means of Microbubble-enhanced US Exposure: Initial Experience. Radiology 2009; 253:153-9. [DOI: 10.1148/radiol.2531081974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Castanheira P, Torquetti LT, Magalhãs DRS, Nehemy MB, Goes AM. DAPI diffusion after intravitreal injection of mesenchymal stem cells in the injured retina of rats. Cell Transplant 2009; 18:423-31. [PMID: 19622229 DOI: 10.3727/096368909788809811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
To evaluate DAPI (4',6-diamidino-2-phenylindole) as a nuclear tracer of stem cell migration and incorporation it was observed the pattern of retinal integration and differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) injected into the vitreous cavity of rat eyes with retinal injury. For this purpose adult rat retinas were submitted to laser damage followed by transplantation of DAPI-labeled BM-MSCs grafts and double-labeled DAPI and quantum dot-labeled BM-MSCs. To assess a possible DAPI diffusion as well as the integration and differentiation of DAPI-labeled BM-MSCs in laser-injured retina, host retinas were evaluated 8 weeks after injury/transplantation. It was demonstrated that, 8 weeks after the transplant, most of the retinal cells in all neural retinal presented nuclear DAPI labeling, specifically in the outer nuclear layer (ONL), inner nuclear layer (INL), and ganglion cell layer (GCL). Meanwhile, at this point, most of the double-labeled BM-MSCs (DAPI and quantum dot) remained in the vitreous cavity and no retinal cells presented the quantum dot marker. Based on these evidences we concluded that DAPI diffused to adjacent retinal cells while the nanocrystals remained labeling only the transplanted BM-MSCs. Therefore, DAPI is not a useful marker for stem cells in vivo tracing experiments because the DAPI released from dying cells in moment of the transplant are taken up by host cells in the tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paula Castanheira
- Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, Biological Sciences Institute, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
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Gonzalez-Lara LE, Xu X, Hofstetrova K, Pniak A, Brown A, Foster PJ. In vivo magnetic resonance imaging of spinal cord injury in the mouse. J Neurotrauma 2009; 26:753-62. [PMID: 19397403 DOI: 10.1089/neu.2008.0704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The feasibility of performing high-resolution in vivo magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) to visualize the injured mouse spinal cord using a three-dimensional (3D)-FIESTA (fast imaging employing steady state acquisition) pulse sequence, in a clip compression injury model, is presented. Images were acquired using a 3-Tesla clinical whole-body MR system equipped with a high-performance gradient coil insert. High-resolution mouse cord images were used to detect and monitor the cord lesions for 6 weeks after spinal cord injury (SCI). The epicenter of the injury appeared as a region of mixed signal intensities on day 2 post-SCI. Regions of signal hypointensity appeared at the lesion site by 2 weeks post-SCI and became more apparent with time. In some mice, large cyst-like lesions were detected rostral to the lesion epicenter, as early as 2 weeks post-SCI, and increased in volume with time. In addition, MRI was used to detect and monitor iron-labeled mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) after their transplantation into the injured cord. MSCs appeared as large, obvious regions of signal loss in the cord, which decreased in size over time.
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Transplantation of cells is an urgent clinical need that is increasingly providing an alternative to solid-organ transplants. This review discusses the state-of-the-art in-vivo imaging of cell transplantation with a special focus on recent developments. RECENT FINDINGS Noninvasive imaging modalities, such as magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), nuclear (positron emission tomography and single-photon emission computed tomography), acoustical, and optical imaging can investigate the biodistribution, fate, and functional integration of grafted cells. Especially, multimodal imaging is emerging as an important development to provide complimentary and confirmatory information. SUMMARY The development of noninvasive imaging of transplanted cells has progressed rapidly over the last few years. Translating these techniques into clinical protocols remains the focus of ongoing investigations.
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Wang H, Chen X. Imaging mesenchymal stem cell migration and the implications for stem cell-based cancer therapies. Future Oncol 2008; 4:623-8. [DOI: 10.2217/14796694.4.5.623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Mesenchymal stem cells are promising cellular vehicles for the delivery of therapeutic proteins to sites of cancer growth upon transplantation. To better understand the physiology and biology of the transplanted stem cells, it is necessary and desirable to track the fate of stem cells noninvasively and longitudinally. Reporter gene imaging is a powerful tool to monitor live stem cells in vivo. In this special report, we review currently investigated reporter genes used for tracking stem cells in vivo by optical, radionuclide, magnetic resonance and multimodality imaging techniques. We also discuss the possibility and feasibility of applying reporter gene imaging to monitor stem-cell-based therapeutic gene delivery efficiency and treatment efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Wang
- The Molecular Imaging Program at Stanford (MIPS), Department of Radiology and Bio-X Program, Stanford University School of Medicine, 1201 Welch Rd, P095, Stanford, CA 94305-95484, USA
| | - Xiaoyuan Chen
- The Molecular Imaging Program at Stanford (MIPS), Department of Radiology and Bio-X Program, Stanford University School of Medicine, 1201 Welch Rd, P095, Stanford, CA 94305-5484, USA
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30
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Schäfer R, Ayturan M, Bantleon R, Kehlbach R, Pintaske J, Conrad S, Wolburg H, Wiskirchen J, Weissert R. The Use of Clinically Approved Small Particles of Iron Oxide (SPIO) for Labeling of Mesenchymal Stem Cells Aggravates Clinical Symptoms in Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis and Influences Their In Vivo Distribution. Cell Transplant 2008; 17:923-41. [DOI: 10.3727/096368908786576480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an inflammatory and demyelinating disease of the central nervous system (CNS). Mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) have been shown to ameliorate symptoms in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), a model of MS. Using cloned MSC labeled with clinically approved small particles of iron oxide (SPIO) for treatment of EAE we analyzed the tissue localization of transferred cells. Treatment with unlabeled MSC led to disease amelioration compared to controls. In contrast, treatment with SPIO-labeled MSC lead to increase in disease severity. Treatment with SPIO alone did not alter disease course. After transplantation labeled and nonlabeled MSC were detected in the CNS and the liver with significantly more SPIO-labeled cells present in the CNS. Iron deposition was present in the group treated with SPIO-labeled MSC, indicating that in vivo the initially cell surface-bound iron detached from the MSC. These results could be of great importance for imaging of patients in the clinical setting, indicating that in vivo application of SPIO-labeled MSC needs to be performed with caution because the cell-derived exposure of iron can lead to disease aggravation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard Schäfer
- Institute of Clinical and Experimental Transfusion Medicine, University Hospital Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Miriam Ayturan
- Experimental Neuroimmunology, Department of General Neurology, Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Rüdiger Bantleon
- Department of Diagnostic Radiology, University Hospital Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Rainer Kehlbach
- Department of Diagnostic Radiology, University Hospital Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Joerg Pintaske
- Department of Diagnostic Radiology, Section on Experimental Radiology, University Hospital Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Sabine Conrad
- Department of Anatomy, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Hartwig Wolburg
- Department of Pathology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Jakub Wiskirchen
- Department of Diagnostic Radiology, University Hospital Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Robert Weissert
- Experimental Neuroimmunology, Department of General Neurology, Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
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