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Zerdoug A, Le Vée M, Uehara S, Lopez B, Chesné C, Suemizu H, Fardel O. Contribution of Humanized Liver Chimeric Mice to the Study of Human Hepatic Drug Transporters: State of the Art and Perspectives. Eur J Drug Metab Pharmacokinet 2022; 47:621-637. [DOI: 10.1007/s13318-022-00782-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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2
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Du Y, Broering R, Li X, Zhang X, Liu J, Yang D, Lu M. In Vivo Mouse Models for Hepatitis B Virus Infection and Their Application. Front Immunol 2021; 12:766534. [PMID: 34777385 PMCID: PMC8586444 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.766534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2021] [Accepted: 10/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite the availability of effective vaccination, hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection continues to be a major challenge worldwide. Research efforts are ongoing to find an effective cure for the estimated 250 million people chronically infected by HBV in recent years. The exceptionally limited host spectrum of HBV has limited the research progress. Thus, different HBV mouse models have been developed and used for studies on infection, immune responses, pathogenesis, and antiviral therapies. However, these mouse models have great limitations as no spread of HBV infection occurs in the mouse liver and no or only very mild hepatitis is present. Thus, the suitability of these mouse models for a given issue and the interpretation of the results need to be critically assessed. This review summarizes the currently available mouse models for HBV research, including hydrodynamic injection, viral vector-mediated transfection, recombinant covalently closed circular DNA (rc-cccDNA), transgenic, and liver humanized mouse models. We systematically discuss the characteristics of each model, with the main focus on hydrodynamic injection mouse model. The usefulness and limitations of each mouse model are discussed based on the published studies. This review summarizes the facts for considerations of the use and suitability of mouse model in future HBV studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanqin Du
- Institute for Virology, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Ruth Broering
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Xiaoran Li
- State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Viral Hepatitis Research, Department of Infectious Diseases, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiaoyong Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Viral Hepatitis Research, Department of Infectious Diseases, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jia Liu
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Dongliang Yang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Mengji Lu
- Institute for Virology, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
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3
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Goh YS, McGuire D, Rénia L. Vaccination With Sporozoites: Models and Correlates of Protection. Front Immunol 2019; 10:1227. [PMID: 31231377 PMCID: PMC6560154 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.01227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2018] [Accepted: 05/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite continuous efforts, the century-old goal of eradicating malaria still remains. Multiple control interventions need to be in place simultaneously to achieve this goal. In addition to effective control measures, drug therapies and insecticides, vaccines are critical to reduce mortality and morbidity. Hence, there are numerous studies investigating various malaria vaccine candidates. Most of the malaria vaccine candidates are subunit vaccines. However, they have shown limited efficacy in Phase II and III studies. To date, only whole parasite formulations have been shown to induce sterile immunity in human. In this article, we review and discuss the recent developments in vaccination with sporozoites and the mechanisms of protection involved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun Shan Goh
- Singapore Immunology Network (SIgN), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (ASTAR), Biopolis, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Daniel McGuire
- Singapore Immunology Network (SIgN), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (ASTAR), Biopolis, Singapore, Singapore.,School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Laurent Rénia
- Singapore Immunology Network (SIgN), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (ASTAR), Biopolis, Singapore, Singapore.,School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
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4
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Abstract
Hepatitis B virus (HBV) affects more than 257 million people globally, resulting in progressively worsening liver disease, manifesting as fibrosis, cirrhosis, and hepatocellular carcinoma. The exceptionally narrow species tropism of HBV restricts its natural hosts to humans and non-human primates, including chimpanzees, gorillas, gibbons, and orangutans. The unavailability of completely immunocompetent small-animal models has contributed to the lack of curative therapeutic interventions. Even though surrogates allow the study of closely related viruses, their host genetic backgrounds, immune responses, and molecular virology differ from those of HBV. Various different models, based on either pure murine or xenotransplantation systems, have been introduced over the past years, often making the choice of the optimal model for any given question challenging. Here, we offer a concise review of in vivo model systems employed to study HBV infection and steps in the HBV life cycle or pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Catherine Cherry
- Section of Virology, Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, W2 1PGLondon, U.K
| | - Harry Gunn
- Section of Virology, Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, W2 1PGLondon, U.K
| | - Marcus Dorner
- Section of Virology, Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, W2 1PGLondon, U.K
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5
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Abstract
The complete life cycle of the hepatitis C virus (HCV) can be recapitulated in vivo using immunodeficient mice that have had their livers extensively repopulated with human hepatocytes. These human liver chimeric mouse models have enabled the study of many aspects of the HCV life cycle, including antiviral interventions that have helped to shape the curative landscape that is available today. The first human liver chimeric mouse model capable of supporting the HCV life cycle was generated in SCID-uPA mice. Although other human liver chimeric mouse models have since been developed, the SCID-uPA mouse model remains one of the most robust in vivo systems available for HCV studies. This chapter reviews development, validation and application of the SCID-uPA mouse model, and discusses their potential application for studying other liver-centric diseases and pathogens and for the design and testing of vaccine candidates for the eradication of HCV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donna N Douglas
- Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Norman M Kneteman
- Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada.
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6
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Mouse models for hepatitis B virus research. Lab Anim Res 2018; 34:85-91. [PMID: 30310404 PMCID: PMC6170223 DOI: 10.5625/lar.2018.34.3.85] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2018] [Revised: 09/13/2018] [Accepted: 09/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection remains a major global health problem; indeed, there are 250 million carriers worldwide. The host range of HBV is narrow; therefore, few primates are susceptible to HBV infection. However, ethical constraints, high cost, and large size limit the use of primates as suitable animal models. Thus, in vivo testing of therapies that target HBV has been hampered by the lack of an appropriate in vivo research model. To address this, mouse model systems of HBV are being developed and several are used for studying HBV in vivo. In this review, we summarize the currently available mouse models, including HBV transgenic mice, hydrodynamic injection-mediated HBV replicon delivery systems, adeno-associated virus-mediated HBV replicon delivery systems, and human liver chimeric mouse models. These developed (or being developed) mouse model systems are promising and should be useful tools for studying HBV.
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7
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Tateno C, Kawase Y, Tobita Y, Hamamura S, Ohshita H, Yokomichi H, Sanada H, Kakuni M, Shiota A, Kojima Y, Ishida Y, Shitara H, Wada NA, Tateishi H, Sudoh M, Nagatsuka SI, Jishage KI, Kohara M. Generation of Novel Chimeric Mice with Humanized Livers by Using Hemizygous cDNA-uPA/SCID Mice. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0142145. [PMID: 26536627 PMCID: PMC4633119 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0142145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2015] [Accepted: 10/19/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
We have used homozygous albumin enhancer/promoter-driven urokinase-type plasminogen activator/severe combined immunodeficient (uPA/SCID) mice as hosts for chimeric mice with humanized livers. However, uPA/SCID mice show four disadvantages: the human hepatocytes (h-heps) replacement index in mouse liver is decreased due to deletion of uPA transgene by homologous recombination, kidney disorders are likely to develop, body size is small, and hemizygotes cannot be used as hosts as more frequent homologous recombination than homozygotes. To solve these disadvantages, we have established a novel host strain that has a transgene containing albumin promoter/enhancer and urokinase-type plasminogen activator cDNA and has a SCID background (cDNA-uPA/SCID). We applied the embryonic stem cell technique to simultaneously generate a number of transgenic lines, and found the line with the most appropriate levels of uPA expression—not detrimental but with a sufficiently damaged liver. We transplanted h-heps into homozygous and hemizygous cDNA-uPA/SCID mice via the spleen, and monitored their human albumin (h-alb) levels and body weight. Blood h-alb levels and body weight gradually increased in the hemizygous cDNA-uPA/SCID mice and were maintained until they were approximately 30 weeks old. By contrast, blood h-alb levels and body weight in uPA/SCID chimeric mice decreased from 16 weeks of age onwards. A similar decrease in body weight was observed in the homozygous cDNA-uPA/SCID genotype, but h-alb levels were maintained until they were approximately 30 weeks old. Microarray analyses revealed identical h-heps gene expression profiles in homozygous and hemizygous cDNA-uPA/SCID mice were identical to that observed in the uPA/SCID mice. Furthermore, like uPA/SCID chimeric mice, homozygous and hemizygous cDNA-uPA/SCID chimeric mice were successfully infected with hepatitis B virus and C virus. These results indicate that hemizygous cDNA-uPA/SCID mice may be novel and useful hosts for producing chimeric mice for use in future long-term studies, including hepatitis virus infection analysis or drug toxicity studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chise Tateno
- PhoenixBio Co., Ltd., Higashihiroshima, Hiroshima, Japan
- Liver Research Project Center, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
- * E-mail: (CT); (M. Kohara)
| | - Yosuke Kawase
- Chugai Research Institute for Medical Science, Inc., Gotemba, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Yoshimi Tobita
- Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | - Hiroki Ohshita
- PhoenixBio Co., Ltd., Higashihiroshima, Hiroshima, Japan
| | | | - Harumi Sanada
- PhoenixBio Co., Ltd., Higashihiroshima, Hiroshima, Japan
| | | | - Akira Shiota
- PhoenixBio Co., Ltd., Higashihiroshima, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Yuha Kojima
- PhoenixBio Co., Ltd., Higashihiroshima, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Yuji Ishida
- PhoenixBio Co., Ltd., Higashihiroshima, Hiroshima, Japan
- Liver Research Project Center, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Shitara
- Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Naoko A. Wada
- Chugai Research Institute for Medical Science, Inc., Gotemba, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Hiromi Tateishi
- Chugai Research Institute for Medical Science, Inc., Gotemba, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Masayuki Sudoh
- Chugai Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Gotemba, Shizuoka, Japan
| | | | | | - Michinori Kohara
- Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Tokyo, Japan
- * E-mail: (CT); (M. Kohara)
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8
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Inuzuka T, Takahashi K, Chiba T, Marusawa H. Mouse models of hepatitis B virus infection comprising host-virus immunologic interactions. Pathogens 2014; 3:377-89. [PMID: 25437805 PMCID: PMC4243451 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens3020377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2014] [Revised: 04/09/2014] [Accepted: 04/11/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection is one of the most prevalent infectious diseases associated with various human liver diseases, including acute, fulminant and chronic hepatitis; liver cirrhosis; and hepatocellular carcinoma. Despite the availability of an HBV vaccine and the development of antiviral therapies, there are still more than 350 million chronically infected people worldwide, approximately 5% of the world population. To understand the virus biology and pathogenesis in HBV-infected patients, several animal models have been developed to mimic hepatic HBV infection and the immune response against HBV, but the narrow host range of HBV infection and lack of a full immune response spectrum in animal models remain significant limitations. Accumulating evidence obtained from studies using a variety of mouse models that recapitulate hepatic HBV infection provides several clues for understanding host-virus immunologic interactions during HBV infection, whereas the determinants of the immune response required for HBV clearance are poorly defined. Therefore, adequate mouse models are urgently needed to elucidate the mechanism of HBV elimination and identify novel targets for antiviral therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tadashi Inuzuka
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, 54 Shogoin-Kawahara-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8103, Japan.
| | - Ken Takahashi
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, 54 Shogoin-Kawahara-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8103, Japan.
| | - Tsutomu Chiba
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, 54 Shogoin-Kawahara-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8103, Japan.
| | - Hiroyuki Marusawa
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, 54 Shogoin-Kawahara-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8103, Japan.
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9
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von Schaewen M, Ding Q, Ploss A. Visualizing hepatitis C virus infection in humanized mice. J Immunol Methods 2014; 410:50-9. [PMID: 24642425 DOI: 10.1016/j.jim.2014.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2014] [Accepted: 03/06/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Hepatitis C virus (HCV) establishes frequently persistent infections. Chronic carriers can develop severe liver disease. HCV has been intensely studied in a variety of cell culture systems. However, commonly used cell lines and primary hepatocyte cultures do not or only in part recapitulate the intricate host environment HCV faces in the liver. HCV infects readily only humans and chimpanzees, which poses challenges in studying HCV infection in vivo. Consequently, tractable small animal models are needed that are not only suitable for analyzing HCV infection but also for testing novel therapeutics. Here, we will focus our discussion on humanized mice, i.e. mice engrafted with human tissues or expressing human genes, which support HCV infection. We will further highlight novel methods that can be used to unambiguously detect HCV infected cells in situ, thereby facilitating a spatio-temporal dissection of HCV infection in the three dimensional context of the liver.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markus von Schaewen
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, 110 Lewis Thomas Laboratory, Washington Road, Princeton, NJ 08544, United States
| | - Qiang Ding
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, 110 Lewis Thomas Laboratory, Washington Road, Princeton, NJ 08544, United States
| | - Alexander Ploss
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, 110 Lewis Thomas Laboratory, Washington Road, Princeton, NJ 08544, United States.
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10
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Dandri M, Lütgehetmann M. Mouse models of hepatitis B and delta virus infection. J Immunol Methods 2014; 410:39-49. [PMID: 24631647 DOI: 10.1016/j.jim.2014.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2014] [Revised: 03/03/2014] [Accepted: 03/04/2014] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Liver disease associated to persistent infection with the hepatitis B virus (HBV) continues to be a major health problem of global impact. Therapeutic regimens currently available can efficiently suppress HBV replication; however, the unique replication strategies employed by HBV permit the virus to persist within the infected hepatocytes. As a consequence, relapse of viral activity is commonly observed after cessation of treatment with polymerase inhibitors. Among the HBV chronically infected patients, more than 15million patients are estimated to be co-infected with the hepatitis delta virus (HDV), a defective satellite virus that needs the HBV envelope for propagation. No specific drugs are currently available against HDV, while nucleos(t)ide analogs are not effective against HDV replication. Since chronic HBV/HDV co-infection leads to the most severe form of chronic viral hepatitis in men, a better understanding of the molecular mechanisms of HDV-mediated pathogenesis and the development of improved therapeutic approaches is urgently needed. The obvious limitations imposed by the use of great apes and the paucity of robust experimental models of HBV infection have hindered progresses in understanding the complex network of virus-host interactions that are established in the course of HBV and HDV infections. This review focuses on summarizing recent advances obtained with well-established and more innovative experimental mouse models, giving emphasis on the strength of infection systems based on the reconstitution of the murine liver with human hepatocytes, as tools for elucidating the whole life cycle of HBV and HDV, as well as for studies on interactions with the infected human hepatocytes and for preclinical drug evaluation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maura Dandri
- I. Department of Internal Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany; German Center for Infection Research, Hamburg-Lübeck-Borstel Partner Site, Germany.
| | - Marc Lütgehetmann
- I. Department of Internal Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany; Institute of Microbiology, Virology and Hygiene, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
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11
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Tesfaye A, Stift J, Maric D, Cui Q, Dienes HP, Feinstone SM. Chimeric mouse model for the infection of hepatitis B and C viruses. PLoS One 2013; 8:e77298. [PMID: 24155939 PMCID: PMC3796464 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0077298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2013] [Accepted: 08/30/2013] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
While the chimpanzee remains the only animal that closely models human hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection, transgenic and immunodeficient mice in which human liver can be engrafted serve as a partial solution to the need for a small animal model for HCV infection. The established system that was based on mice carrying a transgene for urokinase-type plasminogen activator (uPA) gene under the control of the human albumin promoter has proved to be useful for studies of virus infectivity and for testing antiviral drug agents. However, the current Alb-uPA transgenic model with a humanized liver has practical limitations due to the inability to maintain non-engrafted mice as dizygotes for the transgene, poor engraftment of hemizygotes, high neonatal and experimental death rates of dizygous mice and a very short time window for hepatocyte engraftment. To improve the model, we crossed transgenic mice carrying the uPA gene driven by the major urinary protein promoter onto a SCID/Beige background (MUP-uPA SCID/Bg). These transgenic mice are healthy relative to Alb-uPA mice and provide a long window from about age 4 to 12 months for engraftment with human hepatocytes and infection with hepatitis C or hepatitis B (HBV) viruses. We have demonstrated engraftment of human hepatocytes by immunohistochemistry staining for human albumin (30-80% engraftment) and observed a correlation between the number of human hepatocytes inoculated and the level of the concentration of human albumin in the serum. We have shown that these mice support the replication of both HBV and all six major HCV genotypes. Using HBV and HCV inocula that had been previously tittered in chimpanzees, we showed that the mice had approximately the same sensitivity for infection as chimpanzees. These mice should be useful for isolating non-cell culture adapted viruses as well as testing of antiviral drugs, antibody neutralization studies and examination of phenotypic changes in viral mutants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abeba Tesfaye
- Division of Viral Products, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, FDA, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Judith Stift
- Institute of Pathology, Medical University of Vienna, Wien, Austria
| | - Dragan Maric
- Division of Intramural Research, Flow Cytometry Core Facility, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Qingwen Cui
- Division of Viral Products, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, FDA, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | | | - Stephen M. Feinstone
- Division of Viral Products, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, FDA, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
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12
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Lee SH, Gupta MK, Ho YT, Kim T, Lee HT. Transgenic chickens expressing human urokinase-type plasminogen activator. Poult Sci 2013; 92:2396-403. [DOI: 10.3382/ps.2013-03223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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13
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Yoshizato K, Tateno C. A mouse with humanized liver as an animal model for predicting drug effects and for studying hepatic viral infection: where to next? Expert Opin Drug Metab Toxicol 2013; 9:1419-35. [DOI: 10.1517/17425255.2013.826649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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14
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Billerbeck E, de Jong Y, Dorner M, de la Fuente C, Ploss A. Animal models for hepatitis C. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 2013; 369:49-86. [PMID: 23463197 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-27340-7_3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Hepatitis C remains a global epidemic. Approximately 3 % of the world's population suffers from chronic hepatitis C, which is caused by hepatitis C virus (HCV)-a positive sense, single-stranded RNA virus of the Flaviviridae family. HCV has a high propensity for establishing a chronic infection. If untreated chronic HCV carriers can develop severe liver disease including fibrosis, cirrhosis, and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Antiviral treatment is only partially effective, costly, and poorly tolerated. A prophylactic or therapeutic vaccine for HCV does not exist. Mechanistic studies of virus-host interactions, HCV immunity, and pathogenesis as well as the development of more effective therapies have been hampered by the lack of a suitable small animal model. Besides humans, chimpanzees are the only species that is naturally susceptible to HCV infection. While experimentation in these large primates has yielded valuable insights, ethical considerations, limited availability, genetic heterogeneity, and cost limit their utility. In search for more tractable small animal models, numerous experimental approaches have been taken to recapitulate parts of the viral life cycle and/or aspects of viral pathogenesis that will be discussed in this review. Exciting new models and improvements in established models hold promise to further elucidate our understanding of chronic HCV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Billerbeck
- Center for the Study of Hepatitis C, The Rockefeller University, NY, USA
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15
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Vaughan AM, Kappe SHI, Ploss A, Mikolajczak SA. Development of humanized mouse models to study human malaria parasite infection. Future Microbiol 2012; 7:657-65. [PMID: 22568719 DOI: 10.2217/fmb.12.27] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Malaria is a disease caused by infection with Plasmodium parasites that are transmitted by mosquito bite. Five different species of Plasmodium infect humans with severe disease, but human malaria is primarily caused by Plasmodium falciparum. The burden of malaria on the developing world is enormous, and a fully protective vaccine is still elusive. One of the biggest challenges in the quest for the development of new antimalarial drugs and vaccines is the lack of accessible animal models to study P. falciparum infection because the parasite is restricted to the great apes and human hosts. Here, we review the current state of research in this field and provide an outlook of the development of humanized small animal models to study P. falciparum infection that will accelerate fundamental research into human parasite biology and could accelerate drug and vaccine design in the future.
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16
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Vatin M, Burgio G, Renault G, Laissue P, Firlej V, Mondon F, Montagutelli X, Vaiman D, Serres C, Ziyyat A. Refined mapping of a quantitative trait locus on chromosome 1 responsible for mouse embryonic death. PLoS One 2012; 7:e43356. [PMID: 22916247 PMCID: PMC3420870 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0043356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2011] [Accepted: 07/23/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Recurrent spontaneous abortion (RSA) is defined as the loss of three or more consecutive pregnancies during the first trimester of embryonic intrauterine development. This kind of human infertility is frequent among the general population since it affects 1 to 5% of women. In half of the cases the etiology remains unelucidated. In the present study, we used interspecific recombinant congenic mouse strains (IRCS) in the aim to identify genes responsible for embryonic lethality. Applying a cartographic approach using a genotype/phenotype association, we identified a minimal QTL region, of about 6 Mb on chromosome 1, responsible for a high rate of embryonic death (∼30%). Genetic analysis suggests that the observed phenotype is linked to uterine dysfunction. Transcriptomic analysis of the uterine tissue revealed a preferential deregulation of genes of this region compared to the rest of the genome. Some genes from the QTL region are associated with VEGF signaling, mTOR signaling and ubiquitine/proteasome-protein degradation pathways. This work may contribute to elucidate the molecular basis of a multifactorial and complex human disorder as RSA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magalie Vatin
- Université Paris Descartes, Institut Cochin Inserm U1016 CNRS UMR 8104, Paris, France
| | - Gaetan Burgio
- Institut Pasteur, Unité de Génétique des Mammifères, Paris, France
- Department of Genetics, Menzies Research Institute, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Australia
| | - Gilles Renault
- Université Paris Descartes, Institut Cochin Inserm U1016 CNRS UMR 8104, Paris, France
| | - Paul Laissue
- Unidad de Genética, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Del Rosario, Bogota, Colombia
| | - Virginie Firlej
- Université Paris Descartes, Institut Cochin Inserm U1016 CNRS UMR 8104, Paris, France
| | - Françoise Mondon
- Université Paris Descartes, Institut Cochin Inserm U1016 CNRS UMR 8104, Paris, France
| | | | - Daniel Vaiman
- Université Paris Descartes, Institut Cochin Inserm U1016 CNRS UMR 8104, Paris, France
| | - Catherine Serres
- Université Paris Descartes, Institut Cochin Inserm U1016 CNRS UMR 8104, Paris, France
| | - Ahmed Ziyyat
- Université Paris Descartes, Institut Cochin Inserm U1016 CNRS UMR 8104, Paris, France
- * E-mail:
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Brezillon N, Brunelle MN, Massinet H, Giang E, Lamant C, DaSilva L, Berissi S, Belghiti J, Hannoun L, Puerstinger G, Wimmer E, Neyts J, Hantz O, Soussan P, Morosan S, Kremsdorf D. Antiviral activity of Bay 41-4109 on hepatitis B virus in humanized Alb-uPA/SCID mice. PLoS One 2011; 6:e25096. [PMID: 22162746 PMCID: PMC3230577 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0025096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2011] [Accepted: 08/24/2011] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Current treatments for HBV chronic carriers using interferon alpha or nucleoside analogues are not effective in all patients and may induce the emergence of HBV resistant strains. Bay 41-4109, a member of the heteroaryldihydropyrimidine family, inhibits HBV replication by destabilizing capsid assembly. The aim of this study was to determine the antiviral effect of Bay 41-4109 in a mouse model with humanized liver and the spread of active HBV. Antiviral assays of Bay 41-4109 on HepG2.2.15 cells constitutively expressing HBV, displayed an IC50 of about 202 nM with no cell toxicity. Alb-uPA/SCID mice were transplanted with human hepatocytes and infected with HBV. Ten days post-infection, the mice were treated with Bay 41-4109 for five days. During the 30 days of follow-up, the HBV load was evaluated by quantitative PCR. At the end of treatment, decreased HBV viremia of about 1 log(10) copies/ml was observed. By contrast, increased HBV viremia of about 0.5 log(10) copies/ml was measured in the control group. Five days after the end of treatment, a rebound of HBV viremia occurred in the treated group. Furthermore, 15 days after treatment discontinuation, a similar expression of the viral capsid was evidenced in liver biopsies. Our findings demonstrate that Bay 41-4109 displayed antiviral properties against HBV in humanized Alb-uPA/SCID mice and confirm the usefulness of Alb-uPA/SCID mice for the evaluation of pharmaceutical compounds. The administration of Bay 41-4109 may constitute a new strategy for the treatment of patients in escape from standard antiviral therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Brezillon
- INSERM, National Institute of Health and Medical Research, Unit 845, Paris, France
- Université Paris Descartes, Faculté de Médecine René Descartes, CHU Necker, Paris, France
- Institut Pasteur, Département de Virologie, Paris, France
| | - Marie-Noëlle Brunelle
- INSERM, National Institute of Health and Medical Research, Unit 845, Paris, France
- Université Paris Descartes, Faculté de Médecine René Descartes, CHU Necker, Paris, France
- Institut Pasteur, Département de Virologie, Paris, France
| | - Hélène Massinet
- INSERM, National Institute of Health and Medical Research, Unit 845, Paris, France
- Université Paris Descartes, Faculté de Médecine René Descartes, CHU Necker, Paris, France
- Institut Pasteur, Département de Virologie, Paris, France
| | - Eric Giang
- INSERM, National Institute of Health and Medical Research, Unit 845, Paris, France
- Université Paris Descartes, Faculté de Médecine René Descartes, CHU Necker, Paris, France
- Institut Pasteur, Département de Virologie, Paris, France
| | - Céline Lamant
- INSERM, National Institute of Health and Medical Research, Unit 845, Paris, France
- Université Paris Descartes, Faculté de Médecine René Descartes, CHU Necker, Paris, France
- Institut Pasteur, Département de Virologie, Paris, France
| | - Lucie DaSilva
- INSERM, National Institute of Health and Medical Research, Unit 845, Paris, France
- Université Paris Descartes, Faculté de Médecine René Descartes, CHU Necker, Paris, France
- Institut Pasteur, Département de Virologie, Paris, France
| | - Sophie Berissi
- INSERM, National Institute of Health and Medical Research, Unit 845, Paris, France
- Université Paris Descartes, Faculté de Médecine René Descartes, CHU Necker, Paris, France
| | - Jacques Belghiti
- Department of Hepatobilary and Digestive Surgery, Hôpital Beaujon, Clichy, France
| | - Laurent Hannoun
- Department of Hepatobilary and Digestive Surgery, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France
| | - Gherard Puerstinger
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacy, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Eva Wimmer
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacy, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Johan Neyts
- Rega Institute for Medical Research, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Olivier Hantz
- INSERM, National Institute of Health and Medical Research, Unit 871, Lyon, France
| | - Patrick Soussan
- INSERM, National Institute of Health and Medical Research, Unit 845, Paris, France
- Université Paris Descartes, Faculté de Médecine René Descartes, CHU Necker, Paris, France
- Institut Pasteur, Département de Virologie, Paris, France
| | - Serban Morosan
- Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Faculté de médecine Pitié-Salpêtrière, Centre d'Expérimentation Fonctionnelle, Paris, France
- Facultatea de Medicina Veterinara, Iasi, Romania
| | - Dina Kremsdorf
- INSERM, National Institute of Health and Medical Research, Unit 845, Paris, France
- Université Paris Descartes, Faculté de Médecine René Descartes, CHU Necker, Paris, France
- Institut Pasteur, Département de Virologie, Paris, France
- * E-mail:
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de Jong YP, Rice CM, Ploss A. New horizons for studying human hepatotropic infections. J Clin Invest 2010; 120:650-3. [PMID: 20179350 DOI: 10.1172/jci42338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The liver serves as a target organ for several important pathogens, including hepatitis B and C viruses (HBV and HCV, respectively) and the human malaria parasites, all of which represent serious global health problems. Because these pathogens are restricted to human hepatocytes, research in small animals has been compromised by the frailty of the current mouse xenotransplantation models. In this issue of the JCI, Bissig et al. demonstrate robust HBV and HCV infection in a novel xenotransplantation model in which large numbers of immunodeficient mice with liver injury were engrafted with significant quantities of human hepatocytes. This technical advance paves the way for more widespread use of human liver chimeric mice and forms the basis for creating increasingly complex humanized mouse models that could prove useful for studying immunopathogenesis and vaccine development against hepatotropic pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ype P de Jong
- Center for the Study of Hepatitis C, The Rockefeller University, New York, New York 10065, USA
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Song X, Guo Y, Duo S, Che J, Wu C, Ochiya T, Ding M, Deng H. A mouse model of inducible liver injury caused by tet-on regulated urokinase for studies of hepatocyte transplantation. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2009; 175:1975-83. [PMID: 19808649 DOI: 10.2353/ajpath.2009.090349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Mouse models of liver injury provide useful tools for studying hepatocyte engraftment and proliferation. A representative model of liver injury is the albumin-urokinase (Alb-uPA) transgenic model, but neonatal lethality hampers its widespread application. To overcome this problem, we generated a transgenic mouse in which transcription of the reverse tetracycline transactivator was (rtTA) driven by the mouse albumin promoter, and backcrossed the rtTA mice onto severe combined immunodeficient (SCID)/bg mice to generate immunodeficient rtTA/SCID mice. We then produced recombinant adenoviruses Ad.TRE-uPA, in which the urokinase was located downstream of the tetracycline response element (TRE). The rtTA/SCID mouse hepatocytes were then infected with Ad.TRE-uPA to establish an inducible liver injury mouse model. In the presence of doxycycline, uPA was exclusively expressed in endogenous hepatocytes and caused extensive liver injury. Enhanced green fluorescent protein-labeled mouse hepatocytes selectively repopulated the rtTA/SCID mouse liver and replaced over 80% of the recipient liver mass after repeated administration of Ad.TRE-uPA. Compared with the original uPA mice, rtTA/SCID mice did not exhibit problems regarding breeding efficiency, and the time window for transplantation was flexible. In addition, we could control the extent of liver injury to facilitate transplantation surgery by regulating the dose of Ad.TRE-uPA. Our inducible mouse model will be convenient for studies of hepatocyte transplantation and hepatic regeneration, and this system will facilitate screening for potential genetic factors critical for engraftment and proliferation of hepatocytes in vivo.
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Brezillon N, Kremsdorf D, Weiss MC. Cell therapy for the diseased liver: from stem cell biology to novel models for hepatotropic human pathogens. Dis Model Mech 2009; 1:113-30. [PMID: 19048074 DOI: 10.1242/dmm.000463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
It has long been known that hepatocytes possess the potential to replicate through many cell generations because regeneration can be achieved in rodents after serial two-thirds hepatectomy. It has taken considerable time and effort to harness this potential, with liver regeneration models involving hepatocyte transplantation developing over the past 15 years. This review will describe the experiments that have established the models and methodology for liver repopulation, and the use of cells other than adult hepatocytes in liver repopulation, including hepatic cell lines and hematopoietic, cord blood, hepatic and embryonic stem cells. Emphasis will be placed on the characteristics of the models and how they can influence the outcome of the experiments. Finally, an account of the development of murine models that are competent to accept human hepatocytes is provided. In these models, liver deficiencies are induced in immunodeficient mice, where healthy human cells have a selective advantage. These mice with humanized livers provide a powerful new experimental tool for the study of human hepatotropic pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Brezillon
- INSERM, U845, Pathogenèse des Hépatites Virales B et Immunothérapie, Paris 75015, France
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