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Burnap SA, Ortega-Prieto AM, Jimenez-Guardeño JM, Ali H, Takov K, Fish M, Shankar-Hari M, Giacca M, Malim MH, Mayr M. Cross-Linking Mass Spectrometry Uncovers Interactions Between High-Density Lipoproteins and the SARS-CoV-2 Spike Glycoprotein. Mol Cell Proteomics 2023; 22:100600. [PMID: 37343697 PMCID: PMC10279469 DOI: 10.1016/j.mcpro.2023.100600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2022] [Revised: 06/06/2023] [Accepted: 06/07/2023] [Indexed: 06/23/2023] Open
Abstract
High-density lipoprotein (HDL) levels are reduced in patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), and the extent of this reduction is associated with poor clinical outcomes. While lipoproteins are known to play a key role during the life cycle of the hepatitis C virus, their influence on coronavirus (CoV) infections is poorly understood. In this study, we utilize cross-linking mass spectrometry (XL-MS) to determine circulating protein interactors of the severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS)-CoV-2 spike glycoprotein. XL-MS of plasma isolated from patients with COVID-19 uncovered HDL protein interaction networks, dominated by acute-phase serum amyloid proteins, whereby serum amyloid A2 was shown to bind to apolipoprotein (Apo) D. XL-MS on isolated HDL confirmed ApoD to interact with SARS-CoV-2 spike but not SARS-CoV-1 spike. Other direct interactions of SARS-CoV-2 spike upon HDL included ApoA1 and ApoC3. The interaction between ApoD and spike was further validated in cells using immunoprecipitation-MS, which uncovered a novel interaction between both ApoD and spike with membrane-associated progesterone receptor component 1. Mechanistically, XL-MS coupled with data-driven structural modeling determined that ApoD may interact within the receptor-binding domain of the spike. However, ApoD overexpression in multiple cell-based assays had no effect upon viral replication or infectivity. Thus, SARS-CoV-2 spike can bind to apolipoproteins on HDL, but these interactions do not appear to alter infectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sean A Burnap
- Department of Chemistry, Physical and Theoretical Chemistry Laboratory, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK; The Kavli Institute for Nanoscience Discovery, Dorothy Crowfoot Hodgkin Building, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK; King's College London British Heart Foundation Centre, School of Cardiovascular Medicine and Sciences, London, UK.
| | - Ana Maria Ortega-Prieto
- Department of Infectious Diseases, School of Immunology and Microbial Sciences, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Jose M Jimenez-Guardeño
- Department of Infectious Diseases, School of Immunology and Microbial Sciences, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Hashim Ali
- King's College London British Heart Foundation Centre, School of Cardiovascular Medicine and Sciences, London, UK; Division of Virology, Department of Pathology, Addenbrooke's Hospital, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Kaloyan Takov
- King's College London British Heart Foundation Centre, School of Cardiovascular Medicine and Sciences, London, UK
| | - Matthew Fish
- Department of Infectious Diseases, School of Immunology and Microbial Sciences, King's College London, London, UK; Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Manu Shankar-Hari
- Centre for Inflammation Research, Institute of Regeneration and Repair, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK; Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh, NHS Lothian, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Mauro Giacca
- King's College London British Heart Foundation Centre, School of Cardiovascular Medicine and Sciences, London, UK
| | - Michael H Malim
- Department of Infectious Diseases, School of Immunology and Microbial Sciences, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Manuel Mayr
- King's College London British Heart Foundation Centre, School of Cardiovascular Medicine and Sciences, London, UK.
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2
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Martínez-Fernández DE, Fernández-Quezada D, Casillas-Muñoz FAG, Carrillo-Ballesteros FJ, Ortega-Prieto AM, Jimenez-Guardeño JM, Regla-Nava JA. Human Monkeypox: A Comprehensive Overview of Epidemiology, Pathogenesis, Diagnosis, Treatment, and Prevention Strategies. Pathogens 2023; 12:947. [PMID: 37513794 PMCID: PMC10384102 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens12070947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2023] [Revised: 06/16/2023] [Accepted: 07/10/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Monkeypox virus (MPXV) is an emerging zoonotic virus that belongs to the Orthopoxvirus genus and presents clinical symptoms similar to those of smallpox, such as fever and vesicular-pustular skin lesions. However, the differential diagnosis between smallpox and monkeypox is that smallpox does not cause lymphadenopathy but monkeypox generates swelling in the lymph nodes. Since the eradication of smallpox, MPXV has been identified as the most common Orthopoxvirus to cause human disease. Despite MPXV being endemic to certain regions of Africa, the current MPXV outbreak, which began in early 2022, has spread to numerous countries worldwide, raising global concern. As of the end of May 2023, over 87,545 cases and 141 deaths have been reported, with most cases identified in non-endemic countries, primarily due to human-to-human transmission. To better understand this emerging threat, this review presents an overview of key aspects of MPXV infection, including its animal reservoirs, modes of transmission, animal models, epidemiology, clinical and immunological features, diagnosis, treatments, vaccines, and prevention strategies. The material presented here provides a comprehensive understanding of MPXV as a disease, while emphasizing the significance and unique characteristics of the 2022 outbreak. This offers valuable information that can inform future research and aid in the development of effective interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - David Fernández-Quezada
- Department of Neurosciences, University Center for Health Science (CUCS), University of Guadalajara, Guadalajara 44340, Mexico
| | | | | | - Ana Maria Ortega-Prieto
- Department of Microbiology, University of Málaga, 29010 Málaga, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga y Plataforma en Nanomedicina-IBIMA Plataforma BIONAND, 29590 Málaga, Spain
| | - Jose M Jimenez-Guardeño
- Department of Microbiology, University of Málaga, 29010 Málaga, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga y Plataforma en Nanomedicina-IBIMA Plataforma BIONAND, 29590 Málaga, Spain
| | - Jose Angel Regla-Nava
- Department of Microbiology and Pathology, University Center for Health Science (CUCS), University of Guadalajara, Guadalajara 44340, Mexico
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3
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Jimenez-Guardeño JM, Ortega-Prieto AM, Menendez Moreno B, Maguire TJA, Richardson A, Diaz-Hernandez JI, Diez Perez J, Zuckerman M, Mercadal Playa A, Cordero Deline C, Malim MH, Martinez-Nunez RT. Drug repurposing based on a quantum-inspired method versus classical fingerprinting uncovers potential antivirals against SARS-CoV-2. PLoS Comput Biol 2022; 18:e1010330. [PMID: 35849631 PMCID: PMC9333455 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1010330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2021] [Revised: 07/28/2022] [Accepted: 06/27/2022] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic has accelerated the need to identify new antiviral therapeutics at pace, including through drug repurposing. We employed a Quadratic Unbounded Binary Optimization (QUBO) model, to search for compounds similar to Remdesivir, the first antiviral against SARS-CoV-2 approved for human use, using a quantum-inspired device. We modelled Remdesivir and compounds present in the DrugBank database as graphs, established the optimal parameters in our algorithm and resolved the Maximum Weighted Independent Set problem within the conflict graph generated. We also employed a traditional Tanimoto fingerprint model. The two methods yielded different lists of lead compounds, with some overlap. While GS-6620 was the top compound predicted by both models, the QUBO model predicted BMS-986094 as second best. The Tanimoto model predicted different forms of cobalamin, also known as vitamin B12. We then determined the half maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) values in cell culture models of SARS-CoV-2 infection and assessed cytotoxicity. We also demonstrated efficacy against several variants including SARS-CoV-2 Strain England 2 (England 02/2020/407073), B.1.1.7 (Alpha), B.1.351 (Beta) and B.1.617.2 (Delta). Lastly, we employed an in vitro polymerization assay to demonstrate that these compounds directly inhibit the RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRP) of SARS-CoV-2. Together, our data reveal that our QUBO model performs accurate comparisons (BMS-986094) that differed from those predicted by Tanimoto (different forms of vitamin B12); all compounds inhibited replication of SARS-CoV-2 via direct action on RdRP, with both models being useful. While Tanimoto may be employed when performing relatively small comparisons, QUBO is also accurate and may be well suited for very complex problems where computational resources may limit the number and/or complexity of possible combinations to evaluate. Our quantum-inspired screening method can therefore be employed in future searches for novel pharmacologic inhibitors, thus providing an approach for accelerating drug deployment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jose M. Jimenez-Guardeño
- Department of Infectious Diseases, School of Immunology and Microbial Sciences, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Ana Maria Ortega-Prieto
- Department of Infectious Diseases, School of Immunology and Microbial Sciences, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
| | | | - Thomas J. A. Maguire
- Department of Infectious Diseases, School of Immunology and Microbial Sciences, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Adam Richardson
- Department of Infectious Diseases, School of Immunology and Microbial Sciences, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
| | | | - Javier Diez Perez
- Fujitsu Technology Solutions S.A., Pozuelo de Alarcón, Madrid, Spain
| | - Mark Zuckerman
- South London Virology Centre, King’s College Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | | | | | - Michael H. Malim
- Department of Infectious Diseases, School of Immunology and Microbial Sciences, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Rocio Teresa Martinez-Nunez
- Department of Infectious Diseases, School of Immunology and Microbial Sciences, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
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4
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Dupont L, Snell LB, Graham C, Seow J, Merrick B, Lechmere T, Maguire TJA, Hallett SR, Pickering S, Charalampous T, Alcolea-Medina A, Huettner I, Jimenez-Guardeño JM, Acors S, Almeida N, Cox D, Dickenson RE, Galao RP, Kouphou N, Lista MJ, Ortega-Prieto AM, Wilson H, Winstone H, Fairhead C, Su JZ, Nebbia G, Batra R, Neil S, Shankar-Hari M, Edgeworth JD, Malim MH, Doores KJ. Neutralizing antibody activity in convalescent sera from infection in humans with SARS-CoV-2 and variants of concern. Nat Microbiol 2021; 6:1433-1442. [PMID: 34654917 PMCID: PMC8556155 DOI: 10.1038/s41564-021-00974-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2021] [Accepted: 09/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
COVID-19 vaccine design and vaccination rollout need to take into account a detailed understanding of antibody durability and cross-neutralizing potential against SARS-CoV-2 and emerging variants of concern (VOCs). Analyses of convalescent sera provide unique insights into antibody longevity and cross-neutralizing activity induced by variant spike proteins, which are putative vaccine candidates. Using sera from 38 individuals infected in wave 1, we show that cross-neutralizing activity can be detected up to 305 days pos onset of symptoms, although sera were less potent against B.1.1.7 (Alpha) and B1.351 (Beta). Over time, despite a reduction in overall neutralization activity, differences in sera neutralization potency against SARS-CoV-2 and the Alpha and Beta variants decreased, which suggests that continued antibody maturation improves tolerance to spike mutations. We also compared the cross-neutralizing activity of wave 1 sera with sera from individuals infected with the Alpha, the Beta or the B.1.617.2 (Delta) variants up to 79 days post onset of symptoms. While these sera neutralize the infecting VOC and parental virus to similar levels, cross-neutralization of different SARS-CoV-2 VOC lineages is reduced. These findings will inform the optimization of vaccines to protect against SARS-CoV-2 variants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liane Dupont
- Department of Infectious Diseases, School of Immunology and Microbial Sciences, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Luke B Snell
- Centre for Clinical Infection and Diagnostics Research, Department of Infectious Diseases, Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Carl Graham
- Department of Infectious Diseases, School of Immunology and Microbial Sciences, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Jeffrey Seow
- Department of Infectious Diseases, School of Immunology and Microbial Sciences, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Blair Merrick
- Centre for Clinical Infection and Diagnostics Research, Department of Infectious Diseases, Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Thomas Lechmere
- Department of Infectious Diseases, School of Immunology and Microbial Sciences, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Thomas J A Maguire
- Department of Infectious Diseases, School of Immunology and Microbial Sciences, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Sadie R Hallett
- Department of Infectious Diseases, School of Immunology and Microbial Sciences, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Suzanne Pickering
- Department of Infectious Diseases, School of Immunology and Microbial Sciences, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Themoula Charalampous
- Centre for Clinical Infection and Diagnostics Research, Department of Infectious Diseases, Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Adela Alcolea-Medina
- Centre for Clinical Infection and Diagnostics Research, Department of Infectious Diseases, Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Isabella Huettner
- Department of Infectious Diseases, School of Immunology and Microbial Sciences, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Jose M Jimenez-Guardeño
- Department of Infectious Diseases, School of Immunology and Microbial Sciences, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Sam Acors
- Department of Infectious Diseases, School of Immunology and Microbial Sciences, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Nathalia Almeida
- Department of Infectious Diseases, School of Immunology and Microbial Sciences, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Daniel Cox
- Department of Infectious Diseases, School of Immunology and Microbial Sciences, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Ruth E Dickenson
- Department of Infectious Diseases, School of Immunology and Microbial Sciences, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Rui Pedro Galao
- Department of Infectious Diseases, School of Immunology and Microbial Sciences, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Neophytos Kouphou
- Department of Infectious Diseases, School of Immunology and Microbial Sciences, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Marie Jose Lista
- Department of Infectious Diseases, School of Immunology and Microbial Sciences, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Ana Maria Ortega-Prieto
- Department of Infectious Diseases, School of Immunology and Microbial Sciences, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Harry Wilson
- Department of Infectious Diseases, School of Immunology and Microbial Sciences, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Helena Winstone
- Department of Infectious Diseases, School of Immunology and Microbial Sciences, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Cassandra Fairhead
- Centre for Clinical Infection and Diagnostics Research, Department of Infectious Diseases, Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Jia Zhe Su
- Centre for Clinical Infection and Diagnostics Research, Department of Infectious Diseases, Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Gaia Nebbia
- Centre for Clinical Infection and Diagnostics Research, Department of Infectious Diseases, Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Rahul Batra
- Centre for Clinical Infection and Diagnostics Research, Department of Infectious Diseases, Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Stuart Neil
- Department of Infectious Diseases, School of Immunology and Microbial Sciences, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Manu Shankar-Hari
- Department of Infectious Diseases, School of Immunology and Microbial Sciences, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Jonathan D Edgeworth
- Centre for Clinical Infection and Diagnostics Research, Department of Infectious Diseases, Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Michael H Malim
- Department of Infectious Diseases, School of Immunology and Microbial Sciences, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Katie J Doores
- Department of Infectious Diseases, School of Immunology and Microbial Sciences, King's College London, London, UK.
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5
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Pascual-Iglesias A, Canton J, Ortega-Prieto AM, Jimenez-Guardeño JM, Regla-Nava JA. An Overview of Vaccines against SARS-CoV-2 in the COVID-19 Pandemic Era. Pathogens 2021; 10:1030. [PMID: 34451494 PMCID: PMC8402174 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens10081030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2021] [Revised: 08/01/2021] [Accepted: 08/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The emergence of SARS-CoV-2 in late 2019 led to the COVID-19 pandemic all over the world. When the virus was first isolated and its genome was sequenced in the early months of 2020, the efforts to develop a vaccine began. Based on prior well-known knowledge about coronavirus, the SARS-CoV-2 spike (S) protein was selected as the main target. Currently, more than one hundred vaccines are being investigated and several of them are already authorized by medical agencies. This review summarizes and compares the current knowledge about main approaches for vaccine development, focusing on those authorized and specifically their immunogenicity, efficacy preventing severe disease, adverse side effects, protection, and ability to cope with emergent SARS-CoV-2 variants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandro Pascual-Iglesias
- The Innate Immune Response Group, IdiPAZ, La Paz University Hospital, 28046 Madrid, Spain;
- Tumor Immunology Laboratory, IdiPAZ, La Paz University Hospital, 28046 Madrid, Spain
| | - Javier Canton
- International Institute for Defense and Security (CISDE), 41007 Sevilla, Spain;
| | - Ana Maria Ortega-Prieto
- Department of Infectious Diseases, School of Immunology & Microbial Sciences, King’s College London, London SE1 9RT, UK;
| | - Jose M. Jimenez-Guardeño
- Department of Infectious Diseases, School of Immunology & Microbial Sciences, King’s College London, London SE1 9RT, UK;
| | - Jose Angel Regla-Nava
- Center for Infectious Disease and Vaccine Research, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Pathology, University Center for Health Science (CUCS), University of Guadalajara, Guadalajara 44340, Mexico
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6
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Jimenez-Guardeño JM, Ortega-Prieto AM, Moreno BM, Maguire TJ, Richardson A, Diaz-Hernandez JI, Diez Perez J, Zuckerman M, Playa AM, Deline CC, Malim MH, Martinez-Nunez RT. Drug repurposing based on a Quantum-Inspired method versus classical fingerprinting uncovers potential antivirals against SARS-CoV-2 including vitamin B12. bioRxiv 2021:2021.06.25.449609. [PMID: 34401881 PMCID: PMC8366797 DOI: 10.1101/2021.06.25.449609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic has accelerated the need to identify new therapeutics at pace, including through drug repurposing. We employed a Quadratic Unbounded Binary Optimization (QUBO) model, to search for compounds similar to Remdesivir (RDV), the only antiviral against SARS-CoV-2 currently approved for human use, using a quantum-inspired device. We modelled RDV and compounds present in the DrugBank database as graphs, established the optimal parameters in our algorithm and resolved the Maximum Weighted Independent Set problem within the conflict graph generated. We also employed a traditional Tanimoto fingerprint model. The two methods yielded different lists of compounds, with some overlap. While GS-6620 was the top compound predicted by both models, the QUBO model predicted BMS-986094 as second best. The Tanimoto model predicted different forms of cobalamin, also known as vitamin B12. We then determined the half maximal inhibitory concentration (IC 50 ) values in cell culture models of SARS-CoV-2 infection and assessed cytotoxicity. Lastly, we demonstrated efficacy against several variants including SARS-CoV-2 Strain England 2 (England 02/2020/407073), B.1.1.7 (Alpha), B.1.351 (Beta) and B.1.617.2 (Delta). Our data reveal that BMS-986094 and different forms of vitamin B12 are effective at inhibiting replication of all these variants of SARS-CoV-2. While BMS-986094 can cause secondary effects in humans as established by phase II trials, these findings suggest that vitamin B12 deserves consideration as a SARS-CoV-2 antiviral, particularly given its extended use and lack of toxicity in humans, and its availability and affordability. Our screening method can be employed in future searches for novel pharmacologic inhibitors, thus providing an approach for accelerating drug deployment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jose M. Jimenez-Guardeño
- Dept Infectious Diseases, School of Immunology and Microbial Sciences, King’s College London, London (UK)
| | - Ana Maria Ortega-Prieto
- Dept Infectious Diseases, School of Immunology and Microbial Sciences, King’s College London, London (UK)
| | - Borja Menendez Moreno
- Fujitsu Technology Solutions S.A., Camino del Cerro de los Gamos, 1, 28224, Pozuelo de Alarcón, Madrid (Spain)
| | - Thomas J.A. Maguire
- Dept Infectious Diseases, School of Immunology and Microbial Sciences, King’s College London, London (UK)
| | - Adam Richardson
- Dept Infectious Diseases, School of Immunology and Microbial Sciences, King’s College London, London (UK)
| | - Juan Ignacio Diaz-Hernandez
- Fujitsu Technology Solutions S.A., Camino del Cerro de los Gamos, 1, 28224, Pozuelo de Alarcón, Madrid (Spain)
| | - Javier Diez Perez
- Fujitsu Technology Solutions S.A., Camino del Cerro de los Gamos, 1, 28224, Pozuelo de Alarcón, Madrid (Spain)
| | - Mark Zuckerman
- South London Virology Centre, King’s College Hospital, London (UK)
| | - Albert Mercadal Playa
- Fujitsu Technology Solutions S.A., Camino del Cerro de los Gamos, 1, 28224, Pozuelo de Alarcón, Madrid (Spain)
| | - Carlos Cordero Deline
- Fujitsu Technology Solutions S.A., Camino del Cerro de los Gamos, 1, 28224, Pozuelo de Alarcón, Madrid (Spain)
| | - Michael H. Malim
- Dept Infectious Diseases, School of Immunology and Microbial Sciences, King’s College London, London (UK)
| | - Rocio T Martinez-Nunez
- Dept Infectious Diseases, School of Immunology and Microbial Sciences, King’s College London, London (UK)
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7
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Dupont L, Snell LB, Graham C, Seow J, Merrick B, Lechmere T, Hallett SR, Charalampous T, Alcolea-Medina A, Huettner I, Maguire TJA, Acors S, Almeida N, Cox D, Dickenson RE, Galao RP, Jimenez-Guardeño JM, Kouphou N, Lista MJ, Pickering S, Ortega-Prieto AM, Wilson H, Winstone H, Fairhead C, Su J, Nebbia G, Batra R, Neil S, Shankar-Hari M, Edgeworth JD, Malim MH, Doores KJ. Antibody longevity and cross-neutralizing activity following SARS-CoV-2 wave 1 and B.1.1.7 infections. medRxiv 2021:2021.06.07.21258351. [PMID: 34127977 PMCID: PMC8202432 DOI: 10.1101/2021.06.07.21258351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
As SARS-CoV-2 variants continue to emerge globally, a major challenge for COVID-19 vaccination is the generation of a durable antibody response with cross-neutralizing activity against both current and newly emerging viral variants. Cross-neutralizing activity against major variants of concern (B.1.1.7, P.1 and B.1.351) has been observed following vaccination, albeit at a reduced potency, but whether vaccines based on the Spike glycoprotein of these viral variants will produce a superior cross-neutralizing antibody response has not been fully investigated. Here, we used sera from individuals infected in wave 1 in the UK to study the long-term cross-neutralization up to 10 months post onset of symptoms (POS), as well as sera from individuals infected with the B.1.1.7 variant to compare cross-neutralizing activity profiles. We show that neutralizing antibodies with cross-neutralizing activity can be detected from wave 1 up to 10 months POS. Although neutralization of B.1.1.7 and B.1.351 is lower, the difference in neutralization potency decreases at later timepoints suggesting continued antibody maturation and improved tolerance to Spike mutations. Interestingly, we found that B.1.1.7 infection also generates a cross-neutralizing antibody response, which, although still less potent against B.1.351, can neutralize parental wave 1 virus to a similar degree as B.1.1.7. These findings have implications for the optimization of vaccines that protect against newly emerging viral variants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liane Dupont
- Department of Infectious Diseases, School of Immunology & Microbial Sciences, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Luke B Snell
- Centre for Clinical Infection and Diagnostics Research, Department of Infectious Diseases, Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Carl Graham
- Department of Infectious Diseases, School of Immunology & Microbial Sciences, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Jeffrey Seow
- Department of Infectious Diseases, School of Immunology & Microbial Sciences, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Blair Merrick
- Centre for Clinical Infection and Diagnostics Research, Department of Infectious Diseases, Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Thomas Lechmere
- Department of Infectious Diseases, School of Immunology & Microbial Sciences, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Sadie R Hallett
- Department of Infectious Diseases, School of Immunology & Microbial Sciences, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Themoula Charalampous
- Centre for Clinical Infection and Diagnostics Research, Department of Infectious Diseases, Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Adela Alcolea-Medina
- Centre for Clinical Infection and Diagnostics Research, Department of Infectious Diseases, Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Isabella Huettner
- Department of Infectious Diseases, School of Immunology & Microbial Sciences, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Thomas J A Maguire
- Department of Infectious Diseases, School of Immunology & Microbial Sciences, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Sam Acors
- Department of Infectious Diseases, School of Immunology & Microbial Sciences, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Nathalia Almeida
- Department of Infectious Diseases, School of Immunology & Microbial Sciences, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Daniel Cox
- Department of Infectious Diseases, School of Immunology & Microbial Sciences, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Ruth E Dickenson
- Department of Infectious Diseases, School of Immunology & Microbial Sciences, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Rui Pedro Galao
- Department of Infectious Diseases, School of Immunology & Microbial Sciences, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Jose M Jimenez-Guardeño
- Department of Infectious Diseases, School of Immunology & Microbial Sciences, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Neophytos Kouphou
- Department of Infectious Diseases, School of Immunology & Microbial Sciences, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Marie Jose Lista
- Department of Infectious Diseases, School of Immunology & Microbial Sciences, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Suzanne Pickering
- Department of Infectious Diseases, School of Immunology & Microbial Sciences, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Ana Maria Ortega-Prieto
- Department of Infectious Diseases, School of Immunology & Microbial Sciences, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Harry Wilson
- Department of Infectious Diseases, School of Immunology & Microbial Sciences, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Helena Winstone
- Department of Infectious Diseases, School of Immunology & Microbial Sciences, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Cassandra Fairhead
- Centre for Clinical Infection and Diagnostics Research, Department of Infectious Diseases, Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Jia Su
- Centre for Clinical Infection and Diagnostics Research, Department of Infectious Diseases, Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Gaia Nebbia
- Centre for Clinical Infection and Diagnostics Research, Department of Infectious Diseases, Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Rahul Batra
- Centre for Clinical Infection and Diagnostics Research, Department of Infectious Diseases, Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Stuart Neil
- Department of Infectious Diseases, School of Immunology & Microbial Sciences, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Manu Shankar-Hari
- Department of Infectious Diseases, School of Immunology & Microbial Sciences, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Jonathan D Edgeworth
- Centre for Clinical Infection and Diagnostics Research, Department of Infectious Diseases, Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Michael H Malim
- Department of Infectious Diseases, School of Immunology & Microbial Sciences, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Katie J Doores
- Department of Infectious Diseases, School of Immunology & Microbial Sciences, King's College London, London, UK
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8
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Cowton VM, Owsianka AM, Fadda V, Ortega-Prieto AM, Cole SJ, Potter JA, Skelton JK, Jeffrey N, Di Lorenzo C, Dorner M, Taylor GL, Patel AH. Development of a structural epitope mimic: an idiotypic approach to HCV vaccine design. NPJ Vaccines 2021; 6:7. [PMID: 33420102 PMCID: PMC7794244 DOI: 10.1038/s41541-020-00269-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2020] [Accepted: 12/08/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
HCV vaccine development is stymied by the high genetic diversity of the virus and the variability of the envelope glycoproteins. One strategy to overcome this is to identify conserved, functionally important regions—such as the epitopes of broadly neutralizing antibodies (bNAbs)—and use these as a basis for structure-based vaccine design. Here, we report an anti-idiotype approach that has generated an antibody that mimics a highly conserved neutralizing epitope on HCV E2. Crucially, a mutagenesis screen was used to identify the antibody, designated B2.1 A, whose binding characteristics to the bNAb AP33 closely resemble those of the original antigen. Protein crystallography confirmed that B2.1 A is a structural mimic of the AP33 epitope. When used as an immunogen B2.1 A induced antibodies that recognized the same epitope and E2 residues as AP33 and most importantly protected against HCV challenge in a mouse model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa M Cowton
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, Garscube Campus, 464 Bearsden Road, Glasgow, UK
| | - Ania M Owsianka
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, Garscube Campus, 464 Bearsden Road, Glasgow, UK
| | - Valeria Fadda
- Biomedical Sciences Research Complex, University of St. Andrews, Fife, UK
| | | | - Sarah J Cole
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, Garscube Campus, 464 Bearsden Road, Glasgow, UK
| | - Jane A Potter
- Biomedical Sciences Research Complex, University of St. Andrews, Fife, UK
| | - Jessica K Skelton
- Section of Virology, Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Nathan Jeffrey
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, Garscube Campus, 464 Bearsden Road, Glasgow, UK
| | - Caterina Di Lorenzo
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, Garscube Campus, 464 Bearsden Road, Glasgow, UK
| | - Marcus Dorner
- Section of Virology, Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Garry L Taylor
- Biomedical Sciences Research Complex, University of St. Andrews, Fife, UK
| | - Arvind H Patel
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, Garscube Campus, 464 Bearsden Road, Glasgow, UK.
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9
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Liu PJ, Harris JM, Marchi E, D'Arienzo V, Michler T, Wing PAC, Magri A, Ortega-Prieto AM, van de Klundert M, Wettengel J, Durantel D, Dorner M, Klenerman P, Protzer U, Giotis ES, McKeating JA. Hypoxic gene expression in chronic hepatitis B virus infected patients is not observed in state-of-the-art in vitro and mouse infection models. Sci Rep 2020; 10:14101. [PMID: 32839523 PMCID: PMC7445281 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-70865-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2020] [Accepted: 07/31/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis B virus (HBV) is the leading cause of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) worldwide. The prolyl hydroxylase domain (PHD)-hypoxia inducible factor (HIF) pathway is a key mammalian oxygen sensing pathway and is frequently perturbed by pathological states including infection and inflammation. We discovered a significant upregulation of hypoxia regulated gene transcripts in patients with chronic hepatitis B (CHB) in the absence of liver cirrhosis. We used state-of-the-art in vitro and in vivo HBV infection models to evaluate a role for HBV infection and the viral regulatory protein HBx to drive HIF-signalling. HBx had no significant impact on HIF expression or associated transcriptional activity under normoxic or hypoxic conditions. Furthermore, we found no evidence of hypoxia gene expression in HBV de novo infection, HBV infected human liver chimeric mice or transgenic mice with integrated HBV genome. Collectively, our data show clear evidence of hypoxia gene induction in CHB that is not recapitulated in existing models for acute HBV infection, suggesting a role for inflammatory mediators in promoting hypoxia gene expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Jianrui Liu
- Nuffield Department of Medicine Research Building, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 7LF, UK
| | - James M Harris
- Nuffield Department of Medicine Research Building, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 7LF, UK
| | - Emanuele Marchi
- Medawar Building, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3SY, UK
| | - Valentina D'Arienzo
- Nuffield Department of Medicine Research Building, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 7LF, UK
| | - Thomas Michler
- Institute of Virology, Technical University of Munich/Helmholtz Zentrum München, Trogerstrasse 30, 81675, Munich, Germany
| | - Peter A C Wing
- Nuffield Department of Medicine Research Building, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 7LF, UK
| | - Andrea Magri
- Nuffield Department of Medicine Research Building, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 7LF, UK
| | - Ana Maria Ortega-Prieto
- Section of Molecular Virology, Department of Infectious Diseases, Imperial College London, London, W2 1PG, UK
| | - Maarten van de Klundert
- Institute of Virology, Technical University of Munich/Helmholtz Zentrum München, Trogerstrasse 30, 81675, Munich, Germany
| | - Jochen Wettengel
- Institute of Virology, Technical University of Munich/Helmholtz Zentrum München, Trogerstrasse 30, 81675, Munich, Germany
| | - David Durantel
- Cancer Research Center of Lyon (CRCL), INSERM U1052, and University of Lyon (UCBL1), Lyon, France
| | - Marcus Dorner
- Section of Molecular Virology, Department of Infectious Diseases, Imperial College London, London, W2 1PG, UK
| | - Paul Klenerman
- Medawar Building, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3SY, UK
| | - Ulrike Protzer
- Institute of Virology, Technical University of Munich/Helmholtz Zentrum München, Trogerstrasse 30, 81675, Munich, Germany
| | - Efstathios S Giotis
- Section of Molecular Virology, Department of Infectious Diseases, Imperial College London, London, W2 1PG, UK
- School of Life Sciences, University of Essex, Colchester, C04 3SQ, UK
| | - Jane A McKeating
- Nuffield Department of Medicine Research Building, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 7LF, UK.
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10
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Tang H, Abouleila Y, Si L, Ortega-Prieto AM, Mummery CL, Ingber DE, Mashaghi A. Human Organs-on-Chips for Virology. Trends Microbiol 2020; 28:934-946. [PMID: 32674988 PMCID: PMC7357975 DOI: 10.1016/j.tim.2020.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2020] [Revised: 06/03/2020] [Accepted: 06/19/2020] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
While conventional in vitro culture systems and animal models have been used to study the pathogenesis of viral infections and to facilitate development of vaccines and therapeutics for viral diseases, models that can accurately recapitulate human responses to infection are still lacking. Human organ-on-a-chip (Organ Chip) microfluidic culture devices that recapitulate tissue–tissue interfaces, fluid flows, mechanical cues, and organ-level physiology have been developed to narrow the gap between in vitro experimental models and human pathophysiology. Here, we describe how recent developments in Organ Chips have enabled re-creation of complex pathophysiological features of human viral infections in vitro. Microfluidic Organ Chip culture devices are emerging alternatives to conventional in vitro and animal models due to their ability to replicate many structural and functional features of human physiology and disease states. Recent innovations demonstrate that Organ Chip technology is a promising strategy for virology studies where there have been successes in reproducing various viral disease phenotypes. Organ Chips have enabled investigation of many aspects of viral infection, including virus–host interactions, viral therapy-resistance evolution, and development of new antiviral therapeutics, as well as underlying pathogenesis. As Organ Chip-based assays provide accessibility to study virus-induced diseases in real time and at high resolution, they can open new avenues to uncover viral pathogenesis in a human-relevant environment and may eventually enable development of novel therapeutics and vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huaqi Tang
- Medical Systems Biophysics and Bioengineering, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Leiden University, Einsteinweg 55, 2333 CC, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Yasmine Abouleila
- Medical Systems Biophysics and Bioengineering, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Leiden University, Einsteinweg 55, 2333 CC, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Longlong Si
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering at Harvard University, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | | | - Christine L Mummery
- Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Leiden University Medical Center, Einthovenweg 20, 2333 ZD, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Donald E Ingber
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering at Harvard University, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Harvard John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA; Vascular Biology Program and Department of Surgery, Harvard Medical School and Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Alireza Mashaghi
- Medical Systems Biophysics and Bioengineering, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Leiden University, Einsteinweg 55, 2333 CC, Leiden, The Netherlands.
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11
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Evripioti AA, Ortega-Prieto AM, Skelton JK, Bazot Q, Dorner M. Phosphodiesterase-induced cAMP degradation restricts hepatitis B virus infection. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2019; 374:20180292. [PMID: 30955495 PMCID: PMC6501904 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2018.0292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis B virus (HBV) entry into hepatocytes is mediated via a high-affinity interaction between the preS1 glycoprotein and sodium/bile acid cotransporting polypeptide (NTCP). To date, in vitro model systems rely on high multiplicities of infection to achieve infection of cell lines overexpressing human NTCP. This study investigates a novel regulatory pathway for NTCP trafficking to the cell surface, induced by DMSO-mediated cellular differentiation. DMSO rapidly induces high cell surface expression of NTCP and results in increased susceptibility of cells to HBV infection. Additionally, DMSO treatment induces actin, as well as Tubulin reshaping within the cells. We show that direct disruption of the actin and Tubulin network directly enhances NTCP expression and the subsequent susceptibility of cells to HBV infection. DMSO induces these changes via alterations in the levels of cyclic (c)AMP, which participates in the observed actin rearrangements. Blocking of phosphodiesterases (PDEs), which degrade accumulated cAMP, had the same effect as DMSO differentiation and demonstrates that DMSO prevents phosphodiesterase-mediated cAMP degradation. This identifies adenylate cyclase as a novel target for blocking the entry of HBV via targeting the cell surface accumulation of NTCP. This article is part of the theme issue 'Silent cancer agents: multi-disciplinary modelling of human DNA oncoviruses'.
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12
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Abstract
Hepatitis B virus (HBV) affects more than 257 million people globally, resulting in progressively worsening liver disease, manifesting as fibrosis, cirrhosis, and hepatocellular carcinoma. The exceptionally narrow species tropism of HBV restricts its natural hosts to humans and non-human primates, including chimpanzees, gorillas, gibbons, and orangutans. The unavailability of completely immunocompetent small-animal models has contributed to the lack of curative therapeutic interventions. Even though surrogates allow the study of closely related viruses, their host genetic backgrounds, immune responses, and molecular virology differ from those of HBV. Various different models, based on either pure murine or xenotransplantation systems, have been introduced over the past years, often making the choice of the optimal model for any given question challenging. Here, we offer a concise review of in vivo model systems employed to study HBV infection and steps in the HBV life cycle or pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Catherine Cherry
- Section of Virology, Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, W2 1PGLondon, U.K
| | - Harry Gunn
- Section of Virology, Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, W2 1PGLondon, U.K
| | - Marcus Dorner
- Section of Virology, Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, W2 1PGLondon, U.K
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13
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Mazzon M, Ortega-Prieto AM, Imrie D, Luft C, Hess L, Czieso S, Grove J, Skelton JK, Farleigh L, Bugert JJ, Wright E, Temperton N, Angell R, Oxenford S, Jacobs M, Ketteler R, Dorner M, Marsh M. Identification of Broad-Spectrum Antiviral Compounds by Targeting Viral Entry. Viruses 2019; 11:E176. [PMID: 30791609 PMCID: PMC6410080 DOI: 10.3390/v11020176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2019] [Revised: 02/13/2019] [Accepted: 02/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Viruses are a major threat to human health and economic well-being. In recent years Ebola, Zika, influenza, and chikungunya virus epidemics have raised awareness that infections can spread rapidly before vaccines or specific antagonists can be made available. Broad-spectrum antivirals are drugs with the potential to inhibit infection by viruses from different groups or families, which may be deployed during outbreaks when specific diagnostics, vaccines or directly acting antivirals are not available. While pathogen-directed approaches are generally effective against a few closely related viruses, targeting cellular pathways used by multiple viral agents can have broad-spectrum efficacy. Virus entry, particularly clathrin-mediated endocytosis, constitutes an attractive target as it is used by many viruses. Using a phenotypic screening strategy where the inhibitory activity of small molecules was sequentially tested against different viruses, we identified 12 compounds with broad-spectrum activity, and found a subset blocking viral internalisation and/or fusion. Importantly, we show that compounds identified with this approach can reduce viral replication in a mouse model of Zika infection. This work provides proof of concept that it is possible to identify broad-spectrum inhibitors by iterative phenotypic screenings, and that inhibition of host-pathways critical for viral life cycles can be an effective antiviral strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michela Mazzon
- MRC Laboratory for Molecular Cell Biology, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK.
| | - Ana Maria Ortega-Prieto
- Section of Virology, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, Imperial College London, London W2 1PG, UK.
| | - Douglas Imrie
- MRC Laboratory for Molecular Cell Biology, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK.
| | - Christin Luft
- MRC Laboratory for Molecular Cell Biology, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK.
| | - Lena Hess
- MRC Laboratory for Molecular Cell Biology, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK.
| | - Stephanie Czieso
- MRC Laboratory for Molecular Cell Biology, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK.
| | - Joe Grove
- Institute of Immunity and Transplantation, Royal Free Hospital, University College London, London NW3 2QG, UK.
| | - Jessica Katy Skelton
- Section of Virology, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, Imperial College London, London W2 1PG, UK.
| | - Laura Farleigh
- Medical Microbiology, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff CF14 4XN, UK.
| | - Joachim J Bugert
- Medical Microbiology, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff CF14 4XN, UK.
- Bundeswehr Institute of Microbiology, 80937 Munich, Germany.
| | | | - Nigel Temperton
- Medway School of Pharmacy, University of Kent, Chatham ME4 4TB, UK.
| | - Richard Angell
- School of Pharmacy, University College London, London WC1N 1AX, UK.
| | - Sally Oxenford
- School of Pharmacy, University College London, London WC1N 1AX, UK.
| | - Michael Jacobs
- Faculty of Medical Sciences, UCL Medical School, London NW3 2QG, UK.
| | - Robin Ketteler
- MRC Laboratory for Molecular Cell Biology, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK.
| | - Marcus Dorner
- Section of Virology, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, Imperial College London, London W2 1PG, UK.
| | - Mark Marsh
- MRC Laboratory for Molecular Cell Biology, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK.
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14
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Ortega-Prieto AM, Skelton JK, Cherry C, Briones-Orta MA, Hateley CA, Dorner M. "Liver-on-a-Chip" Cultures of Primary Hepatocytes and Kupffer Cells for Hepatitis B Virus Infection. J Vis Exp 2019. [PMID: 30855577 DOI: 10.3791/58333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite the exceptional infectivity of the hepatitis B virus (HBV) in vivo, where only three viral genomes can result in a chronicity of experimentally infected chimpanzees, most in vitro models require several hundreds to thousands of viral genomes per cell in order to initiate a transient infection. Additionally, static 2D cultures of primary human hepatocytes (PHH) allow only short-term studies due to their rapid dedifferentiation. Here, we describe 3D liver-on-a-chip cultures of PHH, either in monocultures or in cocultures with other nonparenchymal liver-resident cells. These offer a significant improvement to studying long-term HBV infections with physiological host cell responses. In addition to facilitating drug efficacy studies, toxicological analysis, and investigations into pathogenesis, these microfluidic culture systems enable the evaluation of curative therapies for HBV infection aimed at eliminating covalently closed, circular (ccc)DNA. This presented method describes the set-up of PHH monocultures and PHH/Kupffer cell co-cultures, their infection with purified HBV, and the analysis of host responses. This method is particularly applicable to the evaluation of long-term effects of HBV infection, treatment combinations, and pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Marcus Dorner
- Section of Virology, Department of Medicine, Imperial College;
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15
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Skelton JK, Ortega-Prieto AM, Dorner M. A Hitchhiker's guide to humanized mice: new pathways to studying viral infections. Immunology 2018; 154:50-61. [PMID: 29446074 PMCID: PMC5904706 DOI: 10.1111/imm.12906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2018] [Revised: 02/09/2018] [Accepted: 02/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Humanized mice are increasingly appreciated as an incredibly powerful platform for infectious disease research. The often very narrow species tropism of many viral infections, coupled with the sometimes misleading results from preclinical studies in animal models further emphasize the need for more predictive model systems based on human cells rather than surrogates. Humanized mice represent such a model and have been greatly enhanced with regards to their immune system reconstitution as well as immune functionality in the past years, resulting in their recommendation as a preclinical model by the US Food and Drug Administration. This review aims to give a detailed summary of the generation of human peripheral blood lymphocyte-, CD34+ haematopoietic stem cell- and bone marrow/liver/thymus-reconstituted mice and available improved models (e.g. myeloid- or T-cell-only mice, MISTRG, NSG-SGM3). Additionally, we summarize human-tropic viral infections, for which humanized mice offer a novel approach for the study of disease pathogenesis as well as future perspectives for their use in biomedical, drug and vaccine research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Katy Skelton
- Section of Virology, Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | | | - Marcus Dorner
- Section of Virology, Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK
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16
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Ortega-Prieto AM, Skelton JK, Wai SN, Large E, Lussignol M, Vizcay-Barrena G, Hughes D, Fleck RA, Thursz M, Catanese MT, Dorner M. 3D microfluidic liver cultures as a physiological preclinical tool for hepatitis B virus infection. Nat Commun 2018; 9:682. [PMID: 29445209 PMCID: PMC5813240 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-02969-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 145] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2016] [Accepted: 01/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
With more than 240 million people infected, hepatitis B virus (HBV) is a major health concern. The inability to mimic the complexity of the liver using cell lines and regular primary human hepatocyte (PHH) cultures pose significant limitations for studying host/pathogen interactions. Here, we describe a 3D microfluidic PHH system permissive to HBV infection, which can be maintained for at least 40 days. This system enables the recapitulation of all steps of the HBV life cycle, including the replication of patient-derived HBV and the maintenance of HBV cccDNA. We show that innate immune and cytokine responses following infection with HBV mimic those observed in HBV-infected patients, thus allowing the dissection of pathways important for immune evasion and validation of biomarkers. Additionally, we demonstrate that the co-culture of PHH with other non-parenchymal cells enables the identification of the cellular origin of immune effectors, thus providing a valuable preclinical platform for HBV research.
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Affiliation(s)
- A M Ortega-Prieto
- Section of Virology, Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, W2 1PG, UK
| | - J K Skelton
- Section of Virology, Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, W2 1PG, UK
| | - S N Wai
- Section of Virology, Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, W2 1PG, UK
- Section of Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, W2 1NY, UK
| | - E Large
- CN Bio Innovations Ltd, Welwyn Garden City, AL7 3AX, UK
| | - M Lussignol
- Department of Infectious Diseases, King's College London, London, WC2R 2LS, UK
| | - G Vizcay-Barrena
- Centre For Ultrastructural Imaging, King's College London, London, WC2R 2LS, UK
| | - D Hughes
- CN Bio Innovations Ltd, Welwyn Garden City, AL7 3AX, UK
| | - R A Fleck
- Centre For Ultrastructural Imaging, King's College London, London, WC2R 2LS, UK
| | - M Thursz
- Section of Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, W2 1NY, UK
| | - M T Catanese
- Department of Infectious Diseases, King's College London, London, WC2R 2LS, UK
| | - M Dorner
- Section of Virology, Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, W2 1PG, UK.
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17
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Ortega-Prieto AM, Dorner M. Immune Evasion Strategies during Chronic Hepatitis B and C Virus Infection. Vaccines (Basel) 2017; 5:E24. [PMID: 28862649 PMCID: PMC5620555 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines5030024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2017] [Revised: 08/25/2017] [Accepted: 08/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Both hepatitis B virus (HBV) and hepatitis C virus (HCV) infections are a major global healthcare problem with more than 240 million and 70 million infected, respectively. Both viruses persist within the liver and result in progressive liver disease, resulting in liver fibrosis, cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. Strikingly, this pathogenesis is largely driven by immune responses, unable to clear an established infection, rather than by the viral pathogens themselves. Even though disease progression is very similar in both infections, HBV and HCV have evolved distinct mechanisms, by which they ensure persistence within the host. Whereas HCV utilizes a cloak-and-dagger approach, disguising itself as a lipid-like particle and immediately crippling essential pattern-recognition pathways, HBV has long been considered a "stealth" virus, due to the complete absence of innate immune responses during infection. Recent developments and access to improved model systems, however, revealed that even though it is among the smallest human-tropic viruses, HBV may, in addition to evading host responses, employ subtle immune evasion mechanisms directed at ensuring viral persistence in the absence of host responses. In this review, we compare the different strategies of both viruses to ensure viral persistence by actively interfering with viral recognition and innate immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Marcus Dorner
- Section of Virology, Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, London W2 1PG, UK.
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18
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Ortega-Prieto AM, Dorner M. Novel methods to prevent HCV transmission. Future Virol 2017. [DOI: 10.2217/fvl-2017-0072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Marcus Dorner
- Section of Virology, Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK
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19
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Abstract
Hepatitis C virus is a major global health concern with 170 million people chronically infected. Despite the availability of potent antiviral agents targeting multiple HCV proteins and cure rates above 90%, global treatment availability, the likelihood of emerging drug-resistant viral variants and the unavailability of a protective vaccine underline the many unresolved questions remaining to be answered. Model systems allowing the dissection of individual HCV life cycle steps have previously been developed and span noninfectious and infectious means of assessing HCV entry and replication, multiple cellular systems enabling host/pathogen interaction studies as well as in vivo model systems for basic as well as translational HCV research. This review provides an overview of available systems and a comparative summary of assays and models.
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Affiliation(s)
- A M Ortega-Prieto
- Section of Virology, Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - M Dorner
- Section of Virology, Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK
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