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Bogers SH, Barrett JG. Three-Dimensional Culture of Equine Bone Marrow-Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells Enhances Anti-Inflammatory Properties in a Donor-Dependent Manner. Stem Cells Dev 2022; 31:777-786. [PMID: 35880425 DOI: 10.1089/scd.2022.0074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Three-dimensional (3D) culture of human mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) as spheroids enhances the production of important regulators of inflammation: prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), interleukin (IL)-6, and tumor necrosis factor-inducible gene 6 (TSG-6). The horse is a model species and suffers from musculoskeletal, ocular, and systemic inflammatory disease. It is unknown if 3D culture promotes enhanced production of immunomodulatory cytokines and regulators in equine MSCs and if there is variation between individual cell donors. We evaluated the feasibility, cell viability, and stem cell marker stability of 3D-cultured equine bone marrow-derived MSCs (eBMSCs) and determined the effect of inflammatory stimulation upon gene expression and secretion of key regulators of inflammation [PGE2, TSG-6, IL-10, IL-6, stromal cell-derived factor 1 (SDF-1)]. Variations in anti-inflammatory phenotype between six donors were investigated, with and without IL-1β stimulation, in either monolayer [two-dimensional (2D)] or 3D culture. Our results showed that eBMSCs self-aggregate in 3D culture while maintaining cell viability and markers of stemness CD90, CD44, CD104, and Oct4. In addition, 3D culture enhances the anti-inflammatory phenotype regardless of inflammatory stimulation by increasing PGE2, IL-6, TSG-6, SDF-1, and IL-10. Finally, anti-inflammatory phenotype was enhanced by IL-1β exposure but showed significant variation between cell lines in the degree of gene upregulation, and what genes were expressed. We conclude that 3D culture of eBMSCs as spheroids alters their anti-inflammatory phenotype, but this effect is influenced by cytokine exposure and cell donor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie H Bogers
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia, USA
| | - Jennifer G Barrett
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, Marion duPont Scott Equine Medical Center, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Tech, Leesburg, Virginia, USA
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Ala M, Eftekhar SP. The Footprint of Kynurenine Pathway in Cardiovascular Diseases. Int J Tryptophan Res 2022; 15:11786469221096643. [PMID: 35784899 PMCID: PMC9248048 DOI: 10.1177/11786469221096643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2021] [Accepted: 03/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Kynurenine pathway is the main route of tryptophan metabolism and produces several metabolites with various biologic properties. It has been uncovered that several cardiovascular diseases are associated with the overactivation of kynurenine pathway and kynurenine and its metabolites have diagnostic and prognostic value in cardiovascular diseases. Furthermore, it was found that several kynurenine metabolites can differently affect cardiovascular health. For instance, preclinical studies have shown that kynurenine, xanthurenic acid and cis-WOOH decrease blood pressure; kynurenine and 3-hydroxyanthranilic acid prevent atherosclerosis; kynurenic acid supplementation and kynurenine 3-monooxygenase (KMO) inhibition improve the outcome of stroke. Indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO) overactivity and increased kynurenine levels improve cardiac and vascular transplantation outcomes, whereas exacerbating the outcome of myocardial ischemia, post-ischemic myocardial remodeling, and abdominal aorta aneurysm. IDO inhibition and KMO inhibition are also protective against viral myocarditis. In addition, dysregulation of kynurenine pathway is observed in several conditions such as senescence, depression, diabetes, chronic kidney disease (CKD), cirrhosis, and cancer closely connected to cardiovascular dysfunction. It is worth defining the exact effect of each metabolite of kynurenine pathway on cardiovascular health. This narrative review is the first review that separately discusses the involvement of kynurenine pathway in different cardiovascular diseases and dissects the underlying molecular mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moein Ala
- School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences (TUMS), Tehran, Iran
| | - Seyed Parsa Eftekhar
- Student Research Committee, Health Research Center, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran
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Zanoni M, Cortesi M, Zamagni A, Tesei A. The Role of Mesenchymal Stem Cells in Radiation-Induced Lung Fibrosis. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:E3876. [PMID: 31398940 PMCID: PMC6719901 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20163876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2019] [Accepted: 08/05/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Radiation therapy is one of the most important treatment modalities for thoracic tumors. Despite significant advances in radiation techniques, radiation-induced lung injury (RILI) still occurs in up to 30% of patients undergoing thoracic radiotherapy, and therefore remains the main dose-limiting obstacle. RILI is a potentially lethal clinical complication of radiotherapy that has 2 main stages: an acute stage defined as radiation pneumonitis, and a late stage defined as radiation-induced lung fibrosis. Patients who develop lung fibrosis have a reduced quality of life with progressive and irreversible organ malfunction. Currently, the most effective intervention for the treatment of lung fibrosis is lung transplantation, but the lack of available lungs and transplantation-related complications severely limits the success of this procedure. Over the last few decades, advances have been reported in the use of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) for lung tissue repair and regeneration. MSCs not only replace damaged lung epithelial cells but also promote tissue repair through the secretion of anti-inflammatory and anti-fibrotic factors. Here, we present an overview of MSC-based therapy for radiation-induced lung fibrosis, focusing in particular on the molecular mechanisms involved and describing the most recent preclinical and clinical studies carried out in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michele Zanoni
- Bioscience Laboratory, Istituto Scientifico Romagnolo per lo Studio e la Cura dei Tumori (IRST) IRCCS, 47014 Meldola, Italy.
| | - Michela Cortesi
- Bioscience Laboratory, Istituto Scientifico Romagnolo per lo Studio e la Cura dei Tumori (IRST) IRCCS, 47014 Meldola, Italy
| | - Alice Zamagni
- Bioscience Laboratory, Istituto Scientifico Romagnolo per lo Studio e la Cura dei Tumori (IRST) IRCCS, 47014 Meldola, Italy
| | - Anna Tesei
- Bioscience Laboratory, Istituto Scientifico Romagnolo per lo Studio e la Cura dei Tumori (IRST) IRCCS, 47014 Meldola, Italy.
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CXCR4 Antagonist Reduced the Incidence of Acute Rejection and Controlled Cardiac Allograft Vasculopathy in a Swine Heart Transplant Model Receiving a Mycophenolate-based Immunosuppressive Regimen. Transplantation 2019; 102:2002-2011. [PMID: 30095739 PMCID: PMC6257103 DOI: 10.1097/tp.0000000000002404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND CXC motif chemokine receptor 4 (CXCR4) blockade is pursued as an alternative to mesenchymal stem cell treatment in transplantation based on our previous report that burixafor, through CXCR4 antagonism, mobilizes immunomodulatory mesenchymal stem cells. Here, we explored the efficacy of combining mycophenolate mofetil (MMF)-based immunosuppressants with repetitive burixafor administration. METHODS Swine heterotopic cardiac allograft recipients received MMF and corticosteroids (control, n = 10) combined with burixafor as a 2-dose (burixafor2D, n = 7) or 2-dose plus booster injections (burixafor2D + B, n = 5) regimen. The efficacy endpoints were graft survival, freedom from first acute rejection, and the severity of intimal hyperplasia. Each specimen was sacrificed either at its first graft arrest or after 150 days. RESULTS After 150 days, all specimens in the control group had died, but 28.5% of the burixafor2D group survived, and 60% of the burixafor2D + B group survived (P = 0.0088). Although the control group demonstrated acute rejection at a median of 33.5 days, the burixafor2D + B group survived without acute rejection for a median of 136 days (P = 0.0209). Burixafor administration significantly attenuated the incidence rate of acute rejection (P = 0.002) and the severity of intimal hyperplasia (P = 0.0097) at end point relative to the controls. These findings were associated with reduced cell infiltrates in the allografts, and modulation of C-reactive protein profiles in the circulation. CONCLUSIONS The augmentation of conventional MMF plus corticosteroids with a CXCR4 antagonist is potentially effective in improving outcomes after heart transplantation in minipigs. Future studies are warranted into optimizing the therapeutic regimens for humans.
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Iso Y, Usui S, Toyoda M, Spees JL, Umezawa A, Suzuki H. Bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells inhibit vascular smooth muscle cell proliferation and neointimal hyperplasia after arterial injury in rats. Biochem Biophys Rep 2018; 16:79-87. [PMID: 30377672 PMCID: PMC6202691 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrep.2018.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2018] [Revised: 08/28/2018] [Accepted: 10/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
We investigated whether mesenchymal stem cell (MSC)-based treatment could inhibit neointimal hyperplasia in a rat model of carotid arterial injury and explored potential mechanisms underlying the positive effects of MSC therapy on vascular remodeling/repair. Sprague-Dawley rats underwent balloon injury to their right carotid arteries. After 2 days, we administered cultured MSCs from bone marrow of GFP-transgenic rats (0.8 × 106 cells, n = 10) or vehicle (controls, n = 10) to adventitial sites of the injured arteries. As an additional control, some rats received a higher dose of MSCs by systemic infusion (3 × 106 cells, tail vein; n = 4). Local vascular MSC administration significantly prevented neointimal hyperplasia (intima/media ratio) and reduced the percentage of Ki67 + proliferating cells in arterial walls by 14 days after treatment, despite little evidence of long-term MSC engraftment. Notably, systemic MSC infusion did not alter neointimal formation. By immunohistochemistry, compared with neointimal cells of controls, cells in MSC-treated arteries expressed reduced levels of embryonic myosin heavy chain and RM-4, an inflammatory cell marker. In the presence of platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF-BB), conditioned medium from MSCs increased p27 protein levels and significantly attenuated VSMC proliferation in culture. Furthermore, MSC-conditioned medium suppressed the expression of inflammatory cytokines and RM-4 in PDGF-BB-treated VSMCs. Thus, perivascular administration of MSCs may improve restenosis after vascular injury through paracrine effects that modulate VSMC inflammatory phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshitaka Iso
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Showa University Fujigaoka Hospital, 1-30 Fujigaoka, Yokohama City, Kanagawa 227-8518, Japan
- Showa University Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences, 2-1-1 Fujigaoka, Yokohama City, Kanagawa 227-8518, Japan
| | - Sayaka Usui
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Showa University Fujigaoka Hospital, 1-30 Fujigaoka, Yokohama City, Kanagawa 227-8518, Japan
| | - Masashi Toyoda
- Vascular Medicine, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Gerontology, 2-35 Sakaecho, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo 173-0015, Japan
| | - Jeffrey L. Spees
- Department of Medicine, Stem Cell Core, University of Vermont, 208 South Park Drive, Ste 2, Colchester, VT 05446, USA
| | - Akihiro Umezawa
- Center for Regenerative Medicine, National Institute for Child Health and Development, 2-10-1 Okura, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo 157-8535, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Suzuki
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Showa University Fujigaoka Hospital, 1-30 Fujigaoka, Yokohama City, Kanagawa 227-8518, Japan
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The Challenge in Using Mesenchymal Stromal Cells for Recellularization of Decellularized Cartilage. Stem Cell Rev Rep 2017; 13:50-67. [PMID: 27826794 DOI: 10.1007/s12015-016-9699-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Some decellularized musculoskeletal extracellular matrices (ECM)s derived from tissues such as bone, tendon and fibrocartilaginous meniscus have already been clinical use for tissue reconstruction. Repair of articular cartilage with its unique zonal ECM architecture and composition is still an unsolved problem, and the question is whether allogenic or xenogeneic decellularized cartilage ECM could serve as a biomimetic scaffold for this purpose.Hence, this survey outlines the present state of preparing decellularized cartilage ECM-derived scaffolds or composites for reconstruction of different cartilage types and of reseeding it particularly with mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs).The preparation of natural decellularized cartilage ECM scaffolds hampers from the high density of the cartilage ECM and lacking interconnectivity of the rather small natural pores within it: the chondrocytes lacunae. Nevertheless, the reseeding of decellularized ECM scaffolds before implantation provided superior results compared with simply implanting cell-free constructs in several other tissues, but cartilage recellularization remains still challenging. Induced by cartilage ECM-derived scaffolds MSCs underwent chondrogenesis.Major problems to be addressed for the application of cell-free cartilage were discussed such as to maintain ECM structure, natural chemistry, biomechanics and to achieve a homogenous and stable cell recolonization, promote chondrogenic and prevent terminal differentiation (hypertrophy) and induce the deposition of a novel functional ECM. Some promising approaches were proposed including further processing of the decellularized ECM before recellularization of the ECM with MSCs, co-culturing of MSCs with chondrocytes and establishing bioreactor culture e.g. with mechanostimulation, flow perfusion pressure and lowered oxygen tension. Graphical Abstract Synopsis of tissue engineering approaches based on cartilage-derived ECM.
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Experimental Porcine Toxoplasma gondii Infection as a Representative Model for Human Toxoplasmosis. Mediators Inflamm 2017; 2017:3260289. [PMID: 28883687 PMCID: PMC5572617 DOI: 10.1155/2017/3260289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2017] [Revised: 06/16/2017] [Accepted: 07/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Porcine infections are currently not the state-of-the-art model to study human diseases. Nevertheless, the course of human and porcine toxoplasmosis is much more comparable than that of human and murine toxoplasmosis. For example, severity of infection, transplacental transmission, and interferon-gamma-induced antiparasitic effector mechanisms are similar in pigs and humans. In addition, the severe immunosuppression during acute infection described in mice does not occur in the experimentally infected ones. Thus, we hypothesise that porcine Toxoplasma gondii infection data are more representative for human toxoplasmosis. We therefore suggest that the animal model chosen must be critically evaluated for its assignability to human diseases.
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Sá da Bandeira D, Casamitjana J, Crisan M. Pericytes, integral components of adult hematopoietic stem cell niches. Pharmacol Ther 2016; 171:104-113. [PMID: 27908803 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2016.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
The interest in perivascular cells as a niche for adult hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) is significantly growing. In the adult bone marrow (BM), perivascular cells and HSCs cohabit. Among perivascular cells, pericytes are precursors of mesenchymal stem/stromal cells (MSCs) that are capable of differentiating into osteoblasts, adipocytes and chondrocytes. In situ, pericytes are recognised by their localisation to the abluminal side of the blood vessel wall and closely associated with endothelial cells, in combination with the expression of markers such as CD146, neural glial 2 (NG2), platelet derived growth factor receptor β (PDGFRβ), α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA), nestin (Nes) and/or leptin receptor (LepR). However, not all pericytes share a common phenotype: different immunophenotypes can be associated with distinct mesenchymal features, including hematopoietic support. In adult BM, arteriolar and sinusoidal pericytes control HSC behaviour, maintenance, quiescence and trafficking through paracrine effects. Different groups identified and characterized hematopoietic supportive pericyte subpopulations using various markers and mouse models. In this review, we summarize recent work performed by others to understand the role of the perivascular niche in the biology of HSCs in adults, as well as their importance in the development of therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Sá da Bandeira
- BHF Centre for Cardiovascular Science, MRC Scottish Centre for Regenerative Medicine, The Edinburgh Medical School, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - J Casamitjana
- BHF Centre for Cardiovascular Science, MRC Scottish Centre for Regenerative Medicine, The Edinburgh Medical School, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - M Crisan
- BHF Centre for Cardiovascular Science, MRC Scottish Centre for Regenerative Medicine, The Edinburgh Medical School, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.
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Diehl R, Ferrara F, Müller C, Dreyer AY, McLeod DD, Fricke S, Boltze J. Immunosuppression for in vivo research: state-of-the-art protocols and experimental approaches. Cell Mol Immunol 2016; 14:146-179. [PMID: 27721455 PMCID: PMC5301156 DOI: 10.1038/cmi.2016.39] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2015] [Revised: 05/30/2016] [Accepted: 05/30/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Almost every experimental treatment strategy using non-autologous cell, tissue or organ transplantation is tested in small and large animal models before clinical translation. Because these strategies require immunosuppression in most cases, immunosuppressive protocols are a key element in transplantation experiments. However, standard immunosuppressive protocols are often applied without detailed knowledge regarding their efficacy within the particular experimental setting and in the chosen model species. Optimization of such protocols is pertinent to the translation of experimental results to human patients and thus warrants further investigation. This review summarizes current knowledge regarding immunosuppressive drug classes as well as their dosages and application regimens with consideration of species-specific drug metabolization and side effects. It also summarizes contemporary knowledge of novel immunomodulatory strategies, such as the use of mesenchymal stem cells or antibodies. Thus, this review is intended to serve as a state-of-the-art compendium for researchers to refine applied experimental immunosuppression and immunomodulation strategies to enhance the predictive value of preclinical transplantation studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rita Diehl
- Fraunhofer-Institute for Cell Therapy and Immunology, Leipzig 04103, Germany
| | - Fabienne Ferrara
- Fraunhofer-Institute for Cell Therapy and Immunology, Leipzig 04103, Germany.,Institute of Vegetative Physiology, Charite University Medicine and Center for Cardiovascular Research, Berlin 10115, Germany
| | - Claudia Müller
- Fraunhofer-Institute for Cell Therapy and Immunology, Leipzig 04103, Germany
| | - Antje Y Dreyer
- Fraunhofer-Institute for Cell Therapy and Immunology, Leipzig 04103, Germany
| | | | - Stephan Fricke
- Fraunhofer-Institute for Cell Therapy and Immunology, Leipzig 04103, Germany
| | - Johannes Boltze
- Fraunhofer-Institute for Cell Therapy and Immunology, Leipzig 04103, Germany.,Fraunhofer Research Institution for Marine Biotechnology and Institute for Medical and Marine Biotechnology, University of Lübeck, Lübeck 23562, Germany
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Lee JH, Ryu JM, Han YS, Zia MF, Kwon HY, Noh H, Han HJ, Lee SH. Fucoidan improves bioactivity and vasculogenic potential of mesenchymal stem cells in murine hind limb ischemia associated with chronic kidney disease. J Mol Cell Cardiol 2016; 97:169-79. [PMID: 27216370 DOI: 10.1016/j.yjmcc.2016.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2015] [Revised: 04/28/2016] [Accepted: 05/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a significant risk factor for cardiovascular and peripheral vascular disease. Although mesenchymal stem cell (MSC)-based therapy is a promising strategy for treatment of ischemic diseases associated with CKD, the associated pathophysiological conditions lead to low survival and proliferation of transplanted MSCs. To address these limitations, we investigated the effects of fucoidan, a sulfated polysaccharide, on the bioactivity of adipose tissue-derived MSCs and the potential of fucoidan-treated MSCs to improve neovascularization in ischemic tissues of CKD mice. Treatment of MSCs with fucoidan increased their proliferative potential and the expression of cell cycle-associated proteins, such as cyclin E, cyclin dependent kinase (CDK) 2, cyclin D1, and CDK4, via focal adhesion kinase and the phosphatidylinositol-4,5-bisphosphate 3-kinase-Akt axis. Moreover, fucoidan enhanced the immunomodulatory activity of MSCs through the ERK-IDO-1 signal cascade. Fucoidan was found to augment the proliferation, incorporation, and endothelial differentiation of transplanted MSCs at ischemic sites in CKD mice hind limbs. In addition, transplantation of fucoidan-treated MSCs enhanced the ratio of blood flow and limb salvage in CKD mice with hind limb ischemia. To our knowledge, our findings are the first to reveal that fucoidan enhances the bioactivity of MSCs and improves their neovascularization in ischemic injured tissues of CKD. In conclusion, fucoidan-treated MSCs may provide an important pathway toward therapeutic neovascularization in patients with CKD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Hee Lee
- Laboratory for Vascular Medicine & Stem Cell Biology, Medical Research Institute, Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Pusan National University, Yangsan 626-870, Republic of Korea
| | - Jung Min Ryu
- Department of Veterinary Physiology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Research Institute for Veterinary Science, and BK21 PLUS Creative Veterinary Research Center, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-741, Republic of Korea; Department of Veterinary Physiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Republic of Korea
| | - Yong-Seok Han
- Medical Science Research Institute, Soonchunhyang University Seoul Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Department of Biochemistry, Soonchunhyang University College of Medicine, Cheonan 330-930, Republic of Korea
| | - Mohammad Farid Zia
- Soonchunhyang Institute of Medi-bio Science, Soonchunhyang University, Cheonan 330-930, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyog Young Kwon
- Soonchunhyang Institute of Medi-bio Science, Soonchunhyang University, Cheonan 330-930, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyunjin Noh
- Department of Internal Medicine, Soonchunhyang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Hyonam Kidney Laboratory, Soonchunhyang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
| | - Ho Jae Han
- Department of Veterinary Physiology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Research Institute for Veterinary Science, and BK21 PLUS Creative Veterinary Research Center, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-741, Republic of Korea.
| | - Sang Hun Lee
- Medical Science Research Institute, Soonchunhyang University Seoul Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Department of Biochemistry, Soonchunhyang University College of Medicine, Cheonan 330-930, Republic of Korea.
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Liu YH, Peng KY, Chiu YW, Ho YL, Wang YH, Shun CT, Huang SY, Lin YS, De Vries AAF, Pijnappels DA, Lee NT, Yen BL, Yen ML. Human Placenta-Derived Multipotent Cells (hPDMCs) Modulate Cardiac Injury: From Bench to Small and Large Animal Myocardial Ischemia Studies. Cell Transplant 2015; 24:2463-78. [DOI: 10.3727/096368915x687200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Cardiovascular disease is the leading cause of death globally, and stem cell therapy remains one of the most promising strategies for regeneration or repair of the damaged heart. We report that human placenta-derived multipotent cells (hPDMCs) can modulate cardiac injury in small and large animal models of myocardial ischemia (MI) and elucidate the mechanisms involved. We found that hPDMCs can undergo in vitro cardiomyogenic differentiation when cocultured with mouse neonatal cardiomyocytes. Moreover, hPDMCs exert strong proangiogenic responses in vitro toward human endothelial cells mediated by secretion of hepatocyte growth factor, growth-regulated oncogene-α, and interleukin-8. To test the in vivo relevance of these results, small and large animal models of acute MI were induced in mice and minipigs, respectively, by permanent left anterior descending (LAD) artery ligation, followed by hPDMC or culture medium-only implantation with follow-up for up to 8 weeks. Transplantation of hPDMCs into mouse heart post-acute MI induction improved left ventricular function, with significantly enhanced vascularity in the cell-treated group. Furthermore, in minipigs post-acute MI induction, hPDMC transplantation significantly improved myocardial contractility compared to the control group ( p=0.016) at 8 weeks postinjury. In addition, tissue analysis confirmed that hPDMC transplantation induced increased vascularity, cardiomyogenic differentiation, and antiapoptotic effects. Our findings offer evidence that hPDMCs can modulate cardiac injury in both small and large animal models, possibly through proangiogenesis, cardiomyogenesis, and suppression of cardiomyocyte apoptosis. Our study offers mechanistic insights and preclinical evidence on using hPDMCs as a therapeutic strategy to treat severe cardiovascular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan-Hung Liu
- Section of Cardiology, Cardiovascular Center, Far Eastern Memorial Hospital, Pan Chiao, New Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Kai-Yen Peng
- Regenerative Medicine Research Group, Institute of Cellular and System Medicine, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan, Taiwan
- Department of Life Sciences, National Central University, ChungLi, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Wei Chiu
- Section of Cardiology, Cardiovascular Center, Far Eastern Memorial Hospital, Pan Chiao, New Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Lwun Ho
- Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital (NTUH), Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yao-Horng Wang
- Nursing Department of Yuanpei University, Hsin-Chu City, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Tung Shun
- Department and Graduate Institute of Forensic Medicine, College of Medicine (COM), National Taiwan University (NTU), Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Shih-Yun Huang
- Section of Cardiology, Cardiovascular Center, Far Eastern Memorial Hospital, Pan Chiao, New Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Shuan Lin
- Section of Cardiology, Cardiovascular Center, Far Eastern Memorial Hospital, Pan Chiao, New Taipei City, Taiwan
| | | | - Daniël A. Pijnappels
- Department of Cardiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Nan-Ting Lee
- School of Medicine, COM, Department of Obstetrics/Gynecology, NTU Hospital, NTU, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - B. Linju Yen
- Regenerative Medicine Research Group, Institute of Cellular and System Medicine, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan, Taiwan
| | - Men-Luh Yen
- School of Medicine, COM, Department of Obstetrics/Gynecology, NTU Hospital, NTU, Taipei, Taiwan
- Research Center for Developmental Biology and Regenerative Medicine, NTU, Taipei, Taiwan
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Kim Y, Jo SH, Kim WH, Kweon OK. Antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects of intravenously injected adipose derived mesenchymal stem cells in dogs with acute spinal cord injury. Stem Cell Res Ther 2015; 6:229. [PMID: 26612085 PMCID: PMC4660672 DOI: 10.1186/s13287-015-0236-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2015] [Revised: 08/14/2015] [Accepted: 11/10/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Mesenchymal stem cells can potentially be used in therapy for spinal cord injury (SCI). Methylprednisolone sodium succinate (MPSS) has been used as a scavenging agent in acute SCI treatment, but its use no longer recommended. This study aimed to identify ways to reduce the usage and risk of high doses of glucocorticoid steroids, and determine whether AD-MSCs could be used as an early alternative treatment modality for acute SCI. Methods Sixteen adult beagle dogs with SCI were assigned to four treatment groups: control, MPSS, AD-MSCs, and AD-MSCs + MPSS. Additionally, one dog was used to evaluate the distribution of AD-MSCs in the body after injection. AD-MSCs (1 × 107 cells) were injected intravenously once a day for 3 days beginning at 6 hours post-SCI. MPSS was also injected intravenously according to the standard protocol for acute SCI. A revised Tarlov scale was used to evaluate hindlimb functional recovery. The levels of markers for oxidative metabolism (3-nitrotyrosine, 4-hydroxynonenal, and protein carbonyl) and inflammation (cyclooxygenase-2, interleukin-6, and tumor necrosis factor-α) were also measured. Results At 7 days post-treatment, hindlimb movement had improved in the AD-MSCs and AD-MSCs + MPSS groups; however, subjects in the groups treated with MPSS exhibited gastrointestinal hemorrhages. Hematoxylin and eosin staining revealed fewer hemorrhages and lesser microglial infiltration in the AD-MSCs group. The green fluorescent protein-expressing AD-MSCs were clearly detected in the lung, spleen, and injured spinal cord; however, these cells were not detected in the liver and un-injured spinal cord. Levels of 3-nitrotyrosine were decreased in the MPSS and AD-MSCs + MPSS groups; 4-hydroxynenonal and cyclooxygenase-2 levels were decreased in all treatment groups; and interleukin-6, tumor necrosis factor-α, and phosphorylated-signal transducer and activator transcription 3 levels were decreased in the AD-MSCs and AD-MSCs + MPSS groups. Conclusion Our results suggest that early intravenous injection of AD-MSCs after acute SCI may prevent further damage through enhancement of antioxidative and anti-inflammatory mechanisms, without inducing adverse effects. Additionally, this treatment could also be used as an alternative intravenous treatment modality for acute SCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongsun Kim
- BK21 PLUS Program for Creative Veterinary Science Research, Research Institute for Veterinary Science and College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, 151-742, South Korea.
| | - Sung-Ho Jo
- BK21 PLUS Program for Creative Veterinary Science Research, Research Institute for Veterinary Science and College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, 151-742, South Korea.
| | - Wan Hee Kim
- BK21 PLUS Program for Creative Veterinary Science Research, Research Institute for Veterinary Science and College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, 151-742, South Korea.
| | - Oh-Kyeong Kweon
- BK21 PLUS Program for Creative Veterinary Science Research, Research Institute for Veterinary Science and College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, 151-742, South Korea.
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13
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Rong L, Li R, Li S, Luo R. Immunosuppression of breast cancer cells mediated by transforming growth factor-β in exosomes from cancer cells. Oncol Lett 2015; 11:500-504. [PMID: 26870240 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2015.3841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2014] [Accepted: 12/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Exosomes derived from tumor cells are essential for processes involved in tumor progression, including angiogenesis, tumor cell proliferation and immunoregulation. In addition, exosome secretion may contribute to the mechanisms of hypoxia-induced angiogenesis and metastasis of tumors. In the present study, as it is one of the most common cancers in females, breast cancer, cell lines were cultured under hypoxic (1% O2) and normoxic conditions to evaluate the effects of hypoxia on exosome production. Under hypoxic conditions an increase in the number of exosomes in the medium, determined by CD63 immunoblotting, was observed. Application of these exosomes to T cells revealed that they were able to suppress T cell proliferation. As transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β), interleukin-10, and prostaglandin E2 are important factors in the mediation of T cell suppression, the exosomes were subsequently treated with antibodies against these three factors. The results revealed that anti-TGF-β was capable of ameliorating the immunosuppressive effects of exosomes. These data demonstrate that hypoxia enhances the secretion of exosomes by breast cancer cells, which acts to suppress T cell proliferation via TGF-β. The findings have significant implications for understanding the underlying mechanisms of immunosuppression in tumor microenvironments, and for the potential development of cancer therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Rong
- Department of Oncology, Nanfang Hospital, Nanfang Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510515, P.R. China
| | - Rong Li
- Department of Oncology, Nanfang Hospital, Nanfang Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510515, P.R. China
| | - Shaoying Li
- Department of Oncology, Nanfang Hospital, Nanfang Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510515, P.R. China
| | - Rongcheng Luo
- Department of Oncology, Nanfang Hospital, Nanfang Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510515, P.R. China
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Immunoregulation by mesenchymal stem cells: biological aspects and clinical applications. J Immunol Res 2015; 2015:394917. [PMID: 25961059 PMCID: PMC4417567 DOI: 10.1155/2015/394917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 267] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2014] [Revised: 11/20/2014] [Accepted: 12/01/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are multipotent cells capable of differentiation into mesenchymal lineages and that can be isolated from various tissues and easily cultivated in vitro. Currently, MSCs are of considerable interest because of the biological characteristics that confer high potential applicability in the clinical treatment of many diseases. Specifically, because of their high immunoregulatory capacity, MSCs are used as tools in cellular therapies for clinical protocols involving immune system alterations. In this review, we discuss the current knowledge about the capacity of MSCs for the immunoregulation of immunocompetent cells and emphasize the effects of MSCs on T cells, principal effectors of the immune response, and the immunosuppressive effects mediated by the secretion of soluble factors and membrane molecules. We also describe the mechanisms of MSC immunoregulatory modulation and the participation of MSCs as immune response regulators in several autoimmune diseases, and we emphasize the clinical application in graft versus host disease (GVHD).
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15
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Wang Y, Chen Q, Zhang Z, Jiang F, Meng X, Yan H. Interleukin-10 overexpression improves the function of endothelial progenitor cells stimulated with TNF-α through the activation of the STAT3 signaling pathway. Int J Mol Med 2014; 35:471-7. [PMID: 25504316 DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2014.2034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2014] [Accepted: 12/04/2014] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Lentivirus vector-interleukin-10 green fluorescent protein (LV-IL-10-GFP) was transfected into endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs) in the present study. The aim was to detect the function of IL‑10‑modified EPCs and analyze the molecular mechanism. EPCs were cultured and identified by fluorescent labeling with the von Willebrand factor antibody, vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) receptor, Ulex europaeus agglutinin-1 and acetylated low‑density lipoprotein. Subsequently, EPCs were transfected with LV-IL-10-GFP and lentivirus vector‑noncontain‑GFP as the control group. Enzyme‑linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was used to detect the concentrations of cytokines in the supernatant with or without tumor necrosis factor‑α (TNF‑α). All types of cells were assessed by a tube formation assay, adhesion assay and migration assay induced with or without TNF‑α. Cell cycle was assessed by flow cytometry. Western blot analysis was applied to detect the expression of proteins in the cells. ELISA analysis showed that the levels of TNF‑α and IL‑8 in the supernatant without TNF‑α significantly decreased in EPC‑LV‑IL‑10‑GFP (P<0.05 for all). By contrast, the levels of IL‑10 and VEGF were contrasting in association with these. The concentrations of cytokines in the supernatant with TNF‑α were consistent to the supernatant without TNF‑α. There was no statistically significant difference in the average number of EPCs undergoing migration, adhesion, total length and cell growth among the EPC, EPC‑LV‑IL‑10‑GFP and EPC‑LV‑NC‑GFP groups without TNF‑α. Further study showed that EPC‑LV‑IL‑10‑GFP with TNF‑α significantly enhanced EPC migration, adhesion and promoted tube formation (P<0.05 for all). Western blot analysis revealed that the expression of VEGF, matrix metallopeptidase‑9 and phosphorylated‑signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (p‑STAT3) significantly increased in the EPC‑LV‑IL‑10‑GFP group. Conversely, STAT‑3 expression decreased in the EPC‑LV‑IL‑10‑GFP group. The present study suggested that overexpression of IL‑10 had no effect on migration, adhesion, tubule formation and cell growth of EPCs without TNF‑α. Furthermore, in EPCs stimulated with TNF‑α, the overexpression of IL‑10 improved EPC function, including migration, adhesion and tubule formation by activating the STAT3 signal pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Wang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin 300052, P.R. China
| | - Qingzhong Chen
- Department of Ophthalmology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin 300052, P.R. China
| | - Zhuhong Zhang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin 300052, P.R. China
| | - Feng Jiang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin 300052, P.R. China
| | - Xiangda Meng
- Department of Ophthalmology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin 300052, P.R. China
| | - Hua Yan
- Department of Ophthalmology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin 300052, P.R. China
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16
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Li C, Wang X, Tan J, Wang T, Wang Q. The immunomodulatory properties of periodontal ligament stem cells isolated from inflamed periodontal granulation. Cells Tissues Organs 2014; 199:256-65. [PMID: 25471814 DOI: 10.1159/000367986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/30/2014] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Periodontitis is currently the main cause of tooth loss and as yet there is no appropriate method for establishing a functional and predictable periodontal regeneration. Tissue engineering involving seed cells provides a new prospect for periodontal regeneration. While periodontal ligament stem cells (PDLSCs) are a good choice for seed cells, it is not always possible to obtain the patients' own PDLSCs. We and others have found a type of stromal cells from inflamed periodontal granulation. These cells displayed similar differentiation properties to PDLSCs. Inflammation has a profound influence on the immunomodulatory properties of mesenchymal stem cells, which may affect therapeutic outcome. In this study, we assessed the immunomodulatory characteristics of these inflamed human (ih)PDLSCs. Along with the similarity in cell surface marker expressions, they also displayed immunomodulatory properties comparable to those in healthy human (hh)PDLSCs. Both hhPDLSCs and ihPDLSCs can suppress the proliferation and secretion of IFN-γ in peripheral blood mononuclear cells by indirect soluble mediators and direct cell-cell contact. Albeit with some quantitative variances, the gene expressions of inducible nitric oxide synthases, indoleamine 2,3 dioxygenase, cyclooxygenase-2, TNF-α-induced protein 6 and IL-10 in ihPDLSCs displayed similar patterns as those in hhPDLSCs. Taken together, our results suggest that ihPDLSCs can provide a promising alternative to hhPDLSCs in terms of evident similarities in immunomodulatory properties as well as their easier accessibility and availability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenghua Li
- State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology, Department of Periodontology, School of Stomatology, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, PR China
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17
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Madrigal M, Rao KS, Riordan NH. A review of therapeutic effects of mesenchymal stem cell secretions and induction of secretory modification by different culture methods. J Transl Med 2014; 12:260. [PMID: 25304688 PMCID: PMC4197270 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-014-0260-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 400] [Impact Index Per Article: 40.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2014] [Accepted: 09/10/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The mesenchymal stem cell (MSC) is being broadly studied in clinical trials. Contrary to the early paradigm of cell replacement and differentiation as a therapeutic mechanism of action, evidence is mounting that the secretions of the cells are responsible for their therapeutic effects. These secretions include molecules and extracellular vesicles that have both local and distant effects. This review summarizes the up- and down-regulation of MSC anti-inflammatory, immune modulating, anti-tumor, and regenerative secretions resulting from different stimuli including: a) hypoxia, which increases the production of growth factors and anti-inflammatory molecules; b) pro-inflammatory stimuli that induce the secretion of immune modulating and anti-inflammatory factors; and c) 3 dimensional growth which up regulates the production of anti-cancer factors and anti-inflammatory molecules compared to monolayer culture. Finally we review in detail the most important factors present in conditioned medium of MSC that can be considered protagonists of MSC physiological effects including HGF, TGF-b, VEGF, TSG-6, PGE2 and galectins 1, and 9. We conclude that there is potential for the development of acellular therapeutic interventions for autoimmune, inflammatory, and malignant diseases and tissue regeneration from cellular secretions derived from MSCs cultured under the appropriate conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marialaura Madrigal
- Department of Biotechnology, Acharya Nagarjuna University, Guntur, India. .,INDICASAT-AIP, City of Knowledge, Republic of Panama. .,MediStem Panama Inc., City of Knowledge, Republic of Panama.
| | | | - Neil H Riordan
- MediStem Panama Inc., City of Knowledge, Republic of Panama.
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18
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Jagielski M, Wolf J, Marzahn U, Völker A, Lemke M, Meier C, Ertel W, Godkin O, Arens S, Schulze-Tanzil G. The influence of IL-10 and TNFα on chondrogenesis of human mesenchymal stromal cells in three-dimensional cultures. Int J Mol Sci 2014; 15:15821-44. [PMID: 25207597 PMCID: PMC4200793 DOI: 10.3390/ijms150915821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2014] [Revised: 08/25/2014] [Accepted: 09/02/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Chondrogenic differentiated mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) are a promising cell source for articular cartilage repair. This study was undertaken to determine the effectiveness of two three-dimensional (3D) culture systems for chondrogenic MSC differentiation in comparison to primary chondrocytes and to assess the effect of Interleukin (IL)-10 and Tumor Necrosis Factor (TNF)α on chondrogenesis by MSCs in 3D high-density (H-D) culture. MSCs were isolated from femur spongiosa, characterized using a set of typical markers and introduced in scaffold-free H-D cultures or non-woven polyglycolic acid (PGA) scaffolds for chondrogenic differentiation. H-D cultures were stimulated with recombinant IL-10, TNFα, TNFα + IL-10 or remained untreated. Gene and protein expression of type II collagen, aggrecan, sox9 and TNFα were examined. MSCs expressed typical cell surface markers and revealed multipotency. Chondrogenic differentiated cells expressed cartilage-specific markers in both culture systems but to a lower extent when compared with articular chondrocytes. Chondrogenesis was more pronounced in PGA compared with H-D culture. IL-10 and/or TNFα did not impair the chondrogenic differentiation of MSCs. Moreover, in most of the investigated samples, despite not reaching significance level, IL-10 had a stimulatory effect on the type II collagen, aggrecan and TNFα expression when compared with the respective controls.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michal Jagielski
- Department for Orthopedic, Trauma and Reconstructive Surgery, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Benjamin Franklin, 14195 Berlin, Garystrasse 5, Germany.
| | - Johannes Wolf
- Department for Orthopedic, Trauma and Reconstructive Surgery, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Benjamin Franklin, 14195 Berlin, Garystrasse 5, Germany.
| | - Ulrike Marzahn
- Department for Orthopedic, Trauma and Reconstructive Surgery, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Benjamin Franklin, 14195 Berlin, Garystrasse 5, Germany.
| | - Anna Völker
- Department for Orthopedic, Trauma and Reconstructive Surgery, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Benjamin Franklin, 14195 Berlin, Garystrasse 5, Germany.
| | - Marion Lemke
- Department for Orthopedic, Trauma and Reconstructive Surgery, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Benjamin Franklin, 14195 Berlin, Garystrasse 5, Germany.
| | - Carola Meier
- Department for Orthopedic, Trauma and Reconstructive Surgery, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Benjamin Franklin, 14195 Berlin, Garystrasse 5, Germany.
| | - Wolfgang Ertel
- Department for Orthopedic, Trauma and Reconstructive Surgery, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Benjamin Franklin, 14195 Berlin, Garystrasse 5, Germany.
| | - Owen Godkin
- Department for Orthopedic, Trauma and Reconstructive Surgery, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Benjamin Franklin, 14195 Berlin, Garystrasse 5, Germany.
| | - Stephan Arens
- Department for Orthopedic, Trauma and Reconstructive Surgery, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Benjamin Franklin, 14195 Berlin, Garystrasse 5, Germany.
| | - Gundula Schulze-Tanzil
- Department for Orthopedic, Trauma and Reconstructive Surgery, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Benjamin Franklin, 14195 Berlin, Garystrasse 5, Germany.
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19
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Liu R, Su D, Zhou M, Feng X, Li X, Sun L. Umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells inhibit the differentiation of circulating T follicular helper cells in patients with primary Sjögren’s syndrome through the secretion of indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase. Rheumatology (Oxford) 2014; 54:332-42. [DOI: 10.1093/rheumatology/keu316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
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20
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Murray IR, West CC, Hardy WR, James AW, Park TS, Nguyen A, Tawonsawatruk T, Lazzari L, Soo C, Péault B. Natural history of mesenchymal stem cells, from vessel walls to culture vessels. Cell Mol Life Sci 2014; 71:1353-74. [PMID: 24158496 PMCID: PMC11113613 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-013-1462-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 188] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2013] [Revised: 08/17/2013] [Accepted: 08/23/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Mesenchymal stem/stromal cells (MSCs) can regenerate tissues by direct differentiation or indirectly by stimulating angiogenesis, limiting inflammation, and recruiting tissue-specific progenitor cells. MSCs emerge and multiply in long-term cultures of total cells from the bone marrow or multiple other organs. Such a derivation in vitro is simple and convenient, hence popular, but has long precluded understanding of the native identity, tissue distribution, frequency, and natural role of MSCs, which have been defined and validated exclusively in terms of surface marker expression and developmental potential in culture into bone, cartilage, and fat. Such simple, widely accepted criteria uniformly typify MSCs, even though some differences in potential exist, depending on tissue sources. Combined immunohistochemistry, flow cytometry, and cell culture have allowed tracking the artifactual cultured mesenchymal stem/stromal cells back to perivascular anatomical regions. Presently, both pericytes enveloping microvessels and adventitial cells surrounding larger arteries and veins have been described as possible MSC forerunners. While such a vascular association would explain why MSCs have been isolated from virtually all tissues tested, the origin of the MSCs grown from umbilical cord blood remains unknown. In fact, most aspects of the biology of perivascular MSCs are still obscure, from the emergence of these cells in the embryo to the molecular control of their activity in adult tissues. Such dark areas have not compromised intents to use these cells in clinical settings though, in which purified perivascular cells already exhibit decisive advantages over conventional MSCs, including purity, thorough characterization and, principally, total independence from in vitro culture. A growing body of experimental data is currently paving the way to the medical usage of autologous sorted perivascular cells for indications in which MSCs have been previously contemplated or actually used, such as bone regeneration and cardiovascular tissue repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iain R. Murray
- MRC Center for Regenerative Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- BHF Center for Cardiovascular Science, Queens Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- Orthopedic Hospital Research Center and Broad Stem Cell Center, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, USA
| | - Christopher C. West
- MRC Center for Regenerative Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- BHF Center for Cardiovascular Science, Queens Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Winters R. Hardy
- Orthopedic Hospital Research Center and Broad Stem Cell Center, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, USA
- Indiana Center for Vascular Biology and Medicine, Indianapolis, USA
| | - Aaron W. James
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, USA
| | - Tea Soon Park
- Institute for Cell Engineering, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, USA
| | - Alan Nguyen
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, USA
| | - Tulyapruek Tawonsawatruk
- MRC Center for Regenerative Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- BHF Center for Cardiovascular Science, Queens Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Lorenza Lazzari
- Cell Factory, Fondazione IRCCS Ca’ Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
| | - Chia Soo
- Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Departments of Surgery and Orthopedic Surgery, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, USA
| | - Bruno Péault
- MRC Center for Regenerative Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- BHF Center for Cardiovascular Science, Queens Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- Orthopedic Hospital Research Center and Broad Stem Cell Center, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, USA
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21
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Castro-Manrreza ME, Mayani H, Monroy-García A, Flores-Figueroa E, Chávez-Rueda K, Legorreta-Haquet V, Santiago-Osorio E, Montesinos JJ. Human mesenchymal stromal cells from adult and neonatal sources: a comparative in vitro analysis of their immunosuppressive properties against T cells. Stem Cells Dev 2014; 23:1217-32. [PMID: 24428376 DOI: 10.1089/scd.2013.0363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Bone marrow-mesenchymal stromal cells (BM-MSCs) have immunosuppressive properties and have been used in cell therapies as immune regulators for the treatment of graft-versus-host disease. We have previously characterized several biological properties of MSCs from placenta (PL) and umbilical cord blood (UCB), and compared them to those of BM-the gold standard. In the present study, we have compared MSCs from BM, UCB, and PL in terms of their immunosuppressive properties against lymphoid cell populations enriched for CD3(+) T cells. Our results confirm the immunosuppressive potential of BM-MSCs, and demonstrate that MSCs from UCB and, to a lesser extent PL, also have immunosuppressive potential. In contrast to PL-MSCs, BM-MSCs and UCB-MSCs significantly inhibited the proliferation of both CD4(+) and CD8(+) activated T cells in a cell-cell contact-dependent manner. Such a reduced proliferation in cell cocultures correlated with upregulation of programmed death ligand 1 on MSCs and cytotoxic T lymphocyte-associated Ag-4 (CTLA-4) on T cells, and increased production of interferon-γ, interleukin-10, and prostaglandin E2. Importantly, and in contrast to PL-MSCs, both BM-MSCs and UCB-MSCs favored the generation of T-cell subsets displaying a regulatory phenotype CD4(+)CD25(+)CTLA-4(+). Our results indicate that, besides BM-MSCs, UCB-MSCs might be a potent and reliable candidate for future therapeutic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta E Castro-Manrreza
- 1 Mesenchymal Stem Cells Laboratory, Oncology Research Unit, Oncology Hospital, National Medical Center , IMSS, Mexico City, Mexico
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22
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Calloni R, Viegas GS, Türck P, Bonatto D, Pegas Henriques JA. Mesenchymal stromal cells from unconventional model organisms. Cytotherapy 2013; 16:3-16. [PMID: 24113426 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcyt.2013.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2013] [Revised: 07/22/2013] [Accepted: 07/23/2013] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) are multipotent, plastic, adherent cells able to differentiate into osteoblasts, chondroblasts and adipocytes. MSCs can be isolated from many different body compartments of adult and fetal individuals. The most commonly studied MSCs are isolated from humans, mice and rats. However, studies are also being conducted with the use of MSCs that originate from different model organisms, such as cats, dogs, guinea pigs, ducks, chickens, buffalo, cattle, sheep, goats, horses, rabbits and pigs. MSCs derived from unconventional model organisms all present classic fibroblast-like morphology, the expression of MSC-associated cell surface markers such as CD44, CD73, CD90 and CD105 and the absence of CD34 and CD45. Moreover, these MSCs have the ability to differentiate into osteoblasts, chondroblasts and adipocytes. The MSCs isolated from unconventional model organisms are being studied for their potential to heal different tissue defects and injuries and for the development of scaffold compositions that improve the proliferation and differentiation of MSCs for tissue engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raquel Calloni
- Centro de Biotecnologia da Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Departamento de Biologia Molecular e Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), RS, Brazil
| | - Gabrihel Stumpf Viegas
- Centro de Biotecnologia da Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Departamento de Biologia Molecular e Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), RS, Brazil
| | - Patrick Türck
- Centro de Biotecnologia da Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Departamento de Biologia Molecular e Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), RS, Brazil
| | - Diego Bonatto
- Centro de Biotecnologia da Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Departamento de Biologia Molecular e Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), RS, Brazil.
| | - João Antonio Pegas Henriques
- Centro de Biotecnologia da Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Departamento de Biologia Molecular e Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), RS, Brazil
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23
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Balaji S, King A, Crombleholme TM, Keswani SG. The Role of Endothelial Progenitor Cells in Postnatal Vasculogenesis: Implications for Therapeutic Neovascularization and Wound Healing. Adv Wound Care (New Rochelle) 2013; 2:283-295. [PMID: 24527350 DOI: 10.1089/wound.2012.0398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2013] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
SIGNIFICANCE Postnatal vasculogenesis mediated via endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs) contributes to re-endothelialization and augments neovascularization after ischemia and tissue injury, providing a novel therapeutic application. However, controversy exists with respect to the origin, identification, and contributions of the EPCs to neovascularization, necessitating further study. RECENT ADVANCES Bone marrow (BM) or circulating cells expressing cd133/vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 2 include those with endothelial progenitor capacity. Increasing evidence suggests that there are additional BM-derived (myeloid; mesenchymal cells) and non-BM-derived (peripheral and cord-blood; tissue-resident) cell populations which also give rise to endothelial cells (ECs) and contribute to re-endothelialization and growth factor release after ischemia and tissue injury. Currently, EPCs are being used as diagnostic markers for the assessment of cardiovascular and tumor risk/progression. Techniques aimed at enhancing ex vivo expansion and the therapeutic potential of these cells are being optimized. CRITICAL ISSUES Mobilization and EPC-mediated neovascularization are critically regulated. Stimulatory (growth factors, statins, and exercise) or inhibitory factors (obesity, diabetes, and other cardiovascular diseases) modulate EPC numbers and function. Recruitment and incorporation of EPCs require a coordinated sequence of signaling events, including adhesion, migration (by integrins), and chemoattraction. Finally, EPCs differentiate into ECs and/or secrete angiogenic growth factors. These cells are highly plastic, and depending on the microenvironment and presence of other cells, EPCs transdifferentiate and/or undergo cell fusion and become cells of a different lineage. Therefore, in vitro culture conditions should be optimized to mimic the in vivo milieu to fully characterize the biological function and contribution of EPCs to postnatal vasculogenesis. FUTURE DIRECTIONS Advances in characterization of the EPC biology and enhancement of EPC functions are required. In addition, innovative tissue-engineered carrier matrices that permit embedding of EPCs and provide optimal conditions for EPC survival and endothelial outgrowth will further contribute to EPC-mediated therapeutic applications in wound healing and ischemia repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Swathi Balaji
- Center for Molecular Fetal Therapy, Division of Pediatric, General, Thoracic, and Fetal Surgery, Cincinnati Children's Hospital and the University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Alice King
- Center for Molecular Fetal Therapy, Division of Pediatric, General, Thoracic, and Fetal Surgery, Cincinnati Children's Hospital and the University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Timothy M. Crombleholme
- Center for Molecular Fetal Therapy, Division of Pediatric, General, Thoracic, and Fetal Surgery, Cincinnati Children's Hospital and the University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio
- Center for Children's Surgery, Children's Hospital Colorado and the University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Sundeep G. Keswani
- Center for Molecular Fetal Therapy, Division of Pediatric, General, Thoracic, and Fetal Surgery, Cincinnati Children's Hospital and the University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio
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Rennert RC, Sorkin M, Garg RK, Gurtner GC. Stem cell recruitment after injury: lessons for regenerative medicine. Regen Med 2013; 7:833-50. [PMID: 23164083 DOI: 10.2217/rme.12.82] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Tissue repair and regeneration are thought to involve resident cell proliferation as well as the selective recruitment of circulating stem and progenitor cell populations through complex signaling cascades. Many of these recruited cells originate from the bone marrow, and specific subpopulations of bone marrow cells have been isolated and used to augment adult tissue regeneration in preclinical models. Clinical studies of cell-based therapies have reported mixed results, however, and a variety of approaches to enhance the regenerative capacity of stem cell therapies are being developed based on emerging insights into the mechanisms of progenitor cell biology and recruitment following injury. This article discusses the function and mechanisms of recruitment of important bone marrow-derived stem and progenitor cell populations following injury, as well as the emerging therapeutic applications targeting these cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert C Rennert
- Hagey Laboratory for Pediatric Regenerative Medicine, Division of Plastic & Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, 257 Campus Drive West, Hagey Building GK-201, Stanford, CA 94305-5148, USA
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Hsu WT, Lin CH, Chiang BL, Jui HY, Wu KKY, Lee CM. Prostaglandin E2 potentiates mesenchymal stem cell-induced IL-10+IFN-γ+CD4+ regulatory T cells to control transplant arteriosclerosis. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2013; 190:2372-80. [PMID: 23359497 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1202996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are known for their immunomodulatory functions. We previously demonstrated that bone marrow-derived MSCs effectively control transplant arteriosclerosis (TA) by enhancing IL-10(+) and IFN-γ(+) cells. The objective of this study is to elucidate the mechanism by which MSCs induce IL-10(+)IFN-γ(+)CD4(+) regulatory T type 1 (T(R)1)-like cells. In an MLR system using porcine PBMCs, MSC-induced IL-10(+)IFN-γ(+)CD4(+) cells, which confer resistance to allogeneic proliferation in an IL-10-dependent manner, resemble T(R)1-like cells. Both cyclooxygenase-derived PGE(2) and IDO help to induce T(R)1-like cells by MSCs. MSCs constitutively secrete PGE(2), which is augmented in allogeneic reactions. However, T(R)1-like cells were deficient in PGE(2) and 4-fold less potent than were MSCs in suppressing MLR. PGE(2) mimetic supplements can enhance the immunosuppressive potency of T(R)1-like cells. In a porcine model of allogeneic femoral arterial transplantation, MSC-induced T(R)1-like cells combined with PGE(2), but not either alone, significantly reduced TA at the end of 6 wk (percentage of luminal area stenosis: T(R)1-like cells + PGE(2): 11 ± 10%; PGE(2) alone: 93 ± 8.7%; T(R)1-like cells alone: 88 ± 2.4% versus untreated 94 ± 0.9%, p < 0.001). These findings indicate that PGE(2) helps MSC-induced IL-10(+)IFN-γ(+)CD4(+) T(R)1-like cells inhibit TA. PGE(2) combined with MSC-induced T(R)1-like cells represents a new approach for achieving immune tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wan-Tseng Hsu
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei 10002, Taiwan
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Current world literature. Curr Opin Organ Transplant 2013; 18:111-30. [PMID: 23299306 DOI: 10.1097/mot.0b013e32835daf68] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Mesenchymal stromal cells but not cardiac fibroblasts exert beneficial systemic immunomodulatory effects in experimental myocarditis. PLoS One 2012; 7:e41047. [PMID: 22815907 PMCID: PMC3398879 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0041047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2011] [Accepted: 06/21/2012] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Systemic application of mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) in inflammatory cardiomyopathy exerts cardiobeneficial effects. The mode of action is unclear since a sufficient and long-acting cardiac homing of MSCs is unlikely. We therefore investigated the regulation of the immune response in coxsackievirus B3 (CVB3)-induced acute myocarditis after intravenous application of MSCs. Wildtype mice were infected with CVB3 and treated with either PBS, human MSCs or human cardiac fibroblasts intravenously 1 day after infection. Seven days after infection, MSCs could be detected in the spleen, heart, pancreas, liver, lung and kidney, whereby the highest presence was observed in the lung. MSCs increased significantly the myocardial expression of HGF and decreased the expression of the proinflammatory cytokines TNFα, IL1β and IL6 as well as the severity of myocarditis and ameliorated the left ventricular dysfunction measured by conductance catheter. MSCs upregulated the production of IFNγ in CD4+ and CD8+ cells, the number of IL10-producing regulatory T cells and the apoptosis rate of T cells in the spleen. An increased number of CD4+CD25+FoxP3 could be found in the spleen as well as in the circulation. In contrast, application of human cardiac fibroblasts had no effect on the severity of myocarditis and the systemic immune response observed after MSCs-administration. In conclusion, modulation of the immune response in extracardiac organs is associated with cardiobeneficial effects in experimental inflammatory cardiomyopathy after systemic application of MSCs.
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