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Sgambelluri LR, Jarvis JC, Kamel SJ. Multiple paternity, fertilization success, and male quality: Mating system variation in the eelgrass, Zostera marina. Ecol Evol 2024; 14:e11608. [PMID: 38919644 PMCID: PMC11197038 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.11608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2024] [Revised: 05/31/2024] [Accepted: 06/05/2024] [Indexed: 06/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Genetic diversity can modulate a population's response to a changing environment and plays a critical role in its ecological function. While multiple processes act to maintain genetic diversity, sexual reproduction remains the primary driving force. Eelgrass (Zostera marina) is an important habitat-forming species found in temperate coastal ecosystems across the globe. Recent increases in sea surface temperatures have resulted in shifts to a mixed-annual life-history strategy (i.e., displaying characteristics of both annual and perennial meadows) at its southern edge-of-range. Given that mating systems are intimately linked to standing levels of genetic variation, understanding the scope of sexual reproduction can illuminate the processes that shape genetic diversity. To characterize edge-of-range eelgrass mating systems, developing seeds on flowering Z. marina shoots were genotyped from three meadows in Topsail, North Carolina. In all meadows, levels of multiple mating were high, with shoots pollinated by an average of eight sires (range: 3-16). The number of fertilized seeds (i.e., reproductive success) varied significantly across sires (range: 1-25) and was positively correlated with both individual heterozygosity and self-fertilization. Outcrossing rates were high (approx. 70%) and varied across spathes. No clones were detected, and kinship among sampled flowering shoots was low, supporting observed patterns of reproductive output. Given the role that genetic diversity plays in enhancing resistance to and resilience from ecological disturbance, disentangling the links between life history, sexual reproduction, and genetic variation will aid in informing the management and conservation of this key foundation species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren R. Sgambelluri
- Department of Biology and Marine Biology, Center for Marine ScienceUniversity of North Carolina WilmingtonWilmingtonNorth CarolinaUSA
| | - Jessie C. Jarvis
- Department of Biology and Marine Biology, Center for Marine ScienceUniversity of North Carolina WilmingtonWilmingtonNorth CarolinaUSA
| | - Stephanie J. Kamel
- Department of Biology and Marine Biology, Center for Marine ScienceUniversity of North Carolina WilmingtonWilmingtonNorth CarolinaUSA
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Paul P, Dhar S, Das D, Chowdhury M. Light and scanning electron microscopic characterization of pollen grains of some wetland angiosperms from India. Microsc Res Tech 2022; 85:2628-2650. [PMID: 35411986 DOI: 10.1002/jemt.24118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2021] [Revised: 03/19/2022] [Accepted: 03/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Pollen grains of 58 wetland species of angiosperms belonging to 17 families, growing in different wetlands of Sub-Himalayan biodiversity hotspots, Northern Bengal and lower Gangetic plains, India were investigated during a 4-year span of 2015-2019. Freshly collected anthers were processed through the acetolysis method and the obtained pollen grains were accurately studied under LM and SEM and properly photographed. Different attributes viz. shape, size, aperture type and exine ornamentation of pollen grains served as consistent features were used for authentic identification of the studied species. To study the phylogeny of pollen grains, characters like polarity, symmetry, aperture and exine sculpturing were found most significant for species segregation. Investigated pollen grains were mostly prolate-spheroidal, spheroidal or triangular, rarely prolate or elongated, exine psilate, granulate, reticulate or microechinate type. Most of the observable aperture of pollen grains of studied species were colporate, colpate and porate, while ulcerate and inaperturate grains were also observed in the studied aquatic members of the families Cyperaceae and Potamogetonaceae. All the gathered data were further statistically analyzed through ANOVA, PCA and Pearson Correlation Matrix to understand the interrelationship among the species. The permanent slides of identified pollen grains were deposited at the herbarium of North Bengal University [NBU] for future references.
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Affiliation(s)
- Payel Paul
- Taxonomy of Angiosperms and Biosystematics Laboratory, Department of Botany, University of North Bengal, Darjeeling, West Bengal, India
| | - Sayantan Dhar
- Taxonomy of Angiosperms and Biosystematics Laboratory, Department of Botany, University of North Bengal, Darjeeling, West Bengal, India
| | - Dipayan Das
- Department of Botany, University of North Bengal, Darjeeling, West Bengal, India
| | - Monoranjan Chowdhury
- Taxonomy of Angiosperms and Biosystematics Laboratory, Department of Botany, University of North Bengal, Darjeeling, West Bengal, India
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Serrano HC, Pinto MJ, Branquinho C, Martins-Loução MA. Ecology as a Tool to Assist Conservation of a Rare and Endemic Mediterranean Plantago Species. Front Ecol Evol 2021. [DOI: 10.3389/fevo.2021.614700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Reviewing the ecological studies on the endangered endemic Plantago almogravensis Franco, an Al-hyperaccumulator plant, and combining these with morphological, physiological, biochemical, and molecular data, significant knowledge on the limiting factors that cause its narrow geographical distribution and rarity status is achieved, which can contribute to suited conservation guidelines. Emphasis was given on (i) the major factors limiting P. almogravensis’ ecological niche (biotic and abiotic); (ii) phases of the life cycle and population dynamics; and (iii) and the phylogenetically close taxa (Plantago subulata aggregate) in order to fill the knowledge gaps in the uniqueness of P. almogravensis ecology, its phylogeny, and conservation status. The identification of relevant ecological data and using plant functional (morphological and physiological) traits, as well as genetic attributes, substantiate into a powerful tool to guide protection and conservation measures, usable toward this and other endangered hyperaccumulator plant species. Knowledge of the limitations of this strongly narrowly distributed plant allows for better design of conservation measures and to guide value and investment strategies in order to secure the species’ current area (habitat conservation and reclamation), direct the expansion of the existing population (assisting in populational densification and colonization), and/or grant ex situ conservation (genetic resources conservation).
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Timerman D, Barrett SCH. The biomechanics of pollen release: new perspectives on the evolution of wind pollination in angiosperms. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2021; 96:2146-2163. [PMID: 34076950 DOI: 10.1111/brv.12745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2020] [Revised: 05/07/2021] [Accepted: 05/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Evolutionary transitions from animal to wind pollination have occurred repeatedly during the history of the angiosperms, but the selective mechanisms remain elusive. Here, we propose that knowledge of pollen release biomechanics is critical for understanding the ecological and evolutionary processes underpinning this shift in pollination mode. Pollen release is the critical first stage of wind pollination (anemophily) and stamen properties are therefore likely to be under strong selection early in the transition. We describe current understanding of pollen release biomechanics to provide insights on the phenotypic and ecological drivers of wind pollination. Pollen release occurs when detachment forces dominate resistive forces retaining pollen within anthers. Detachment forces can be active or passive depending on whether they require energy input from the environment. Passive release is more widespread in anemophilous species and involves processes driven by steady or unsteady aerodynamic forces or turbulence-induced vibrations that shake pollen from anthers. We review empirical and theoretical studies suggesting that stamen vibration is likely to be a key mechanism of pollen release. The vibration response is governed by morphological and biomechanical properties of stamens, which may undergo divergent selection in the presence or absence of pollinators. Resistive forces have rarely been investigated for pollen within anthers, but are probably sensitive to environmental conditions and depend on flower age, varying systematically between animal- and wind-pollinated species. Animal and wind pollination are traditionally viewed as dichotomous alternatives because they are usually associated with strikingly different pollination syndromes. But this perspective has diverted attention from subtler, continuously varying traits which mediate the fluid dynamic process of pollen release. Reinterpreting the flower as a biomechanical entity that responds to fluctuating environmental forces may provide a promising way forward. We conclude by identifying several profitable areas for future research to obtain deeper insight into the evolution of wind pollination.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Timerman
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Toronto, 25 Willcocks Street, Toronto, M5S 3B2, Canada
| | - Spencer C H Barrett
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Toronto, 25 Willcocks Street, Toronto, M5S 3B2, Canada
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Optimal pollen stickiness to pollinators for maximizing paternal fitness: Increased number of recipient flowers or increased pollen deposition on recipient flowers? J Theor Biol 2021; 524:110731. [PMID: 33915145 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtbi.2021.110731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2020] [Revised: 03/31/2021] [Accepted: 04/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
A plant can sire more seeds by increasing the number of pollen recipient flowers or the amount of pollen deposited on recipient flowers. We theoretically analyzed how pollen stickiness contributes to paternal fitness through changing the pattern of pollen dispersal including both the number of recipient flowers and overall pollen deposition (the overall amount of pollen deposited on recipient flowers) in animal-pollinated plants. We developed a numerical model in which pollen stickiness to pollinators increases with production of expensive materials on pollen surfaces, and a high level of stickiness diminishes the proportions of pollen lost from a pollinator body during a flight and pollen deposited on a stigma during a visit. We found that the number of recipient flowers monotonically increased with increasing pollen stickiness allocation while overall pollen deposition was maximized at a certain amount of stickiness allocation. We demonstrated that evolutionarily stable pollen stickiness attained many recipient flowers at the expense of overall pollen deposition in most cases while it merely favored maximization of overall pollen deposition in all other cases. Sticky pollen evolved if pollinators were highly likely to drop pollen during flights and did not diffuse well. In this situation, the evolutionarily stable pattern of pollen dispersal was acquisition of many pollen recipient flowers rather than maximization of overall pollen deposition. Sticky pollen also evolved if additional sticking elements were moderately effective in increasing the force of adhesion to pollinators. Pollen stickiness has a significant effect on the pattern of pollen dispersal via the extent of pollen carryover, and our results suggest that plants maximize paternal fitness by giving pollen the optimal stickiness, which varies with pollinating partners.
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6
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Influence of Pollen on Solar Photovoltaic Energy: Literature Review and Experimental Testing with Pollen. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/app10144733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
This work attempts to shed some light on the impact of organic soiling due to pollen on solar photovoltaic (PV) power generation. Apart from introducing several soiling-related pollen features, the previous works reporting soiling by pollen have been reviewed. Local observations from late winter to early spring showed that a rooftop PV system experienced both uniform and non-uniform soiling issues, which were mainly caused by pollen from nearby cypress specimens. In addition, this work publishes preliminary results regarding an artificial soiling test performed with pollen. In this test, soda lime float glass coupons were artificially soiled with fresh cypress pollen. A linear relationship was found between the pollen mass density (ρA) and the glass averaged transmittance (TAVE) for values up to 9.1 g/m2. In comparison with other artificial soiling tests performed with different soiling agents, the transmittance loss caused by pollen cypress deposition was relatively high and spectrally selective.
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Katz DS, Batterman SA. Allergenic pollen production across a large city for common ragweed ( Ambrosia artemisiifolia). LANDSCAPE AND URBAN PLANNING 2019; 190:103615. [PMID: 32831442 PMCID: PMC7442281 DOI: 10.1016/j.landurbplan.2019.103615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Predictions of airborne allergenic pollen concentrations at fine spatial scales require information on source plant location and pollen production. Such data are lacking at the urban scale, largely because manually mapping allergenic pollen producing plants across large areas is infeasible. However, modest-sized field surveys paired with allometric equations, remote sensing, and habitat distribution models can predict where these plants occur and how much pollen they produce. In this study, common ragweed (Ambrosia artemisiifolia) was mapped in a field survey in Detroit, MI, USA. The relationship between ragweed presence and habitat-related variables derived from aerial imagery, LiDAR, and municipal data were used to create a habitat distribution model, which was then used to predict ragweed presence across the study area (392 km2). The relationship between inflorescence length and pollen production was used to predict pollen production in the city. Ragweed occurs in 1.7% of Detroit and total pollen production is 312 × 1012 pollen grains annually, but ragweed presence was highly heterogeneous across the city. Ragweed was predominantly found in in vacant lots (75%) and near demolished structures (48%), and had varying associations with land cover types (e.g., sparse vegetation, trees, pavement) detected by remote sensing. These findings also suggest several management strategies that could help reduce levels of allergenic pollen, including appropriate post-demolition management practices. Spatially-resolved predictions for pollen production will allow mechanistic modeling of airborne allergenic pollen and improved exposure estimates for use in epidemiological and other applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel S.W. Katz
- Corresponding author at: 6653 SPH 1, 1415 Washington Heights Rd., Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA. (D.S.W. Katz), (S.A. Batterman)
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Li F, van Kleunen M, Li J, Liu X, Gao K, Zhu J, Zhao X, Zhao C, Li J. Patterns of genetic variation reflect multiple introductions and pre-admixture sources of common ragweed (Ambrosia artemisiifolia) in China. Biol Invasions 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s10530-019-01966-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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9
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Gabarayeva N, Polevova S, Grigorjeva V, Severova E, Volkova O, Blackmore S. Suggested mechanisms underlying pollen wall development in Ambrosia trifida (Asteraceae: Heliantheae). PROTOPLASMA 2019; 256:555-574. [PMID: 30341717 DOI: 10.1007/s00709-018-1320-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2018] [Accepted: 10/11/2018] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
By a detailed ontogenetic study of Ambrosia trifida pollen, tracing each stage of development with TEM, we aim to understand the establishment of the pollen wall and to unravel the mechanisms underlying sporoderm development. The main steps of exine ontogeny in Ambrosia trifida, observed in the microspore periplasmic space, are as follows: spherical units, gradually transforming into columns, then to rod-like units; the appearance of the initial reticulate tectum; growth of columellae under the tectum and initial sporopollenin accumulation on them; the appearance of the endexine lamellae, first in fragments, then in long laminae; the cessation of the glycocalyx growth and its detachment from the plasma membrane, resulting in the appearance of gaps; massive accumulation of sporopollenin on the tectum, columellae, and endexine, and the appearance of the foot layer at the young post-tetrad stage, accompanied by establishment of caveae in sites of the former gaps; and final massive sporopollenin accumulation. This sequence of developmental events in all probability corresponds to the sequence of self-assembling micellar mesophases. This gives (together with earlier findings and experimental modeling of exine) strong evidence that the genome and self-assembly share control of exine formation. In this sense, self-assembly itself can be seen as an inherent mechanism of evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nina Gabarayeva
- Komarov Botanical Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences, Popov St. 2, St. Petersburg, Russia, 197376.
| | | | - Valentina Grigorjeva
- Komarov Botanical Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences, Popov St. 2, St. Petersburg, Russia, 197376
| | - Elena Severova
- Moscow State University, Leninski Gory, 1, Moscow, Russia, 119991
| | - Olga Volkova
- Moscow State University, Leninski Gory, 1, Moscow, Russia, 119991
| | - Stephen Blackmore
- Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh, 20a Inverleith Row, Edinburgh, EH3 5LR, UK
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10
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Sablok G, Amiryousefi A, He X, Hyvönen J, Poczai P. Sequencing the Plastid Genome of Giant Ragweed ( Ambrosia trifida, Asteraceae) From a Herbarium Specimen. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2019; 10:218. [PMID: 30873197 PMCID: PMC6403193 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2019.00218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2018] [Accepted: 02/08/2019] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
We report the first plastome sequence of giant ragweed (Ambrosia trifida); with this new genome information, we assessed the phylogeny of Asteraceae and the transcriptional profiling against glyphosate resistance in giant ragweed. Assembly and genic features show a normal angiosperm quadripartite plastome structure with no signatures of deviation in gene directionality. Comparative analysis revealed large inversions across the plastome of giant ragweed and the previously sequenced members of the plant family. Asteraceae plastid genomes contain two inversions of 22.8 and 3.3 kb; the former is located between trnS-GCU and trnG-UCC genes, and the latter between trnE-UUC and trnT-GGU genes. The plastid genome sequences of A. trifida and the related species, Ambrosia artemisiifolia, are identical in gene content and arrangement, but they differ in length. The phylogeny is well-resolved and congruent with previous hypotheses about the phylogenetic relationship of Asteraceae. Transcriptomic analysis revealed divergence in the relative expressions at the exonic and intronic levels, providing hints toward the ecological adaptation of the genus. Giant ragweed shows various levels of glyphosate resistance, with introns displaying higher expression patterns at resistant time points after the assumed herbicide treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaurav Sablok
- Finnish Museum of Natural History (Botany Unit), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Organismal Evolution and Biology, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Sciences, Viikki Plant Science Centre, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Ali Amiryousefi
- Finnish Museum of Natural History (Botany Unit), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Organismal Evolution and Biology, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Sciences, Viikki Plant Science Centre, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Xiaolan He
- Finnish Museum of Natural History (Botany Unit), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Organismal Evolution and Biology, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Sciences, Viikki Plant Science Centre, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Jaakko Hyvönen
- Finnish Museum of Natural History (Botany Unit), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Organismal Evolution and Biology, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Sciences, Viikki Plant Science Centre, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Péter Poczai
- Finnish Museum of Natural History (Botany Unit), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Organismal Evolution and Biology, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Sciences, Viikki Plant Science Centre, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
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11
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Tomasello S, Stuessy TF, Oberprieler C, Heubl G. Ragweeds and relatives: Molecular phylogenetics of Ambrosiinae (Asteraceae). Mol Phylogenet Evol 2018; 130:104-114. [PMID: 30292693 DOI: 10.1016/j.ympev.2018.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2018] [Revised: 10/02/2018] [Accepted: 10/03/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Ambrosiinae are one of the most distinct subtribes in the Heliantheae alliance (Asteraceae), mainly due to specialization toward wind pollination. Taxa of the subtribe are principally native to the Americas, although some species have attained a cosmopolitan distribution. Members of subtribe Engelmanniinae are considered close to Ambrosiinae, due to shared morphological traits. However, the placement of Ambrosiinae within the Heliantheae alliance has not yet been corroborated by phylogenetic analyses. In the present study, we test the circumscription of subtribe Ambrosiinae and examine relationships among its genera. We used sequence information from three plastid (psbA-trnH, trnQ-rps16 and trnL-F) and two nuclear (ITS and D35) marker regions. Phylogenetic inference analyses were conducted, applying Bayesian Inference (BI) and Maximum Likelihood (ML). Subtribe Ambrosiinae is found monophyletic or nearly so in all analyses. The genera Dugesia and Rojasianthe (previously considered part of subtribe Engelmanniinae) in some cases cluster together with Ambrosiinae; these genera are clearly not part of Engelmanniinae. Within Ambrosiinae, the genera Parthenium and Parthenice occupy basal positions, whereas members of the genus Ambrosia are the most derived representatives of the subtribe. Previous subdivision of Ambrosiinae into "Iveae" (members having androgynous capitula and free achenes) and "Ambrosieae" (genera with unisexual heads and achenes enclosed in burs) is not corroborated. Results also allow consideration of relationships among species and subgeneric groups within Parthenium, Iva, and Ambrosia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salvatore Tomasello
- Systematic Botany and Mycology, Department Biology I, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich (LMU) and GeoBio-Center (LMU), Munich, Germany.
| | - Tod F Stuessy
- Herbarium and Department of Evolution, Ecology and Organismal Biology, The Ohio State University, 1315 Kinnear Road, Columbus, OH 43212, USA; Department of Botany and Biodiversity Research, University of Vienna, Rennweg 14, 1030 Vienna, Austria
| | - Christoph Oberprieler
- Evolutionary and Systematic Botany Group, Institute of Plant Sciences, University of Regensburg, Universitätsstrasse 31, 93040 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Günther Heubl
- Systematic Botany and Mycology, Department Biology I, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich (LMU) and GeoBio-Center (LMU), Munich, Germany
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12
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Martin MD, Quiroz-Claros E, Brush GS, Zimmer EA. Herbarium collection-based phylogenetics of the ragweeds (Ambrosia, Asteraceae). Mol Phylogenet Evol 2017; 120:335-341. [PMID: 29274739 DOI: 10.1016/j.ympev.2017.12.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2017] [Revised: 11/14/2017] [Accepted: 12/18/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Ambrosia (Asteraceae) is a taxonomically difficult genus of weedy, wind-pollinated plants with an apparent center of diversity in the Sonoran Desert of North America. Determining Ambrosia's evolutionary relationships has been the subject of much interest, with numerous studies using morphological characters, cytology, comparative phytochemistry, and chloroplast restriction site variation to produce conflicting accounts the relationships between Ambrosia species, as well as the classification of their close relatives in Franseria and Hymenoclea. To resolve undetermined intra-generic relationships within Ambrosia, we used DNA extracted from tissues obtained from seed banks and herbarium collections to generate multi-locus genetic data representing nearly all putative species, including four from South America. We performed Bayesian and Maximum-Likelihood phylogenetic analyses of six chloroplast-genome and two nuclear-genome markers, enabling us to infer monophyly for the genus, resolve major infra-generic species clusters, as well as to resolve open questions about the evolutionary relationships of several Ambrosia species and former members of Franseria. We also provide molecular data supporting the hypothesis that A. sandersonii formed through the hybridization of A. eriocentra and A. salsola. The topology of our chloroplast DNA phylogeny is almost entirely congruent with the most recent molecular work based on chloroplast restriction site variation of a much more limited sampling of 14 North American species of Ambrosia, although our improved sampling of global Ambrosia diversity enables us to draw additional conclusions. As our study is the first direct DNA sequence-based phylogenetic analyses of Ambrosia, we analyze the data in relation to previous taxonomic studies and discuss several instances of chloroplast/nuclear incongruence that leave the precise geographic center of origin of Ambrosia in question.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael D Martin
- Department of Natural History, NTNU University Museum, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), NO-7491 Trondheim, Norway; Department of Geography and Environmental Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, 313 Ames Hall, 3400 North Charles Street, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA.
| | - Elva Quiroz-Claros
- Department of Botany, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C. 20013-7012, USA
| | - Grace S Brush
- Department of Geography and Environmental Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, 313 Ames Hall, 3400 North Charles Street, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA
| | - Elizabeth A Zimmer
- Department of Botany, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C. 20013-7012, USA
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van Boheemen LA, Lombaert E, Nurkowski KA, Gauffre B, Rieseberg LH, Hodgins KA. Multiple introductions, admixture and bridgehead invasion characterize the introduction history of Ambrosia artemisiifolia
in Europe and Australia. Mol Ecol 2017; 26:5421-5434. [DOI: 10.1111/mec.14293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2017] [Accepted: 08/05/2017] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Eric Lombaert
- UMR 1355 ISA; INRA; Sophia-Antipolis France
- UMR ISA; Université de Nice Sophia Antipolis; Sophia-Antipolis France
- UMR 7254 ISA; CNRS; Sophia-Antipolis France
| | | | - Bertrand Gauffre
- School of Biological Sciences; Monash University; Clayton VIC Australia
- UMR 7372; Centre d'Etudes Biologiques de Chizé; CNRS - Université de La Rochelle; Villiers-en-Bois France
- USC1339; Centre d'Etudes Biologiques de Chizé; INRA; Villiers-en-Bois France
| | - Loren H. Rieseberg
- Department of Botany; University of British Columbia; Vancouver BC Canada
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14
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Carrizo García C, Nepi M, Pacini E. It is a matter of timing: asynchrony during pollen development and its consequences on pollen performance in angiosperms-a review. PROTOPLASMA 2017; 254:57-73. [PMID: 26872476 DOI: 10.1007/s00709-016-0950-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2015] [Accepted: 01/26/2016] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Functional pollen is needed to successfully complete fertilization. Pollen is formed inside the anthers following a specific sequence of developmental stages, from microsporocyte meiosis to pollen release, that concerns microsporocytes/microspores and anther wall tissues. The processes involved may not be synchronous within a flower, an anther, and even a microsporangium. Asynchrony has been barely analyzed, and its biological consequences have not been yet assessed. In this review, different processes of pollen development and lifetime, stressing on the possible consequences of their differential timing on pollen performance, are summarized. Development is usually synchronized until microsporocyte meiosis I (occasionally until meiosis II). Afterwards, a period of mostly asynchronous events extends up to anther opening as regards: (1) meiosis II (sometimes); (2) microspore vacuolization and later reduction of vacuoles; (3) amylogenesis, amylolysis, and carbohydrate inter-conversion; (4) the first haploid mitosis; and (5) intine formation. Asynchrony would promote metabolic differences among developing microspores and therefore physiologically heterogeneous pollen grains within a single microsporangium. Asynchrony would increase the effect of competition for resources during development and pollen tube growth and also for water during (re)hydration on the stigma. The differences generated by developmental asynchronies may have an adaptive role since more efficient pollen grains would be selected with regard to homeostasis, desiccation tolerance, resilience, speed of (re)hydration, and germination. The performance of each pollen grain which landed onto the stigma will be the result of a series of selective steps determined by its development, physiological state at maturity, and successive environmental constrains.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Massimo Nepi
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita, Università degli Studi di Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Ettore Pacini
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita, Università degli Studi di Siena, Siena, Italy
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Beekman M, Nieuwenhuis B, Ortiz-Barrientos D, Evans JP. Sexual selection in hermaphrodites, sperm and broadcast spawners, plants and fungi. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2016; 371:20150541. [PMID: 27619704 PMCID: PMC5031625 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2015.0541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/23/2016] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Darwin was the first to recognize that sexual selection is a strong evolutionary force. Exaggerated traits allow same-sex individuals to compete over access to mates and provide a mechanism by which mates are selected. It is relatively easy to appreciate how inter- and intrasexual selection work in organisms with the sensory capabilities to perceive physical or behavioural traits that signal mate quality or mate compatibility, and to assess the relative quality of competitors. It is therefore not surprising that most studies of sexual selection have focused on animals with separate sexes and obvious adaptations that function in the context of reproductive competition. Yet, many sexual organisms are both male and female at the same time, often lack sexual dimorphism and never come into direct contact at mating. How does sexual selection act in such species, and what can we learn from them? Here, we address these questions by exploring the potential for sexual selection in simultaneous hermaphrodites, sperm- and broadcast spawners, plants and fungi. Our review reveals a range of mechanisms of sexual selection, operating primarily after gametes have been released, which are common in many of these groups and also quite possibly in more familiar (internally fertilizing and sexually dimorphic) organisms.This article is part of the themed issue 'Weird sex: the underappreciated diversity of sexual reproduction'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madeleine Beekman
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Sydney, 2006 New South Wales, Australia
| | - Bart Nieuwenhuis
- Department of Ecology and Genetics, Uppsala University, Norbyvägen 18D, 75236 Uppsala, Sweden
| | | | - Jonathan P Evans
- Centre for Evolutionary Biology, School of Animal Biology, University of Western Australia, 6009 Western Australia, Australia
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17
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Timerman D, Greene DF, Urzay J, Ackerman JD. Turbulence-induced resonance vibrations cause pollen release in wind-pollinated Plantago lanceolata L. (Plantaginaceae). J R Soc Interface 2015; 11:20140866. [PMID: 25297315 DOI: 10.1098/rsif.2014.0866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
In wind pollination, the release of pollen from anthers into airflows determines the quantity and timing of pollen available for pollination. Despite the ecological and evolutionary importance of pollen release, wind-stamen interactions are poorly understood, as are the specific forces that deliver pollen grains into airflows. We present empirical evidence that atmospheric turbulence acts directly on stamens in the cosmopolitan, wind-pollinated weed, Plantago lanceolata, causing resonant vibrations that release episodic bursts of pollen grains. In laboratory experiments, we show that stamens have mechanical properties corresponding to theoretically predicted ranges for turbulence-driven resonant vibrations. The mechanical excitation of stamens at their characteristic resonance frequency caused them to resonate, shedding pollen vigorously. The characteristic natural frequency of the stamens increased over time with each shedding episode due to the reduction in anther mass, which increased the mechanical energy required to trigger subsequent episodes. Field observations of a natural population under turbulent wind conditions were consistent with these laboratory results and demonstrated that pollen is released from resonating stamens excited by small eddies whose turnover periods are similar to the characteristic resonance frequency measured in the laboratory. Turbulence-driven vibration of stamens at resonance may be a primary mechanism for pollen shedding in wind-pollinated angiosperms. The capacity to release pollen in wind can be viewed as a primary factor distinguishing animal- from wind-pollinated plants, and selection on traits such as the damping ratio and flexural rigidity may be of consequence in evolutionary transitions between pollination systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Timerman
- Department of Biology, Concordia University, 7141 Sherbrooke Street West, Montreal, Quebec, Canada H4B 1R6
| | - David F Greene
- Department of Geography, Planning and Environment, Concordia University, 1455 de Maisonneuve West, Montreal, Quebec, Canada H3G 1M8
| | - Javier Urzay
- Center for Turbulence Research, Stanford University, 488 Escondido Mall, Stanford, CA 94305-3035, USA
| | - Josef D Ackerman
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of Guelph, Science Complex, Guelph, Ontario, Canada N1G 2W1
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18
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Weber RW. Aeroallergen botany. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol 2014; 112:102-7. [PMID: 24468248 DOI: 10.1016/j.anai.2013.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2013] [Revised: 12/02/2013] [Accepted: 12/06/2013] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Richard W Weber
- National Jewish Health, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Denver, Colorado.
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Martin MD, Zimmer EA, Olsen MT, Foote AD, Gilbert MTP, Brush GS. Herbarium specimens reveal a historical shift in phylogeographic structure of common ragweed during native range disturbance. Mol Ecol 2014; 23:1701-16. [DOI: 10.1111/mec.12675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2013] [Revised: 01/14/2014] [Accepted: 01/17/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Michael D. Martin
- Centre for GeoGenetics; University of Copenhagen; Øster Voldgade 5-7 Copenhagen K 1350 Denmark
- Department of Botany; National Museum of Natural History; MRC 166, Smithsonian Institution; Washington DC 20013-7012 USA
- Department of Geography and Environmental Engineering; Johns Hopkins University; 313 Ames Hall, 3400 North Charles Street Baltimore MD 21218 USA
| | - Elizabeth A. Zimmer
- Department of Botany; National Museum of Natural History; MRC 166, Smithsonian Institution; Washington DC 20013-7012 USA
| | - Morten T. Olsen
- Centre for GeoGenetics; University of Copenhagen; Øster Voldgade 5-7 Copenhagen K 1350 Denmark
| | - Andrew D. Foote
- Centre for GeoGenetics; University of Copenhagen; Øster Voldgade 5-7 Copenhagen K 1350 Denmark
| | - M. Thomas P. Gilbert
- Centre for GeoGenetics; University of Copenhagen; Øster Voldgade 5-7 Copenhagen K 1350 Denmark
| | - Grace S. Brush
- Department of Geography and Environmental Engineering; Johns Hopkins University; 313 Ames Hall, 3400 North Charles Street Baltimore MD 21218 USA
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Tack AJM, Hakala J, Petäjä T, Kulmala M, Laine AL. Genotype and spatial structure shape pathogen dispersal and disease dynamics at small spatial scales. Ecology 2014; 95:703-14. [DOI: 10.1890/13-0518.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Smith M, Cecchi L, Skjøth CA, Karrer G, Šikoparija B. Common ragweed: a threat to environmental health in Europe. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2013; 61:115-26. [PMID: 24140540 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2013.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2013] [Revised: 08/10/2013] [Accepted: 08/13/2013] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Common or short ragweed (Ambrosia artemisiifolia L.) is an annual herb belonging to the Asteraceae family that was described by Carl Linnaeus in the 18th century. It is a noxious invasive species that is an important weed in agriculture and a source of highly allergenic pollen. The importance placed on A. artemisiifolia is reflected by the number of international projects that have now been launched by the European Commission and the increasing number of publications being produced on this topic. This review paper examines existing knowledge about ragweed ecology, distribution and flowering phenology and the environmental health risk that this noxious plant poses in Europe. The paper also examines control measures used in the fight against it and state of the art methods for modelling atmospheric concentrations of this important aeroallergen. Common ragweed is an environmental health threat, not only in its native North America but also in many parts of the world where it has been introduced. In Europe, where the plant has now become naturalised and frequently forms part of the flora, the threat posed by ragweed has been identified and steps are being taken to reduce further geographical expansion and limit increases in population densities of the plant in order to protect the allergic population. This is particularly important when one considers possible range shifts, changes in flowering phenology and increases in the amount of pollen and allergenic potency that could be brought about by changes in climate.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Smith
- Research Group Aerobiology and Pollen Information, Department of Oto-Rhino-Laryngology, Medical University of Vienna, Austria
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Zhang Y, Isukapalli S, Bielory L, Georgopoulos P. Bayesian Analysis of Climate Change Effects on Observed and Projected Airborne Levels of Birch Pollen. ATMOSPHERIC ENVIRONMENT (OXFORD, ENGLAND : 1994) 2013; 68:64-73. [PMID: 23526049 PMCID: PMC3601922 DOI: 10.1016/j.atmosenv.2012.11.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
A Bayesian framework is presented for modeling Effects of climate change on pollen indices such as annual birch pollen count, maximum daily birch pollen count, start date of birch pollen season and the date of maximum daily birch pollen count. Annual mean CO2 concentration, mean spring temperature and the corresponding pollen index of prior year were found to be statistically significant accounting for Effects of climate change on four pollen indices. Results suggest that annual productions and peak values from 2020 to 2100 under different scenarios will be 1.3-8.0 and 1.1-7.3 times higher respectively than the mean values for 2000, and start and peak dates will occur around two to four weeks earlier. These results have been partly confirmed by the available historical data. As a demonstration, the emission profiles in future years were generated by incorporating the predicted pollen indices into an existing emission model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Zhang
- Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences Institute (EOHSI), A Joint Institute of UMDNJ-RW Johnson Medical School & Rutgers University, 170 Frelinghuysen Road, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Rutgers University, 98 Brett Road, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
| | - Sastry Isukapalli
- Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences Institute (EOHSI), A Joint Institute of UMDNJ-RW Johnson Medical School & Rutgers University, 170 Frelinghuysen Road, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
| | - Leonard Bielory
- Center for Environmental Prediction, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA
| | - Panos Georgopoulos
- Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences Institute (EOHSI), A Joint Institute of UMDNJ-RW Johnson Medical School & Rutgers University, 170 Frelinghuysen Road, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
- Corresponding Author, Ph: 848-445-0159; Fax: 848-445-0915, (Panos Georgopoulos)
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Sabban L, Jacobson NL, van Hout R. Measurement of pollen clump release and breakup in the vicinity of ragweed (A. confertiflora) staminate flowers. Ecosphere 2012. [DOI: 10.1890/es12-00054.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
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HALL JOHNA, WALTER GIMMEH. Does pollen aerodynamics correlate with pollination vector? Pollen settling velocity as a test for wind versus insect pollination among cycads (Gymnospermae: Cycadaceae: Zamiaceae). Biol J Linn Soc Lond 2011. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1095-8312.2011.01695.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Gaudeul M, Giraud T, Kiss L, Shykoff JA. Nuclear and chloroplast microsatellites show multiple introductions in the worldwide invasion history of common ragweed, Ambrosia artemisiifolia. PLoS One 2011; 6:e17658. [PMID: 21423697 PMCID: PMC3053376 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0017658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2010] [Accepted: 02/07/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ambrosia artemisiifolia is a North American native that has become one of the most problematic invasive plants in Europe and Asia. We studied its worldwide population genetic structure, using both nuclear and chloroplast microsatellite markers and an unprecedented large population sampling. Our goals were (i) to identify the sources of the invasive populations; (ii) to assess whether all invasive populations were founded by multiple introductions, as previously found in France; (iii) to examine how the introductions have affected the amount and structure of genetic variation in Europe; (iv) to document how the colonization of Europe proceeded; (v) to check whether populations exhibit significant heterozygote deficiencies, as previously observed. PRINCIPAL FINDINGS We found evidence for multiple introductions of A. artemisiifolia, within regions but also within populations in most parts of its invasive range, leading to high levels of diversity. In Europe, introductions probably stem from two different regions of the native area: populations established in Central Europe appear to have originated from eastern North America, and Eastern European populations from more western North America. This may result from differential commercial exchanges between these geographic regions. Our results indicate that the expansion in Europe mostly occurred through long-distance dispersal, explaining the absence of isolation by distance and the weak influence of geography on the genetic structure in this area in contrast to the native range. Last, we detected significant heterozygote deficiencies in most populations. This may be explained by partial selfing, biparental inbreeding and/or a Wahlund effect and further investigation is warranted. CONCLUSIONS This insight into the sources and pathways of common ragweed expansion may help to better understand its invasion success and provides baseline data for future studies on the evolutionary processes involved during range expansion in novel environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Myriam Gaudeul
- UMR CNRS 7205 Origine, Structure et Evolution de la Biodiversité, Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Paris, France.
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Soubeyrand S, Roques L, Coville J, Fayard J. Patchy patterns due to group dispersal. J Theor Biol 2011; 271:87-99. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jtbi.2010.11.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2010] [Revised: 11/30/2010] [Accepted: 11/30/2010] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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