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Phylogeography of Ramalina farinacea (Lichenized Fungi, Ascomycota) in the Mediterranean Basin, Europe, and Macaronesia. DIVERSITY 2023. [DOI: 10.3390/d15030310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/25/2023]
Abstract
Ramalina farinacea is an epiphytic lichen-forming fungus with a broad geographic distribution, especially in the Northern Hemisphere. In the eighties of the last century, it was hypothesized that R. farinacea had originated in the Macaronesian–Mediterranean region, with the Canary Islands as its probable southernmost limit, and thereafter it would have increased its distribution area. In order to explore the phylogeography of this emblematic lichen, we analyzed 120 thalli of R. farinacea collected in 38 localities distributed in temperate and boreal Europe, the Western Mediterranean Basin, and several Macaronesian archipelagos in the Atlantic Ocean. Data from two nuclear markers (nrITS and uid70) of the mycobiont were obtained to calculate genetic diversity indices to infer the phylogenies and haplotype networks and to investigate population structure. In addition, dating analysis was conducted to provide a valuable hypothesis of the timing of the origin and diversification of R. farinacea and its close allies. Our results highlight that phylogenetic species circumscription in the “Ramalina farinacea group” is complex and suggests that incomplete lineage sorting is at the base of conflicting phylogenetic signals. The existence of a high number of haplotypes restricted to the Macaronesian region, together with the diversification of R. farinacea in the Pleistocene, suggests that this species and its closest relatives originated during relatively recent geological times and then expanded its range to higher latitudes. However, our data cannot rule out whether the species originated from the Macaronesian archipelagos exclusively or also from the Mediterranean Basin. In conclusion, the present work provides a valuable biogeographical hypothesis for disentangling the evolution of this epiphytic lichen in space and time.
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Hackel J, Henkel TW, Moreau P, De Crop E, Verbeken A, Sà M, Buyck B, Neves M, Vasco‐Palacios A, Wartchow F, Schimann H, Carriconde F, Garnica S, Courtecuisse R, Gardes M, Manzi S, Louisanna E, Roy M. Biogeographic history of a large clade of ectomycorrhizal fungi, the Russulaceae, in the Neotropics and adjacent regions. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2022; 236:698-713. [PMID: 35811430 PMCID: PMC9795906 DOI: 10.1111/nph.18365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2022] [Accepted: 06/23/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The biogeography of neotropical fungi remains poorly understood. Here, we reconstruct the origins and diversification of neotropical lineages in one of the largest clades of ectomycorrhizal fungi in the globally widespread family Russulaceae. We inferred a supertree of 3285 operational taxonomic units, representing worldwide internal transcribed spacer sequences. We reconstructed biogeographic history and diversification and identified lineages in the Neotropics and adjacent Patagonia. The ectomycorrhizal Russulaceae have a tropical African origin. The oldest lineages in tropical South America, most with African sister groups, date to the mid-Eocene, possibly coinciding with a boreotropical migration corridor. There were several transatlantic dispersal events from Africa more recently. Andean and Central American lineages mostly have north-temperate origins and are associated with North Andean uplift and the general north-south biotic interchange across the Panama isthmus, respectively. Patagonian lineages have Australasian affinities. Diversification rates in tropical South America and other tropical areas are lower than in temperate areas. Neotropical Russulaceae have multiple biogeographic origins since the mid-Eocene involving dispersal and co-migration. Discontinuous distributions of host plants may explain low diversification rates of tropical lowland ectomycorrhizal fungi. Deeply diverging neotropical fungal lineages need to be better documented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Hackel
- Royal Botanic Gardens, KewRichmond‐upon‐ThamesTW9 3AEUK
- Laboratoire Evolution et Diversité Biologique (UMR 5174)Université Toulouse III – Paul Sabatier/CNRS/IRD31062Toulouse cedex 9France
| | - Terry W. Henkel
- Department of Biological SciencesCalifornia State Polytechnic University, HumboldtArcataCA95521USA
| | - Pierre‐Arthur Moreau
- Faculté de Pharmacie, Laboratoire des Sciences Végétales et Fongiques (LGCgE, ER4)Université de Lille59006LilleFrance
| | - Eske De Crop
- Department of BiologyGhent University9000GentBelgium
| | | | - Mariana Sà
- Centro Universitário de João PessoaPB 58053‐000João PessoaBrazil
| | - Bart Buyck
- Institut de Systématique, Évolution, Biodiversité (ISYEB), Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, CNRSSorbonne Université, EPHE, Université des Antilles75231Paris cedex 05France
| | - Maria‐Alice Neves
- Departamento de BotânicaUniversidade Federal de Santa CatarinaSC 88040‐900FlorianópolisBrazil
| | - Aída Vasco‐Palacios
- Microbiología Ambiental–School of Microbiology, Laboratory of Taxonomy and Ecology of Fungi–Institute of BiologyUniversity of Antioquia050010MedellínColombia
| | - Felipe Wartchow
- Departamento de Sistemática e EcologiaUniversidade Federal da ParaíbaPB 58051‐970João PessoaBrazil
| | - Heidy Schimann
- UMR Ecologie des Forêts de GuyaneAgroParisTech/CIRAD/CNRS/Université des Antilles/Université de la Guyane/INRA97379Kourou cedexFrench Guiana
| | - Fabian Carriconde
- Institut Agronomique néo‐Calédonien (IAC), Equipe Sol & Végétations (SolVeg)BP1823998848NouméaNew Caledonia
| | - Sigisfredo Garnica
- Instituto de Bioquímica y MicrobiologíaUniversidad Austral de Chile5049000ValdiviaChile
| | - Régis Courtecuisse
- Faculté de Pharmacie, Laboratoire des Sciences Végétales et Fongiques (LGCgE, ER4)Université de Lille59006LilleFrance
| | - Monique Gardes
- Laboratoire Evolution et Diversité Biologique (UMR 5174)Université Toulouse III – Paul Sabatier/CNRS/IRD31062Toulouse cedex 9France
| | - Sophie Manzi
- Laboratoire Evolution et Diversité Biologique (UMR 5174)Université Toulouse III – Paul Sabatier/CNRS/IRD31062Toulouse cedex 9France
| | - Eliane Louisanna
- UMR Ecologie des Forêts de GuyaneAgroParisTech/CIRAD/CNRS/Université des Antilles/Université de la Guyane/INRA97379Kourou cedexFrench Guiana
| | - Mélanie Roy
- Laboratoire Evolution et Diversité Biologique (UMR 5174)Université Toulouse III – Paul Sabatier/CNRS/IRD31062Toulouse cedex 9France
- Instituto Franco‐Argentino para el Estudio del Clima y sus Impactos (UMI IFAECI/CNRS‐CONICET‐UBA‐IRD)Universidad de Buenos AiresC1428EGACiudad Autonoma de Buenos AiresArgentina
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Garrido-Benavent I, Pérez-Ortega S, de Los Ríos A, Mayrhofer H, Fernández-Mendoza F. Neogene speciation and Pleistocene expansion of the genus Pseudephebe (Parmeliaceae, lichenized fungi) involving multiple colonizations of Antarctica. Mol Phylogenet Evol 2020; 155:107020. [PMID: 33242583 DOI: 10.1016/j.ympev.2020.107020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2020] [Revised: 09/07/2020] [Accepted: 11/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Widespread geographic distributions in lichens have been usually explained by the high dispersal capacity of their tiny diaspores. However, recent phylogenetic surveys have challenged this assumption and provided compelling evidence for cryptic speciation and more restricted distribution ranges in diverse lineages of lichen-forming fungi. To evaluate these scenarios, we focus on the fungal genus Pseudephebe (Parmeliaceae) which includes amphitropical species, a distribution pattern whose origin has been a matter of debate since first recognized in the nineteenth century. In our study, a six-locus dataset and a broad specimen sampling covering almost all Earth's continents is used to investigate species delimitation in Pseudephebe. Population structure, gene flow and dating analyses, as well as genealogical reconstruction methods, are employed to disentangle the most plausible transcontinental migration routes, and estimate the timing of the origin of the amphitropical distribution and the Antarctic populations. Our results demonstrate the existence of three partly admixed phylogenetic species that diverged between the Miocene and Pliocene, and whose Quaternary distribution has been strongly driven by glacial cycles. Pseudephebe minuscula is the only species showing an amphitropical distribution, with populations in Antarctica, whereas the restricted distribution of P. pubescens and an undescribed Alaskan species might reflect the survival of these species in European and North American refugia. Our microevolutionary analyses suggest a Northern Hemisphere origin for P. minuscula, which could have dispersed into the Southern Hemisphere directly and/or through "mountain-hopping" during the Pleistocene. The Antarctic populations of this species are sorted into two genetic clusters: populations of the Antarctic Peninsula were grouped together with South American ones, and the Antarctic Continental populations formed a second cluster with Bolivian and Svalbard populations. Therefore, our data strongly suggest that the current distribution of P. minuscula in Antarctica is the outcome of multiple, recent colonizations. In conclusion, our results stress the need for integrating species delimitation and population analyses to properly approach historical biogeography in lichen-forming fungi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isaac Garrido-Benavent
- Department of Biogeochemistry and Microbial Ecology, National Museum of Natural Sciences (MNCN-CSIC), Serrano 115 dpdo, E-28045 Madrid, Spain; Institute of Plant Sciences, Karl-Franzens-Universität Graz, Graz A-8010, Austria.
| | - Sergio Pérez-Ortega
- Department of Mycology, Real Jardín Botánico (CSIC), Plaza Murillo 2, E-28014 Madrid, Spain
| | - Asunción de Los Ríos
- Department of Biogeochemistry and Microbial Ecology, National Museum of Natural Sciences (MNCN-CSIC), Serrano 115 dpdo, E-28045 Madrid, Spain
| | - Helmut Mayrhofer
- Institute of Plant Sciences, Karl-Franzens-Universität Graz, Graz A-8010, Austria
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Fačkovcová Z, Slovák M, Vďačný P, Melichárková A, Zozomová-Lihová J, Guttová A. Spatio-temporal formation of the genetic diversity in the Mediterranean dwelling lichen during the Neogene and Quaternary epochs. Mol Phylogenet Evol 2019; 144:106704. [PMID: 31821879 DOI: 10.1016/j.ympev.2019.106704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2019] [Revised: 10/14/2019] [Accepted: 12/06/2019] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Genetic patterns of lichenized fungi often display a mosaic-like and difficult to interpret structure blurring their evolutionary history. The genetic diversity and phylogeographic pattern of a mycobiont of the predominantly Mediterranean dwelling lichen Solenopsora candicans were investigated on the base of extensive sampling (361 individuals, 77 populations) across its entire distribution range. We tested whether the genetic pattern of S. candicans mirrors paleoclimatic and paleogeological events in the Mediterranean and adjacent regions. The divergence time estimates indicated a Tertiary origin for S. candicans, with formation of intraspecific diversity initiated in the Late Miocene. The distribution of the most divergent haplotypes, mostly of a pre-Pleistocene origin, was restricted to the eastern or western extremities of the Mediterranean exhibiting Kiermack disjunction. The population genetic diversity analyses indicated multiple diversity centres and refugia for S. candicans across the entire Mediterranean Basin. While the south Mediterranean regions harboured both the Tertiary and Quaternary born diversity, conforming to the 'cumulative refugia' paradigm, the Apennine and Balkan Peninsulas in the north hosted mostly younger Pleistocene haplotypes and lineages. The recent population expansion of S. candicans might have occurred in the middle Pleistocene with a population burst in the Apennine and Balkan peninsulas. The presence of unique haplotypes in Central Europe indicates the existence of extra-Mediterranean microrefugia. This study presents the first comprehensive lichen phylogeography from the Mediterranean region and simultaneously reports for the first time the glacial survival of a warm-adapted lichen in the temperate zone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zuzana Fačkovcová
- Plant Science and Biodiversity Centre, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dúbravská cesta 9, 84523 Bratislava, Slovakia.
| | - Marek Slovák
- Plant Science and Biodiversity Centre, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dúbravská cesta 9, 84523 Bratislava, Slovakia; Department of Botany, Charles University, Benátská 2, 12801 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Peter Vďačný
- Department of Zoology, Comenius University in Bratislava, Ilkovičova 6, 84215 Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Andrea Melichárková
- Plant Science and Biodiversity Centre, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dúbravská cesta 9, 84523 Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Judita Zozomová-Lihová
- Plant Science and Biodiversity Centre, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dúbravská cesta 9, 84523 Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Anna Guttová
- Plant Science and Biodiversity Centre, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dúbravská cesta 9, 84523 Bratislava, Slovakia
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Boluda C, Rico V, Divakar P, Nadyeina O, Myllys L, McMullin R, Zamora J, Scheidegger C, Hawksworth D. Evaluating methodologies for species delimitation: the mismatch between phenotypes and genotypes in lichenized fungi ( Bryoria sect. Implexae, Parmeliaceae). PERSOONIA 2019; 42:75-100. [PMID: 31551615 PMCID: PMC6712543 DOI: 10.3767/persoonia.2019.42.04] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2017] [Accepted: 06/18/2018] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
In many lichen-forming fungi, molecular phylogenetic analyses lead to the discovery of cryptic species within traditional morphospecies. However, in some cases, molecular sequence data also questions the separation of phenotypically characterised species. Here we apply an integrative taxonomy approach - including morphological, chemical, molecular, and distributional characters - to re-assess species boundaries in a traditionally speciose group of hair lichens, Bryoria sect. Implexae. We sampled multilocus sequence and microsatellite data from 142 specimens from a broad intercontinental distribution. Molecular data included DNA sequences of the standard fungal markers ITS, IGS, GAPDH, two newly tested loci (FRBi15 and FRBi16), and SSR frequencies from 18 microsatellite markers. Datasets were analysed with Bayesian and maximum likelihood phylogenetic reconstruction, phenogram reconstruction, STRUCTURE Bayesian clustering, principal coordinate analysis, haplotype network, and several different species delimitation analyses (ABGD, PTP, GMYC, and DISSECT). Additionally, past population demography and divergence times are estimated. The different approaches to species recognition do not support the monophyly of the 11 currently accepted morphospecies, and rather suggest the reduction of these to four phylogenetic species. Moreover, three of these are relatively recent in origin and cryptic, including phenotypically and chemically variable specimens. Issues regarding the integration of an evolutionary perspective into taxonomic conclusions in species complexes, which have undergone recent diversification, are discussed. The four accepted species, all epitypified by sequenced material, are Bryoria fuscescens, B. glabra, B. kockiana, and B. pseudofuscescens. Ten species rank names are reduced to synonymy. In the absence of molecular data, they can be recorded as the B. fuscescens complex. Intraspecific phenotype plasticity and factors affecting the speciation of different morphospecies in this group of Bryoria are outlined.
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Affiliation(s)
- C.G. Boluda
- Departamento de Farmacología, Farmacognosia y Botánica (U.D. Botánica), Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Complutense, Plaza de Ramón y Cajal s/n, Madrid 28040, Spain
- Biodiversity and Conservation Biology, Swiss Federal Research Institute WSL, Zürcherstrasse 111, Birmensdorf 8903, Switzerland
| | - V.J. Rico
- Departamento de Farmacología, Farmacognosia y Botánica (U.D. Botánica), Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Complutense, Plaza de Ramón y Cajal s/n, Madrid 28040, Spain
| | - P.K. Divakar
- Departamento de Farmacología, Farmacognosia y Botánica (U.D. Botánica), Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Complutense, Plaza de Ramón y Cajal s/n, Madrid 28040, Spain
| | - O. Nadyeina
- Biodiversity and Conservation Biology, Swiss Federal Research Institute WSL, Zürcherstrasse 111, Birmensdorf 8903, Switzerland
| | - L. Myllys
- Botanical Museum, Finnish Museum of Natural History, P.O. Box 7, 00014 University of Helsinki, Finland
| | - R.T. McMullin
- Research and Collections, Canadian Museum of Nature, Ottawa, ON K1P 6P4, Canada
| | - J.C. Zamora
- Departamento de Farmacología, Farmacognosia y Botánica (U.D. Botánica), Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Complutense, Plaza de Ramón y Cajal s/n, Madrid 28040, Spain
- Museum of Evolution, Uppsala University, Norbyvägen 16, 75236 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - C. Scheidegger
- Biodiversity and Conservation Biology, Swiss Federal Research Institute WSL, Zürcherstrasse 111, Birmensdorf 8903, Switzerland
| | - D.L. Hawksworth
- Department of Life Sciences, The Natural History Museum, Cromwell Road, London SW7 5BD, UK; and Comparative Plant and Fungal Biology, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Surrey TW9 3DS, United Kingdom
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Mahiques R, Ballarà J, Salom JC, Bellanger JM, Garrido-Benavent I. Morphogenetic diversity of the ectomycorrhizal genus Cortinarius section Calochroi in the Iberian Peninsula. Mycol Prog 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s11557-018-1394-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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Widhelm TJ, Bertoletti FR, Asztalos MJ, Mercado-Díaz JA, Huang JP, Moncada B, Lücking R, Magain N, Sérusiaux E, Goffinet B, Crouch N, Mason-Gamer R, Lumbsch HT. Oligocene origin and drivers of diversification in the genus Sticta (Lobariaceae, Ascomycota). Mol Phylogenet Evol 2018; 126:58-73. [PMID: 29656104 DOI: 10.1016/j.ympev.2018.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2017] [Revised: 02/19/2018] [Accepted: 04/05/2018] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
A major challenge to evolutionary biologists is to understand how biodiversity is distributed through space and time and across the tree of life. Diversification of organisms is influenced by many factors that act at different times and geographic locations but it is still not clear which have a significant impact and how drivers interact. To study diversification, we chose the lichen genus Sticta, by sampling through most of the global range and producing a time tree. We estimate that Sticta originated about 30 million years ago, but biogoegraphic analysis was unclear in estimating the origin of the genus. Furthermore, we investigated the effect of dispersal ability finding that Sticta has a high dispersal rate, as collections from Hawaii showed that divergent lineages colonized the islands at least four times. Symbiont interactions were investigated using BiSSE to understand if green-algal or cyanobacterial symbiont interactions influenced diversification, only to find that the positive results were driven almost completely by Type I error. On the other hand, another BiSSE analysis found that an association with Andean tectonic activity increases the speciation rate of species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Todd J Widhelm
- Science & Education, The Field Museum, Chicago, IL, USA; Biological Sciences, Ecology and Evolution, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA.
| | | | | | | | - Jen-Pan Huang
- Science & Education, The Field Museum, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Bibiana Moncada
- Licenciatura en Biología, Universidad Distrital Francisco José de Caldas, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Robert Lücking
- Kustos Herbarium, Botanischer Garten und Botanisches Museum, Berlin, Germany
| | | | | | - Bernard Goffinet
- Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, USA
| | - Nicholas Crouch
- Biological Sciences, Ecology and Evolution, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Roberta Mason-Gamer
- Biological Sciences, Ecology and Evolution, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
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High diversity, high insular endemism and recent origin in the lichen genus Sticta (lichenized Ascomycota, Peltigerales) in Madagascar and the Mascarenes. Mol Phylogenet Evol 2018; 122:15-28. [PMID: 29360617 DOI: 10.1016/j.ympev.2018.01.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2017] [Revised: 11/14/2017] [Accepted: 01/13/2018] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Lichen biodiversity and its generative evolutionary processes are practically unknown in the MIOI (Madagascar and Indian Ocean Islands) biodiversity hotspot. We sought to test the hypothesis that lichenized fungi in this region have undergone a rapid radiation, following a single colonization event, giving rise to narrow endemics, as is characteristic of other lineages of plants. We extensively sampled specimens of the lichen genus Sticta in the Mascarene archipelago (mainly Réunion) and in Madagascar, mainly in the northern range (Amber Mt and Marojejy Mt) and produced the fungal ITS barcode sequence for 148 thalli. We further produced a four-loci data matrix for 68 of them, representing the diversity and geographical distribution of ITS haplotypes. We reconstructed the phylogenetic relationships within this group, established species boundaries with morphological context, and estimated the date of the most recent common ancestor. Our inferences resolve a robust clade comprising 31 endemic species of Sticta that arose from the diversification following a single recent (c. 11 Mya) colonization event. All but three species have a very restricted range, endemic to either the Mascarene archipelago or a single massif in Madagascar. The first genus of lichens to be studied with molecular data in this region underwent a recent radiation, exhibits micro-endemism, and thus exemplifies the biodiversity characteristics found in other taxa in Madagascar and the Mascarenes.
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10
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Onuţ-Brännström I, Tibell L, Johannesson H. A worldwide phylogeography of the whiteworm lichens Thamnolia reveals three lineages with distinct habitats and evolutionary histories. Ecol Evol 2017; 7:3602-3615. [PMID: 28515896 PMCID: PMC5433967 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.2917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2016] [Revised: 12/30/2016] [Accepted: 01/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Thamnolia is a lichenized fungus with an extremely wide distribution, being encountered in arctic and alpine environments in most continents. In this study, we used molecular markers to investigate the population structure of the fungal symbiont and the associated photosynthetic partner of Thamnolia. By analyzing molecular, morphological, and chemical variation among 253 specimens covering the species distribution range, we revealed the existence of three mycobiont lineages. One lineage (Lineage A) is confined to the tundra region of Siberia and the Aleutian Islands, a second (Lineage B) is found in the high alpine region of the Alps and the Carpathians Mountains, and a third (Lineage C) has a worldwide distribution and covers both the aforementioned ecosystems. Molecular dating analysis indicated that the split of the three lineages is older than the last glacial maximum, but the distribution ranges and the population genetic analyses suggest an influence of last glacial period on the present‐day population structure of each lineage. We found a very low diversity of Lineage B, but a higher and similar one in Lineages A and C. Demographic analyses suggested that Lineage C has its origin in the Northern Hemisphere, possibly Scandinavia, and that it has passed through a bottleneck followed by a recent population expansion. While all three lineages reproduce clonally, recombination tests suggest rare or past recombination in both Lineages A and C. Moreover, our data showed that Lineage C has a comparatively low photobiont specificity, being found associated with four widespread Trebouxia lineages (three of them also shared with other lichens), while Lineages A and B exclusively harbor T. simplex s. lat. Finally, we did not find support for the recognition of taxa in Thamnolia based on either morphological or chemical characters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ioana Onuţ-Brännström
- Department of Systematic Biology Evolutionary Biology Centre Uppsala University Uppsala Sweden
| | - Leif Tibell
- Department of Systematic Biology Evolutionary Biology Centre Uppsala University Uppsala Sweden
| | - Hanna Johannesson
- Department of Systematic Biology Evolutionary Biology Centre Uppsala University Uppsala Sweden
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Haight JE, Laursen GA, Glaeser JA, Taylor DL. Phylogeny of Fomitopsis pinicola: a species complex. Mycologia 2017; 108:925-938. [DOI: 10.3852/14-225r1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2014] [Accepted: 06/21/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- John-Erich Haight
- Institute of Arctic Biology and the Biology and Wildlife Department, University of Alaska, Fairbanks, Alaska 99775
- USDA-FS Northern Research Station, One Gifford Pinchot Drive, Madison, Wisconsin 53726
| | - Gary A. Laursen
- Institute of Arctic Biology and the Biology and Wildlife Department, University of Alaska, Fairbanks, Alaska 99775
| | - Jessie A. Glaeser
- USDA-FS Northern Research Station, One Gifford Pinchot Drive, Madison, Wisconsin 53726
| | - D. Lee Taylor
- Institute of Arctic Biology and the Biology and Wildlife Department, University of Alaska, Fairbanks, Alaska 99775
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12
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Molina MC, Divakar PK, Goward T, Millanes AM, Lumbsch HT, Crespo A. Neogene diversification in the temperate lichen-forming fungal genus Parmelia (Parmeliaceae, Ascomycota). SYST BIODIVERS 2016. [DOI: 10.1080/14772000.2016.1226977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- M. Carmen Molina
- Departamento de Biología y Geología, Física y Química Inorgánica (Área de Biodiversidad y Conservación), ESCET, Universidad Rey Juan Carlos, Móstoles, 28933 Madrid, Spain
| | - Pradeep K. Divakar
- Departamento de Biología Vegetal II, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Trevor Goward
- UBC Herbarium, Beaty Museum, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Ana M. Millanes
- Departamento de Biología y Geología, Física y Química Inorgánica (Área de Biodiversidad y Conservación), ESCET, Universidad Rey Juan Carlos, Móstoles, 28933 Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Ana Crespo
- Departamento de Biología Vegetal II, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
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Leavitt SD, Kraichak E, Vondrak J, Nelsen MP, Sohrabi M, Perez-Ortega S, St Clair LL, Lumbsch HT. Cryptic diversity and symbiont interactions in rock-posy lichens. Mol Phylogenet Evol 2016; 99:261-274. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ympev.2016.03.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2015] [Revised: 03/18/2016] [Accepted: 03/22/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Hidden diversity of marine borderline lichens and a new order of fungi: Collemopsidiales (Dothideomyceta). FUNGAL DIVERS 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s13225-016-0361-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
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15
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Sánchez-Ramírez S, Tulloss RE, Guzmán-Dávalos L, Cifuentes-Blanco J, Valenzuela R, Estrada-Torres A, Ruán-Soto F, Díaz-Moreno R, Hernández-Rico N, Torres-Gómez M, León H, Moncalvo JM. In and out of refugia: historical patterns of diversity and demography in the North American Caesar's mushroom species complex. Mol Ecol 2015; 24:5938-56. [PMID: 26465233 DOI: 10.1111/mec.13413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2015] [Revised: 10/05/2015] [Accepted: 10/06/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Some of the effects of past climate dynamics on plant and animal diversity make-up have been relatively well studied, but to less extent in fungi. Pleistocene refugia are thought to harbour high biological diversity (i.e. phylogenetic lineages and genetic diversity), mainly as a product of increased reproductive isolation and allele conservation. In addition, high extinction rates and genetic erosion are expected in previously glaciated regions. Some of the consequences of past climate dynamics might involve changes in range and population size that can result in divergence and incipient or cryptic speciation. Many of these dynamic processes and patterns can be inferred through phylogenetic and coalescent methods. In this study, we first delimit species within a group of closely related edible ectomycorrhizal Amanita from North America (the American Caesar's mushrooms species complex) using multilocus coalescent-based approaches; and then address questions related to effects of Pleistocene climate change on the diversity and genetics of the group. Our study includes extensive geographical sampling throughout the distribution range, and DNA sequences from three nuclear protein-coding genes. Results reveal cryptic diversity and high speciation rates in refugia. Population sizes and expansions seem to be larger at midrange latitudes (Mexican highlands and SE USA). Range shifts are proportional to population size expansions, which were overall more common during the Pleistocene. This study documents responses to past climate change in fungi and also highlights the applicability of the multispecies coalescent in comparative phylogeographical analyses and diversity assessments that include ancestral species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Santiago Sánchez-Ramírez
- Department of Natural History, Royal Ontario Museum, 100 Queen's Park, Toronto, ON, M5S 2C6, Canada.,Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Toronto, 25 Willcocks, Toronto, ON, M5S 3B2, Canada
| | | | - Laura Guzmán-Dávalos
- Departamento de Botánica y Zoología, Universidad de Guadalajara, Zapopan, 45101, México
| | - Joaquín Cifuentes-Blanco
- Facultad de Ciencias, Departamento de Biología Comparada, UNAM, Ciudad Universitaria, México City, 04510, México
| | - Ricardo Valenzuela
- Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biólogicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, México City, 11340, México
| | - Arturo Estrada-Torres
- Centro de Investigación en Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Autónoma de Tlaxcala, Tlaxcala, 90122, México
| | - Felipe Ruán-Soto
- Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad de Ciencias y Artes de Chiapas, Tuxtla Gutiérrez, 29039, Mexico
| | - Raúl Díaz-Moreno
- Instituto de Silvicultura e Industria de la Madera, Universidad Juárez del Estado de Durango, Durango, 34120, México
| | - Nallely Hernández-Rico
- Laboratorio de Etnobiología, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Hidalgo, Pachuca, México
| | - Mariano Torres-Gómez
- Centro de Investigaciones en Ecosistemas CIEco, Antigua carretera a Pátzcuaro # 8701, Col. Ex-Hacienda de San José de La Huerta, Morelia, 58190, México
| | - Hugo León
- Coleccion Etnomicológica "Dr. Teófilo Herrera Suárez", Instituto Tecnológico del Valle de Oaxaca, Xoxocotlán, 71230, México
| | - Jean-Marc Moncalvo
- Department of Natural History, Royal Ontario Museum, 100 Queen's Park, Toronto, ON, M5S 2C6, Canada.,Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Toronto, 25 Willcocks, Toronto, ON, M5S 3B2, Canada
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16
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Leavitt SD, Divakar PK, Ohmura Y, Wang LS, Esslinger TL, Lumbsch HT. Who’s getting around? Assessing species diversity and phylogeography in the widely distributed lichen-forming fungal genus Montanelia (Parmeliaceae, Ascomycota). Mol Phylogenet Evol 2015; 90:85-96. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ympev.2015.04.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2014] [Revised: 02/13/2015] [Accepted: 04/30/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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17
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Leavitt SD, Kraichak E, Nelsen MP, Altermann S, Divakar PK, Alors D, Esslinger TL, Crespo A, Lumbsch T. Fungal specificity and selectivity for algae play a major role in determining lichen partnerships across diverse ecogeographic regions in the lichen‐forming family Parmeliaceae (Ascomycota). Mol Ecol 2015; 24:3779-97. [DOI: 10.1111/mec.13271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2014] [Revised: 06/04/2015] [Accepted: 06/10/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Steven D. Leavitt
- Committee on Evolutionary Biology University of Chicago Chicago IL USA
- Science & Education The Field Museum Chicago IL USA
| | - Ekaphan Kraichak
- Science & Education The Field Museum Chicago IL USA
- Department of Botany Faculty of Science Kasetsart University Bangkok Thailand
| | - Matthew P. Nelsen
- Geological and Environmental Sciences Stanford University Stanford CA USA
| | | | - Pradeep K. Divakar
- Departamento de Biología Vegetal II Facultad de Farmacia Universidad Complutense de Madrid Madrid Spain
| | - David Alors
- Departamento de Biología Vegetal II Facultad de Farmacia Universidad Complutense de Madrid Madrid Spain
| | | | - Ana Crespo
- Departamento de Biología Vegetal II Facultad de Farmacia Universidad Complutense de Madrid Madrid Spain
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18
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Hagen F, Khayhan K, Theelen B, Kolecka A, Polacheck I, Sionov E, Falk R, Parnmen S, Lumbsch HT, Boekhout T. Recognition of seven species in the Cryptococcus gattii/Cryptococcus neoformans species complex. Fungal Genet Biol 2015; 78:16-48. [PMID: 25721988 DOI: 10.1016/j.fgb.2015.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 472] [Impact Index Per Article: 52.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2014] [Revised: 02/12/2015] [Accepted: 02/15/2015] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Phylogenetic analysis of 11 genetic loci and results from many genotyping studies revealed significant genetic diversity with the pathogenic Cryptococcus gattii/Cryptococcus neoformans species complex. Genealogical concordance, coalescence-based, and species tree approaches supported the presence of distinct and concordant lineages within the complex. Consequently, we propose to recognize the current C. neoformans var. grubii and C. neoformans var. neoformans as separate species, and five species within C. gattii. The type strain of C. neoformans CBS132 represents a serotype AD hybrid and is replaced. The newly delimited species differ in aspects of pathogenicity, prevalence for patient groups, as well as biochemical and physiological aspects, such as susceptibility to antifungals. MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry readily distinguishes the newly recognized species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ferry Hagen
- CBS-KNAW Fungal Biodiversity Centre, Basidiomycete and Yeast Research, Utrecht, The Netherlands; Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Canisius-Wilhelmina Hospital, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Kantarawee Khayhan
- CBS-KNAW Fungal Biodiversity Centre, Basidiomycete and Yeast Research, Utrecht, The Netherlands; Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Phayao, Phayao, Thailand
| | - Bart Theelen
- CBS-KNAW Fungal Biodiversity Centre, Basidiomycete and Yeast Research, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Anna Kolecka
- CBS-KNAW Fungal Biodiversity Centre, Basidiomycete and Yeast Research, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Itzhack Polacheck
- Department of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center, Ein Kerem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Edward Sionov
- Department of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center, Ein Kerem, Jerusalem, Israel; Department of Food Quality & Safety, Institute for Postharvest and Food Sciences, Agricultural Research Organization, The Volcani Center, Bet Dagan, Israel
| | - Rama Falk
- Department of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center, Ein Kerem, Jerusalem, Israel; Department of Fisheries and Aquaculture, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development, Nir-David, Israel
| | - Sittiporn Parnmen
- Department of Medical Sciences, Ministry of Public Health, Nonthaburi, Thailand
| | | | - Teun Boekhout
- CBS-KNAW Fungal Biodiversity Centre, Basidiomycete and Yeast Research, Utrecht, The Netherlands; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Medical Mycology, Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China; Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.
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19
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Pažoutová S, Pešicová K, Chudíčková M, Šrůtka P, Kolařík M. Delimitation of cryptic species inside Claviceps purpurea. Fungal Biol 2014; 119:7-26. [PMID: 25601146 DOI: 10.1016/j.funbio.2014.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2014] [Revised: 10/07/2014] [Accepted: 10/13/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Claviceps purpurea is an ovarian parasite infecting grasses (Poaceae) including cereals and forage plants. This fungus produces toxic alkaloids and consumption of contaminated grains can cause ergotism in humans and other mammals. Recent molecular genetics studies have indicated that it included three cryptic species (G1, G2, G3). In this study, reproductive isolation amongst these groups and among material from Phragmites and Molinia was tested using gene flow statistics for five polymorphic loci, and to support these data, phylogenetic affiliations based on gene trees and a multigene phylogeny were used. The four recognized species are characterized based on morphology and host spectrum and formal taxonomic names are proposed. Claviceps purpurea sensu stricto (G1 group) represents a typical rye ergot, but infects various other grasses. Typical hosts of Claviceps humidiphila (new name for G2 species), like Phalaris arundinacea, belong to grasses preferring humid locations. Claviceps spartinae (G3) is specific to chloridoid grasses from salt barches. The material from Phragmites and Molinia can be authenticated with the species Claviceps microcephala for which the new name Claviceps arundinis is proposed here. The divergence time between species was estimated and the tools for species identification are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylvie Pažoutová
- Institute of Microbiology of the ASCR, v.v.i., Vídeňská 1083, 142 20 Prague 4, Czech Republic
| | - Kamila Pešicová
- Institute of Microbiology of the ASCR, v.v.i., Vídeňská 1083, 142 20 Prague 4, Czech Republic; Department of Botany, Faculty of Science, Charles University in Prague, Benátská 2, 128 01 Prague 2, Czech Republic
| | - Milada Chudíčková
- Institute of Microbiology of the ASCR, v.v.i., Vídeňská 1083, 142 20 Prague 4, Czech Republic
| | - Petr Šrůtka
- Faculty of Forestry and Wood Sciences, Czech University of Life Sciences, Kamýcká 129, 165 21 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Miroslav Kolařík
- Institute of Microbiology of the ASCR, v.v.i., Vídeňská 1083, 142 20 Prague 4, Czech Republic.
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20
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Sork VL, Werth S. Phylogeography of Ramalina menziesii, a widely distributed lichen-forming fungus in western North America. Mol Ecol 2014; 23:2326-39. [PMID: 24673777 DOI: 10.1111/mec.12735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2013] [Accepted: 03/13/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The complex topography and climate history of western North America offer a setting where lineage formation, accumulation and migration have led to elevated inter- and intraspecific biodiversity in many taxa. Here, we study Ramalina menziesii, an epiphytic lichenized fungus with a range encompassing major ecosystems from Baja California to Alaska to explore the predictions of two hypotheses: (i) that the widespread distribution of R. menziesii is due to a single migration episode from a single lineage and (ii) that the widespread distribution is due to the formation and persistence of multiple lineages structured throughout the species' range. To obtain evidence for these predictions, we first construct a phylogenetic tree and identify multiple lineages structured throughout the species' range--some ancient ones that are localized and other more recent lineages that are widely distributed. Second, we use an isolation with migration model to show that sets of ecoregion populations diverged from each other at different times, demonstrating the importance of historical and current barriers to gene flow. Third, we estimated migration rates among ecoregions and find that Baja California populations are relatively isolated, that inland California ecoregion populations do not send out emigrants and that migration out of California coastal and Pacific Northwest populations into inland California ecoregions is high. Such intraspecific geographical patterns of population persistence and dispersal both contribute to the wide range of this genetically diverse lichen fungus and provide insight into the evolutionary processes that enhance species diversity of the California Floristic Province.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria L Sork
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California at Los Angeles, 610 Charles E. Young Drive East, Los Angeles, CA, 90095-7239, USA; Institute of the Environment and Sustainability, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, 90095-1496, USA
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21
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Sadowska-Deś AD, Dal Grande F, Lumbsch HT, Beck A, Otte J, Hur JS, Kim JA, Schmitt I. Integrating coalescent and phylogenetic approaches to delimit species in the lichen photobiont Trebouxia. Mol Phylogenet Evol 2014; 76:202-10. [PMID: 24685499 DOI: 10.1016/j.ympev.2014.03.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2013] [Revised: 03/04/2014] [Accepted: 03/17/2014] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
The accurate assessment of species boundaries in symbiotic systems is a prerequisite for the study of speciation, co-evolution and selectivity. Many studies have shown the high genetic diversity of green algae from the genus Trebouxia, the most common photobiont of lichen-forming fungi. However, the phylogenetic relationships, and the amount of cryptic diversity of these algae are still poorly understood, and an adequate species concept for trebouxiophycean algae is still missing. In this study we used a multifaceted approach based on coalescence (GMYC, STEM) and phylogenetic relationships to assess species boundaries in the trebouxioid photobionts of the lichen-forming fungus Lasallia pustulata. We further investigated whether putative species of Trebouxia found in L. pustulata are shared with other lichen-forming fungi. We found that L. pustulata is associated with at least five species of Trebouxia and most of them are shared with other lichen-forming fungi, showing different patterns of species-to-species and species-to-community interactions. We also show that one of the putative Trebouxia species is found exclusively in association with L. pustulata and is restricted to thalli from localities with Mediterranean microclimate. We suggest that the species delimitation method presented in this study is a promising tool to address species boundaries within the heterogeneous genus Trebouxia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna D Sadowska-Deś
- Department of Biological Sciences, Institute of Ecology, Evolution and Diversity, Goethe Universität, Max-von-Laue-Str. 13, D-60438 Frankfurt, Germany; Biodiversity and Climate Research Centre (BiK-F), Senckenberg Gesellschaft für Naturforschung, Senckenberganlage 25, D-60325 Frankfurt, Germany.
| | - Francesco Dal Grande
- Biodiversity and Climate Research Centre (BiK-F), Senckenberg Gesellschaft für Naturforschung, Senckenberganlage 25, D-60325 Frankfurt, Germany
| | - H Thorsten Lumbsch
- Science & Education, The Field Museum, 1400 S. Lake Shore Drive, Chicago, IL 60605, USA
| | - Andreas Beck
- Department of Lichenology and Bryology, Botanische Staatssammlung München, Menzinger Straße 67, D-80638 München, Germany; GeoBio-Center, Ludwig-Maximilians Universität München, Richard-Wagner-Str. 10, D-80333 München, Germany
| | - Jürgen Otte
- Biodiversity and Climate Research Centre (BiK-F), Senckenberg Gesellschaft für Naturforschung, Senckenberganlage 25, D-60325 Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Jae-Seoun Hur
- Korean Lichen Research Institute, Sunchon National University, Suncheon 540-742, South Korea
| | - Jung A Kim
- Korean Lichen Research Institute, Sunchon National University, Suncheon 540-742, South Korea
| | - Imke Schmitt
- Department of Biological Sciences, Institute of Ecology, Evolution and Diversity, Goethe Universität, Max-von-Laue-Str. 13, D-60438 Frankfurt, Germany; Biodiversity and Climate Research Centre (BiK-F), Senckenberg Gesellschaft für Naturforschung, Senckenberganlage 25, D-60325 Frankfurt, Germany.
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22
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Leavitt SD, Lumbsch HT, Stenroos S, Clair LLS. Pleistocene speciation in North American lichenized fungi and the impact of alternative species circumscriptions and rates of molecular evolution on divergence estimates. PLoS One 2013; 8:e85240. [PMID: 24386465 PMCID: PMC3873437 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0085240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2013] [Accepted: 11/24/2013] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Pleistocene climatic fluctuations influenced patterns of genetic variation and promoted speciation across a wide range of species groups. Lichens are commonly found in habitats that were directly impacted by glacial cycles; however, the role of Pleistocene climate in driving speciation in most lichen symbionts remains unclear. This uncertainty is due in part to limitations in our ability to accurately recognize independently evolving lichen-forming fungal lineages and a lack of relevant fossil calibrations. Using a coalescent-based species tree approach, we estimated divergence times for two sister clades in the genus Xanthoparmelia (Parmeliaceae) restricted to western North America. We assessed the influence of two different species circumscription scenarios and various locus-specific rates of molecular evolution on divergence estimates. Species circumscriptions were validated using the program BP&P. although speciation was generally supported in both scenarios, divergence times differed between traditional species circumscriptions and those based on genetic data, with more recent estimates resulting from the former. Similarly, rates of evolution for different loci resulted in variable divergence time estimates. However, our results unambiguously indicate that diversification in the sampled Xanthoparmelia clades occurred during the Pleistocene. Our study highlights the potential impact of ambiguous species circumscriptions and uncertain rates of molecular evolution on estimating divergence times within a multilocus species tree framework.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven D. Leavitt
- Committee on Evolutionary Biology, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
- Science & Education, The Field Museum, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
- Department of Biology and M. L. Bean Life Science Museum, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - H. Thorsten Lumbsch
- Science & Education, The Field Museum, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Soili Stenroos
- Botanical Museum, Finnish Museum of Natural History, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Larry L. St. Clair
- Department of Biology and M. L. Bean Life Science Museum, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah, United States of America
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