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Chen K, Wang Q, Yu X, Wang C, Gao J, Zhang S, Cheng S, You S, Zheng H, Lu J, Zhu X, Lei D, Jian A, He X, Yu H, Chen Y, Zhou M, Li K, He L, Tian Y, Liu X, Liu S, Jiang L, Bao Y, Wang H, Zhao Z, Wan J. OsSRF8 interacts with OsINP1 and OsDAF1 to regulate pollen aperture formation in rice. Nat Commun 2024; 15:4512. [PMID: 38802369 PMCID: PMC11130342 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-48813-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2023] [Accepted: 05/14/2024] [Indexed: 05/29/2024] Open
Abstract
In higher plants, mature male gametophytes have distinct apertures. After pollination, pollen grains germinate, and a pollen tube grows from the aperture to deliver sperm cells to the embryo sac, completing fertilization. In rice, the pollen aperture has a single-pore structure with a collar-like annulus and a plug-like operculum. A crucial step in aperture development is the formation of aperture plasma membrane protrusion (APMP) at the distal polar region of the microspore during the late tetrad stage. Previous studies identified OsINP1 and OsDAF1 as essential regulators of APMP and pollen aperture formation in rice, but their precise molecular mechanisms remain unclear. We demonstrate that the Poaceae-specific OsSRF8 gene, encoding a STRUBBELIG-receptor family 8 protein, is essential for pollen aperture formation in Oryza sativa. Mutants lacking functional OsSRF8 exhibit defects in APMP and pollen aperture formation, like loss-of-function OsINP1 mutants. OsSRF8 is specifically expressed during early anther development and initially diffusely distributed in the microsporocytes. At the tetrad stage, OsSRF8 is recruited by OsINP1 to the pre-aperture region through direct protein-protein interaction, promoting APMP formation. The OsSRF8-OsINP1 complex then recruits OsDAF1 to the APMP site to co-regulate annulus formation. Our findings provide insights into the mechanisms controlling pollen aperture formation in cereal species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keyi Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Crop Genetics & Germplasm Enhancement and Utilization, Nanjing Agricultural University, Zhongshan Biological Breeding Laboratory, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Qiming Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Crop Genetics & Germplasm Enhancement and Utilization, Nanjing Agricultural University, Zhongshan Biological Breeding Laboratory, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Xiaowen Yu
- State Key Laboratory for Crop Genetics & Germplasm Enhancement and Utilization, Nanjing Agricultural University, Zhongshan Biological Breeding Laboratory, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Chaolong Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Crop Genetics & Germplasm Enhancement and Utilization, Nanjing Agricultural University, Zhongshan Biological Breeding Laboratory, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Junwen Gao
- State Key Laboratory for Crop Genetics & Germplasm Enhancement and Utilization, Nanjing Agricultural University, Zhongshan Biological Breeding Laboratory, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Shihao Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Crop Genetics & Germplasm Enhancement and Utilization, Nanjing Agricultural University, Zhongshan Biological Breeding Laboratory, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Siqi Cheng
- State Key Laboratory for Crop Genetics & Germplasm Enhancement and Utilization, Nanjing Agricultural University, Zhongshan Biological Breeding Laboratory, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Shimin You
- State Key Laboratory for Crop Genetics & Germplasm Enhancement and Utilization, Nanjing Agricultural University, Zhongshan Biological Breeding Laboratory, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Hai Zheng
- State Key Laboratory for Crop Genetics & Germplasm Enhancement and Utilization, Nanjing Agricultural University, Zhongshan Biological Breeding Laboratory, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Jiayu Lu
- State Key Laboratory for Crop Genetics & Germplasm Enhancement and Utilization, Nanjing Agricultural University, Zhongshan Biological Breeding Laboratory, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Xufei Zhu
- State Key Laboratory for Crop Genetics & Germplasm Enhancement and Utilization, Nanjing Agricultural University, Zhongshan Biological Breeding Laboratory, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Dekun Lei
- State Key Laboratory for Crop Genetics & Germplasm Enhancement and Utilization, Nanjing Agricultural University, Zhongshan Biological Breeding Laboratory, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Anqi Jian
- State Key Laboratory for Crop Genetics & Germplasm Enhancement and Utilization, Nanjing Agricultural University, Zhongshan Biological Breeding Laboratory, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Xiaodong He
- State Key Laboratory for Crop Genetics & Germplasm Enhancement and Utilization, Nanjing Agricultural University, Zhongshan Biological Breeding Laboratory, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Hao Yu
- State Key Laboratory for Crop Genetics & Germplasm Enhancement and Utilization, Nanjing Agricultural University, Zhongshan Biological Breeding Laboratory, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Yun Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Crop Genetics & Germplasm Enhancement and Utilization, Nanjing Agricultural University, Zhongshan Biological Breeding Laboratory, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Mingli Zhou
- State Key Laboratory for Crop Genetics & Germplasm Enhancement and Utilization, Nanjing Agricultural University, Zhongshan Biological Breeding Laboratory, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Kai Li
- State Key Laboratory for Crop Genetics & Germplasm Enhancement and Utilization, Nanjing Agricultural University, Zhongshan Biological Breeding Laboratory, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Ling He
- State Key Laboratory for Crop Genetics & Germplasm Enhancement and Utilization, Nanjing Agricultural University, Zhongshan Biological Breeding Laboratory, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Yunlu Tian
- State Key Laboratory for Crop Genetics & Germplasm Enhancement and Utilization, Nanjing Agricultural University, Zhongshan Biological Breeding Laboratory, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Xi Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Crop Genetics & Germplasm Enhancement and Utilization, Nanjing Agricultural University, Zhongshan Biological Breeding Laboratory, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Shijia Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Crop Genetics & Germplasm Enhancement and Utilization, Nanjing Agricultural University, Zhongshan Biological Breeding Laboratory, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Ling Jiang
- State Key Laboratory for Crop Genetics & Germplasm Enhancement and Utilization, Nanjing Agricultural University, Zhongshan Biological Breeding Laboratory, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Yiqun Bao
- School of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Haiyang Wang
- National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement, Institute of Crop Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Zhigang Zhao
- State Key Laboratory for Crop Genetics & Germplasm Enhancement and Utilization, Nanjing Agricultural University, Zhongshan Biological Breeding Laboratory, Nanjing, 210095, China.
| | - Jianmin Wan
- State Key Laboratory for Crop Genetics & Germplasm Enhancement and Utilization, Nanjing Agricultural University, Zhongshan Biological Breeding Laboratory, Nanjing, 210095, China.
- National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement, Institute of Crop Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China.
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Zamira D, Khaydarov K, Zafar M, Ramadan MF, Ahmad M, Aziza N, Ochilov U, Zebiniso U, Farzona D. Comprehensive study of allergenic tree species: Palynological insights enhanced by HPLC and GC-MS profiling. Biomed Chromatogr 2024; 38:e5774. [PMID: 37972935 DOI: 10.1002/bmc.5774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2023] [Revised: 10/14/2023] [Accepted: 10/18/2023] [Indexed: 11/19/2023]
Abstract
Considering the limited data available on tree species in Uzbekistan, this research aimed to provide new insights. We gathered plant samples from different locations within Samarkand city and thoughtfully selected 15 tree species that represent the country's flora. Using scanning electron microscopy, we conducted comprehensive analyses of pollen morphology, revealing a diverse range of variations in the shapes, dimensions, and surface characteristics displayed by pollen grains. Distinct ornamentations such as micro-echinate, reticulate, rugulate, gemmate-verrucate, and verrucate-scabrate patterns facilitated the differentiation of species. These scanning electron microscopy findings enhance our comprehension of tree species diversity, adaptation, and ecological roles. In addition, leaf extracts were analyzed using HPLC and GC-MS, revealing a plethora of bioactive compounds, including catechins, chlorogenic acid, vanillic acid, and others. Furthermore, GC-MS analysis revealed the presence of seven key compounds, including 1-hexadecyne, 2-chloroethanol, 1,6-heptadiene, 2-methyl-, 5-bromoadamantan-2-one, ethyl 3-(3-pyridyl) propenoate, bis (2-ethylhexyl) phthalate, and quercetin. This study demonstrates the effectiveness of this method in assessing the quality of leaf extracts from tree species by examining both microscopic characteristics and chemical composition. This multifaceted approach has deepened our understanding of the characteristics and chemical compositions of these trees, thus contributing to a more profound appreciation of their ecological significance and potential applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Djumayeva Zamira
- Institute of Biochemistry, Samarkand State University, Samarkand, Uzbekistan
| | - Khislat Khaydarov
- Institute of Biochemistry, Samarkand State University, Samarkand, Uzbekistan
| | - Muhammad Zafar
- Institute of Biochemistry, Samarkand State University, Samarkand, Uzbekistan
- Department of Plant Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Mohamed Fawzy Ramadan
- Department of Clinical Nutrition, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Mushtaq Ahmad
- Department of Plant Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Nozimova Aziza
- Institute of Biochemistry, Samarkand State University, Samarkand, Uzbekistan
| | - Ulugbek Ochilov
- Institute of Biochemistry, Samarkand State University, Samarkand, Uzbekistan
| | - Umurzakova Zebiniso
- Institute of Biochemistry, Samarkand State University, Samarkand, Uzbekistan
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3
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Ter Steege H, Fortes EA, Rozendaal DMA, Erkens RHJ, Sabatier D, Aymard G, Duijm E, Eurlings M, Grewe F, Pombo MM, Gomes VF, de Mansano VF, de Oliveira SM. Molecular phylogeny and evolution of inflorescence types in Eperua. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF BOTANY 2023; 110:e16229. [PMID: 37661805 DOI: 10.1002/ajb2.16229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2023] [Revised: 07/28/2023] [Accepted: 07/28/2023] [Indexed: 09/05/2023]
Abstract
PREMISE The Amazonian hyperdominant genus Eperua (Fabaceae) currently holds 20 described species and has two strongly different inflorescence and flower types, with corresponding different pollination syndrome. The evolution of these vastly different inflorescence types within this genus was unknown and the main topic in this study. METHODS We constructed a molecular phylogeny, based on the full nuclear ribosomal DNA and partial plastome, using Bayesian inference and maximum likelihood methods, to test whether the genus is monophyletic, whether all species are monophyletic and if the shift from bat to bee pollination (or vice versa) occurred once in this genus. RESULTS All but two species are well supported by the nuclear ribosomal phylogeny. The plastome phylogeny, however, shows a strong geographic signal suggesting strong local hybridization or chloroplast capture, rendering chloroplast barcodes meaningless in this genus. CONCLUSIONS With our data, we cannot fully resolve the backbone of the tree to clarify sister genera relationships and confirm monophyly of the genus Eperua. Within the genus, the shift from bat to bee and bee to bat pollination has occurred several times but, with the bee to bat not always leading to a pendant inflorescence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hans Ter Steege
- Naturalis Biodiversity Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
- Quantitative Biodiversity Dynamics, Dept. of Biology, Utrecht, Utrecht University, The Netherlands
| | - Elenice A Fortes
- Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas, Brazil
| | - Danaë M A Rozendaal
- Plant Production Systems Group, Wageningen University, P.O. Box 430, Wageningen, 6700 AK, the Netherlands
- Centre for Crop Systems Analysis, Wageningen University, P.O. Box 430, Wageningen, 6700 AK, the Netherlands
| | - Roy H J Erkens
- Maastricht Science Programme, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Maastricht University, P.O. Box 616. 6200 MD, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Daniel Sabatier
- AMAP, IRD, Cirad, CNRS, INRA, Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, F-34398, France
| | - Gerardo Aymard
- UNELLEZ-Guanare, Programa de Ciencias del Agro y del Mar, Herbario Universitario (PORT), Mesa de Cavacas, estado Portuguesa, 3350, Venezuela
- Compensation International Progress S.A. Ciprogress-Greenlife, Bogotá D.C., Colombia
| | - Elza Duijm
- Naturalis Biodiversity Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | | | - Felix Grewe
- Grainger Bioinformatics Center, Field Museum, 1400 S. Lake Shore Drive, Chicago, 60605-2496, IL, USA
| | - Maihyra M Pombo
- Coordenação de Biodiversidade, Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia - INPA, Av. André Araújo, 2936, Manaus, 69067-375, AM, Brazil
| | - Vitor F Gomes
- Escola de Negócios Tecnologia e Inovação, Centro Universitário do Pará, Belém, PA, Brazil
- Universidade Federal do Pará, Rua Augusto Corrêa 01, Belém, 66075-110, PA, Brazil
| | - Vidal F de Mansano
- Instituto de Pesquisas Jardim Botânico do Rio de Janeiro, Rua Pacheco Leão, 915, Rio de Janeiro, 22460-030, RJ, Brazil
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Zhao W, Hou Q, Qi Y, Wu S, Wan X. Structural and molecular basis of pollen germination. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2023; 203:108042. [PMID: 37738868 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2023.108042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2023] [Revised: 08/27/2023] [Accepted: 09/14/2023] [Indexed: 09/24/2023]
Abstract
Pollen germination is a prerequisite for double fertilization of flowering plants. A comprehensive understanding of the structural and molecular basis of pollen germination holds great potential for crop yield improvement. The pollen aperture serves as the foundation for most plant pollen germination and pollen aperture formation involves the establishment of cellular polarity, the formation of distinct membrane domains, and the precise deposition of extracellular substances. Successful pollen germination requires precise material exchange and signal transduction between the pollen grain and the stigma. Recent cytological and mutant analysis of pollen germination process in Arabidopsis and rice has expanded our understanding of this biological process. However, the overall changes in germination site structure and energy-related metabolites during pollen germination remain to be further explored. This review summarizes and compares the recent advances in the processes of pollen aperture formation, pollen adhesion, hydration, and germination between eudicot Arabidopsis and monocot rice, and provides insights into the structural basis and molecular mechanisms underlying pollen germination process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Zhao
- Research Institute of Biology and Agriculture, Shunde Innovation School, University of Science and Technology Beijing (USTB), Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Quancan Hou
- Research Institute of Biology and Agriculture, Shunde Innovation School, University of Science and Technology Beijing (USTB), Beijing, 100083, China; Zhongzhi International Institute of Agricultural Biosciences, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Yuchen Qi
- Research Institute of Biology and Agriculture, Shunde Innovation School, University of Science and Technology Beijing (USTB), Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Suowei Wu
- Research Institute of Biology and Agriculture, Shunde Innovation School, University of Science and Technology Beijing (USTB), Beijing, 100083, China; Zhongzhi International Institute of Agricultural Biosciences, Beijing, 100083, China; Beijing Engineering Laboratory of Main Crop Bio-Tech Breeding, Beijing Solidwill Sci-Tech Co. Ltd., Beijing, 100192, China.
| | - Xiangyuan Wan
- Research Institute of Biology and Agriculture, Shunde Innovation School, University of Science and Technology Beijing (USTB), Beijing, 100083, China; Zhongzhi International Institute of Agricultural Biosciences, Beijing, 100083, China; Beijing Engineering Laboratory of Main Crop Bio-Tech Breeding, Beijing Solidwill Sci-Tech Co. Ltd., Beijing, 100192, China.
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Lu X, Ye X, Liu J. Morphological differences between anemophilous and entomophilous pollen. Microsc Res Tech 2021; 85:1056-1064. [PMID: 34726304 DOI: 10.1002/jemt.23975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2021] [Revised: 10/05/2021] [Accepted: 10/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
In order to provide a palynological guide for the identification of insect-carrying pollen grains, we studied the pollen grains of 10 anemophilous species and 10 entomophilous species in the Beijing urban area using light and scanning electron microscopies. We found that anemophilous pollen grains are small, spheroidal, or oblate spheroidal, while entomophilous pollen grains are medium and oblate. Comparison of the exine thickness and surface ornamentation showed that anemophilous pollen grains have significantly thinner exine and smoother surface ornamentation than entomophilous pollen grains. The results also revealed pollen characteristics adaptive to different pollination types. Overall, our study indicated that pollen morphology might be helpful for preliminary identification of anemophilous and entomophilous pollen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaojian Lu
- College of Life Sciences and Academy for Multidisciplinary Studies, Capital Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Xiufen Ye
- Huludao City Teachers Training College, Huludao, China
| | - Jiaxi Liu
- College of Life Sciences and Academy for Multidisciplinary Studies, Capital Normal University, Beijing, China
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Souza IM, Hughes FM, Funch LS, Queiroz LPDE. Rethinking the pollination syndromes in Hymenaea (Leguminosae): the role of anthesis in the diversification. AN ACAD BRAS CIENC 2021; 93:e20191446. [PMID: 34705934 DOI: 10.1590/0001-3765202120191446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2019] [Accepted: 08/31/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Floral traits associated with functional groups of pollinators have been largely employed to understand mechanisms of floral diversification. Hymenaea is a monophyletic legume genus widely recognized to being bat-pollinated, with nocturnal anthesis and copious nectar. The most of species has short-paniculate inflorescences, white and robust flowers, congruent with a bat-pollination syndrome. However, other Hymenaea species show a different floral pattern (e.g., long-paniculate inflorescences and smaller flowers) which we report here as being bird pollinated. We examined the floral traits and visitors of Hymenaea oblongifolia var. latifolia and identified evolutionary shifts in floral traits associated with potential pollinators of Hymenaea species. Floral traits of H. oblongifolia var. latifolia differ from those expected for bat-pollinated flowers in species of sect. Hymenaea, and we observed hummingbirds collecting nectar legitimately. Our phylogenetic analysis did not support the monophyly of the taxonomic sections and suggests that bat pollination is ancestral in Hymenaea, with bird pollination evolving later. The transition coupling with shifts in the timing of anthesis and other floral traits. Pollinator-mediated evolutionary divergence hypothesis partially explains the Hymenaea diversification in the Neotropics. It is congruent with those species shifting from traits linked traditionally to bat pollination to hummingbird pollination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isys M Souza
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Botânica, Universidade Estadual de Feira de Santana, Av. Transnordestina, s/n, 44036-900 Feira de Santana, BA, Brazil
| | - Frederic M Hughes
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Botânica, Universidade Estadual de Feira de Santana, Av. Transnordestina, s/n, 44036-900 Feira de Santana, BA, Brazil.,Instituto Nacional da Mata Atlântica/INMA, Av. José Ruschi, 4, 29650-000 Santa Teresa, ES, Brazil
| | - Ligia S Funch
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Botânica, Universidade Estadual de Feira de Santana, Av. Transnordestina, s/n, 44036-900 Feira de Santana, BA, Brazil
| | - Luciano P DE Queiroz
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Botânica, Universidade Estadual de Feira de Santana, Av. Transnordestina, s/n, 44036-900 Feira de Santana, BA, Brazil
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Cunningham AB, Brinckmann JA, Harter DEV. From forest to pharmacy: Should we be depressed about a sustainable Griffonia simplicifolia (Fabaceae) seed supply chain? JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2021; 278:114202. [PMID: 33991640 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2021.114202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2021] [Revised: 04/24/2021] [Accepted: 05/08/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Griffonia simplicifolia D.C (Baill.) (Fabaceae) seeds are unusually high (6-20% wet weight) in 5-HTP (5-Hydroxytryptophan), a serotonin precursor widely used to treat depression. Consequently, this species is regarded as a herbal "Prozac®". Contemporary use as an anti-depressant contrasts with traditional uses for insecticides, arachnicides, fodder, dyes, mordants and chewing-sticks. G. simplicifolia seeds are wild-harvested for the export trade. Over the past 15 years, use of 5-HTP extracted from G. simplicifolia in cosmetics has added to global demand. Wild populations in West Africa are the sole commercial source of G. simplicifolia seed. AIMS OF THE STUDY Were to (i) assess the scale of the global trade in G. simplicifolia seeds and (ii) produce a synthesis of the challenges facing sustainable harvest of G. simplicifolia. MATERIALS AND APPROACH Firstly, we analysed global trade data for G. simplicifolia, taking into account historical trends over the past 40 years. Secondly, we reviewed published studies on the distribution, population biology and harvest impacts of wild G. simplicifolia populations. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION s: Wild G. simplicifolia populations have been the focus of commercial harvest of their pods (for seeds) for international trade from West Africa for almost 50 years. In the late 1980's, when Ghana exported 75-80 metric tonnes (MT) of G. simplicifolia seed to Europe, this species was already Ghana's main medicinal plant export. Currently, 5 West African countries export G. simplicifolia seeds (Cote d'Ivoire, Ghana, Liberia, Nigeria and Togo). Although in the 1980's, most seed exports were to Europe, today China is the main importer of G. simplicifolia seed. These seeds are value-added for production of 5-HTP extracts, and then re-exported, particularly to North America (c.48% of exports). The low habitat specificity and vigorous re-sprouting of G. simplicifolia after cutting, plus its occurrence in forest reserves and national parks confer some resilience on wild populations. Sustaining future supply chains faces six future challenges, however: (1) Rapid loss of forest habitats; (2) Declining populations of understorey birds and disruption of G. simplicifolia pollination in this bird pollinated species; (3) Negative effects of introduced invasive plant species (Broussonetia papyrifera, Chromolaena odorata) on G. simplicifolia regeneration; (4) Grazing by livestock and use of G. simplicifolia leaves as forage; (5) The long-term impact of industrial scale seed "predation": Over a 9-year period (2005-2013), G. simplicifolia exports from Ghana totalled at least 5550 metric tonnes (or between 9.1 billion to 13.5 billion seeds). This could affect the long-term population dynamics of this species, which produces a low number of seeds per pod (1-4 seeds) and has short distance (ballistic) seed dispersal; and (6) Destructive harvest methods, when plants are cut to harvest get the seed pods. Improved resource management, monitoring, quality control and careful pricing are important if supply chains from wild stocks are to be maintained. If wild populations decline, then 5-HTP biosynthesis may compete with low G. simplicifolia seed yields, leading to loss of income to West African harvesters and traders.
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Affiliation(s)
- A B Cunningham
- School of Life Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, King Edward Avenue, Pietermaritzburg, 3209, South Africa; School of Veterinary and Life Sciences, Murdoch University, 90 South St., Murdoch, WA, 6150, Australia.
| | - J A Brinckmann
- Traditional Medicinals, 4515 Ross Road, Sebastopol, CA, 95472, USA
| | - D E V Harter
- Bundesamt für Naturschutz (BfN), Konstantinstr. 110, Bonn, 53179, Germany
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Naghiloo S, Nikzat Siahkolaee S. Does breeding system affect pollen morphology? A case study in Zygophylloideae (Zygophyllaceae). PLANT REPRODUCTION 2019; 32:381-390. [PMID: 31637522 DOI: 10.1007/s00497-019-00379-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2019] [Accepted: 10/14/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
We found a correlation between large pollens and selfing and between psilate pollen walls and cleistogamy. Flowering plants display extraordinary diversity in pollen morphology, yet the functional significance of this variation is not well understood. Zygophylloideae is a lineage characterized by high diversity of breeding systems, ranging from obligate selfing to facultative selfing and further to facultative outcrossing. This group is particularly suitable for testing hypotheses about the influence of breeding system on pollen morphology. We studied pollen morphology in 20 species of Zygophylloideae and one species of Tribuloideae as an outgroup. A phylogeny of Zygophylloideae was created based on available DNA sequences and used to trace the evolution of pollen characters. We performed a phylogenetic analysis of correlated evolution between breeding system and several pollen characters. Three types of pollen morphology were found in the studied species. Tricolporate pollen with a small apocolpium, microreticulate ornamentation and medium size was determined as the ancestral state in Zygophylloideae. The correlation analysis indicated an association between large pollens and selfing and between psilate pollen wall and cleistogamy. We hypothesize that large size of pollen in selfing species is mainly associated with the low number of produced pollen indicating a trade-off between pollen size and number. The independence from pollen vector in cleistogamous flowers accounts for the evolution of smooth pollen walls in these species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Somayeh Naghiloo
- Institute of Organismic and Molecular Evolution (iomE), Johannes Gutenberg-University, Mainz, Germany.
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Ojeda DI, Koenen E, Cervantes S, de la Estrella M, Banguera-Hinestroza E, Janssens SB, Migliore J, Demenou BB, Bruneau A, Forest F, Hardy OJ. Phylogenomic analyses reveal an exceptionally high number of evolutionary shifts in a florally diverse clade of African legumes. Mol Phylogenet Evol 2019; 137:156-167. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ympev.2019.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2018] [Revised: 04/26/2019] [Accepted: 05/02/2019] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Morphological diversity and function of the stigma in Ficus species (Moraceae). ACTA OECOLOGICA-INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ECOLOGY 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.actao.2018.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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Lewis GP, Siqueira GS, Banks H, Bruneau A. The majestic canopy-emergent genus Dinizia (Leguminosae: Caesalpinioideae), including a new species endemic to the Brazilian state of Espírito Santo. KEW BULLETIN 2017; 72:48. [PMID: 32009686 PMCID: PMC6961463 DOI: 10.1007/s12225-017-9720-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/04/2017] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Since its description, almost 100 years ago, the genus Dinizia has been treated as monospecific, comprising the single canopy-emergent species Dinizia excelsa Ducke which grows in non-flooded Amazonian forests of Guyana, Suriname and seven states of northern and central-western Brazil. Dinizia jueirana-facao G. P. Lewis & G. S. Siqueira, which grows in a restricted area of semi-deciduous Atlantic rain forest in Espírito Santo state, Brazil, is described as a new species in the genus. The new species is also a canopy-emergent of impressive stature. We provide descriptions for both species, a key to species identification, a distribution map and the new species is illustrated. Fossil leaves, inflorescences and fruit provide evidence for a Dinizia-like ancestor occurring in south-eastern North America during the Eocene. In contrast to D. excelsa where pollen is dispersed in tetrads, the pollen of D. jueirana-facao is shed in monads. D. jueirana-facao is considered critically endangered following IUCN conservation criteria, whereas D. excelsa is assessed to be of least concern. A lectotype is designated for D. excelsa.
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Affiliation(s)
- G. P. Lewis
- Comparative Plant and Fungal Biology Department, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Richmond, Surrey TW9 3AB UK
| | - G. S. Siqueira
- Herbário - Reserva Natural Vale, Meio Ambiente, BR 101, km 122, s/n., Caixa Postal 91, Sooretama, Espírito Santo 29.927–000 Brazil
| | - H. Banks
- Comparative Plant and Fungal Biology Department, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Richmond, Surrey TW9 3AB UK
| | - A. Bruneau
- Institut de recherche en biologie végétale and Département de sciences biologiques, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec H1X 2B2 Canada
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Williams JH, Mazer SJ. Pollen--tiny and ephemeral but not forgotten: New ideas on their ecology and evolution. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF BOTANY 2016; 103:365-74. [PMID: 26980838 DOI: 10.3732/ajb.1600074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2016] [Accepted: 02/29/2016] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Ecologists and evolutionary biologists have been interested in the functional biology of pollen since the discovery in the 1800s that pollen grains encompass tiny plants (male gametophytes) that develop and produce sperm cells. After the discovery of double fertilization in flowering plants, botanists in the early 1900s were quick to explore the effects of temperature and maternal nutrients on pollen performance, while evolutionary biologists began studying the nature of haploid selection and pollen competition. A series of technical and theoretic developments have subsequently, but usually separately, expanded our knowledge of the nature of pollen performance and how it evolves. Today, there is a tremendous diversity of interests that touch on pollen performance, ranging from the ecological setting on the stigma, structural and physiological aspects of pollen germination and tube growth, the form of pollen competition and its role in sexual selection in plants, virus transmission, mating system evolution, and inbreeding depression. Given the explosion of technical knowledge of pollen cell biology, computer modeling, and new methods to deal with diversity in a phylogenetic context, we are now more than ever poised for a new era of research that includes complex functional traits that limit or enhance the evolution of these deceptively simple organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph H Williams
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee 37996 USA
| | - Susan J Mazer
- Department of Ecology, Evolution and Marine Biology, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California 93105 USA
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Vieira AM, Feijó JA. Hydrogel control of water uptake by pectins during in vitro pollen hydration of Eucalyptus globulus. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF BOTANY 2016; 103:437-451. [PMID: 26960349 DOI: 10.3732/ajb.1500373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2015] [Accepted: 12/16/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
PREMISE OF THE STUDY Upon pollination, dehydrated pollen grains take water out of the stigma surface, an event that constitutes the first functional checkpoint of sexual reproduction in higher plants. Little is known about possible functional connections between rehydration speed and further steps of fertilization. Here we addressed the mechanisms of water uptake control by dehydrated pollen grains. Because dehydrated cells have no energy-driven active mechanism such as membrane-based osmoregulation for controlling water movement, we tested the hypothesis that another mechanism might exist, namely, the use of hydrogel-behaving molecules. METHODS We developed an imaging protocol to visualize and quantify the rate of water entry into pollen grains of Eucalyptus globulus and tested the influence of different treatments linked to hydrogel-behaving molecules. We complemented these analyses by immunostaining pectins in the pollen grain with monoclonal antibodies JIM5 and JIM7. KEY RESULTS Water entry seemed to proceed exclusively through the germination apertures of the pollen grain, and the changes observed in different hydration media are compatible with hydrogel behavior. When JIM5 and JIM7 were used to characterize pectins on the germination apertures during hydration, pectin localization and esterification changed during hydration and were affected by the hydration solutions. These results suggest that chemical modification of the pectins may change their hydrogel behavior, thus modifying the hydration speed. CONCLUSIONS The hydrogel behavior of pectins and pectin localization on apertures strongly suggest that pectins act like "valves" for water entry, enabling a regulated process of water uptake into the dehydrated pollen grain. We propose that this regulation evolved in terms of achieving the correct self-organization of molecules and cellular components to resume metabolism and pollen tube growth, especially in species that are subject to demanding environmental water stress.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - José A Feijó
- Instituto Gulbenkian de Ciência; Oeiras, 2780-156, Portugal University of Maryland, Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Genetics, 0118 BioScience Research Building, College Park, Maryland 20742-5815 USA
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