1
|
Kirschner P, Záveská E, Hülber K, Wessely J, Willner W, Schönswetter P, Frajman B. Evolutionary dynamics of Euphorbia carniolica suggest a complex Plio-Pleistocene history of understorey species of deciduous forest in southeastern Europe. Mol Ecol 2023; 32:5350-5368. [PMID: 37632417 PMCID: PMC10946815 DOI: 10.1111/mec.17102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2023] [Revised: 06/22/2023] [Accepted: 07/19/2023] [Indexed: 08/28/2023]
Abstract
Deciduous forests form the dominant natural vegetation of Europe today, but were restricted to small refugia during Pleistocene cold stages, implying an evolutionary past shaped by recurrent range contractions and expansions. Cold-stage forest refugia were probably widespread in southern and central Europe, with the northwestern Balkan Peninsula being of particular importance. However, the actual number and location of deciduous forest refugia, as well as the connections between them, remain disputed. Here, we address the evolutionary dynamics of the deciduous forest understorey species Euphorbia carniolica as a proxy for past forest dynamics. To do so, we obtained genomic and morphometric data from populations representing the species' entire range, investigated phylogenetic position and intraspecific genetic variation, tested explicit demographic scenarios and applied species distribution models. Our data support two disjoint groups linked to separate refugia on the northwestern and central Balkan Peninsula. We find that genetic differentiation between groups started in the early Pleistocene via vicariance, suggesting a larger distribution in the past. Both refugia acted as sources for founder events to the southeastern Alps and the Carpathians; the latter were likely colonised before the last cold stage. In line with traditional views on the pre-Pleistocene origin of many southeastern European deciduous forest species, the origin of E. carniolica was dated to the late Pliocene. The fact that E. carniolica evolved at a time when a period of continuous forestation was ending in much of Eurasia provides an interesting biogeographical perspective on the past links between Eurasian deciduous forests and their biota.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Philipp Kirschner
- Department of BotanyUniversity of InnsbruckInnsbruckAustria
- Faculty of Agricultural, Environmental and Food SciencesFree University of Bozen‐BolzanoBolzanoItaly
| | - Eliška Záveská
- Department of BotanyUniversity of InnsbruckInnsbruckAustria
- Institute of Botany of the Czech Academy of SciencesPrůhoniceCzechia
| | - Karl Hülber
- Department of Botany and Biodiversity ResearchUniversity of ViennaViennaAustria
| | - Johannes Wessely
- Department of Botany and Biodiversity ResearchUniversity of ViennaViennaAustria
| | - Wolfgang Willner
- Department of Botany and Biodiversity ResearchUniversity of ViennaViennaAustria
| | | | - Božo Frajman
- Department of BotanyUniversity of InnsbruckInnsbruckAustria
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Phylogeographic structure of common sage (Salvia officinalis L.) reveals microrefugia throughout the Balkans and colonizations of the Apennines. Sci Rep 2022; 12:15726. [PMID: 36130954 PMCID: PMC9492721 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-20055-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2022] [Accepted: 09/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Studying the population-genetic and phylogeographic structures of a representative species of a particular geographical region can not only provide us with information regarding its evolutionary history, but also improve our understanding of the evolutionary processes underlying the patterns of species diversity in that area. By analysing eight highly polymorphic microsatellite loci and two chloroplast DNA regions, we have investigated the influence of Pleistocene climate fluctuations on the evolutionary history of Salvia officinalis L. (common sage). The populations with the highest genetic diversity were located in the central parts of the Balkan distribution range. A large group of closely related haplotypes was distributed throughout the Balkans and the central Apennines, while the private lineage occupied the southern Apennines. In addition, two highly differentiated lineages were scattered only over the Balkans. The results suggest that a single refugium of the studied species from the last glacial period was located in the central part of the range in the Balkans. Numerous microrefugia, probably spanning several glaciation cycles, were scattered across the Balkans, while colonisation of the Apennines from the Balkans occurred at least on two occasions.
Collapse
|
3
|
Rešetnik I, Záveská E, Grgurev M, Bogdanović S, Bartolić P, Frajman B. Stability in the South, Turbulence Toward the North: Evolutionary History of Aurinia saxatilis (Brassicaceae) Revealed by Phylogenomic and Climatic Modelling Data. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:822331. [PMID: 35360300 PMCID: PMC8964184 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.822331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2021] [Accepted: 01/31/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The Balkan Peninsula played an important role in the evolution of many Mediterranean plants and served as a major source for post-Pleistocene colonisation of central and northern Europe. Its complex geo-climatic history and environmental heterogeneity significantly influenced spatiotemporal diversification and resulted in intricate phylogeographic patterns. To explore the evolutionary dynamics and phylogeographic patterns within the widespread eastern Mediterranean and central European species Aurinia saxatilis, we used a combination of phylogenomic (restriction-site associated DNA sequencing, RADseq) and phylogenetic (sequences of the plastid marker ndhF) data as well as species distribution models generated for the present and the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM). The inferred phylogenies retrieved three main geographically distinct lineages. The southern lineage is restricted to the eastern Mediterranean, where it is distributed throughout the Aegean area, the southern Balkan Peninsula, and the southern Apennine Peninsula, and corresponds to the species main distribution area during the LGM. The eastern lineage extends from the eastern Balkan Peninsula over the Carpathians to central Europe, while the central lineage occupies the central Balkan Peninsula. Molecular dating places the divergence among all the three lineages to the early to middle Pleistocene, indicating their long-term independent evolutionary trajectories. Our data revealed an early divergence and stable in situ persistence of the southernmost, eastern Mediterranean lineage, whereas the mainland, south-east European lineages experienced more complex and turbulent evolutionary dynamics triggered by Pleistocene climatic oscillations. Our data also support the existence of multiple glacial refugia in southeast Europe and highlight the central Balkan Peninsula not only as a cradle of lineage diversifications but also as a source of lineage dispersal. Finally, the extant genetic variation within A. saxatilis is congruent with the taxonomic separation of peripatric A. saxatilis subsp. saxatilis and A. saxatilis subsp. orientalis, whereas the taxonomic status of A. saxatilis subsp. megalocarpa remains doubtful.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ivana Rešetnik
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Eliška Záveská
- Institute of Botany, Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czechia
| | - Marin Grgurev
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Sandro Bogdanović
- Department of Agricultural Botany, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
- Centre of Excellence for Biodiversity and Molecular Plant Breeding, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Paolo Bartolić
- Department of Botany, Charles University, Prague, Czechia
| | - Božo Frajman
- Department of Botany, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Záveská E, Kirschner P, Frajman B, Wessely J, Willner W, Gattringer A, Hülber K, Lazić D, Dobeš C, Schönswetter P. Evidence for Glacial Refugia of the Forest Understorey Species Helleborus niger (Ranunculaceae) in the Southern as Well as in the Northern Limestone Alps. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:683043. [PMID: 34040627 PMCID: PMC8141911 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.683043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2021] [Accepted: 04/14/2021] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Glacial refugia of alpine and subnival biota have been intensively studied in the European Alps but the fate of forests and their understory species in that area remains largely unclear. In order to fill this gap, we aimed at disentangling the spatiotemporal diversification of disjunctly distributed black hellebore Helleborus niger (Ranunculaceae). We applied a set of phylogeographic analyses based on restriction-site associated DNA sequencing (RADseq) data and plastid DNA sequences to a range-wide sampling of populations. These analyses were supplemented with species distribution models generated for the present and the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM). We used exploratory analyses to delimit genomically coherent groups and then employed demographic modeling to reconstruct the history of these groups. We uncovered a deep split between two major genetic groups with western and eastern distribution within the Southern Limestone Alps, likely reflecting divergent evolution since the mid-Pleistocene in two glacial refugia situated along the unglaciated southern margin of the Alps. Long-term presence in the Southern Limestone Alps is also supported by high numbers of private alleles, elevated levels of nucleotide diversity and the species' modeled distribution at the LGM. The deep genetic divergence, however, is not reflected in leaf shape variation, suggesting that the morphological discrimination of genetically divergent entities within H. niger is questionable. At a shallower level, populations from the Northern Limestone Alps are differentiated from those in the Southern Limestone Alps in both RADseq and plastid DNA data sets, reflecting the North-South disjunction within the Eastern Alps. The underlying split was dated to ca. 0.1 mya, which is well before the LGM. In the same line, explicit tests of demographic models consistently rejected the hypothesis that the partial distribution area in the Northern Limestone Alps is the result of postglacial colonization. Taken together, our results strongly support that forest understory species such as H. niger have survived the LGM in refugia situated along the southern, but also along the northern or northeastern periphery of the Alps. Being a slow migrator, the species has likely survived repeated glacial-interglacial circles in distributional stasis while the composition of the tree canopy changed in the meanwhile.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eliška Záveská
- Department of Botany, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
- Institute of Botany of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Průhonice, Czechia
| | | | - Božo Frajman
- Department of Botany, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Johannes Wessely
- Department of Botany and Biodiversity Research, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Wolfgang Willner
- Department of Botany and Biodiversity Research, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Andreas Gattringer
- Department of Botany and Biodiversity Research, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Karl Hülber
- Department of Botany and Biodiversity Research, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- *Correspondence: Karl Hülber,
| | - Desanka Lazić
- Department of Forest Genetics and Forest Tree Breeding, Georg-August University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Christoph Dobeš
- Institute of Forest Genetics, Austrian Research Centre for Forests, Vienna, Austria
| | | |
Collapse
|
5
|
López-González N, Bobo-Pinilla J, Padilla-García N, Loureiro J, Castro S, Rojas-Andrés BM, Martínez-Ortega MM. Genetic similarities versus morphological resemblance: Unraveling a polyploid complex in a Mediterranean biodiversity hotspot. Mol Phylogenet Evol 2020; 155:107006. [PMID: 33160038 DOI: 10.1016/j.ympev.2020.107006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2020] [Revised: 10/20/2020] [Accepted: 10/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The Balkan Peninsula is recognized as one of the hotspots of biodiversity in Europe. This area has shown since the Last Glacial Maximum appropriate conditions for species diversification and hybridization, which has led to the existence of numerous taxonomically unresolved entities. Here, we focus on the Western Balkans and explore the genetic structure and relationships among species belonging to the V. austriaca - V. orbiculata diploid-polyploid complex, including populations showing intermediate morphologies. A combination of nuclear markers (microsatellites), plastid DNA regions (trnH-psbA, ycf6-psbM) and ploidy level estimations using flow cytometry are employed to assess the genetic structure and evolutionary dynamics of this polyploid complex. To reconstruct the evolutionary history, an approximate Bayesian computation approach is combined with projections of the species distribution models onto the climatic scenarios of the Mid-Holocene (6 ka BP) and Last Glacial Maximum (22 ka BP). Four main groups were found: one well-established entity within the diploid level, V. dalmatica, a second diploid-tetraploid group which corresponds to V. orbiculata, a hexaploid cluster harboring V. austriaca subsp. jacquinii individuals, and an enigmatic tetraploid group. According to the molecular data obtained, this latter cluster represents an allopolyploid cryptic lineage −with V. orbiculata and V. dalmatica as putative parents− morphologically similar to V. orbiculata, but genetically more related to V. austriaca subsp. jacquinii. Veronica dalmatica and this “uncertain tetraploid” group are involved in the formation of the hexaploid taxon V. austriaca subsp. jacquinii, with the possibility of recent gene flow among different cytotypes. The present study supports a scenario of diversification from a diploid common ancestor leading to two different but interrelated lineages. The first one would correspond with the diploid V. orbiculata plus tetraploid individuals of this species arising through allo- and autopolyploidization, and the second one would involve all ploidy levels with allopolyploidization being prevalent.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Noemí López-González
- Departamento de Botánica y Fisiología Vegetal, University of Salamanca, E-37007 Salamanca, Spain; Biobanco de ADN Vegetal, University of Salamanca, Edificio Multiusos I+D+i, Calle Espejo s/n, 37007 Salamanca, Spain.
| | - Javier Bobo-Pinilla
- Departamento de Botánica y Fisiología Vegetal, University of Salamanca, E-37007 Salamanca, Spain; Biobanco de ADN Vegetal, University of Salamanca, Edificio Multiusos I+D+i, Calle Espejo s/n, 37007 Salamanca, Spain
| | - Nélida Padilla-García
- Departamento de Botánica y Fisiología Vegetal, University of Salamanca, E-37007 Salamanca, Spain; Biobanco de ADN Vegetal, University of Salamanca, Edificio Multiusos I+D+i, Calle Espejo s/n, 37007 Salamanca, Spain
| | - João Loureiro
- Centre for Functional Ecology, Department of Life Sciences, University of Coimbra, Calçada Martim de Freitas, 3000-456 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Silvia Castro
- Centre for Functional Ecology, Department of Life Sciences, University of Coimbra, Calçada Martim de Freitas, 3000-456 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Blanca M Rojas-Andrés
- Department of Molecular Evolution and Plant Systematics & Herbarium (LZ), Institute of Biology, Leipzig University, Johannisallee 21-23, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - M Montserrat Martínez-Ortega
- Departamento de Botánica y Fisiología Vegetal, University of Salamanca, E-37007 Salamanca, Spain; Biobanco de ADN Vegetal, University of Salamanca, Edificio Multiusos I+D+i, Calle Espejo s/n, 37007 Salamanca, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Melichárková A, Šlenker M, Zozomová-Lihová J, Skokanová K, Šingliarová B, Kačmárová T, Caboňová M, Kempa M, Šrámková G, Mandáková T, Lysák MA, Svitok M, Mártonfiová L, Marhold K. So Closely Related and Yet So Different: Strong Contrasts Between the Evolutionary Histories of Species of the Cardamine pratensis Polyploid Complex in Central Europe. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2020; 11:588856. [PMID: 33391302 PMCID: PMC7775393 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.588856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2020] [Accepted: 11/19/2020] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Recurrent polyploid formation and weak reproductive barriers between independent polyploid lineages generate intricate species complexes with high diversity and reticulate evolutionary history. Uncovering the evolutionary processes that formed their present-day cytotypic and genetic structure is a challenging task. We studied the species complex of Cardamine pratensis, composed of diploid endemics in the European Mediterranean and diploid-polyploid lineages more widely distributed across Europe, focusing on the poorly understood variation in Central Europe. To elucidate the evolution of Central European populations we analyzed ploidy level and genome size variation, genetic patterns inferred from microsatellite markers and target enrichment of low-copy nuclear genes (Hyb-Seq), and environmental niche differentiation. We observed almost continuous variation in chromosome numbers and genome size in C. pratensis s.str., which is caused by the co-occurrence of euploid and dysploid cytotypes, along with aneuploids, and is likely accompanied by inter-cytotype mating. We inferred that the polyploid cytotypes of C. pratensis s.str. are both of single and multiple, spatially and temporally recurrent origins. The tetraploid Cardamine majovskyi evolved at least twice in different regions by autopolyploidy from diploid Cardamine matthioli. The extensive genome size and genetic variation of Cardamine rivularis reflects differentiation induced by the geographic isolation of disjunct populations, establishment of triploids of different origins, and hybridization with sympatric C. matthioli. Geographically structured genetic lineages identified in the species under study, which are also ecologically divergent, are interpreted as descendants from different source populations in multiple glacial refugia. The postglacial range expansion was accompanied by substantial genetic admixture between the lineages of C. pratensis s.str., which is reflected by diffuse borders in their contact zones. In conclusion, we identified an interplay of diverse processes that have driven the evolution of the species studied, including allopatric and ecological divergence, hybridization, multiple polyploid origins, and genetic reshuffling caused by Pleistocene climate-induced range dynamics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Melichárková
- Institute of Botany, Plant Science and Biodiversity Centre, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Marek Šlenker
- Institute of Botany, Plant Science and Biodiversity Centre, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Judita Zozomová-Lihová
- Institute of Botany, Plant Science and Biodiversity Centre, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Katarína Skokanová
- Institute of Botany, Plant Science and Biodiversity Centre, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Barbora Šingliarová
- Institute of Botany, Plant Science and Biodiversity Centre, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Tatiana Kačmárová
- Institute of Botany, Plant Science and Biodiversity Centre, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Michaela Caboňová
- Institute of Botany, Plant Science and Biodiversity Centre, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Matúš Kempa
- Institute of Botany, Plant Science and Biodiversity Centre, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Gabriela Šrámková
- Department of Botany, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czechia
| | - Terezie Mandáková
- Central European Institute of Technology (CEITEC), Masaryk University, Brno, Czechia
- Department of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Brno, Czechia
| | - Martin A. Lysák
- Central European Institute of Technology (CEITEC), Masaryk University, Brno, Czechia
- National Centre for Biomolecular Research (NCBR), Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Brno, Czechia
| | - Marek Svitok
- Department of Biology and General Ecology, Faculty of Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Technical University in Zvolen, Zvolen, Slovakia
- Department of Ecosystem Biology, Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, České Budějovice, Czechia
| | | | - Karol Marhold
- Institute of Botany, Plant Science and Biodiversity Centre, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovakia
- Department of Botany, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czechia
- *Correspondence: Karol Marhold,
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Melichárková A, Španiel S, Marhold K, Hurdu BI, Drescher A, Zozomová-Lihová J. Diversification and independent polyploid origins in the disjunct species Alyssum repens from the Southeastern Alps and the Carpathians. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF BOTANY 2019; 106:1499-1518. [PMID: 31639199 DOI: 10.1002/ajb2.1370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2019] [Accepted: 08/30/2019] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
PREMISE Disjunct distributions have been commonly observed in mountain plant species and have stimulated phylogeographic and phylogenetic research. Here we studied Alyssum repens, a member of the polyploid species complex A. montanum-A. repens, which exhibits SE Alpine-Carpathian disjunctions with a large elevational span and consists of diploid and tetraploid populations. We aimed to investigate the species' genetic and cytotype structure in the context of its distribution patterns, to elucidate the polyploid origins and to propose an appropriate taxonomic treatment. METHODS We combined AFLP fingerprinting markers, sequence variation of the highly repetitive ITS region of rDNA and the low-copy DET1 nuclear gene, genome size, and morphometric data. RESULTS We identified four geographically structured genetic lineages. One consisted of diploid populations from the foothills of the Southeastern Alps and neighboring regions, and the three others were allopatric montane to alpine groups comprising diploids and tetraploids growing in the Southeastern Carpathians and the Apuseni Mts. in Romania. CONCLUSIONS We inferred a vicariance scenario associated with Quaternary climatic oscillations, accompanied by one auto- and two allopolyploidization events most likely involving a northern Balkan relative. Whereas genetic differentiation and allopatric distribution would favor the taxonomic splitting of this species, the genetic lineages largely lack morphological distinguishability, and their ecological, cytotype and genome size divergence is only partial. Even though we probably face here a case of incipient speciation, we propose to maintain the current taxonomic treatment of Alyssum repens as a single, albeit variable, species.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Melichárková
- Institute of Botany, Plant Science and Biodiversity Centre, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dúbravská cesta 9, SK-845 23, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Stanislav Španiel
- Institute of Botany, Plant Science and Biodiversity Centre, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dúbravská cesta 9, SK-845 23, Bratislava, Slovakia
- Department of Botany, Faculty of Science, Charles University in Prague, Benátská 2, CZ-128 01, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Karol Marhold
- Institute of Botany, Plant Science and Biodiversity Centre, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dúbravská cesta 9, SK-845 23, Bratislava, Slovakia
- Department of Botany, Faculty of Science, Charles University in Prague, Benátská 2, CZ-128 01, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Bogdan-Iuliu Hurdu
- Institute of Biological Research, National Institute of Research and Development for Biological Sciences, 48 Republicii Street, 400015, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Anton Drescher
- Institut für Pflanzenwissenschaften der Universität Graz - Herbarium GZU, Holteigasse 6, A-8010, Graz, Austria
| | - Judita Zozomová-Lihová
- Institute of Botany, Plant Science and Biodiversity Centre, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dúbravská cesta 9, SK-845 23, Bratislava, Slovakia
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Záveská E, Maylandt C, Paun O, Bertel C, Frajman B, The Steppe Consortium, Schönswetter P. Multiple auto- and allopolyploidisations marked the Pleistocene history of the widespread Eurasian steppe plant Astragalus onobrychis (Fabaceae). Mol Phylogenet Evol 2019; 139:106572. [PMID: 31351183 DOI: 10.1016/j.ympev.2019.106572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2019] [Revised: 07/12/2019] [Accepted: 07/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The Eurasian steppes occupy a significant portion of the worldwide land surface and their biota have been affected by specific past range dynamics driven by ice ages-related climatic fluctuations. The dynamic alterations in conditions during the Pleistocene often triggered reticulate evolution and whole genome duplication events. Employing genomic, genetic and cytogenetic tools as well as morphometry we investigate the intricate evolution of Astragalus onobrychis, a widespread Eurasian steppe plant with diploid, tetraploid and octoploid cytotypes. To analyse the heteroploid RADseq dataset we employ both genotype-based and genotype-free methods that result in highly consistent results, and complement our inference with information from the plastid ycf1 region. We uncover a complex and reticulate evolutionary history, including at least one auto-tetraploidization event and two allo-octoploidization events; one of them involved also genetic contributions from other species, most likely A. goktschaicus. The present genetic structure points to the existence of four main clades within A. onobrychis, which only partly correspond to different ploidies. Time-calibrated diffusion models suggest that diversification within A. onobrychis was associated with ice age-related climatic fluctuations during the last million years. We finally argue for the usefulness of uniparentally inherited plastid markers, even in the genomic era, especially when investigating heteroploid systems.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eliška Záveská
- Department of Botany, University of Innsbruck, Sternwartestraße 15, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Clemens Maylandt
- Department of Botany, University of Innsbruck, Sternwartestraße 15, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Ovidiu Paun
- Department of Botany and Biodiversity Research, University of Vienna, Rennweg 14, 1030 Vienna, Austria
| | - Clara Bertel
- Department of Botany, University of Innsbruck, Sternwartestraße 15, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Božo Frajman
- Department of Botany, University of Innsbruck, Sternwartestraße 15, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - The Steppe Consortium
- Department of Botany, University of Innsbruck, Sternwartestraße 15, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria; Department of Botany and Biodiversity Research, University of Vienna, Rennweg 14, 1030 Vienna, Austria; Department of Biosciences, University of Salzburg, Hellbrunnerstrasse 34, 5020 Salzburg, Austria; Department of Ecology, University of Innsbruck, Technikerstraße 25, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria; Real Jardín Botánico, CSIC, Plaza de Murillo 2, 28014 Madrid, Spain; Department of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, University of Ferrara, Via L. Borsari 46, 44121 Ferrara, Italy; Institute for Alpine Environment, Eurac Research, Drususallee 1/Viale Druso 1, 39100 Bozen/Bolzano, Italy
| | - Peter Schönswetter
- Department of Botany, University of Innsbruck, Sternwartestraße 15, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Frajman B, Rešetnik I, Niketić M, Ehrendorfer F, Schönswetter P. Patterns of rapid diversification in heteroploid Knautia sect. Trichera (Caprifoliaceae, Dipsacoideae), one of the most intricate taxa of the European flora. BMC Evol Biol 2016; 16:204. [PMID: 27724874 PMCID: PMC5057222 DOI: 10.1186/s12862-016-0773-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2016] [Accepted: 09/28/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Polyploidy is one of the most important evolutionary pathways in flowering plants and has significantly contributed to their diversification and radiation. Due to the prevalence of reticulate evolution spanning three ploidy levels, Knautia is considered one of the taxonomically most intricate groups in the European flora. On the basis of ITS and plastid DNA sequences as well as AFLP fingerprints obtained from 381 populations of almost all species of the genus we asked the following questions. (1) Where and when did the initial diversification in Knautia take place, and how did it proceed further? (2) Did Knautia undergo a similarly recent (Pliocene/Pleistocene) rapid radiation as other genera with similar ecology and overlapping distribution? (3) Did polyploids evolve within the previously recognised diploid groups or rather from hybridisation between groups? RESULTS The diversification of Knautia was centred in the Eastern Mediterranean. According to our genetic data, the genus originated in the Early Miocene and started to diversify in the Middle Miocene, whereas the onset of radiation of sect. Trichera was in central parts of the Balkan Peninsula, roughly 4 Ma. Extensive spread out of the Balkans started in the Pleistocene about 1.5 Ma. Diversification of sect. Trichera was strongly fostered by polyploidisation, which occurred independently many times. Tetraploids are observed in almost all evolutionary lineages whereas hexaploids are rarer and restricted to a few phylogenetic groups. Whether polyploids originated via autopolyploidy or allopolyploidy is unclear due to the weak genetic separation among species. In spite of the complexity of sect. Trichera, we present nine AFLP-characterised informal species groups, which coincide only partly with former traditional groups. CONCLUSIONS Knautia sect. Trichera is a prime example for rapid diversification, mostly taking place during Pliocene and Pleistocene. Numerous cycles of habitat fragmentation and subsequent reconnections likely promoted hybridisation and polyploidisation. Extensive haplotype sharing and unresolved phylogenetic relationships suggest that these processes occurred rapidly and extensively. Thus, the dynamic polyploid evolution, the lack of crossing barriers within ploidy levels supported by conserved floral morphology, the highly variable leaf morphology and unstable indumentum composition prevent establishing a well-founded taxonomic framework.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Božo Frajman
- Institute of Botany, University of Innsbruck, Sternwartestraße 15, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Ivana Rešetnik
- Faculty of Science, University of Zagreb, Marulićev trg 20, HR-10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Marjan Niketić
- Natural History Museum, Njegoševa 51, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Friedrich Ehrendorfer
- Department of Botany and Biodiversity Research, University of Vienna, Rennweg 14, A-1030 Vienna, Austria
| | - Peter Schönswetter
- Institute of Botany, University of Innsbruck, Sternwartestraße 15, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Barker MS, Husband BC, Pires JC. Spreading Winge and flying high: The evolutionary importance of polyploidy after a century of study. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF BOTANY 2016; 103:1139-45. [PMID: 27480249 DOI: 10.3732/ajb.1600272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2016] [Accepted: 07/20/2016] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Michael S Barker
- Department of Ecology & Evolutionary Biology, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721 USA
| | - Brian C Husband
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario N1G 2W1 Canada
| | - J Chris Pires
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65211 USA
| |
Collapse
|