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Kariñho-Betancourt E, Carlson D, Hollister J, Fischer A, Greiner S, Johnson MTJ. The evolution of multi-gene families and metabolic pathways in the evening primroses (Oenothera: Onagraceae): A comparative transcriptomics approach. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0269307. [PMID: 35749399 PMCID: PMC9231714 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0269307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2021] [Accepted: 05/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
The plant genus Oenothera has played an important role in the study of plant evolution of genomes and plant defense and reproduction. Here, we build on the 1kp transcriptomic dataset by creating 44 new transcriptomes and analyzing a total of 63 transcriptomes to present a large-scale comparative study across 29 Oenothera species. Our dataset included 30.4 million reads per individual and 2.3 million transcripts on average. We used this transcriptome resource to examine genome-wide evolutionary patterns and functional diversification by searching for orthologous genes and performed gene family evolution analysis. We found wide heterogeneity in gene family evolution across the genus, with section Oenothera exhibiting the most pronounced evolutionary changes. Overall, more significant gene family expansions occurred than contractions. We also analyzed the molecular evolution of phenolic metabolism by retrieving proteins annotated for phenolic enzymatic complexes. We identified 1,568 phenolic genes arranged into 83 multigene families that varied widely across the genus. All taxa experienced rapid phenolic evolution (fast rate of genomic turnover) involving 33 gene families, which exhibited large expansions, gaining about 2-fold more genes than they lost. Upstream enzymes phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL) and 4-coumaroyl: CoA ligase (4CL) accounted for most of the significant expansions and contractions. Our results suggest that adaptive and neutral evolutionary processes have contributed to Oenothera diversification and rapid gene family evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eunice Kariñho-Betancourt
- Department of Biology, University of Toronto Mississauga, Mississauga, Ontario, Canada
- * E-mail: (EKB); (MTJJ)
| | - David Carlson
- Department of Ecology and Evolution, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, United States of America
| | - Jessie Hollister
- Department of Ecology and Evolution, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, United States of America
| | - Axel Fischer
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - Stephan Greiner
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - Marc T. J. Johnson
- Department of Biology, University of Toronto Mississauga, Mississauga, Ontario, Canada
- * E-mail: (EKB); (MTJJ)
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2
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Luo Y, He J, Lyu R, Xiao J, Li W, Yao M, Pei L, Cheng J, Li J, Xie L. Comparative Analysis of Complete Chloroplast Genomes of 13 Species in Epilobium, Circaea, and Chamaenerion and Insights Into Phylogenetic Relationships of Onagraceae. Front Genet 2021; 12:730495. [PMID: 34804117 PMCID: PMC8600051 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2021.730495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2021] [Accepted: 10/20/2021] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The evening primrose family, Onagraceae, is a well defined family of the order Myrtales, comprising 22 genera widely distributed from boreal to tropical areas. In this study, we report and characterize the complete chloroplast genome sequences of 13 species in Circaea, Chamaenerion, and Epilobium using a next-generation sequencing method. We also retrieved chloroplast sequences from two other Onagraceae genera to characterize the chloroplast genome of the family. The complete chloroplast genomes of Onagraceae encoded an identical set of 112 genes (with exclusion of duplication), including 78 protein-coding genes, 30 transfer RNAs, and four ribosomal RNAs. The chloroplast genomes are basically conserved in gene arrangement across the family. However, a large segment of inversion was detected in the large single copy region of all the samples of Oenothera subsect. Oenothera. Two kinds of inverted repeat (IR) region expansion were found in Oenothera, Chamaenerion, and Epilobium samples. We also compared chloroplast genomes across the Onagraceae samples in some features, including nucleotide content, codon usage, RNA editing sites, and simple sequence repeats (SSRs). Phylogeny was inferred by the chloroplast genome data using maximum-likelihood (ML) and Bayesian inference methods. The generic relationship of Onagraceae was well resolved by the complete chloroplast genome sequences, showing potential value in inferring phylogeny within the family. Phylogenetic relationship in Oenothera was better resolved than other densely sampled genera, such as Circaea and Epilobium. Chloroplast genomes of Oenothera subsect. Oenothera, which are biparental inheritated, share a syndrome of characteristics that deviate from primitive pattern of the family, including slightly expanded inverted repeat region, intron loss in clpP, and presence of the inversion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yike Luo
- School of Ecology and Nature Conservation, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
| | - Jian He
- School of Ecology and Nature Conservation, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
| | - Rudan Lyu
- School of Ecology and Nature Conservation, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
| | - Jiamin Xiao
- School of Ecology and Nature Conservation, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
| | - Wenhe Li
- School of Ecology and Nature Conservation, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
| | - Min Yao
- School of Ecology and Nature Conservation, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
| | - Linying Pei
- Beijing Engineering Research Center for Landscape Plant, Beijing Forestry University Forest Science Co. Ltd., Beijing, China
| | - Jin Cheng
- College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
| | - Jinyu Li
- Beijing Institute of Landscape Architecture, Beijing, China
| | - Lei Xie
- School of Ecology and Nature Conservation, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
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3
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Wagner WL, Hoch PC, Zarucchi JL. The correct name in Oenothera for Gauradrummondii (Onagraceae). PHYTOKEYS 2015; 50:25-29. [PMID: 26140017 PMCID: PMC4489081 DOI: 10.3897/phytokeys.50.4886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2015] [Accepted: 04/30/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
In 2007, Wagner and Hoch proposed the new name Oenotheraxenogaura W.L.Wagner & Hoch for the species then known as Gauradrummondii (Spach) Torrey & A. Gray (non Oenotheradrummondii Hooker, 1834). However, the authors overlooked the availability of Gaurahispida Bentham (1840) for this species. Accordingly, we herewith make the appropriate new combination for this species, Oenotherahispida (Bentham) W.L.Wagner, Hoch & Zarucchi, and place Oenotheraxenogaura in synonymy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Warren L. Wagner
- Department of Botany, MRC-166, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, P.O. Box 37012, Washington, DC 20013-7012, USA
| | - Peter C. Hoch
- Missouri Botanical Garden, P. O. Box 299, St. Louis, Missouri 63166-0299
| | - James L. Zarucchi
- Missouri Botanical Garden, P. O. Box 299, St. Louis, Missouri 63166-0299
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4
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Soltis DE, Segovia-Salcedo MC, Jordon-Thaden I, Majure L, Miles NM, Mavrodiev EV, Mei W, Cortez MB, Soltis PS, Gitzendanner MA. Are polyploids really evolutionary dead-ends (again)? A critical reappraisal of Mayrose et al. (). THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2014; 202:1105-1117. [PMID: 24754325 DOI: 10.1111/nph.12756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Douglas E Soltis
- Department of Biology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA
- Florida Museum of Natural History, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA
- Genetics Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA
| | - María Claudia Segovia-Salcedo
- Department of Biology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA
- Grupo de Investigacíon Conservación de Bosques de Polylepis, Departamento de Ciencias de la Vida y de la Agricultura, Universidad de la Fuerzas Armadas - ESPE, Sangolquí, Ecuador
| | - Ingrid Jordon-Thaden
- Department of Biology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA
- University and Jepson Herbaria, University of California-Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Lucas Majure
- Department of Biology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA
| | - Nicolas M Miles
- Department of Biology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA
| | - Evgeny V Mavrodiev
- Florida Museum of Natural History, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA
| | - Wenbin Mei
- Genetics Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA
| | | | - Pamela S Soltis
- Florida Museum of Natural History, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA
- Genetics Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA
| | - Matthew A Gitzendanner
- Department of Biology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA
- Genetics Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA
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Wagner WL, Krakos KN, Hoch PC. Taxonomic changes in Oenothera sections Gaura and Calylophus (Onagraceae). PHYTOKEYS 2013:61-72. [PMID: 24399892 PMCID: PMC3881414 DOI: 10.3897/phytokeys.28.6143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2013] [Accepted: 10/18/2013] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
The long-recognized genus Gaura was shown recently to be deeply nested within one of two major clades of Oenothera. New molecular data indicate further taxonomic changes are necessary in Oenothera sect. Gaura. We make these changes here, including three new combinations, in advance of the Onagraceae treatment for the Flora of North America. The new phylogenetic studies show that several pairs of taxa treated as subspecies in the most recent revision by Raven and Gregory (1972) had independent origins within sect. Gaura, and are here elevated to species level (Oenothera nealleyi for Gaura suffulta subsp. nealleyi; Oenothera dodgeniana for Gaura neomexicana subsp. neomexicana; and Oenothera podocarpa for Gaura hexandra subsp. gracilis). Also, a nomenclatural problem in Oenothera sect. Calylophus is corrected by adopting the name Oenothera capillifolia Scheele for the species known previously, and nomenclaturally correct, as Calylophus berlandieri Spach. This problem necessitates a new combination Oenothera capillifolia subsp. berlandieri.
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Affiliation(s)
- Warren L. Wagner
- Department of Botany, MRC-166, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, P.O. Box 37012, Washington, DC 20013-7012, USA
| | - Kyra N. Krakos
- Biology Department, Maryville University, 650 Maryville University Dr., St. Louis, MO 63141, USA
| | - Peter C. Hoch
- Missouri Botanical Garden, P.O. Box 299, St. Louis, MO 63166-0299, USA
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Arca M, Hinsinger DD, Cruaud C, Tillier A, Bousquet J, Frascaria-Lacoste N. Deciduous trees and the application of universal DNA barcodes: a case study on the circumpolar Fraxinus. PLoS One 2012; 7:e34089. [PMID: 22479532 PMCID: PMC3313964 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0034089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2011] [Accepted: 02/21/2012] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The utility of DNA barcoding for identifying representative specimens of the circumpolar tree genus Fraxinus (56 species) was investigated. We examined the genetic variability of several loci suggested in chloroplast DNA barcode protocols such as matK, rpoB, rpoC1 and trnH-psbA in a large worldwide sample of Fraxinus species. The chloroplast intergenic spacer rpl32-trnL was further assessed in search for a potentially variable and useful locus. The results of the study suggest that the proposed cpDNA loci, alone or in combination, cannot fully discriminate among species because of the generally low rates of substitution in the chloroplast genome of Fraxinus. The intergenic spacer trnH-psbA was the best performing locus, but genetic distance-based discrimination was moderately successful and only resulted in the separation of the samples at the subgenus level. Use of the BLAST approach was better than the neighbor-joining tree reconstruction method with pairwise Kimura's two-parameter rates of substitution, but allowed for the correct identification of only less than half of the species sampled. Such rates are substantially lower than the success rate required for a standardised barcoding approach. Consequently, the current cpDNA barcodes are inadequate to fully discriminate Fraxinus species. Given that a low rate of substitution is common among the plastid genomes of trees, the use of the plant cpDNA "universal" barcode may not be suitable for the safe identification of tree species below a generic or sectional level. Supplementary barcoding loci of the nuclear genome and alternative solutions are proposed and discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariangela Arca
- Université Paris Sud, UMR 8079, Orsay, France
- Centre national de la recherche scientifique, UMR 8079, Orsay, France
- AgroParisTech, UMR 8079, Orsay, France
| | - Damien Daniel Hinsinger
- Université Paris Sud, UMR 8079, Orsay, France
- Centre national de la recherche scientifique, UMR 8079, Orsay, France
- AgroParisTech, UMR 8079, Orsay, France
- Chaire de recherche du Canada en génomique forestière et environnementale, Centre d'étude de la forêt, Université Laval, Québec, Québec, Canada
| | | | - Annie Tillier
- Département systématique et évolution and Service de systématique moléculaire, Muséum national d'histoire naturelle, Paris, France
| | - Jean Bousquet
- Chaire de recherche du Canada en génomique forestière et environnementale, Centre d'étude de la forêt, Université Laval, Québec, Québec, Canada
| | - Nathalie Frascaria-Lacoste
- Université Paris Sud, UMR 8079, Orsay, France
- Centre national de la recherche scientifique, UMR 8079, Orsay, France
- AgroParisTech, UMR 8079, Orsay, France
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Johnson MTJ, Fitzjohn RG, Smith SD, Rausher MD, Otto SP. Loss of sexual recombination and segregation is associated with increased diversification in evening primroses. Evolution 2011; 65:3230-40. [PMID: 22023588 PMCID: PMC3202692 DOI: 10.1111/j.1558-5646.2011.01378.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The loss of sexual recombination and segregation in asexual organisms has been portrayed as an irreversible process that commits asexually reproducing lineages to reduced diversification. We test this hypothesis by estimating rates of speciation, extinction, and transition between sexuality and functional asexuality in the evening primroses. Specifically, we estimate these rates using the recently developed BiSSE (Binary State Speciation and Extinction) phylogenetic comparative method, which employs maximum likelihood and Bayesian techniques. We infer that net diversification rates (speciation minus extinction) in functionally asexual evening primrose lineages are roughly eight times faster than diversification rates in sexual lineages, largely due to higher speciation rates in asexual lineages. We further reject the hypothesis that a loss of recombination and segregation is irreversible because the transition rate from functional asexuality to sexuality is significantly greater than zero and in fact exceeded the reverse rate. These results provide the first empirical evidence in support of the alternative theoretical prediction that asexual populations should instead diversify more rapidly than sexual populations because they are free from the homogenizing effects of sexual recombination and segregation. Although asexual reproduction may often constrain adaptive evolution, our results show that the loss of recombination and segregation need not be an evolutionary dead end in terms of diversification of lineages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc T J Johnson
- Department of Plant Biology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA.
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Mayrose I, Zhan SH, Rothfels CJ, Magnuson-Ford K, Barker MS, Rieseberg LH, Otto SP. Recently formed polyploid plants diversify at lower rates. Science 2011; 333:1257. [PMID: 21852456 DOI: 10.1126/science.1207205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 273] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Polyploidy, the doubling of genomic content, is a widespread feature, especially among plants, yet its macroevolutionary impacts are contentious. Traditionally, polyploidy has been considered an evolutionary dead end, whereas recent genomic studies suggest that polyploidy has been a key driver of macroevolutionary success. We examined the consequences of polyploidy on the time scale of genera across a diverse set of vascular plants, encompassing hundreds of inferred polyploidization events. Likelihood-based analyses indicate that polyploids generally exhibit lower speciation rates and higher extinction rates than diploids, providing the first quantitative corroboration of the dead-end hypothesis. The increased speciation rates of diploids can, in part, be ascribed to their capacity to speciate via polyploidy. Only particularly fit lineages of polyploids may persist to enjoy longer-term evolutionary success.
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Affiliation(s)
- Itay Mayrose
- Biodiversity Research Centre, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada.
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9
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Garcia S, McArthur ED, Pellicer J, Sanderson SC, Vallès J, Garnatje T. A molecular phylogenetic approach to western North America endemic Artemisia and allies (Asteraceae): untangling the sagebrushes. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF BOTANY 2011; 98:638-653. [PMID: 21613164 DOI: 10.3732/ajb.1000386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
PREMISE OF THE STUDY Artemisia subgenus Tridentatae plants characterize the North American Intermountain West. These are landscape-dominant constituents of important ecological communities and habitats for endemic wildlife. Together with allied species and genera (Picrothamnus and Sphaeromeria), they make up an intricate series of taxa whose limits are uncertain, likely the result of reticulate evolution. The objectives of this study were to resolve relations among Tridentatae species and their near relatives by delimiting the phylogenetic positions of subgenus Tridentatae species with particular reference to its New World geographic placement and to provide explanations for the relations of allied species and genera with the subgenus with an assessment of their current taxonomic placement. METHODS Bayesian inference and maximum parsimony analysis were based on 168 newly generated sequences (including the nuclear ITS and ETS and the plastid trnS(UGA)-trnfM(CAU) and trnS(GCU)-trnC(GCA)) and 338 previously published sequences (ITS and ETS). Genome size by flow cytometry of species from Sphaeromeria was also determined. KEY RESULTS The results support an expanded concept and reconfiguration of Tridentatae to accommodate additional endemic North American Artemisia species. The monotypic Picrothamnus and all Sphaeromeria species appear nested within subgenus Tridentatae clade. CONCLUSIONS A redefinition of subgenus Tridentatae to include other western North American endemics is supported. We propose a new circumscription of the subgenus and divide it into three sections: Tridentatae, Filifoliae, and Nebulosae. The position of the circumboreal and other North American species suggests that subgenus Artemisia is the ancestral stock for the New World endemics, including those native to South America.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sònia Garcia
- Institut Botànic de Barcelona (IBB-CSIC-ICUB). Passeig del Migdia s/n 08038 Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain.
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10
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Johnson MTJ. The contribution of evening primrose (
Oenothera biennis
) to a modern synthesis of evolutionary ecology. POPUL ECOL 2010. [DOI: 10.1007/s10144-010-0250-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Marc T. J. Johnson
- Department of Plant BiologyNorth Carolina State UniversityBox 761227695RaleighNCUSA
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11
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Johnson MTJ, Smith SD, Rausher MD. Effects of plant sex on range distributions and allocation to reproduction. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2010; 186:769-79. [PMID: 20180909 DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-8137.2010.03201.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Despite an abundance of theory, few empirical studies have explored the ecological and evolutionary consequences of sex. We used a comparative phylogenetic approach to examine whether transitions between sexual and asexual reproduction are associated with changes in the size and distribution of species' geographical ranges, and their investment in reproduction. Here, we reconstructed the phylogeny of the genus Oenothera sections Oenothera and Calylophus (Onagraceae), which contain 35 sexual and 30 functionally asexual species. From each species, we collected data on the geographical distribution and variation in plant traits related to reproduction. Functionally asexual species occurred at higher latitudes, but did not differ in range size, compared with sexual species. Transitions to asexuality were associated with decreased investment in floral structures, including the length of petals, floral tubes and styles. Decreased anther size and increased seed size within asexual species also suggest altered allocation to male and female fitness. The observed range shifts are consistent with superior colonization of environments by asexual species following glaciation, and the observed changes in reproductive allocation support predictions made by models relating to the evolution of selfing. Our results suggest that the evolutionary consequences of asexual reproduction might be less restrictive than previously thought.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc T J Johnson
- Department of Plant Biology, North Carolina State University, Gardner Hall, Box 7612, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA.
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Fehrer J, Krak K, Chrtek J. Intra-individual polymorphism in diploid and apomictic polyploid hawkweeds (Hieracium, Lactuceae, Asteraceae): disentangling phylogenetic signal, reticulation, and noise. BMC Evol Biol 2009; 9:239. [PMID: 19772642 PMCID: PMC2759941 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2148-9-239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2009] [Accepted: 09/22/2009] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hieracium s.str. is a complex species-rich group of perennial herbs composed of few sexual diploids and numerous apomictic polyploids. The existence of reticulation and the near-continuity of morphological characters across taxa seriously affect species determination, making Hieracium one of the best examples of a 'botanist's nightmare'. Consequently, its species relationships have not previously been addressed by molecular methods. Concentrating on the supposed major evolutionary units, we used nuclear ribosomal (ETS) and chloroplast (trnT-trnL) sequences in order to disentangle the phylogenetic relationships and to infer the origins of the polyploids. RESULTS Despite relatively low interspecific variation, the nuclear data revealed the existence of two major groups roughly corresponding to species with a Western or Eastern European origin. Extensive reticulation was mainly inferred from the character additivity of parental ETS variants. Surprisingly, many diploid species were of hybrid origin whilst several polyploid taxa showed no evidence of reticulation. Intra-individual ETS sequence polymorphism generally exceeded interspecific variation and was either independent of, or additional to, additive patterns accounted for by hybrid origin. Several ETS ribotypes occurred in different hybrid taxa, but never as the only variant in any species analyzed. CONCLUSION The high level of intra-individual ETS polymorphism prevented straightforward phylogenetic analysis. Characterization of this variation as additive, shared informative, homoplasious, or unique made it possible to uncover the phylogenetic signal and to reveal the hybrid origin of 29 out of 60 accessions. Contrary to expectation, diploid sexuals and polyploid apomicts did not differ in their molecular patterns. The basic division of the genus into two major clades had not previously been intimated on morphological grounds. Both major groups are thought to have survived in different glacial refugia and to have hybridized as a result of secondary contact. Several lines of evidence suggest the data is best explained by the presence of an extinct range of variation and a larger diversity of ancestral diploids in former times rather than by unsampled variation. Extinct diversity and extensive reticulation are thought to have largely obscured the species relationships. Our study illustrates how multigene sequences can be used to disentangle the evolutionary history of agamic complexes or similarly difficult datasets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Judith Fehrer
- Institute of Botany, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Zámek 1, 25243 Průhonice, Czech Republic
| | - Karol Krak
- Institute of Botany, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Zámek 1, 25243 Průhonice, Czech Republic
| | - Jindřich Chrtek
- Institute of Botany, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Zámek 1, 25243 Průhonice, Czech Republic
- Department of Botany, Faculty of Science, Charles University Prague, Benátská 2, 12801 Prague, Czech Republic
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Abstract
Despite the importance of plant-herbivore interactions to the ecology and evolution of terrestrial ecosystems, the evolutionary factors contributing to variation in plant defenses against herbivores remain unresolved. We used a comparative phylogenetic approach to examine a previously untested hypothesis (Recombination-Mating System Hypothesis) that posits that reduced sexual reproduction limits adaptive evolution of plant defenses against arthropod herbivores. To test this hypothesis we focused on the evening primrose family (Onagraceae), which includes both sexual and functionally asexual species. Ancestral state reconstructions on a 5-gene phylogeny of the family revealed between 18 and 21 independent transitions between sexual and asexual reproduction. Based on these analyses, we examined susceptibility to herbivores on 32 plant species representing 15 independent transitions. Generalist caterpillars consumed 32% more leaf tissue, gained 13% greater mass, and experienced 21% higher survival on functionally asexual than on sexual plant species. Survival of a generalist feeding mite was 19% higher on asexual species. In a field experiment, generalist herbivores consumed 64% more leaf tissue on asexual species. By contrast, a specialist beetle fed more on sexual than asexual species, suggesting that a tradeoff exists between the evolution of defense to generalist and specialist herbivores. Measures of putative plant defense traits indicate that both secondary compounds and physical leaf characteristics may mediate this tradeoff. These results support the Recombination-Mating System Hypothesis and suggest that variation in sexual reproduction among plant species may play an important, yet overlooked, role in shaping the macroevolution of plant defenses against arthropod herbivores.
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14
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Xu WH, Jacob MR, Agarwal AK, Clark AM, Liang ZS, Li XC. FLAVONOL GLYCOSIDES FROM THE NATIVE AMERICAN PLANT GAURA LONGIFLORA.. HETEROCYCLES 2009; 78. [PMID: 24371369 DOI: 10.3987/com-09-11754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Phytochemical investigation of the native American plant Gaura longiflora led to the isolation of three new and eight known flavonol glycosides. The structures of the new compounds were established primarily by spectroscopic data as quercetin 3-O-(2″-O-α-l-rhamnopyranosyl-6″-O-E-p-coumaroyl)-β-D-glucopyranoside (1), kaempferol 3-O-(2″-O-α-l-rhamnopyranosyl-6″-O-E-p-coumaroyl)-β-d-gluco-pyranoside (2) and quercetin 3-O-(2″-O-α-l-rhamnopyranosyl-6″-O-Z-p-coumaroyl)-β-D-glucopyrano-side (3).
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Hui Xu
- National Center for Natural Products Research, The University of Mississippi, University, MS 38677, USA ; College of Life Science, Northwest A & F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Melissa R Jacob
- National Center for Natural Products Research, The University of Mississippi, University, MS 38677, USA
| | - Ameeta K Agarwal
- National Center for Natural Products Research, The University of Mississippi, University, MS 38677, USA
| | - Alice M Clark
- National Center for Natural Products Research, The University of Mississippi, University, MS 38677, USA ; Department of Pharmacognosy, Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, The University of Mississippi, University, MS 38677, USA
| | - Zong-Suo Liang
- College of Life Science, Northwest A & F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Xing-Cong Li
- National Center for Natural Products Research, The University of Mississippi, University, MS 38677, USA
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