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Sui J, He X, Yi G, Zhou L, Liu S, Chen Q, Xiao X, Wu J. Diversity and structure of the root-associated bacterial microbiomes of four mangrove tree species, revealed by high-throughput sequencing. PeerJ 2023; 11:e16156. [PMID: 37810771 PMCID: PMC10559887 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.16156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2023] [Accepted: 08/31/2023] [Indexed: 10/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Root-associated microbes of the mangrove trees play important roles in protecting and maintaining mangrove ecosystems. At present, most of our understanding of mangrove root-related microbial diversity is obtained from specific mangrove species in selected geographic regions. Relatively little is known about the composition of the bacterial microbiota existing in disparate mangrove species microenvironments, particularly the relationship among different mangrove species in tropical environments. Methods We collected the root, rhizosphere soil, and non-rhizosphere soil of four mangrove trees (Acanthus ilicifolius, Bruguiera gymnorrhiza, Clerodendrum inerme, and Lumnitzera racemosa) and detected the 16S rRNA gene by a conventional PCR. We performed high throughput sequencing using Illumina Novaseq 6000 platform (2 × 250 paired ends) to investigate the bacterial communities related with the different mangrove species. Results We analyzed the bacterial diversity and composition related to the diverse ecological niches of mangrove species. Our data confirmed distinct distribution patterns of bacterial communities in the three rhizocompartments of the four mangrove species. Microbiome composition varied with compartments and host mangrove species. The bacterial communities between the endosphere and the other two compartments were distinctly diverse independent of mangrove species. The large degree of overlap in critical community members of the same rhizocompartment across distinct mangrove species was found at the phylum level. Furthermore, this is the first report of Acidothermus found in mangrove environments. In conclusion, understanding the complicated host-microbe associations in different mangrove species could lay the foundation for the exploitation of the microbial resource and the production of secondary metabolites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinlei Sui
- Public Research Center, Hainan Medical College, Haikou, China
| | - Xiaowen He
- Public Research Center, Hainan Medical College, Haikou, China
| | - Guohui Yi
- Public Research Center, Hainan Medical College, Haikou, China
| | - Limin Zhou
- Public Research Center, Hainan Medical College, Haikou, China
| | - Shunqing Liu
- Public Research Center, Hainan Medical College, Haikou, China
| | - Qianqian Chen
- Public Research Center, Hainan Medical College, Haikou, China
| | - Xiaohu Xiao
- Rubber Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou, China
| | - Jinyan Wu
- Public Research Center, Hainan Medical College, Haikou, China
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Salehi B, Ata A, V. Anil Kumar N, Sharopov F, Ramírez-Alarcón K, Ruiz-Ortega A, Abdulmajid Ayatollahi S, Valere Tsouh Fokou P, Kobarfard F, Amiruddin Zakaria Z, Iriti M, Taheri Y, Martorell M, Sureda A, N. Setzer W, Durazzo A, Lucarini M, Santini A, Capasso R, Adrian Ostrander E, -ur-Rahman A, Iqbal Choudhary M, C. Cho W, Sharifi-Rad J. Antidiabetic Potential of Medicinal Plants and Their Active Components. Biomolecules 2019; 9:E551. [PMID: 31575072 PMCID: PMC6843349 DOI: 10.3390/biom9100551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 233] [Impact Index Per Article: 46.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2019] [Revised: 09/17/2019] [Accepted: 09/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Diabetes mellitus is one of the major health problems in the world, the incidence and associated mortality are increasing. Inadequate regulation of the blood sugar imposes serious consequences for health. Conventional antidiabetic drugs are effective, however, also with unavoidable side effects. On the other hand, medicinal plants may act as an alternative source of antidiabetic agents. Examples of medicinal plants with antidiabetic potential are described, with focuses on preclinical and clinical studies. The beneficial potential of each plant matrix is given by the combined and concerted action of their profile of biologically active compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bahare Salehi
- Student Research Committee, School of Medicine, Bam University of Medical Sciences, Bam 44340847, Iran;
| | - Athar Ata
- Department of Chemistry, Richardson College for the Environmental Science Complex, The University of Winnipeg, Winnipeg, MB R3B 2G3, Canada;
| | - Nanjangud V. Anil Kumar
- Department of Chemistry, Manipal Institute of Technology, Manipal University, Manipal 576104, India;
| | - Farukh Sharopov
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Avicenna Tajik State Medical University, Rudaki 139, Dushanbe 734003, Tajikistan;
| | - Karina Ramírez-Alarcón
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Concepcion, Concepción 4070386, Chile;
| | - Ana Ruiz-Ortega
- Facultad de Educación y Ciencias Sociales, Universidad Andrés Bello, Autopista Concepción—Talcahuano, Concepción 7100, Chile;
| | - Seyed Abdulmajid Ayatollahi
- Phytochemistry Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 1991953381, Iran; (S.A.A.); (F.K.); (Y.T.)
- Department of Pharmacognosy, School of Pharmacy, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 11369, Iran
| | - Patrick Valere Tsouh Fokou
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Yaounde 1, Yaounde P.O. Box 812, Cameroon;
| | - Farzad Kobarfard
- Phytochemistry Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 1991953381, Iran; (S.A.A.); (F.K.); (Y.T.)
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 11369, Iran
| | - Zainul Amiruddin Zakaria
- Laboratory of Halal Science Research, Halal Products Research Institute, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia;
- Integrative Pharmacogenomics Institute (iPROMISE), Faculty of Pharmacy, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Puncak Alam Campus, Bandar Puncak Alam Selangor 42300, Malaysia
| | - Marcello Iriti
- Department of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Milan State University, via G. Celoria 2, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Yasaman Taheri
- Phytochemistry Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 1991953381, Iran; (S.A.A.); (F.K.); (Y.T.)
| | - Miquel Martorell
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Concepcion, Concepción 4070386, Chile;
- Universidad de Concepción, Unidad de Desarrollo Tecnológico, UDT, Concepción 4070386, Chile
| | - Antoni Sureda
- Research Group on Community Nutrition and Oxidative Stress, Laboratory of Physical Activity Sciences, and CIBEROBN—Physiopathology of Obesity and Nutrition, CB12/03/30038, University of Balearic Islands, E-07122 Palma de Mallorca, Spain;
| | - William N. Setzer
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alabama in Huntsville, Huntsville, AL 35899, USA;
| | - Alessandra Durazzo
- CREA—Research Centre for Food and Nutrition, Via Ardeatina 546, 00178 Rome, Italy; (A.D.); (M.L.)
| | - Massimo Lucarini
- CREA—Research Centre for Food and Nutrition, Via Ardeatina 546, 00178 Rome, Italy; (A.D.); (M.L.)
| | - Antonello Santini
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Napoli Federico II, Via D. Montesano, 49-80131 Napoli, Italy
| | - Raffaele Capasso
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, 80055 Portici, Italy;
| | - Elise Adrian Ostrander
- Medical Illustration, Kendall College of Art and Design, Ferris State University, Grand Rapids, MI 49503, USA;
| | - Atta -ur-Rahman
- H.E.J. Research Institute of Chemistry, International Center for Chemical and Biological Sciences, University of Karachi, Karachi 75270, Pakistan; (A.-u.-R.); (M.I.C.)
| | - Muhammad Iqbal Choudhary
- H.E.J. Research Institute of Chemistry, International Center for Chemical and Biological Sciences, University of Karachi, Karachi 75270, Pakistan; (A.-u.-R.); (M.I.C.)
| | - William C. Cho
- Department of Clinical Oncology, Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
| | - Javad Sharifi-Rad
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Jiroft University of Medical Sciences, Jiroft 7861756447, Iran
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Cock IE. Is the pharmaceutical industry's preoccupation with the monotherapy drug model stifling the development of effective new drug therapies? Inflammopharmacology 2018; 26:861-879. [PMID: 29736688 DOI: 10.1007/s10787-018-0488-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2018] [Accepted: 04/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Drug discovery and development is heavily biased towards the development of monotherapies. Screening, testing, and evaluation of mono-entity drugs are generally much simpler than drug combinations, and are generally easier to get approval from the regulatory authorities for their clinical use. However, monotherapy drugs may not have optimal activity, may have associated toxicities, or may lose activity over time as their target develops resistance. Drug combinations, often developed from existing monotherapies, may have improved efficacy and/or be less toxic. Furthermore, the existing drugs which have lost efficacy due to the development of resistance can often be re-activated by combining them with other chemical entities. Thus, whilst the current climate for drug approval, registration, and clinical use drives the majority of drug development research towards the development of monotherapies, combinations are often a substantial improvement on the original drug. This commentary examines monotherapy and combinational therapy models and discusses the benefits and limitations of each model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian Edwin Cock
- Environmental Futures Research Institute, Nathan Campus, Griffith University, 170 Kessels Rd, Nathan, QLD, 4111, Australia. .,School of Environment and Science, Nathan Campus, Griffith University, 170 Kessels Rd, Nathan, QLD, 4111, Australia.
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Jameel M, Ali A, Ali M. Extraction and isolation of new compounds from traditional herbal medicine; Clerodendrum phlomidis Linn. FUTURE JOURNAL OF PHARMACEUTICAL SCIENCES 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fjps.2017.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022] Open
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Sung NY, Kim MY, Cho JY. Scutellarein Reduces Inflammatory Responses by Inhibiting Src Kinase Activity. THE KOREAN JOURNAL OF PHYSIOLOGY & PHARMACOLOGY : OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE KOREAN PHYSIOLOGICAL SOCIETY AND THE KOREAN SOCIETY OF PHARMACOLOGY 2015; 19:441-9. [PMID: 26330757 PMCID: PMC4553404 DOI: 10.4196/kjpp.2015.19.5.441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2015] [Revised: 07/23/2015] [Accepted: 07/24/2015] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Flavonoids are plant pigments that have been demonstrated to exert various pharmacological effects including anti-cancer, anti-diabetic, anti-atherosclerotic, anti-bacterial, and anti-inflammatory activities. However, the molecular mechanisms in terms of exact target proteins of flavonoids are not fully elucidated yet. In this study, we aimed to evaluate the anti-inflammatory mechanism of scutellarein (SCT), a flavonoid isolated from Erigeron breviscapus, Clerodendrum phlomidis and Oroxylum indicum Vent that have been traditionally used to treat various inflammatory diseases in China and Brazil. For this purpose, a nitric oxide (NO) assay, polymerase chain reaction (PCR), nuclear fractionation, immunoblot analysis, a kinase assay, and an overexpression strategy were employed. Scutellarein significantly inhibited NO production in a dose-dependent manner and reduced the mRNA expression levels of inducible NO synthase (iNOS) and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-activated RAW264.7 cells. In addition, SCT also dampened nuclear factor (NF)-κB-driven expression of a luciferase reporter gene upon transfection of a TIR-domain-containing adapter-inducing interferon-β (TRIF) construct into Human embryonic kidney 293 (HEK 293) cells; similarly, NF-κ B nuclear translocation was inhibited by SCT. Moreover, the phosphorylation levels of various upstream signaling enzymes involved in NF-κB activation were decreased by SCT treatment in LPS-treated RAW264.7 cells. Finally, SCT strongly inhibited Src kinase activity and also inhibited the autophosphorylation of overexpressed Src. Therefore, our data suggest that SCT can block the inflammatory response by directly inhibiting Src kinase activity linked to NF-κB activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nak Yoon Sung
- Department of Genetic Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 440-746, Korea
| | - Mi-Yeon Kim
- School of Systems Biological Science, Soongsil University, Seoul 156-743, Korea
| | - Jae Youl Cho
- Department of Genetic Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 440-746, Korea
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Verma S, Gupta R. Pharmacognostical and high performance thin layer chromatography studies on leaves of Clerodendrum infortunatum L. Ayu 2015. [PMID: 26195905 PMCID: PMC4492027 DOI: 10.4103/0974-8520.159009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Clerodendrum infortunatum L. commonly known as Bhant plays a significant role in Indian System of Medicine, that is, Ayurveda, due to its medicinal properties. It grows easily in waste places of all areas of India, Bangladesh, and Myanmar. Aim: The present study was carried out with a view to lay down its pharmacognostic standards along with high-performance thin layer chromatography (HPTLC) studies in order to document/validate its therapeutic benefits. Materials and Methods: In this research, leaves of C. infortunatum were subjected to pharmacognostic evaluation parameters such as macroscopy, quantitative microscopy, physicochemical studies, phytochemical screening. HPTLC has been developed for detection and quantification of gallic acid and tyrosine in C. infortunatum. Increasing serial dilutions of reference standard gallic acid (20–100 μg/mL) and tyrosine (20–100 μg/mL) were scanned at 254 nm and 280 nm, respectively. Results: Microscopy of leaf revealed the presence of anisocytic stomata, sclereids, glandular and covering trichome, and prisms of calcium oxalate crystal. The total ash, water-soluble, and acid insoluble ash values of leaves were 9.95%, 2.15%, and 0.70%, respectively. The maximum extractive value of crude powder was in the water. HPTLC studies revealed that the amount of gallic acid in the crude powder of test sample were high (0.244 mg/g) in comparison to tyrosine (0.081 mg/g). Conclusion: The data generated would be of significant use for the authentication of drug and would also serve as a reference for the standardization and quality control of C. infortunatum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suman Verma
- Department of Pharmacognosy, School of Pharmacy, Babu Banarasi Das University, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Rajiv Gupta
- Department of Pharmacognosy, School of Pharmacy, Babu Banarasi Das University, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
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Tong XL, Wu ST, Lian FM, Zhao M, Zhou SP, Chen XY, Yu B, Zhen Z, Qi LW, Li P, Wang CZ, Sun H, Yuan CS. The safety and effectiveness of TM81, a Chinese herbal medicine, in the treatment of type 2 diabetes: a randomized double-blind placebo-controlled trial. Diabetes Obes Metab 2013; 15:448-54. [PMID: 23231379 DOI: 10.1111/dom.12051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2012] [Revised: 10/09/2012] [Accepted: 12/05/2012] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
AIM TM81 (or Tang-Min-Ling-Wan) is a Chinese medicine. Previous studies suggested that this medicine is effective for treating type 2 diabetes. This controlled trial evaluated the safety and effectiveness of TM81 in the treatment of type 2 diabetic patients. METHODS This study was a large-scale controlled clinical trial to evaluate the safety and effectiveness of TM81 on type 2 diabetes. After a 2-week run-in period, 480 overweight type 2 early-stage diabetic patients [35-65 years old, HbA1c ≥ 7.0%, fasting plasma glucose (FPG) 7.0-13.9 mM or 2 h plasma glucose (PG) > 11.1 mM, body mass index (BMI) ≥ 24 kg/m(2)] were enrolled. These patients were divided into a TM81 group and placebo group in a 3 : 1 ratio. The subjects received 6 g TM81 or placebo, three times daily for 12 weeks. RESULTS After treatment, the HbA1c decrease was 1.02% in the TM81 group versus 0.47% in the placebo group. The FPG decreased 0.8 ± 0.1 mM in the TM81 group versus an increase of 0.2 ± 0.2 mM in the placebo group. The PG decreased 2.7 ± 0.3 mM in the TM81 group versus a decrease of 0.9 ± 0.4 mM in the placebo group (all p < 0.05). The TM81 was more effective for patients with higher baseline HbA1c levels. The TM81 group also showed improved β-cell function and increased homeostatic model assessment (HOMA)-β. In addition, body weight, BMI and waist circumference of subjects in the TM81 group were reduced, and the symptoms related to diabetes were improved. There were no significant differences in the types and frequency of adverse reactions between the two groups. CONCLUSIONS The data showed that TM81 is effective in controlling blood glucose level and is safe to use in patients with early-stage type 2 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- X L Tong
- Guang'anmen Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
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Muthu C, Reegan AD, Kingsley S, Ignacimuthu S. Larvicidal activity of pectolinaringenin from Clerodendrum phlomidis L. against Culex quinquefasciatus Say and Aedes aegypti L. (Diptera: Culicidae). Parasitol Res 2012; 111:1059-65. [PMID: 22562213 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-012-2932-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2011] [Accepted: 04/17/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Larvicidal activity of 12 fractions and a compound of chloroform extract of Clerodendrum phlomidis L. (Lamiaceae) was assayed for their toxicity against the early fourth-instar larvae of the filarial vector Culex quinquefasciatus Say and dengue vector Aedes aegypti L. The fractions were tested at 100-, 50-, 25- and 12.5-ppm concentrations. The compound pectolinaringenin was tested at 5-, 2.5-, 1.0- and 0.5-ppm concentrations. Among the different fractions, fraction 5 recorded the lowest LC(50) and LC(90) values of 5.02, 61.63 ppm and 32.86, 73.62 ppm against C. quinquefasciatus and A. aegypti, respectively. The compound pectolinaringenin showed the lowest LC(50) and LC(90) values of 0.62, 2.87 ppm and 0.79, 5.31 ppm against C. quinquefasciatus and A. aegypti, respectively. This is the first report on the mosquito larvicidal activity of the isolated compound pectolinaringenin from C. phlomidis. The results of this study show that the chloroform extract of C. phlomidis can be used as a potent source and pectolinaringenin as a new natural mosquito larvicidal agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chellaiah Muthu
- Entomology Research Institute, Loyola College, Chennai, 600 034, Tamil Nadu, India.
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Chidrawar VR, Patel KN, Chitme HR, Shiromwar SS. Pre–clinical evolutionary study of Clerodendrum phlomidis as an anti–obesity agent against high fat diet induced C57BL/6J mice. Asian Pac J Trop Biomed 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/s2221-1691(12)60446-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
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Mohan Maruga Raja MK. Identification and quantification of adrenaline from the leaves of Clerodendrum phlomidis using thin-layer chromatography. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011; 9:105-8. [DOI: 10.3736/jcim20110117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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