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Zhong B, Liao Q, Wang X, Wang X, Zhang J. The roles of epigenetic regulation in cholangiocarcinogenesis. Biomed Pharmacother 2023; 166:115290. [PMID: 37557012 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2023.115290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2023] [Revised: 08/01/2023] [Accepted: 08/04/2023] [Indexed: 08/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Cholangiocarcinoma (CCA), a heterogeneous malignancy of bile duct epithelial cells, is characterized by aggressiveness, difficult diagnosis, and poor prognosis due to limited understanding and lack of effective therapeutic strategies. Genetic and epigenetic alterations accumulated in CCA cells can cause the aberrant regulation of oncogenes and tumor suppressors. Epigenetic alterations with histone modification, DNA methylation, and noncoding RNA modulation are associated with the carcinogenesis of CCA. Mutation or silencing of genes by various mechanisms can be a frequent event during CCA development. Alterations in histone acetylation/deacetylation at the posttranslational level, DNA methylation at promoters, and noncoding RNA regulation contribute to the heterogeneity of CCA and drive tumor development. In this review article, we mainly focus on the roles of epigenetic regulation in cholangiocarcinogenesis. Alterations in epigenetic modification can be potential targets for the therapeutic management of CCA, and epigenetic targets may become diagnostic biomarkers of CCA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baiyin Zhong
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou 341000, China
| | - Qicheng Liao
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou 341000, China
| | - Xin Wang
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou 341000, China
| | - Xiaonong Wang
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou 341000, China
| | - Jianhong Zhang
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou 341000, China; Ganzhou Key Laboratory of Hepatocellular Carcinoma, First Affiliated Hospital of Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou 341000, China.
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Two cases of cholangiocarcinoma in diabetes mellitus causing worsening of glycemic control and acute liver dysfunction. JOURNAL OF CLINICAL AND TRANSLATIONAL ENDOCRINOLOGY CASE REPORTS 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jecr.2018.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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Lendvai G, Szekerczés T, Illyés I, Dóra R, Kontsek E, Gógl A, Kiss A, Werling K, Kovalszky I, Schaff Z, Borka K. Cholangiocarcinoma: Classification, Histopathology and Molecular Carcinogenesis. Pathol Oncol Res 2018; 26:3-15. [PMID: 30448973 DOI: 10.1007/s12253-018-0491-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2018] [Accepted: 10/10/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Cholangiocarcinoma (CC) is the second most common tumor of the liver, originating from the biliary system with increasing incidence and mortality worldwide. Several new classifications review the significance of tumor localization, site of origin, proliferation and biomarkers in the intrahepatic, perihilar and distal forms of the lesion. Based on growth pattern mass-forming, periductal-infiltrating, intraductal, undefined and mixed types are differentiated. There are further subclassifications which are applied for the histological features, in particular for intrahepatic CC. Recognition of the precursors and early lesions of CC including biliary intraepithelial neoplasia (BilIN), intraductal papillary neoplasm of the bile ducts (IPNB), biliary mucinous cystic neoplasm (MCNB) and the candidate precursors, such as bile duct adenoma and von Meyenburg complex is of increasing significance. In addition to the previously used biliary markers detected by immunohistochemistry, several new markers have been added to the differentiation of both the benign and malignant lesions, which can be used to aid in the subclassification in association with the outcome of CC. Major aspects of biliary carcinogenesis have been revealed, yet, the exact way of this diverse process is still unclear. The factors contributing to molecular cholangiocarcinogenesis include various risk factors, different anatomical localizations, multiple cellular origins, genetic and epigenetic alterations, tumor microenvironment, heterogeneity and clonal evolution. Driver mutations have been identified, implying that they are optimal candidates for targeted therapy. The most promising therapeutic candidates have entered clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gábor Lendvai
- 2nd Department of Pathology, Semmelweis University, Üllői út 93, Budapest, H-1091, Hungary
| | - Tímea Szekerczés
- 2nd Department of Pathology, Semmelweis University, Üllői út 93, Budapest, H-1091, Hungary
| | - Idikó Illyés
- 2nd Department of Pathology, Semmelweis University, Üllői út 93, Budapest, H-1091, Hungary
| | - Réka Dóra
- 2nd Department of Pathology, Semmelweis University, Üllői út 93, Budapest, H-1091, Hungary
| | - Endre Kontsek
- 2nd Department of Pathology, Semmelweis University, Üllői út 93, Budapest, H-1091, Hungary
| | - Alíz Gógl
- 2nd Department of Pathology, Semmelweis University, Üllői út 93, Budapest, H-1091, Hungary
| | - András Kiss
- 2nd Department of Pathology, Semmelweis University, Üllői út 93, Budapest, H-1091, Hungary
| | - Klára Werling
- 2nd Department of Internal Medicine, Semmelweis University, Budapest, 1085, Hungary
| | - Ilona Kovalszky
- 1st Department of Pathology and Experimental Cancer Research, Semmelweis University, Budapest, 1085, Hungary
| | - Zsuzsa Schaff
- 2nd Department of Pathology, Semmelweis University, Üllői út 93, Budapest, H-1091, Hungary.
| | - Katalin Borka
- 2nd Department of Pathology, Semmelweis University, Üllői út 93, Budapest, H-1091, Hungary
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Kulkarni A, Gundara JS, Gill AJ, Hugh TJ, Samra JS. Cholangiocarcinoma following external beam radiotherapy: A report of two cases. Oncol Lett 2017; 14:423-426. [PMID: 28693186 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2017.6113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2014] [Accepted: 11/13/2015] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Cholangiocarcinoma (CCA) is a relatively rare primary malignancy, with established risk factors that include primary sclerosing cholangitis, choledochal cysts and hepatolithiasis. In the present study, two cases of CCA, which occurred following abdominal external beam radiotherapy (EBRT) for non-Hodgkin's lymphoma, are reported. Case 1 and 2 were diagnosed with cholangiocarcinoma 30 and 4 years following treatment with combined chemotherapy and abdominal radiotherapy treatment, respectively. The patients received chemotherapy as treatment of cholangiocarcinoma; however, whilst their symptoms improved, they succumbed within 12 and 2 months respectively following the diagnosis with cholangiocarcinoma. Currently, the association between radiation exposure and hepatobiliary malignancy remains unclear, however, we hypothesize that biliary epithelium sensitivity to ionizing radiation may have contributed to the etiology of the secondary malignancies observed in these two patients. This study indicates that patients treated with abdominal EBRT may benefit from a heightened index of suspicion and more intensive surveillance for secondary biliary malignancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anisha Kulkarni
- Upper Gastrointestinal Surgical Unit, Royal North Shore Hospital, University of Sydney, St. Leonards, Sydney, NSW 2065, Australia
| | - Justin S Gundara
- Upper Gastrointestinal Surgical Unit, Royal North Shore Hospital, University of Sydney, St. Leonards, Sydney, NSW 2065, Australia
| | - Anthony J Gill
- Department of Anatomical Pathology, Royal North Shore Hospital, University of Sydney, St. Leonards, Sydney, NSW 2065, Australia
| | - Thomas J Hugh
- Upper Gastrointestinal Surgical Unit, Royal North Shore Hospital, University of Sydney, St. Leonards, Sydney, NSW 2065, Australia
| | - Jaswinder S Samra
- Upper Gastrointestinal Surgical Unit, Royal North Shore Hospital, University of Sydney, St. Leonards, Sydney, NSW 2065, Australia
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Abstract
Cholangiocarcinoma is a malignant neoplasm originating from biliary epithelial cells. The incidence and mortality of this cancer are rising in the world. Currently, cholangiocarcinoma is accepted as a stem cell disease with many risk factors. Diagnosis is relatively simple but therapy is extremely difficult. Surgery is the mainstay of treatment for early stage patients. Endobiliary approaches, chemotherapy and radiotherapy are other therapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vedat Goral
- Department of Gastroenterology, School of Medicine, Istanbul Medipol University, Istanbul, Turkey.
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Huang WC, Tsai CC, Chan CC. Mutation analysis and copy number changes of KRAS and BRAF genes in Taiwanese cases of biliary tract cholangiocarcinoma. J Formos Med Assoc 2016; 116:464-468. [PMID: 27745798 DOI: 10.1016/j.jfma.2016.07.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2016] [Revised: 07/18/2016] [Accepted: 07/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND/PURPOSE Cholangiocarcinoma (CC) is a fatal malignancy originating from biliary tracts and constitutes approximately 10-20% of hepatobiliary cancers. CC is characterized by a very poor prognosis. The definite molecular mechanisms leading to oncogenesis remain unclear. This study aimed to perform mutation analysis and copy number changes of KRAS and BRAF genes of CC in Taiwan. METHODS A total of 182 cases of biliary tact CC were studied for point mutation and quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction analysis of KRAS and BRAF genes. The obtained data were analyzed with clinical and histopathological variables and survival. RESULTS KRAS point mutations were detected in intrahepatic CC (7.6%), common bile duct cancer (13.3%), and gallbladder carcinoma (3.3%). BRAF gene amplifications were demonstrated in intrahepatic CC (4.3%), common bile duct cancer (3.3%), and gallbladder cancer (5%). No association was observed between mutation patterns and histopathological features. The analyses of risk factors for overall survival in patients with CC revealed no significant association in age, tumor site, genetic mutation, or amplifications. The tumor stage was the significant prognostic factor. CONCLUSION Unlike other studies from American, European, or Japanese groups which showed certain levels of gene mutations in CC, our data revealed a rather low frequency of KRAS mutations and BRAF gene amplifications in CC in Taiwan. Tumor TNM stage was the only significant prognostic parameter in this analysis. It is crucial to gain more information of carcinogenesis, molecular mechanisms and therapeutic strategy in biliary tract cholangiocarcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Chih Huang
- Department of Anatomic Pathology, Far Eastern Memorial Hospital, New Taipei, Taiwan; College of Nursing, National Taipei University of Nursing and Health Sciences, Taipei, Taiwan.
| | - Chien-Chen Tsai
- Department of Anatomic Pathology, Far Eastern Memorial Hospital, New Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Chieh Chan
- Department of Dermatology, National Taiwan University Hospital and National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan.
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Yao KJ, Jabbour S, Parekh N, Lin Y, Moss RA. Increasing mortality in the United States from cholangiocarcinoma: an analysis of the National Center for Health Statistics Database. BMC Gastroenterol 2016; 16:117. [PMID: 27655244 PMCID: PMC5031355 DOI: 10.1186/s12876-016-0527-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2016] [Accepted: 08/22/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background While mortality in the United States has decreased for most cancers, mortality from combined hepatocellular liver cancer and intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma (ICC) has increased and ranked 1st in annual percent increase among cancer sites. Because reported statistics combine ICC with other liver cancers, mortality rates of cholangiocarcinoma (CCA) remain unknown. This study is to determine CCA mortality trends and variation based on national data. Methods This nation-wide study was based on the underlying cause of death data collected by the National Center for Health Statistics (NCHS) between 1999 and 2014. The Center for Disease Control (CDC) Wide-ranging Online Data for Epidemiologic Research (WONDER) system was used to obtain data. ICC and extra-hepatic CCA (ECC) were defined by ICD-10 diagnosis codes. Age-adjusted mortality rate was standardized to the US population in 2000. Results There were more than 7000 CCA deaths each year in the US after 2013. CCA mortality for those aged 25+ increased 36 % between 1999 and 2014, from 2.2 per 100,000 (95 % confidence interval [CI] 2.1–2.3) to 3.0 per 100,000 (95 % CI, 2.9–3.1). Mortality rates were lower among females compared with males (risk ratio [RR] 0.78, 95 % CI 0.77–0.79). Asians had the highest mortality. Between 2004 and 2014, the increase in CCA mortality was highest among African Americans (45 %) followed by Asians (22 %), and whites (20 %). Conclusion Based on the most recent national data, CCA mortality rates have increased substantially in the past decade. Among different race/ethnic groups, African Americans have the highest increase in CCA mortality. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12876-016-0527-z) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaelan J Yao
- West Windsor Plainsboro High School South, Plainsboro, NJ, 08550, USA
| | - Salma Jabbour
- Division of Radiation Oncology, The Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ, 08901, USA
| | - Niyati Parekh
- College of Global Public Health & Population Health, Langone School of Medicine, New York University, New York, NY, 10003, USA
| | - Yong Lin
- Biometrics Division, The Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ, 08901, USA
| | - Rebecca A Moss
- Division of Medical Oncology, The Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ, 08901, USA.
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Abdel-Razik A, ElMahdy Y, Hanafy EE, Elhelaly R, Elzehery R, M Tawfik A, Eldars W. Insulin-Like Growth Factor-1 and Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor in Malignant and Benign Biliary Obstructions. Am J Med Sci 2016; 351:259-64. [PMID: 26992254 DOI: 10.1016/j.amjms.2015.12.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2015] [Accepted: 11/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Despite the presence of various diagnostic tools, the differential diagnosis between malignant and benign biliary obstructions is so difficult. This study aimed to evaluate the role of serum and biliary insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) in this differential diagnosis. MATERIALS AND METHODS Patients (n = 109, 61 men and 48 women) with diagnosis of benign (n = 62) or malignant (n = 47) biliary obstruction were included. Serum and biliary IGF-1 and VEGF markers were analyzed by the chemiluminescent immunometric method. RESULTS Mean age was 62.7 ± 8.1 years for the malignant group and 58.5 ± 15.4 years for the benign group (P = 0.092). Choledocholithiasis (79%), cancer head of the pancreas (53.2%) and cholangiocarcinoma (38.3%) were the most common etiologies. No statistical difference was detected regarding serum IGF-1 and VEGF levels between 2 groups. At a cutoff value of 308.55 and 0.5ng/mL, biliary IGF-1 and VEGF had (91.4% and 90.3%) sensitivity and (89.5% and 84.9%) specificity differential diagnosis between malignant and benign biliary obstructions (area under the curve: 0.943, 0.915), respectively. CONCLUSIONS Biliary levels of IGF-1 and VEGF significantly increase in malignant than benign obstructive lesions. Measurement of these markers in the bile of these patients may aid in the detection of biliary tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Youssif ElMahdy
- General Surgery, Department (YE, EE); Gastroenterology Surgical Center (YE, EE)
| | - Ehab El Hanafy
- General Surgery, Department (YE, EE); Gastroenterology Surgical Center (YE, EE)
| | | | | | | | - Waleed Eldars
- Medical Microbiology and Immunology Department (WE), Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
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Farid SG, Morris-Stiff G. "OMICS" technologies and their role in foregut primary malignancies. Curr Probl Surg 2015; 52:409-41. [PMID: 26527526 DOI: 10.1067/j.cpsurg.2015.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2014] [Accepted: 08/03/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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Prayong P, Mairiang E, Pairojkul C, Chamgramol Y, Mairiang P, Bhudisawasdi V, Sripa B. An interleukin-6 receptor polymorphism is associated with opisthorchiasis-linked cholangiocarcinoma risk in Thailand. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2015; 15:5443-7. [PMID: 25041016 DOI: 10.7314/apjcp.2014.15.13.5443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
The cholangiocarcinoma (CCA) is a relatively rare cancer worldwide but it is highly prevalent in Thailand where the liver fluke, Opisthorchis viverrini is endemic. There are reports that interleukin 6 (IL-6) may play an important role in the pathogenesis of opisthorchiasis associated CCA. Functionally, IL-6 can act on target cells through its receptor, IL-6R, and IL-6R polymorphisms may affect the functional activity of IL-6 leading to susceptibility to cholangiocarcinogenesis. Therefore, we assessed the association of the 48892 A/C (Asp358Ala) polymorphism in exon 9 of the IL-6R gene in 79 CCA cases compared to 80 healthy controls using the PCR- RFLP technique. The results showed significant differences between CCA cases and controls in overall genotype (p=0.001) and allele frequencies (p=0.0002). Chi-square for trend test revealed a significant association between genotype and CCA susceptibility (p=0.0002). The odds ratios (ORs) for genotype were 0.283 (95% CI=0.131-0.605, AC vs. AA; p=0.0003) and 0.206 (95% CI=0.196-1.245, CC vs. AA; p=0.0416), the OR for alleles was 0.347 (95% CI=0.187-0.633, allele C vs. allele A; p=0.0002) and that for the carrier C variant was 0.272 (95% CI=0.130-0.564; p=0.0001). This study demonstrated a close association between an IL-6R polymorphism, specifically higher A allele, and cholangiocarcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pokpong Prayong
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand E-mail :
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Zhang F, Li L, Yang X, Wang B, Zhao J, Lu S, Yu X. Expression and activation of EGFR and STAT3 during the multistage carcinogenesis of intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma induced by 3'-methyl-4 dimethylaminoazobenzene in rats. J Toxicol Pathol 2015; 28:79-87. [PMID: 26028817 PMCID: PMC4444506 DOI: 10.1293/tox.2014-0047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2014] [Accepted: 01/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to investigate whether the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) and signal transducer and activator of transcription-3 (STAT3) signal pathway contributes to the carcinogenesis of intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma (ICC) induced by 3’-methyl-4 dimethylaminoazobenzene (3’Me-DAB) in rats. EGFR, TGFα, STAT3 and p-STAT3 in different stages of carcinogenesis were detected by immunohistochemistry (IHC). In situ hybridization (ISH) was applied to investigate the expression of STAT3 mRNA. Oval cells were verified by the immunohistochemical staining of alpha-fetoprotein (AFP), CD133 and epithelial cell adhesion molecules (EpCAM). Sequential development of necrosis, oval cell proliferation, cholangiofibrosis (CF) and ICC was observed in the liver of rats administered 3’Me-DAB. Oval cells showed positive expression of AFP, CD133 and EpCAM. The expression of EGFR was significantly higher in the ICC than in oval cells, CF or normal bile ducts (p<0.05), but there was no difference in EGFR expression between the other groups. The highest expression of p-STAT3 and TGFα was observed in CF. The expression of these two molecules in the ICC and oval cells was significantly higher than in normal bile ducts (p<0.05). Elevation of STAT3 mRNA was detected during carcinogenesis as shown by ISH, strong intensity was observed in the ICC and moderate intensity was observed in oval cells and CF. These observations suggest that the EGFR and STAT3 signal pathway contributes to the carcinogenesis of ICC. High activity of STAT3 during the carcinogenesis of ICC may be the result of high activity of EGFR triggered by TGFα.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fan Zhang
- Department of General Surgery, Second Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116044, PR China
| | - Lianhong Li
- Department of Pathology and Forensic Medicine, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116044, PR China
| | - Xingwu Yang
- Department of General Surgery, Second Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116044, PR China
| | - Bo Wang
- Department of Pathology and Forensic Medicine, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116044, PR China
| | - Jinyao Zhao
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116044, PR China
| | - Shilun Lu
- Department of Pathology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, PR China
| | - Xiaotang Yu
- Department of Pathology and Forensic Medicine, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116044, PR China
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Skipworth JRA, Timms JF, Pereira SP. Novel diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers in biliary tract cancer. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 7:487-99. [PMID: 23971898 DOI: 10.1517/17530059.2013.826646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The worldwide incidence of biliary tract carcinoma (BTC, tumours of the bile ducts and gall-bladder) continues to rise, with the only potentially curative treatment remaining surgical resection or transplantation, possible in only a minority of patients. Late presentation and a paucity of effective treatments mandate the development of techniques for early lesion detection. AREAS COVERED This article reviews currently available biomarkers for the diagnosis and prognosis of BTC, as well as recently published studies describing novel serum, bile and urinary biomarkers. EXPERT OPINION The incorporation of novel analysis techniques, such as digital image analysis and fluorescence in situ hybridization, into existing management algorithms enhances the accuracy of brush cytology taken at the time of therapeutic endoscopy. However, a key goal is the discovery of reliable non-invasive biomarkers with high sensitivity and specificity. Recent advances in gene sequencing and expression, clonal evolution and tumour heterogeneity in other cancers should advance understanding of BTC tumour biology and facilitate biomarker discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- James R A Skipworth
- University College London, Division of Surgery and Interventional Science, 4th Floor, 74 Huntley Street, London, WC1E6AU, UK
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Chen CP, Haas-Kogan D. Neoplasms of the hepatobiliary system: clinical presentation, molecular pathways and diagnostics. Expert Rev Mol Diagn 2014; 10:883-95. [DOI: 10.1586/erm.10.76] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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Epidemiology of Cholangiocarcinoma and Gallbladder Carcinoma. BILIARY TRACT AND GALLBLADDER CANCER 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-40558-7_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Li C, Shen W, Shen S, Ai Z. Gene expression patterns combined with bioinformatics analysis identify genes associated with cholangiocarcinoma. Comput Biol Chem 2013; 47:192-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.compbiolchem.2013.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2013] [Revised: 07/16/2013] [Accepted: 08/28/2013] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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Senggunprai L, Kukongviriyapan V, Prawan A, Kukongviriyapan U. Quercetin and EGCG exhibit chemopreventive effects in cholangiocarcinoma cells via suppression of JAK/STAT signaling pathway. Phytother Res 2013; 28:841-8. [PMID: 24038588 DOI: 10.1002/ptr.5061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2012] [Revised: 06/03/2013] [Accepted: 08/04/2013] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Quercetin and epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG) are dietary phytochemicals with antiinflammatory and antitumor effects. In the present study, we examined the effects of these two compounds on Janus-like kinase (JAK)/signal transduction and transcription (STAT) pathway of cholangiocarcinoma (CCA) cells, because CCA is one of the aggressive cancers with very poor prognosis and JAK/STAT pathway is critically important in inflammation and carcinogenesis. The results showed that the JAK/STAT pathway activation by proinflammatory cytokine interleukin-6 and interferon-γ in CCA cells was suppressed by pretreatment with quercetin and EGCG, evidently by a decrease of the elevated phosphorylated-STAT1 and STAT3 proteins in a dose-dependent manner. The cytokine-mediated up-regulation of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) via JAK/STAT cascade was abolished by both quercetin and EGCG pretreatment. Moreover, these flavonoids also could inhibit growth and cytokine-induced migration of CCA cells. Pretreatment with specific JAK inhibitors, AG490 and piceatannol, abolished cytokine-induced iNOS and ICAM-1 expression. These results demonstrate beneficial effects of quercetin and EGCG in the suppression of JAK/STAT cascade of CCA cells. Quercetin and EGCG would be potentially useful as cancer chemopreventive agents against CCA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laddawan Senggunprai
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, and Liver Fluke and Cholangiocarcinoma Research Center, Khon Kaen University, 40002, Thailand
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Attraplsi S, Shobar RM, Lamzabi I, Abraham R. Gallbladder carcinoma in a pregnant patient with Crohn's disease complicated with gallbladder involvement. World J Gastrointest Oncol 2013; 5:29-33. [PMID: 23556054 PMCID: PMC3613768 DOI: 10.4251/wjgo.v5.i2.29] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2012] [Revised: 12/19/2012] [Accepted: 01/19/2013] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Primary gallbladder (GB) carcinoma and Crohn’s disease (CD) of the GB are individually rare. We present a case of a pregnant woman with CD found to have GB involvement and primary GB carcinoma. A 34-year-old female at 6 wk gestation with a 21 year history of CD of uncertain extent presented with 3 mo of diarrhea, urgency and abdominal pain. During work-up, she was found to have elevated transaminases and an abnormal alkaline phosphatase. Imaging revealed two gallbladder polyps both greater than 1 cm in size. Resection and histological evaluation was consistent with Crohn’s involvement of the GB, poorly differentiated adenocarcinoma of the GB with invasion through the muscularis propria and matted lymph nodes in the porta hepatis positive for metastatic carcinoma (stage pT2N1). Six cases of CD involving the GB, two cases of primary GB carcinoma in CD, and ten cases of cholangiocarcinoma in pregnancy have been published. This is the only case that describes all three factors. Common features in CD of the GB include acute cholecystitis, ileal involvement, and presence independent of active intestinal disease. Common features in CD patients with GB malignancy include younger age of detection, a long history of CD, extensive colonic and ileal involvement of disease, the absence of cholelithiasis, and pre-existing gallbladder disease (primary sclerosing cholangitis and gallbladder polyps). Pregnancy is specific to this case. The role of CD in the development of GB malignancy is not well understood nor is the contribution of pregnancy to the spread of disease. Chronic inflammation and immunosuppression compounded by hormonal influence is implicated.
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Abstract
Autoimmune cholangitis, immunoglobulin G4-associated cholangitis (IAC), is a part of multiorgan IgG4-related systemic disease, which was recognized as a new clinicopathological entity in recent years. IAC is defined as a biliary stricture that responds to steroid therapy, frequently is associated with other fibrosing conditions, especially autoimmune pancreatitis and is characterized by elevation of IgG4 in serum and infiltration of IgG4 positive plasma cells in bile ducts. Since IAC shares a number of clinical, biochemical, and imaging features with cholangiocarcinoma (CCA), it is often misdiagnosed as CCA, and unnecessary surgery was performed. In this compact review, we clarify the disease of IAC, summarize criteria for diagnosis of IAC, discuss the role of CA 19-9, and provide key information to differentiate diagnosis of IAC from CCA. IAC should be highly suspected in unexplained biliary stricture associated with increased IgG4 (in serum especially in bile) and other organ involvement (kidney, retroperitoneum etc. especially pancreas in which there are abundant IgG4-positive plasmocytes infiltration). Correct diagnosis of IAC will avoid unnecessary surgery because IAC responds well to steroid therapy. In a word, increased IgG4 levels, other organ involvement and response to steroids are keys to distinguishing IAC from CCA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Li
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical College, Guangzhou, China
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Lieke T, Ramackers W, Bergmann S, Klempnauer J, Winkler M, Klose J. Impact of Salinomycin on human cholangiocarcinoma: induction of apoptosis and impairment of tumor cell proliferation in vitro. BMC Cancer 2012; 12:466. [PMID: 23057720 PMCID: PMC3487825 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2407-12-466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2012] [Accepted: 10/02/2012] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Cholangiocarcinoma (CC) is a primary liver cancer with increasing incidence worldwide. Despite all efforts made in past years, prognosis remains to be poor. At least in part, this might be explained by a pronounced resistance of CC cells to undergo apoptosis. Thus, new therapeutic strategies are imperatively required. In this study we investigated the effect of Salinomycin, a polyether ionophore antibiotic, on CC cells as an appropriate agent to treat CC. Salinomycin was quite recently identified to induce apoptosis in cancer stem cells and to overcome apoptosis-resistance in several leukemia-cells and other cancer cell lines of different origin. Methods To delineate the effects of Salinomycin on CC, we established an in vitro cell culture model using three different human CC cell lines. After treatment apoptosis as well as migration and proliferation behavior was assessed and additional cell cycle analyses were performed by flowcytometry. Results By demonstrating Annexin V and TUNEL positivity of human CC cells, we provide evidence that Salinomycin reveals the capacity to break apoptosis-resistance in CC cells. Furthermore, we are able to demonstrate that the non-apoptotic cell fraction is characterized by sustainable impaired migration and proliferation. Cell cycle analyses revealed G2-phase accumulation of human CC cells after treatment with Salinomycin. Even though apoptosis is induced in two of three cell lines of CC cells, one cell line remained unaffected in regard of apoptosis but revealed as the other CC cells decreased proliferation and migration. Conclusion In this study, we are able to demonstrate that Salinomycin is an effective agent against previously resistant CC cells and might be a potential candidate for the treatment of CC in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thorsten Lieke
- Department of General, Visceral and Transplantation Surgery, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
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20
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Gentilini A, Rombouts K, Galastri S, Caligiuri A, Mingarelli E, Mello T, Marra F, Mantero S, Roncalli M, Invernizzi P, Pinzani M. Role of the stromal-derived factor-1 (SDF-1)-CXCR4 axis in the interaction between hepatic stellate cells and cholangiocarcinoma. J Hepatol 2012; 57:813-20. [PMID: 22727731 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2012.06.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2012] [Revised: 05/30/2012] [Accepted: 06/10/2012] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUNDS & AIMS Cholangiocarcinoma (CCA) is highly fatal because of early invasion, widespread metastasis, and lack of an effective therapy. Migration, invasion, and metastasis of CCA cells are modulated by signals received from stromal cells. The SDF-1-CXCR4 axis emerges as a pivotal regulator of migration and survival of different tumor cells. The aim of the present study was to characterize the interaction between CCA cells and human hepatic stellate cells (hHSC) focusing on the role of SDF-1. METHODS The intrahepatic CCA cell line HuCCT-1 and primary hHSC were used for this study. RNA expression was examined by RTQ-PCR and protein expression by Western blotting. Immunofluorescence microscopy and immunohistochemistry were also employed. Migration of CCA cells was assessed using modified Boyden chambers. RESULTS CXCR4 was clearly expressed in CCA cells of human CCA liver specimens. SDF-1 and hHSC conditioned medium (CM) promoted HuCCT-1 cell migration, which was abrogated by pre-incubation with AMD3100, a non-peptide antagonist of the CXCR4 receptor. In addition, HuCCT-1 cells silenced for CXCR4 did not migrate in presence of SDF-1. Both P-ERK and p-AKT were implicated in HuCCT-1 migration and showed a biphasic trend under stimulation of SDF-1. Finally, SDF-1 induced apoptotic rescue of HuCCT-1 cells by binding to CXCR4. CONCLUSIONS Our study demonstrates that CCA cells migration and survival are modulated by the crosstalk between SDF-1, released by hHSC, and HuCCT-1 cells bearing CXCR4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandra Gentilini
- Department of Internal Medicine, Center for Research, High Education and Transfer DENOThe, University of Florence, Italy, Largo Brambilla 3, 50134 Florence, Italy.
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21
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Vasilieva LE, Papadhimitriou SI, Dourakis SP. Modern diagnostic approaches to cholangiocarcinoma. Hepatobiliary Pancreat Dis Int 2012; 11:349-59. [PMID: 22893461 DOI: 10.1016/s1499-3872(12)60192-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cholangiocarcinoma is a very aggressive tumor with poor survival. Therefore, early diagnosis and surgical resection are of paramount importance. Its diagnosis is difficult because access to the tumor is not easy. Biopsy is possible only for intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma, which accounts for 10% of cases. Routine brush cytology from endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) has a high specificity of 100% but unfortunately a low sensitivity of 30%. In this review we briefly describe new diagnostic techniques applicable to ERCP brush cytology specimens and targeting the genetic background of the disease, in particular fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) and digital image analysis (DIA). DATA SOURCES The PubMed database up to 2011 was used for the retrieval of relevant articles. The search terms FISH, fluorescence in situ hybridization, DIA, digital image analysis and cholangiocarcinoma were used. Both original and review articles were used. RESULTS FISH identifies cells with chromosomal abnormalities, mainly numerical aberrations, using a mixture of fluorescence-labeled probes. FISH offers a higher sensitivity than routine cytology, retaining a high level of specificity. The DIA criterion for malignancy is demonstration of aneuploidy. This technique increases the sensitivity to 40%, but the specificity remains low. Preliminary data from application to other tumors suggest that combination of FISH and DIA may be of further benefit. CONCLUSIONS The new techniques offer a significantly enhanced diagnostic efficacy in the evaluation of ERCP brush specimens. Apart from contributing to a more timely diagnosis, their wider application to cholangiocarcinoma may also facilitate the genetic study of the disease and add to our understanding of oncogenesis at the molecular level, with the prospect of identifying targets for novel therapeutic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Larisa E Vasilieva
- Second Department of Internal Medicine, University of Athens Medical School, Hippokration General Hospital, 114 Vas Sofias Avenue, Athens 11527, Greece.
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Tougeron D, Fotsing G, Barbu V, Beauchant M. ABCB4/MDR3 gene mutations and cholangiocarcinomas. J Hepatol 2012; 57:467-8. [PMID: 22387667 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2012.01.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2012] [Revised: 01/23/2012] [Accepted: 01/25/2012] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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Biliary tract carcinomas: from chemotherapy to targeted therapy. Crit Rev Oncol Hematol 2012; 85:136-48. [PMID: 22809696 DOI: 10.1016/j.critrevonc.2012.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2012] [Revised: 06/07/2012] [Accepted: 06/22/2012] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Biliary tract carcinomas (BTC) are a group of tumours arising from the epithelial cells of intra- and extra-hepatic biliaryducts and the gallbladder, characterised by a poor prognosis. Surgery is the only curative procedure, but the risk of recurrence is high and furthermore, the majority of patients present with unresectable disease at the time of diagnosis. Systemic therapy is the mainstay of treatment for patients who present recurrent or metastatic disease. Progress has been made in the last decade to identify the most effective chemotherapy regimens, with the recent recommendation of the combination of gemcitabine-cisplatin as the standard schedule. Comprehension of the molecular basis of cholangiocarcinogenesis and tumour progression has recently led to the experimentation of targeted therapies in patients with BTC, demonstrating promising results. In this review we will discuss the clinical experience with systemic treatment for BTC, focusing on future directions with targeted therapies.
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Utispan K, Sonongbua J, Thuwajit P, Chau-In S, Pairojkul C, Wongkham S, Thuwajit C. Periostin activates integrin α5β1 through a PI3K/AKT‑dependent pathway in invasion of cholangiocarcinoma. Int J Oncol 2012; 41:1110-8. [PMID: 22735632 DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2012.1530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2012] [Accepted: 06/06/2012] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Periostin (PN) is mainly produced from stromal fibroblasts in cholangiocarcinoma (CCA) and shows strong impact in cancer promotion. This work aimed to investigate the mechanism that PN uses to drive CCA invasion. It was found that ITGα5β1 and α6β4 showed high expression in non-tumorigenic biliary epithelial cells and in almost all CCA cell lines. PN had preferential binding to CCA cells via ITGα5β1 and blocking this receptor by either neutralizing antibody or siITGα5 could attenuate PN-induced invasion. After PN-ITGα5β1 binding, intracellular pAKT was upregulated whereas there was no change in pERK. Moreover, PN could not activate AKT in condition of treatment with a PI3K inhibitor. These data provide evidence that PN-activated invasion of CCA cells is through the ITGα5β1/PI3K/AKT pathway. Strategies aimed to inhibit this pathway may, thus, provide therapeutic benefits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kusumawadee Utispan
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
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25
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Pracht M, Le Roux G, Sulpice L, Mesbah H, Manfredi S, Audrain O, Boudjema K, Raoul JL, Boucher E. Chemotherapy for inoperable advanced or metastatic cholangiocarcinoma: retrospective analysis of 78 cases in a single center over four years. Chemotherapy 2012; 58:134-41. [PMID: 22572213 DOI: 10.1159/000337289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2011] [Accepted: 02/16/2012] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Systemic chemotherapy is the treatment of choice for inoperable (advanced or metastatic) cholangiocarcinoma. According to phase II and III trials, regimens combining 5-fluorouracil (5FU) or gemcitabine with a platinum salt have provided an overall response rate of 12-50% with a median overall survival of 5-16 months. METHODS This was a retrospective analysis of 78 consecutive cases of inoperable cholangiocarcinoma treated by palliative chemotherapy from July 2005 to November 2009 in one center. We firstly aimed to evaluate the impact of palliative chemotherapy in terms of survival and secondly to analyze possible related prognostic factors. RESULTS This cohort included 25 female and 53 male patients, with a mean age of 60.8 ± 11.4 years. Intrahepatic and extrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma were observed in 57 and 21 patients, respectively. First-line chemotherapy regimens were as follows: gemcitabine (n = 7), gemcitabine plus oxaliplatin (with or without cetuximab; n = 62) and 5FU plus cisplatin (n = 9). None of the patients achieved a complete response. The partial response rate was 35.9% (27/78), and the stable disease rate was 26.9% (21/78), giving a disease control rate of 62.8%. At the time of this analysis, with a median follow-up of 18 months, 13 patients were survivors. Median overall survival was 10 months [95% confidence interval (CI) 7-12], and median progression-free survival was 7 months (95% CI 6-8). Upon univariate analysis, only the distribution of the disease was significantly linked with prognosis, with a median overall survival of 10 months (95% CI 10-24) for solitary tumors versus 7 months (95% CI 6-11) in the case of infiltrative or multifocal tumors (p = 0.039). CONCLUSION The disease control rate, overall survival and progression free-survival in this single-center retrospective study were in agreement with earlier reports. Specific features of this cohort were a large proportion of cholangiocarcinoma with associated cirrhosis (n = 30/78, 38.5%), mostly intrahepatic (n = 25/30, 83.5%). This confirms the increasing incidence of intrahepatic localization and the epidemiological link recently reported between intrahepatic biliary tract carcinoma and cirrhosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc Pracht
- Medical Oncology Unit, Comprehensive Cancer Center Eugène Marquis, Rennes, France
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26
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Marsh RDW, Alonzo M, Bajaj S, Baker M, Elton E, Farrell TA, Gore RM, Hall C, Nowak J, Roy H, Shaikh A, Talamonti MS. Comprehensive review of the diagnosis and treatment of biliary tract cancer 2012. Part I: diagnosis-clinical staging and pathology. J Surg Oncol 2012; 106:332-8. [PMID: 22488652 DOI: 10.1002/jso.23028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2011] [Accepted: 12/08/2011] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Biliary tract cancers (gallbladder cancer, intra- and extra-hepatic cholangiocarcinoma, and selected periampullary cancers) accounted for 12,760 new cases of cancer in the USA in 2010. These tumors have a dismal prognosis with most patients presenting with advanced disease. Early, accurate diagnosis is essential, both for potential cure where possible and for optimal palliative therapy in all others. This review examines the currently available and emerging technologies for diagnosis and treatment of this group of diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert de W Marsh
- Kellogg Cancer Center, NorthShore University Health System, Evanston, Illinois, USA.
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Munding J, Tannapfel A. [Pathological anatomical characteristics of Klatskin tumors. Classification, current molecular biological aspects, prognosis factors]. Chirurg 2012; 83:208-14. [PMID: 22290222 DOI: 10.1007/s00104-011-2175-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Klatskin tumors are a distinct subgroup of cholangiocarcinomas which are a surgical challenge due to their special localization. Different localizations do not show great differences concerning histomorphology and precursor lesions. With respect to molecular alterations there are only small differences. Accurate clinical and histomorphological diagnosis is important for therapy and especially the prediction of prognosis as well as standardized processing of the resection specimen if the carcinoma is resectable. Additionally, accurate lymph node dissection is necessary. Concerning molecular markers further investigations are needed to develop individualized therapy regimes.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Munding
- Institut für Pathologie, BG-Universitätsklinikum Bergmannsheil, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Bürkle-de-la-Camp-Platz 1, 44789 Bochum.
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28
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Larbcharoensub N, Sornmayura P, Sirachainan E, Wilasrusmee C, Wanmoung H, Janvilisri T. Prognostic value of ABCG2 in moderately and poorly differentiated intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma. Histopathology 2012; 59:235-46. [PMID: 21884202 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2559.2011.03935.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma (ICC) is a primary hepatic malignancy derived from cholangiocytes. The survival rate of ICC patients is very low, and conventional chemotherapy is not effective in prolonging long-term survival. Adenosine 5'-triphosphate (ATP)-binding cassette (ABC) transporters mediate the transport of various substances in several cellular processes. The expression of ABCB1, ABCC1 and ABCG2 has been implicated in multidrug resistance and poor prognosis in several types of cancer. The aim of this study was to examine their expression in normal cholangiocytes and ICC tissues. METHODS AND RESULTS Immunohistochemistry was employed to evaluate the expression of these transporters in 60 cases of ICC with respect to clinicopathological features and patient outcome. The proportions of cases with loss of ABCB1, ABCC1 and ABCG2 expression were 93.3%, 68.3% and 50%, respectively. Only the loss of ABCG2 was related to a worse prognosis (P = 0.031), and was associated with lymph node involvement (P = 0.003) and higher tumour grade (P = 0.028). Furthermore, multivariate analysis showed that the loss of ABCG2 expression was an independent prognostic factor in patients with moderately or poorly differentiated ICC (P = 0.02). CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that ABCG2 may be involved in cholangiocarcinogenesis; the loss of its expression may enhance tumour progression and contribute to aggressive growth of ICC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noppadol Larbcharoensub
- Department of Pathology Oncology Unit, Faculty of Medicine at Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
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Abstract
Primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC) is a chronic liver condition which may affect both intra and extrahepatic biliary tree. Etiology of PSC remains to be fully elucidated but genetic, autoimmune, inflammatory and possibly infective factors could all contribute to its development. More than two-thirds of patients are males and the most commonly associated condition is an inflammatory bowel disease which occurs in up to 70% of affected subjects. Endoscopic cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) and magnetic resonanse cholangiopancreatography (MRCP) remain a gold standard in the diagnosis of this condition. No curative treatment of PSC exists and a proportion of patients who develop liver failure or suffer from recurrent episodes of cholangitis requires liver transplantation. PSC is associated with increased risk of malignancies, in particular cholangiocarcinoma which may arise in 12% of patients. The main aim of this chapter is to review the current knowledge on pathogenesis and clinical aspects of PSC as well as its associated malignancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Piotr Milkiewicz
- Department of Hepatology and Liver Transplantation, M.Curie Hospital, Arkonska 4, 71-455 Szczecin, Poland.
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30
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Baek S, Lee YS, Shim HE, Yoon S, Baek SY, Kim BS, Oh SO. Vitamin D3 regulates cell viability in gastric cancer and cholangiocarcinoma. Anat Cell Biol 2011; 44:204-9. [PMID: 22025972 PMCID: PMC3195824 DOI: 10.5115/acb.2011.44.3.204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2011] [Revised: 09/06/2011] [Accepted: 09/07/2011] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
A low serum level of vitamin D has been associated with an increased incidence of gastrointestinal tract cancers. However, the effects of vitamin D3 have not been investigated in gastric cancer and cholangiocarcinoma. In the present study, we found that vitamin D3 treatment significantly suppressed the viability of gastric cancer and cholangiocarcinoma cells. Moreover, vitamin D3 had a synergistic effect with other anti-cancer drugs, such as paclitaxel, adriamycin, and vinblastine, for suppressing cell viability. To determine the underlying mechanism involved in the regulation of viability by vitamin D3, we examined the effects of vitamin D3 on expression of hedgehog signaling target genes, which has been associated with gastric cancer and cholangiocarcinoma. Vitamin D3 treatment decreased the level of mRNA expression of patched1, Gli1, cyclin D1, and Bcl2, suggesting the possibility that vitamin D3 may act through regulation of hedgehog signaling. From the above results, we conclude that vitamin D3 regulates cell viability in gastric cancer and cholangiocarcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sungmin Baek
- Department of Anatomy, Pusan National University School of Medicine, Yangsan, Korea
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31
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Kim CH, Chung CW, Choi KH, Yoo JJ, Kim DH, Jeong YI, Kang DH. Effect of 5-aminolevulinic acid-based photodynamic therapy via reactive oxygen species in human cholangiocarcinoma cells. Int J Nanomedicine 2011; 6:1357-63. [PMID: 21760730 PMCID: PMC3133526 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s21395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer cells have been reported to exhibit an enhanced capacity for protoporphyrin IX (PpIX) synthesis facilitated by the administration of 5-aminolevulinic acid (ALA). We investigated the effect of ALA-based photodynamic therapy (PDT) on human cholangiocarcinoma cells (HuCC-T1). Since protoporphyrin IX (PpIX), a metabolite of ALA, can produce reactive oxygen species (ROS) under irradiation and then induce phototoxicity, ALA-based PDT is a promising candidate for the treatment of cholangiocarcinoma. When various concentrations of ALA (0.05–2 mM) were used to treat HuCC-T1 cells for 6 or 24 hours, the intracellular PpIX level increased according to the ALA concentration and treatment time. Furthermore, an increased amount of PpIX in HuCC-T1 cells induced increased production of ROS by irradiation, resulting in increased phototoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cy Hyun Kim
- National Research and Development Center for Hepatobiliary Cancer, Research Institute for Convergence of Biomedical Science and Technology, Pusan National University Yangsan Hospital, Yangsan, Republic of Korea
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Kuang D, Wang GP. Hilar cholangiocarcinoma: Pathology and tumor biology. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010; 4:371-7. [DOI: 10.1007/s11684-010-0130-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2010] [Accepted: 10/14/2010] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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Boucher E, Pracht M, Roux C, Boudjema K, Raoul JL. Adjuvant treatment after resection of biliary-tract cancer: yes or no? Oncol Rev 2010. [DOI: 10.1007/s12156-010-0047-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
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Abstract
BACKGROUND A 72-year-old hypertensive woman presented with a 2-month history of right upper quadrant abdominal pain. She had a 15-day history of jaundice, fever with chills and shivering, nausea, vomiting, weight loss and generalized pruritus. INVESTIGATIONS Physical examination, laboratory evaluation, transabdominal ultrasonography, magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography, endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography, brush cytology, laparotomy and histopathology. DIAGNOSIS Bile duct duplication with coexistence of distal cholangiocarcinoma. MANAGEMENT En bloc resection (including the duodenum, pancreatic head and adjacent lymph nodes), hepaticojejunostomy and pylorus-saving Whipple operation.
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35
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Flood TA, Jain D, Marginean EC. Malignant tumours of gallbladder and extrahepatic bile ducts. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mpdhp.2010.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Gatto M, Bragazzi MC, Semeraro R, Napoli C, Gentile R, Torrice A, Gaudio E, Alvaro D. Cholangiocarcinoma: update and future perspectives. Dig Liver Dis 2010; 42:253-60. [PMID: 20097142 DOI: 10.1016/j.dld.2009.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 136] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2009] [Accepted: 12/28/2009] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Cholangiocarcinoma is commonly considered a rare cancer. However, if we consider the hepato-biliary system a single entity, cancers of the gallbladder, intra-hepatic and extra-hepatic biliary tree altogether represent approximately 30% of the total with incidence rates close to that of hepatocellular carcinoma, which is the third most common cause of cancer-related death worldwide. In addition, cholangiocarcinoma is characterized by a very poor prognosis and virtually no response to chemotherapeutics; radical surgery, the only effective treatment, is not frequently applicable because late diagnosis. Biomarkers for screening programs and for follow-up of categories at risk are under investigation, however, currently none of the proposed markers has reached clinical application. For all these considerations, cancers of the biliary tree system should merit much more scientific attention also because a progressive increase in incidence and mortality for these cancers has been reported worldwide. This manuscript deals with the most recent advances in the epidemiology, biology and clinical presentation of cholangiocarcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuela Gatto
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, University of Rome Sapienza, Polo Pontino, R. Rosselini 51, Rome, Italy
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Gatto M, Alvaro D. New insights on cholangiocarcinoma. World J Gastrointest Oncol 2010; 2:136-45. [PMID: 21160821 PMCID: PMC2999173 DOI: 10.4251/wjgo.v2.i3.136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2009] [Revised: 10/05/2009] [Accepted: 10/12/2009] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Cholangiocarcinoma (CCA) is a devastating cancer arising from the neoplastic transformation of the biliary epithelium. It is characterized by a progressive increase in incidence and prevalence. The only curative therapy is radical surgery or liver transplantation but, unfortunately, the majority of patients present with advanced stage disease, which is not amenable to surgical therapies. Recently, proposed serum and bile biomarkers could help in the screening and surveillance of categories at risk and in diagnosing CCA at an early stage. The molecular mechanisms triggering neoplastic transformation and growth of biliary epithelium are still undefined, but significant progress has been achieved in the last few years. This review deals with the most recent advances on epidemiology, biology, and clinical management of CCA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuela Gatto
- Manuela Gatto, Domenico Alvaro, Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Rome, "Sapienza", Polo Pontino, via R. Rossellini 51, 00137 Rome, Italy
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Braicu C, Burz C, Berindan-Neagoe I, Balacescu O, Tantau M, Cristea V, Irimie A. Molecular Markers in the Pathogenesis of Cholangiocarcinoma: Potential for Early Detection and Selection of Appropriate Treatment. Gastroenterology Res 2009; 2:132-140. [PMID: 27933122 PMCID: PMC5139703 DOI: 10.4021/gr2009.06.1299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/17/2009] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Cholangiocarcinoma (CC) is a primary malignancy that arises from cholangiocytes, the epithelial cells lining the bile duct livers. The worldwide incidence of CC is increasing and despite of combined therapeutic strategies, its prognosis remains poor. Till now surgery remains the only curative treatment modality. Over the past years, several important studies have yielded new insights into the molecular mechanisms of cholangiocarcinoma. This review focused on critical molecular player during the development from inflammation and cellular and molecular pathogenesis of this disease. The novel prophylactic and therapeutic approach deals especially the molecules involved in inflammation of cholangiocite or those related to promotion and progression of CC. The elucidation of their specific effects and interaction of this complex mechanism will accelerate the development of new biomarker for early detection and predictor factors outcome in CC.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Claudia Burz
- University of Medicine and Pharmacy "Iuliu Hatieganu", Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Ioana Berindan-Neagoe
- Cancer Institut "I Chiricuta", Cluj-Napoca, Romania; University of Medicine and Pharmacy "Iuliu Hatieganu", Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | | | - Marcel Tantau
- University of Medicine and Pharmacy "Iuliu Hatieganu", Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Victor Cristea
- University of Medicine and Pharmacy "Iuliu Hatieganu", Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Alexandru Irimie
- Cancer Institut "I Chiricuta", Cluj-Napoca, Romania; University of Medicine and Pharmacy "Iuliu Hatieganu", Cluj-Napoca, Romania
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Nanashima A, Shibata K, Nakayama T, Tobinaga S, Araki M, Kunizaki M, Takeshita H, Hidaka S, Sawai T, Nagayasu T, Tagawa T. Relationship Between Microvessel Count and Postoperative Survival in Patients with Intrahepatic Cholangiocarcinoma. Ann Surg Oncol 2009; 16:2123-9. [DOI: 10.1245/s10434-009-0494-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2009] [Revised: 04/07/2009] [Accepted: 04/08/2009] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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DeMorrow S. Cholangiocarcinoma: estrogen-induced autocrine effects of VEGF on cell proliferation. Dig Liver Dis 2009; 41:164-5. [PMID: 19112054 PMCID: PMC2654612 DOI: 10.1016/j.dld.2008.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2008] [Accepted: 11/10/2008] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sharon DeMorrow
- Digestive Disease Research Center, Scott & White Hospital, Department of Internal Medicine, Texas A&M Health Science Center, College of Medicine and Scott & White Hospital
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