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Yang L, Kung CJS, Lu Z, Liu JYH, Ngan MP, Sakai T, Sakata I, Chan SW, Tu L, Rudd JA. Exploring the role of ghrelin and des-acyl ghrelin in chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting. Neuropharmacology 2024; 251:109919. [PMID: 38548221 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2024.109919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2024] [Revised: 03/13/2024] [Accepted: 03/14/2024] [Indexed: 04/01/2024]
Abstract
Ghrelin and its mimetics have been shown to reduce cisplatin-induced emesis in preclinical studies using ferrets and shrews. This study investigated the effectiveness of ghrelin and des-acyl ghrelin (DAG) in antagonizing cisplatin-induced emesis and physiological changes indicative of nausea in Suncus murinus. Animals implanted with radiotelemetry devices were administered ghrelin (0.2, 1.0, and 5.0 μg/day), DAG (0.2, 1.0, and 5.0 μg/day), or saline (14 μL/day) intracerebroventricularly 4 days before and 3 days after treatment with cisplatin (30 mg/kg). At the end, the anti-apoptotic potentials of ghrelin and DAG were assessed by measuring Bax expression and cytochrome C activity. Neurotransmitter changes in the brain were evaluated using liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis. Ghrelin and DAG reduced cisplatin-induced emesis in the delayed (24-72 h) but not the acute phase (0-24 h) of emesis. Ghrelin also partially reversed the inhibitory effects of cisplatin on food intake without affecting gastrointestinal myoelectrical activity or causing hypothermia; however, ghrelin or DAG did not prevent these effects. Ghrelin and DAG could attenuate the cisplatin-induced upregulation of Bax and cytochrome C in the ileum. Cisplatin dysregulated neurotransmitter levels in the frontal cortex, amygdala, thalamus, hypothalamus, and brainstem, and this was partially restored by low doses of ghrelin and DAG. Our findings suggest that ghrelin and DAG exhibit protective effects against cisplatin-induced delayed emesis. The underlying antiemetic mechanism may involve GHSR and/or unspecified pathways that modulate the neurotransmitters involved in emesis control in the brain and an action to attenuate apoptosis in the gastrointestinal tract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingqing Yang
- Emesis Research Group, School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong
| | - Charmaine J S Kung
- Emesis Research Group, School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong
| | - Zengbing Lu
- Emesis Research Group, School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong
| | - Julia Y H Liu
- Emesis Research Group, School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong
| | - Man Piu Ngan
- Emesis Research Group, School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong
| | - Takafumi Sakai
- Faculty of Science, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Saitama University, Shimo-Okubo 255, Sakura-ku, Saitama-shi, 338-8570, Japan
| | - Ichiro Sakata
- Faculty of Science, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Saitama University, Shimo-Okubo 255, Sakura-ku, Saitama-shi, 338-8570, Japan
| | - Sze Wa Chan
- School of Health Sciences, Saint Francis University, Tseung Kwan O, New Territories, Hong Kong
| | - Longlong Tu
- USDA/ARS Children's Nutrition Research Center, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, USA
| | - John A Rudd
- Emesis Research Group, School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong.
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2
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Pramod RK, Atul PK, Pandey M, Anbazhagan S, Mhaske ST, Barathidasan R. Care, management, and use of ferrets in biomedical research. Lab Anim Res 2024; 40:10. [PMID: 38532510 DOI: 10.1186/s42826-024-00197-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2023] [Revised: 03/02/2024] [Accepted: 03/14/2024] [Indexed: 03/28/2024] Open
Abstract
The ferret (Mustela putorius furo) is a small domesticated species of the family Mustelidae within the order Carnivora. The present article reviews and discusses the current state of knowledge about housing, care, breeding, and biomedical uses of ferrets. The management and breeding procedures of ferrets resemble those used for other carnivores. Understanding its behavior helps in the use of environmental enrichment and social housing, which promote behaviors typical of the species. Ferrets have been used in research since the beginning of the twentieth century. It is a suitable non-rodent model in biomedical research because of its hardy nature, social behavior, diet and other habits, small size, and thus the requirement of a relatively low amount of test compounds and early sexual maturity compared with dogs and non-human primates. Ferrets and humans have numerous similar anatomical, metabolic, and physiological characteristics, including the endocrine, respiratory, auditory, gastrointestinal, and immunological systems. It is one of the emerging animal models used in studies such as influenza and other infectious respiratory diseases, cystic fibrosis, lung cancer, cardiac research, gastrointestinal disorders, neuroscience, and toxicological studies. Ferrets are vulnerable to many human pathogenic organisms, like severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), because air transmission of this virus between them has been observed in the laboratory. Ferrets draw the attention of the medical community compared to rodents because they occupy a distinct niche in biomedical studies, although they possess a small representation in laboratory research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ravindran Kumar Pramod
- ICMR-National Animal Resource Facility for Biomedical Research, Genome Valley, Hyderabad, Telangana, 500101, India.
| | - Pravin Kumar Atul
- ICMR-National Animal Resource Facility for Biomedical Research, Genome Valley, Hyderabad, Telangana, 500101, India
| | - Mamta Pandey
- ICMR-National Animal Resource Facility for Biomedical Research, Genome Valley, Hyderabad, Telangana, 500101, India
| | - S Anbazhagan
- ICMR-National Animal Resource Facility for Biomedical Research, Genome Valley, Hyderabad, Telangana, 500101, India
| | - Suhas T Mhaske
- ICMR-National Animal Resource Facility for Biomedical Research, Genome Valley, Hyderabad, Telangana, 500101, India
| | - R Barathidasan
- ICMR-National Animal Resource Facility for Biomedical Research, Genome Valley, Hyderabad, Telangana, 500101, India
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Tomaselli L, Sciullo M, Fulton S, Yates BJ, Fisher LE, Ventura V, Horn CC. Isoflurane anesthesia suppresses gastric myoelectric power in the ferret. Neurogastroenterol Motil 2024; 36:e14749. [PMID: 38316631 PMCID: PMC10922358 DOI: 10.1111/nmo.14749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2023] [Revised: 12/14/2023] [Accepted: 01/16/2024] [Indexed: 02/07/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Gastric myoelectric signals have been the focus of extensive research; although it is unclear how general anesthesia affects these signals, and studies have often been conducted under general anesthesia. Here, we explore this issue directly by recording gastric myoelectric signals during awake and anesthetized states in the ferret and explore the contribution of behavioral movement to observed changes in signal power. METHODS Ferrets were surgically implanted with electrodes to record gastric myoelectric activity from the serosal surface of the stomach, and, following recovery, were tested in awake and isoflurane-anesthetized conditions. Video recordings were also analyzed during awake experiments to compare myoelectric activity during behavioral movement and rest. KEY RESULTS A significant decrease in gastric myoelectric signal power was detected under isoflurane anesthesia compared to the awake condition. Moreover, a detailed analysis of the awake recordings indicates that behavioral movement is associated with increased signal power compared to rest. CONCLUSIONS & INFERENCES These results suggest that both general anesthesia and behavioral movement can affect the signal power of gastric myoelectric recordings. In summary, caution should be taken in studying myoelectric data collected under anesthesia. Further, behavioral movement could have an important modulatory role on these signals, affecting their interpretation in clinical settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorenzo Tomaselli
- Department of Statistics & Data Science, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Michael Sciullo
- UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Stephanie Fulton
- UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Bill J. Yates
- Center for Neuroscience, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Dept. of Otolaryngology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Lee E. Fisher
- Rehab Neural Engineering Labs, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Department of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Valérie Ventura
- Department of Statistics & Data Science, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Neuroscience Institute, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Charles C. Horn
- UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Center for Neuroscience, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology/Oncology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
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4
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Elkhadrawi M, Akcakaya M, Fulton S, Yates BJ, Fisher LE, Horn CC. Prediction of gastrointestinal functional state based on myoelectric recordings utilizing a deep neural network architecture. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0289076. [PMID: 37498882 PMCID: PMC10374095 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0289076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2022] [Accepted: 07/10/2023] [Indexed: 07/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Functional and motility-related gastrointestinal (GI) disorders affect nearly 40% percent of the population. Disturbances of GI myoelectric activity have been proposed to play a significant role in these disorders. A significant barrier to usage of these signals in diagnosis and treatment is the lack of consistent relationships between GI myoelectric features and function. A potential cause of this issue is the use of arbitrary classification criteria, such as percentage of power in tachygastric and bradygastric frequency bands. Here we applied automatic feature extraction using a deep neural network architecture on GI myoelectric signals from free-moving ferrets. For each animal, we recorded during baseline control and feeding conditions lasting for 1 h. Data were trained on a 1-dimensional residual convolutional network, followed by a fully connected layer, with a decision based on a sigmoidal output. For this 2-class problem, accuracy was 90%, sensitivity (feeding detection) was 90%, and specificity (baseline detection) was 89%. By comparison, approaches using hand-crafted features (e.g., SVM, random forest, and logistic regression) produced an accuracy from 54% to 82%, sensitivity from 46% to 84% and specificity from 66% to 80%. These results suggest that automatic feature extraction and deep neural networks could be useful to assess GI function for comparing baseline to an active functional GI state, such as feeding. In future testing, the current approach could be applied to determine normal and disease-related GI myoelectric patterns to diagnosis and assess patients with GI disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahmoud Elkhadrawi
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Pittsburgh School of Engineering, Pittsburgh, PA, United States of America
| | - Murat Akcakaya
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Pittsburgh School of Engineering, Pittsburgh, PA, United States of America
| | - Stephanie Fulton
- UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, United States of America
| | - Bill J. Yates
- Department of Otolaryngology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, United States of America
- Center for Neuroscience, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States of America
| | - Lee E. Fisher
- Rehab Neural Engineering Labs, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States of America
- Department of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, United States of America
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh School of Engineering, Pittsburgh, PA, United States of America
| | - Charles C. Horn
- UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, United States of America
- Center for Neuroscience, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States of America
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, United States of America
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, United States of America
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5
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Tomaselli L, Sciullo M, Fulton S, Yates BJ, Fisher LE, Ventura V, Horn CC. Anesthesia suppresses gastric myoelectric power in the ferret. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.02.23.529745. [PMID: 36865110 PMCID: PMC9980102 DOI: 10.1101/2023.02.23.529745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Gastrointestinal myoelectric signals have been the focus of extensive research; although it is unclear how general anesthesia affects these signals, studies have often been conducted under general anesthesia. Here, we explore this issue directly by recording gastric myoelectric signals during awake and anesthetized states in the ferret and also explore the contribution of behavioral movement to observed changes in signal power. METHODS Ferrets were surgically implanted with electrodes to record gastric myoelectric activity from the serosal surface of the stomach, and, following recovery, were tested in awake and isoflurane-anesthetized conditions. Video recordings were also analyzed during awake experiments to compare myoelectric activity during behavioral movement and rest. KEY RESULTS A significant decrease in gastric myoelectric signal power was detected under isoflurane anesthesia compared to the awake condition. Moreover, a detailed analysis of the awake recordings indicates that behavioral movement is associated with increased signal power compared to rest. CONCLUSIONS & INFERENCES These results suggest that both general anesthesia and behavioral movement can affect the amplitude of gastric myoelectric. In summary, caution should be taken in studying myoelectric data collected under anesthesia. Further, behavioral movement could have an important modulatory role on these signals, affecting their interpretation in clinical settings.
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6
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Was H, Borkowska A, Bagues A, Tu L, Liu JYH, Lu Z, Rudd JA, Nurgali K, Abalo R. Mechanisms of Chemotherapy-Induced Neurotoxicity. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:750507. [PMID: 35418856 PMCID: PMC8996259 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.750507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2021] [Accepted: 03/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Since the first clinical trials conducted after World War II, chemotherapeutic drugs have been extensively used in the clinic as the main cancer treatment either alone or as an adjuvant therapy before and after surgery. Although the use of chemotherapeutic drugs improved the survival of cancer patients, these drugs are notorious for causing many severe side effects that significantly reduce the efficacy of anti-cancer treatment and patients’ quality of life. Many widely used chemotherapy drugs including platinum-based agents, taxanes, vinca alkaloids, proteasome inhibitors, and thalidomide analogs may cause direct and indirect neurotoxicity. In this review we discuss the main effects of chemotherapy on the peripheral and central nervous systems, including neuropathic pain, chemobrain, enteric neuropathy, as well as nausea and emesis. Understanding mechanisms involved in chemotherapy-induced neurotoxicity is crucial for the development of drugs that can protect the nervous system, reduce symptoms experienced by millions of patients, and improve the outcome of the treatment and patients’ quality of life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Halina Was
- Laboratory of Molecular Oncology and Innovative Therapies, Military Institute of Medicine, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Agata Borkowska
- Laboratory of Molecular Oncology and Innovative Therapies, Military Institute of Medicine, Warsaw, Poland.,Postgraduate School of Molecular Medicine, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Ana Bagues
- Área de Farmacología y Nutrición, Departamento de Ciencias Básicas de la Salud, Universidad Rey Juan Carlos (URJC), Alcorcón, Spain.,High Performance Research Group in Experimental Pharmacology (PHARMAKOM-URJC), URJC, Alcorcón, Spain.,Unidad Asociada I+D+i del Instituto de Química Médica (IQM), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Longlong Tu
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Julia Y H Liu
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Zengbing Lu
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - John A Rudd
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong SAR, China.,The Laboratory Animal Services Centre, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Kulmira Nurgali
- Institute for Health and Sport, Victoria University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,Department of Medicine Western Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cells Program, Australian Institute for Musculoskeletal Science (AIMSS), Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Raquel Abalo
- Área de Farmacología y Nutrición, Departamento de Ciencias Básicas de la Salud, Universidad Rey Juan Carlos (URJC), Alcorcón, Spain.,Unidad Asociada I+D+i del Instituto de Química Médica (IQM), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Madrid, Spain.,High Performance Research Group in Physiopathology and Pharmacology of the Digestive System (NeuGut-URJC), URJC, Alcorcón, Spain.,Grupo de Trabajo de Ciencias Básicas en Dolor y Analgesia de la Sociedad Española del Dolor, Madrid, Spain
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7
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Tu L, Liu JYH, Lu Z, Cui D, Ngan MP, Du P, Rudd JA. Insights Into Acute and Delayed Cisplatin-Induced Emesis From a Microelectrode Array, Radiotelemetry and Whole-Body Plethysmography Study of Suncus murinus (House Musk Shrew). Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:746053. [PMID: 34925008 PMCID: PMC8678571 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.746053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2021] [Accepted: 11/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose: Cancer patients receiving cisplatin therapy often experience side-effects such as nausea and emesis, but current anti-emetic regimens are suboptimal. Thus, to enable the development of efficacious anti-emetic treatments, the mechanisms of cisplatin-induced emesis must be determined. We therefore investigated these mechanisms in Suncus murinus, an insectivore that is capable of vomiting. Methods: We used a microelectrode array system to examine the effect of cisplatin on the spatiotemporal properties of slow waves in stomach antrum, duodenum, ileum and colon tissues isolated from S. murinus. In addition, we used a multi-wire radiotelemetry system to record conscious animals’ gastric myoelectric activity, core body temperature, blood pressure (BP) and heart rate viability over 96-h periods. Furthermore, we used whole-body plethysmography to simultaneously monitor animals’ respiratory activity. At the end of in vivo experiments, the stomach antrum was collected and immunohistochemistry was performed to identify c-Kit and cluster of differentiation 45 (CD45)-positive cells. Results: Our acute in vitro studies revealed that cisplatin (1–10 μM) treatment had acute region-dependent effects on pacemaking activity along the gastrointestinal tract, such that the stomach and colon responded oppositely to the duodenum and ileum. S. murinus treated with cisplatin for 90 min had a significantly lower dominant frequency (DF) in the ileum and a longer waveform period in the ileum and colon. Our 96-h recordings showed that cisplatin inhibited food and water intake and caused weight loss during the early and delayed phases. Moreover, cisplatin decreased the DF, increased the percentage power of bradygastria, and evoked a hypothermic response during the acute and delayed phases. Reductions in BP and respiratory rate were also observed. Finally, we demonstrated that treatment with cisplatin caused inflammation in the antrum of the stomach and reduced the density of the interstitial cells of Cajal (ICC). Conclusion: These studies indicate that cisplatin treatment of S. murinus disrupted ICC networking and viability and also affected general homeostatic mechanisms of the cardiovascular system and gastrointestinal tract. The effect on the gastrointestinal tract appeared to be region-specific. Further investigations are required to comprehensively understand these mechanistic effects of cisplatin and their relationship to emesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Longlong Tu
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong
| | - Julia Y H Liu
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong
| | - Zengbing Lu
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong
| | - Dexuan Cui
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong
| | - Man P Ngan
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong
| | - Peng Du
- Auckland Bioengineering Institute, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - John A Rudd
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong.,The Laboratory Animal Services Centre, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong
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8
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Lu Z, Zhou Y, Tu L, Chan SW, Ngan MP, Cui D, Liu YHJ, Huang IB, Kung JSC, Hui CMJ, Rudd JA. Sulprostone-Induced Gastric Dysrhythmia in the Ferret: Conventional and Advanced Analytical Approaches. Front Physiol 2021; 11:583082. [PMID: 33488391 PMCID: PMC7820816 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2020.583082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2020] [Accepted: 12/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Nausea and emesis resulting from disease or drug treatment may be associated with disrupted gastric myoelectric activity (GMA). Conventional analytical techniques can determine the relative degrees of brady-, normo-, and tachygastric power, but lose information relative to the basic slow wave shape. The aim of the present study was to investigate the application of advanced analytical techniques in the analysis of disrupted GMA recorded after administration of sulprostone, a prostaglandin E3/1 agonist, in ferrets. Ferrets were implanted with radiotelemetry devices to record GMA, blood pressure, heart rate (HR) and core body temperature 1 week before the administration of sulprostone (30 μg/kg) or vehicle (saline, 0.5 mL/kg). GMA was initially analyzed using fast Fourier transformations (FFTs) and a conventional power partitioning. Detrended fluctuation analysis (DFA) was also applied to the GMA recordings to reveal information relative to the fluctuation of signals around local trends. Sample entropy (SampEn) analysis was used for examining the regularity of signals. Conventional signal processing techniques revealed that sulprostone increased the dominant frequency (DF) of slow waves, with an increase in the percentage power of the tachygastric range and a decrease in the percentage power of the normogastric range. DFA revealed that sulprostone decreased the fluctuation function, indicative of a loss of the variability of GMA fluctuations around local trends. Sulprostone increased SampEn values, indicating a loss of regularity in the GMA data. Behaviorally, sulprostone induced emesis and caused defecation. It also increased blood pressure and elevated HR, with an associated decrease in HR variability (HRV). Further analysis of HRV revealed a decrease in both low-frequency (LF) and high-frequency (HF) components, with an overall increase in the LF/HF ratio. Sulprostone did not affect core body temperature. In conclusion, DFA and SampEn permit a detailed analysis of GMA, which is necessary to understand the action of sulprostone to modulate gastric function. The action to decrease HRV and increase the LF/HF ratio may be consistent with a shift toward sympathetic nervous system dominance, commonly seen during nausea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zengbing Lu
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong.,School of Health Sciences, Caritas Institute of Higher Education, Tseung Kwan O New Town, Hong Kong
| | - Yu Zhou
- Institute of Future Cities, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong
| | - Longlong Tu
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong
| | - Sze Wa Chan
- School of Health Sciences, Caritas Institute of Higher Education, Tseung Kwan O New Town, Hong Kong
| | - Man P Ngan
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong
| | - Dexuan Cui
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong
| | - Yuen Hang Julia Liu
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong
| | - Ianto Bosheng Huang
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong
| | - Jeng S C Kung
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong
| | - Chung Man Jessica Hui
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong
| | - John A Rudd
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong.,Laboratory Animal Services Centre, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong
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9
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Nanivadekar AC, Miller DM, Fulton S, Wong L, Ogren J, Chitnis G, McLaughlin B, Zhai S, Fisher LE, Yates BJ, Horn CC. Machine learning prediction of emesis and gastrointestinal state in ferrets. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0223279. [PMID: 31626659 PMCID: PMC6799899 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0223279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2019] [Accepted: 09/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Although electrogastrography (EGG) could be a critical tool in the diagnosis of patients with gastrointestinal (GI) disease, it remains under-utilized. The lack of spatial and temporal resolution using current EGG methods presents a significant roadblock to more widespread usage. Human and preclinical studies have shown that GI myoelectric electrodes can record signals containing significantly more information than can be derived from abdominal surface electrodes. The current study sought to assess the efficacy of multi-electrode arrays, surgically implanted on the serosal surface of the GI tract, from gastric fundus-to-duodenum, in recording myoelectric signals. It also examines the potential for machine learning algorithms to predict functional states, such as retching and emesis, from GI signal features. Studies were performed using ferrets, a gold standard model for emesis testing. Our results include simultaneous recordings from up to six GI recording sites in both anesthetized and chronically implanted free-moving ferrets. Testing conditions to produce different gastric states included gastric distension, intragastric infusion of emetine (a prototypical emetic agent), and feeding. Despite the observed variability in GI signals, machine learning algorithms, including k-nearest neighbors and support vector machines, were able to detect the state of the stomach with high overall accuracy (>75%). The present study is the first demonstration of machine learning algorithms to detect the physiological state of the stomach and onset of retching, which could provide a methodology to diagnose GI diseases and symptoms such as nausea and vomiting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ameya C. Nanivadekar
- Dept. Bioengineering, Swanson School of Engineering, Univ. Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States of America
| | - Derek M. Miller
- Dept. Otolaryngology, Univ. Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, United States of America
| | - Stephanie Fulton
- UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, Univ. Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, United States of America
| | - Liane Wong
- Micro-Leads Inc., Somerville, MA, United States of America
| | - John Ogren
- Micro-Leads Inc., Somerville, MA, United States of America
| | - Girish Chitnis
- Micro-Leads Inc., Somerville, MA, United States of America
| | | | - Shuyan Zhai
- UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, Univ. Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, United States of America
| | - Lee E. Fisher
- Dept. Bioengineering, Swanson School of Engineering, Univ. Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States of America
- Dept. Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Univ. Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, United States of America
| | - Bill J. Yates
- Dept. Otolaryngology, Univ. Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, United States of America
- Dept. Neuroscience, Univ. Pittsburgh, PA, United States of America
- Center for Neuroscience, Univ. Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States of America
| | - Charles C. Horn
- UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, Univ. Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, United States of America
- Center for Neuroscience, Univ. Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States of America
- Dept. Medicine, Univ. Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, United States of America
- Dept. Anesthesiology, Univ. Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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10
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Wang H, Lu Z, Liu YH, Sun Y, Tu L, Ngan MP, Yeung CK, Rudd JA. Establishment of a radiotelemetric recording technique in mice to investigate gastric slow waves: Modulatory role of putative neurotransmitter systems. Exp Physiol 2018; 103:827-837. [PMID: 29667248 DOI: 10.1113/ep086815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2017] [Accepted: 04/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
NEW FINDINGS What is the central question of this study? Gastric slow waves originating from the interstitial cells of Cajal-smooth muscle syncytium are usually studied in culture or in tissue segments, but nobody has described recordings of slow waves from awake, freely moving mice. Can radiotelemetry be used to record slow waves, and do they respond predictably to drug treatment? What is the main finding and its importance? Radiotelemetry can be used to record slow waves from awake, freely moving mice, permitting an examination of drug actions in vivo, which is crucial to drug discovery projects for characterizing the effects of drugs and metabolites on gastrointestinal function. ABSTRACT The mouse is the most commonly used species in preclinical research, and isolated tissues are used to study slow waves from the interstitial cells of Cajal-smooth muscle syncytium of the gastrointestinal tract. The aim of this study was to establish a radiotelemetric technique in awake mice to record gastric myoelectric activity from the antrum to gain insight into the effects of endogenous modulatory systems on slow waves. Under general anaesthesia, two biopotential wires from a telemetry transmitter were sutured into the antrum of male ICR (imprinting control region) mice. The animals were allowed 1 week to recover from surgery before the i.p. administration of drugs to stimulate or inhibit slow waves. The basal dominant frequency of slow waves was 6.96 ± 0.43 c.p.m., and the percentages of power in the bradygastric, normogastric and tachygastric ranges were 6.89 ± 0.98, 37.32 ± 1.72 and 34.38 ± 0.77%, respectively (n = 74). Nicotine at 1 mg kg-1 increased normogastric power, but at 3 mg kg-1 it increased bradygastric power (P < 0.05). Metoclopramide at 10 mg kg-1 increased normogastric power; sodium nitroprusside at 10 mg kg-1 had latent effects on tachygastric power (P < 0.05); and l-NAME at 10 mg kg-1 had no effect (P > 0.05). Nicotine and bethanechol also caused varying degrees of hypothermia (>1°C reductions; P < 0.05). In conclusion, radiotelemetry can be used to record slow waves from awake, freely moving mice. In light of our findings, we recommend that studies assessing slow waves should also assess body temperature simultaneously.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huichuan Wang
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong, SAR, China
| | - Zengbing Lu
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong, SAR, China
| | - Yuen Hang Liu
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong, SAR, China
| | - Yayi Sun
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong, SAR, China
| | - Longlong Tu
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong, SAR, China
| | - Man P Ngan
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong, SAR, China
| | - Chi-Kong Yeung
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong, SAR, China
| | - John A Rudd
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong, SAR, China.,Brain and Mind Institute, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong, SAR, China
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Gastric myoelectric activity during cisplatin-induced acute and delayed emesis reveals a temporal impairment of slow waves in ferrets: effects not reversed by the GLP-1 receptor antagonist, exendin (9-39). Oncotarget 2017; 8:98691-98707. [PMID: 29228720 PMCID: PMC5716760 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.21859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2017] [Accepted: 08/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Preclinical studies show that the glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) receptor antagonist, exendin (9-39), can reduce acute emesis induced by cisplatin. In the present study, we investigate the effect of exendin (9-39) (100 nmol/24 h, i.c.v), on cisplatin (5 mg/kg, i.p.)-induced acute and delayed emesis and changes indicative of ‘nausea’ in ferrets. Cisplatin induced 37.2 ± 2.3 and 59.0 ± 7.7 retches + vomits during the 0-24 (acute) and 24-72 h (delayed) periods, respectively. Cisplatin also increased (P<0.05) the dominant frequency of gastric myoelectric activity from 9.4 ± 0.1 to 10.4 ± 0.41 cpm and decreased the dominant power (DP) during acute emesis; there was a reduction in the % power of normogastria and an increase in the % power of tachygastria; food and water intake was reduced. DP decreased further during delayed emesis, where normogastria predominated. Advanced multifractal detrended fluctuation analysis revealed that the slow wave signal shape became more simplistic during delayed emesis. Cisplatin did not affect blood pressure (BP), but transiently increased heart rate, and decreased heart rate variability (HRV) during acute emesis; HRV spectral analysis indicated a shift to ‘sympathetic dominance’. A hyperthermic response was seen during acute emesis, but hypothermia occurred during delayed emesis and there was also a decrease in HR. Exendin (9-39) did not improve feeding and drinking but reduced cisplatin-induced acute emesis by ~59 % (P<0.05) and antagonised the hypothermic response (P<0.05); systolic, diastolic and mean arterial BP increased during the delayed phase. In conclusion, blocking GLP-1 receptors in the brain reduces cisplatin-induced acute but not delayed emesis. Restoring power and structure to slow waves may represent a novel approach to treat the side effects of chemotherapy.
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Lu Z, Yeung CK, Lin G, Yew DTW, Andrews PLR, Rudd JA. Insights into the central pathways involved in the emetic and behavioural responses to exendin-4 in the ferret. Auton Neurosci 2016; 202:122-135. [PMID: 27692857 DOI: 10.1016/j.autneu.2016.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2016] [Revised: 08/30/2016] [Accepted: 09/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND GLP-1 receptor agonists are utilised for the treatment of Type-2 diabetes but can be associated with undesirable effects of nausea and vomiting. OBJECTIVES To investigate the role of GLP-1 receptors in mechanisms of emesis, behaviours indicative of nausea (BIN) and food intake in the ferret. RESULTS Exendin-4 (10 and 30nmol, i.c.v.) induced emesis, inhibited food intake, and increased the frequency of BIN. Increases in c-Fos in the brainstem, midbrain and forebrain occurred in animals exhibiting emesis; no activation of the brainstem occurred in animals not vomiting. Exendin-4 (10nmol, i.c.v.) when preceded by i.c.v. saline (15μl), was not emetic but induced BIN and inhibited food intake; exendin (9-39) (100nmol) reduced BIN only. c-Fos showed that consistent with the absence of emesis in saline/exendin-4 treated animals there was no increase in c-Fos in the brainstem, but it increased in midbrain and forebrain nuclei. Excepting the amygdala, exendin (9-39) was without efffect on the increases in c-Fos. Analysis of c-Fos data showed a positive linear relationship between midbrain and forebrain areas irrespective of the occurrence of emesis induced by exendin-4. In contrast, brainstem and midbrain c-Fos levels were positively correlated, but only in animals with emesis. CONCLUSIONS The brainstem is critical for exendin-4-induced emesis but suppression of food intake and BIN involves more rostral brain sites. Exendin-4-induced BIN and c-Fos activation of the amygdala are sensitive to exendin (9-39), whereas the suppression of food intake is not implicating separate control mechanisms for emesis and BIN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zengbing Lu
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong, SAR. China
| | - Chi-Kong Yeung
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong, SAR. China
| | - Ge Lin
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong, SAR. China
| | - David T W Yew
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong, SAR. China
| | - P L R Andrews
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, St George's University of London, London, UK
| | - John A Rudd
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong, SAR. China; Brain and Mind Institute, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong, SAR. China.
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Balaban CD, Yates BJ. What is nausea? A historical analysis of changing views. Auton Neurosci 2016; 202:5-17. [PMID: 27450627 DOI: 10.1016/j.autneu.2016.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2016] [Revised: 07/11/2016] [Accepted: 07/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The connotation of "nausea" has changed across several millennia. The medical term 'nausea' is derived from the classical Greek terms ναυτια and ναυσια, which designated the signs and symptoms of seasickness. In classical texts, nausea referred to a wide range of perceptions and actions, including lethargy and disengagement, headache (migraine), and anorexia, with an awareness that vomiting was imminent only when the condition was severe. However, some recent articles have limited the definition to the sensations that immediately precede emesis. Defining nausea is complicated by the fact that it has many triggers, and can build-up slowly or rapidly, such that the prodromal signs and symptoms can vary. In particular, disengagement responses referred to as the "sopite syndrome" are typically present only when emetic stimuli are moderately provocative, and do not quickly culminate in vomiting or withdrawing from the triggering event. This review considers how the definition of "nausea" has evolved over time, and summarizes the physiological changes that occur prior to vomiting that may be indicative of nausea. Also described are differences in the perception of nausea, as well as the accompanying physiological responses, that occur with varying stimuli. This information is synthesized to provide an operational definition of nausea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carey D Balaban
- Department of Otolaryngology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA; Department of Neurobiology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA; Department of Communication Sciences and Disorders, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA; Department of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Bill J Yates
- Department of Otolaryngology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA; Department of Neuroscience, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA.
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Rudd JA, Nalivaiko E, Matsuki N, Wan C, Andrews PL. The involvement of TRPV1 in emesis and anti-emesis. Temperature (Austin) 2015; 2:258-76. [PMID: 27227028 PMCID: PMC4843889 DOI: 10.1080/23328940.2015.1043042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2015] [Revised: 04/13/2015] [Accepted: 04/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Diverse transmitter systems (e.g. acetylcholine, dopamine, endocannabinoids, endorphins, glutamate, histamine, 5-hydroxytryptamine, substance P) have been implicated in the pathways by which nausea and vomiting are induced and are targets for anti-emetic drugs (e.g. 5-hydroxytryptamine3 and tachykinin NK1 antagonists). The involvement of TRPV1 in emesis was discovered in the early 1990s and may have been overlooked previously as TRPV1 pharmacology was studied in rodents (mice, rats) lacking an emetic reflex. Acute subcutaneous administration of resiniferatoxin in the ferret, dog and Suncus murinus revealed that it had “broad–spectrum” anti-emetic effects against stimuli acting via both central (vestibular system, area postrema) and peripheral (abdominal vagal afferents) inputs. One of several hypotheses discussed here is that the anti-emetic effect is due to acute depletion of substance P (or another peptide) at a critical site (e.g. nucleus tractus solitarius) in the central emetic pathway. Studies in Suncus murinus revealed a potential for a long lasting (one month) effect against the chemotherapeutic agent cisplatin. Subsequent studies using telemetry in the conscious ferret compared the anti-emetic, hypothermic and hypertensive effects of resiniferatoxin (pungent) and olvanil (non-pungent) and showed that the anti-emetic effect was present (but reduced) with olvanil which although inducing hypothermia it did not have the marked hypertensive effects of resiniferatoxin. The review concludes by discussing general insights into emetic pathways and their pharmacology revealed by these relatively overlooked studies with TRPV1 activators (pungent an non-pungent; high and low lipophilicity) and antagonists and the potential clinical utility of agents targeted at the TRPV1 system.
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Key Words
- 12-HPETE, 12-hydroperoxy-eicosatetraenoic acid
- 5-HT, 5-hydroxytryptamine
- 5-HT3, 5-hdroxytryptamine3
- 8-OH-DPAT, (±)-8-Hydroxy-2-dipropylaminotetralin
- AM404
- AM404, N-arachidonoylaminophenol
- AMT, anandamide membrane transporter
- AP, area postrema
- BBB, blood brain barrier
- CB1, cannabinoid1
- CGRP, calcitonin gene-related peptide
- CINV, chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting
- CP 99,994
- CTA, conditioned taste aversion
- CVO's, circumventricular organs
- D2, dopamine2
- DRG, dorsal root ganglia
- FAAH, fatty acid amide hydrolase
- H1, histamine1
- LTB4, leukotriene B4
- NADA, N-arachidonoyl-dopamine
- NK1, neurokinin1
- POAH, preoptic anterior hypothalamus
- RTX
- Suncus murinus
- TRPV1
- TRPV1, transient receptor potential vanilloid receptor1
- anti-emetic
- capsaicin
- ferret
- i.v., intravenous
- nausea
- olvanil
- thermoregulation
- vanilloid
- vomiting
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Affiliation(s)
- John A Rudd
- Brain and Mind Institute; Chinese University of Hong Kong; Shatin; New Territories, Hong Kong SAR; School of Biomedical Sciences; Faculty of Medicine; Chinese University of Hong Kong; Shatin; New Territories, Hong Kong SAR
| | - Eugene Nalivaiko
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy; University of Newcastle ; Callaghan, NSW, Australia
| | - Norio Matsuki
- Laboratory of Chemical Pharmacology; Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences; The University of Tokyo ; Tokyo, Japan
| | - Christina Wan
- School of Biomedical Sciences; Faculty of Medicine; Chinese University of Hong Kong ; Shatin; New Territories, Hong Kong SAR
| | - Paul Lr Andrews
- Division of Biomedical Sciences; St George's University of London ; London, UK
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15
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Lu Z, Percie Du Sert N, Chan SW, Yeung CK, Lin G, Yew DTW, Andrews PLR, Rudd JA. Differential hypoglycaemic, anorectic, autonomic and emetic effects of the glucagon-like peptide receptor agonist, exendin-4, in the conscious telemetered ferret. J Transl Med 2014; 12:327. [PMID: 25491123 PMCID: PMC4272567 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-014-0327-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2014] [Accepted: 11/12/2014] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Rodents are incapable of emesis and consequently the emetic potential of glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor (GLP-1R) agonists in studies designed to assess a potential blood glucose lowering action of the compound was missed. Therefore, we investigated if the ferret, a carnivore with demonstrated translation capability in emesis research, would identify the emetic potential of the GLP-1R agonist, exendin-4, and any associated effects on gastric motor function, appetite and cardiovascular homeostasis. Methods The biological activity of the GLP-1R ligands was investigated in vivo using a glucose tolerance test in pentobarbitone-anesthetised ferrets and in vitro using organ bath studies. Radiotelemetry was used to investigate the effect of exendin-4 on gastric myoelectric activity (GMA) and cardiovascular function in conscious ferrets; behaviour was also simultaneously assessed. Western blot was used to characterize GLP-1R distribution in the gastrointestinal and brain tissues. Results In anesthetised ferrets, exendin-4 (30 nmol/kg, s.c.) reduced experimentally elevated blood glucose levels by 36.3%, whereas the GLP-1R antagonist, exendin (9–39) (300 nmol/kg, s.c.) antagonised the effect and increased AUC0–120 by 31.0% when injected alone (P < 0.05). In animals with radiotelemetry devices, exendin-4 (100 nmol/kg, s.c.) induced emesis in 1/9 ferrets, but inhibited food intake and decreased heart rate variability (HRV) in all animals (P < 0.05). In the animals not exhibiting emesis, there was no effect on GMA, mean arterial blood pressure, heart rate, or core body temperature. In the ferret exhibiting emesis, there was a shift in the GMA towards bradygastria with a decrease in power, and a concomitant decrease in HRV. Western blot revealed GLP-1R throughout the gastrointestinal tract but exendin-4 (up to 300 nM) and exendin (9–39), failed to contract or relax isolated ferret gut tissues. GLP-1R were found in all major brain regions and the levels were comparable those in the vagus nerve. Conclusions Peripherally administered exendin-4 reduced blood glucose and inhibited feeding with a low emetic potential similar to that in humans (11% vs 12.8%). A disrupted GMA only occurred in the animal exhibiting emesis raising the possibility that disruption of the GMA may influence the probability of emesis occurring in response to treatment with GLP-1R agonists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zengbing Lu
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong, SAR, China.
| | | | - Sze Wa Chan
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong, SAR, China.
| | - Chi-Kong Yeung
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong, SAR, China.
| | - Ge Lin
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong, SAR, China.
| | - David T W Yew
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong, SAR, China.
| | - Paul L R Andrews
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, St George's University of London, London, UK.
| | - John A Rudd
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong, SAR, China.
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Measuring the nausea-to-emesis continuum in non-human animals: refocusing on gastrointestinal vagal signaling. Exp Brain Res 2014; 232:2471-81. [PMID: 24862507 DOI: 10.1007/s00221-014-3985-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2014] [Accepted: 05/05/2014] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Nausea and vomiting are ubiquitous as drug side effects and symptoms of disease; however, the systems that determine these responses are arguably designed for protection against food poisoning occurring at the level of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract. This basic biological pathway using GI vagal afferent communication to the brain is not well understood. Part of this lack of insight appears to be related to current experimental approaches, such as the use of experimental drugs, including systemic chemotherapy and brain penetrant agents, which activate parts of the nausea and vomiting system in potentially unnatural ways. Directly related to this issue is our ability to understand the link between nausea and vomiting, which are sometimes argued to be completely separate processes, with nausea as an unmeasurable response in animal models. An argument is made that nausea and emesis are the efferent limbs of a unified sensory input from the GI tract that is likely to be impossible to understand without more specific animal electrophysiological experimentation of vagal afferent signaling. The current paper provides a review on the use of animal models and approaches to defining the biological systems for nausea and emesis and presents a potentially testable theory on how these systems work in combination.
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Goineau S, Guillaume P, Barrais L, Castagné V. Automated analysis of delayed emesis in the telemetered ferret: detection of synergistic effects of aprepitant and ondansetron. Fundam Clin Pharmacol 2014; 28:643-51. [DOI: 10.1111/fcp.12082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2013] [Revised: 03/28/2014] [Accepted: 04/17/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sonia Goineau
- Porsolt S.A.S.; Z.A. de Glatigné 53940 Le Genest-Saint-Isle France
| | | | - Laurence Barrais
- Porsolt S.A.S.; Z.A. de Glatigné 53940 Le Genest-Saint-Isle France
| | - Vincent Castagné
- Porsolt S.A.S.; Z.A. de Glatigné 53940 Le Genest-Saint-Isle France
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18
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Andrews PL, Sanger GJ. Nausea and the quest for the perfect anti-emetic. Eur J Pharmacol 2014; 722:108-21. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2013.09.072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2013] [Revised: 09/18/2013] [Accepted: 09/22/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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Goineau S, Rompion S, Guillaume P, Barrais L, Castagné V. Using telemetry to automate the detection of emesis in the ferret: New vistas for delayed emesis assessment. J Pharmacol Toxicol Methods 2013; 68:160-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vascn.2013.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2012] [Revised: 03/25/2013] [Accepted: 03/31/2013] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Post-anesthesia vomiting: impact of isoflurane and morphine on ferrets and musk shrews. Physiol Behav 2012; 106:562-8. [PMID: 22504494 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2012.03.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2012] [Revised: 02/28/2012] [Accepted: 03/28/2012] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Although partially controlled with antiemetic drugs, postoperative nausea and vomiting (PONV) continues to be a problem for many patients. Clinical research suggests that opioid analgesics and volatile anesthetics are the main triggers of PONV. The aim of this study was to develop an animal model for post-anesthesia vomiting for future studies to further determine mechanisms and preclinical drug efficacy. Ferrets (N=34) were initially used because they have served as a gold standard for emesis research. Ferrets were tested with several doses of morphine, inhaled isoflurane, and a positive control injection of cisplatin (a chemotherapy agent) to induce emesis. Musk shrews (a small animal model; N=36) were also tested for emesis with isoflurane exposure. A control injection of cisplatin produced emesis in ferrets (ip, 129.8±22.0 retches; 13.7±2.3 vomits; mean±SEM). Morphine also produced a dose-response on emesis in ferrets, with maximal responses at 0.9 mg/kg (sc, 29.6±12.6 retches; 1.8±0.9, vomits). Isoflurane exposure (2-4% for 10 min to 6h exposure) failed to induce vomiting, was not associated with an increased frequency in emesis when combined with a low dose of morphine (0.1 mg/kg, sc), and failed to produce consistent effects on food and water intake. In contrast to ferrets, musk shrews were very sensitive to isoflurane-induced emesis (0.5 to 3%, 10 min exposure; up to 11.8±2.4 emetic episodes). Overall, these results indicate that ferrets will not be useful for delineating mechanisms responsible for isoflurane-induced emesis; however, musk shrews may prove to be a model for vomiting after inhalation of volatile agents.
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Horn CC, Henry S, Meyers K, Magnusson MS. Behavioral patterns associated with chemotherapy-induced emesis: a potential signature for nausea in musk shrews. Front Neurosci 2011; 5:88. [PMID: 21808604 PMCID: PMC3139242 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2011.00088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2011] [Accepted: 06/25/2011] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Nausea and vomiting are common symptoms in patients with many diseases, including cancer and its treatments. Although the neurological basis of vomiting is reasonably well known, an understanding of the physiology of nausea is lacking. The primary barrier to mechanistic research on the nausea system is the lack of an animal model. Indeed investigating the effects of anti-nausea drugs in pre-clinical models is difficult because the primary readout is often emesis. It is known that animals show a behavioral profile of sickness, associated with reduced feeding and movement, and possibly these general measures are signs of nausea. Studies attempting to relate the occurrence of additional behaviors to emesis have produced mixed results. Here we applied a statistical method, temporal pattern (t-pattern) analysis, to determine patterns of behavior associated with emesis. Musk shrews were injected with the chemotherapy agent cisplatin (a gold standard in emesis research) to induce acute (<24 h) and delayed (>24 h) emesis. Emesis and other behaviors were coded and tracked from video files. T-pattern analysis revealed hundreds of non-random patterns of behavior associated with emesis, including sniffing, changes in body contraction, and locomotion. There was little evidence that locomotion was inhibited by the occurrence of emesis. Eating, drinking, and other larger body movements including rearing, grooming, and body rotation, were significantly less common in emesis-related behavioral patterns in real versus randomized data. These results lend preliminary evidence for the expression of emesis-related behavioral patterns, including reduced ingestive behavior, grooming, and exploratory behaviors. In summary, this statistical approach to behavioral analysis in a pre-clinical emesis research model could be used to assess the more global effects and limitations of drugs used to control nausea and its potential correlates, including reduced feeding and activity levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles C Horn
- Biobehavioral Medicine in Oncology Program, University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute Pittsburgh, PA, USA
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Huang D, Meyers K, Henry S, De la Torre F, Horn CC. Computerized detection and analysis of cancer chemotherapy-induced emesis in a small animal model, musk shrew. J Neurosci Methods 2011; 197:249-58. [PMID: 21392533 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneumeth.2011.02.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2011] [Revised: 02/25/2011] [Accepted: 02/28/2011] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Vomiting is a common side effect of cancer chemotherapy and many drug treatments and diseases. In animal studies, the measurement of vomiting usually requires direct observation, which is time consuming and often lacks temporal precision. Musk shrews have been used to study the neurobiology of emesis and have a rapid emetic episode (∼1 s for a sequence of retching and expulsion). The aim of the current study was to develop a method to automatically detect and characterize emetic episodes induced by the cancer chemotherapy agent cisplatin. The body contour in each video frame was tracked and normalized to a parameterized shape basis. The tracked shape was projected to a feature space that maximized the shape variations in the consecutive frames during retching. The resulting one dimensional projection was sufficient to detect most emetic episodes in the acute (peak at 2h) and delayed (peak at 54 h) phases after cisplatin treatment. Emetic episodes were relatively invariant in the number of retches (∼6.2), duration (∼1.2s), inter-retch interval (∼198 ms), and amplitude during the 72 h after cisplatin treatment. This approach should open a new vista into emesis research to permit tracking and analysis of emesis in a small animal model and facilitate the development of new antiemetic therapies. These results also yield a better understanding of the brain's central pattern generator for emesis and indicate that the retching response in the musk shrew (at ∼5.4 Hz) is the fastest ever recorded in a free-moving animal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong Huang
- Carnegie Mellon University, Robotics Institute, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
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Percie du Sert N, Ho WSV, Rudd JA, Andrews PLR. Cannabinoid-induced reduction in antral pacemaker frequency: a telemetric study in the ferret. Neurogastroenterol Motil 2010; 22:1257-66, e324. [PMID: 20731777 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2982.2010.01581.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The gastric myoelectric activity (GMA) is the electrical pacesetter potential, which drives gastric motility. Cannabinoids have broad-spectrum antiemetic and antinauseant activity. Paradoxically, they inhibit intestinal peristalsis and reduce gastric motility but their effect on GMA remains unknown. METHODS Ferrets were surgically implanted with radiotelemetry transmitters to record GMA, body temperature and heart rate. The effect of WIN 55,212-2 (1 mg kg(-1), i.p.), an agonist at the cannabinoid type 1 and 2 receptors was examined in conscious, unrestrained ferrets. WIN 55,212-2 was also compared to the anandamide upregulator URB 597 (5 mg kg(-1), i.p.) for a potential to modulate the emetic response and behavioral changes induced by apomorphine (0.25 mg kg(-1), s.c.). KEY RESULTS WIN 55,212-2 decreased GMA frequency (8.1 ± 0.4 cpm, compared to 9.6 ± 0.1 cpm in vehicle-treated animals, n = 6, P < 0.01). Apomorphine induced 9.0 ± 1.6 emetic episodes, WIN 55,212-2 inhibited the emetic response (3.3 ± 1.0 episodes, n = 6, P < 0.05) but URB 597 had no effect (9.0 ± 1.5 episodes). Apomorphine-induced hyperactivity in vehicle-treated animals (6.5 ± 3.6-16.6 ± 4.9 active behavior counts, n = 6, P < 0.01), which was reduced by WIN 55,212-2 (5.0 ± 1.5 counts, n = 6, P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS & INFERENCES WIN 55,212-2 demonstrated clear antiemetic efficacy, which extends the broad-spectrum antiemetic efficacy of cannabinoids to dopamine receptor agonists in the ferret. Our results, however, suggest a more limited spectrum of action for URB 597. WIN 55,212-2 decreased the frequency of the antral electrical pacemaker, which reveals new insights into the mechanism regulating the decrease in motility induced by cannabinoids.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Percie du Sert
- Division of Basic Medical Sciences, St George's University of London, London, UK.
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Meissner K, Muth ER, Herbert BM. Bradygastric activity of the stomach predicts disgust sensitivity and perceived disgust intensity. Biol Psychol 2010; 86:9-16. [PMID: 20888886 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsycho.2010.09.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2009] [Revised: 09/15/2010] [Accepted: 09/23/2010] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate gastric and non-gastric autonomic responses to disgusting pictures and to assess the relationship between autonomic changes, disgust sensitivity, and perceived disgust intensity. Healthy participants viewed pictures with affectively neutral or disgusting content of either a high or moderate arousal level. Electrogastrogram, electrocardiogram, and electrodermal activity were recorded, and participants' disgust sensitivity and disgust intensity were assessed. No main effect of condition on gastric myoelectrical activity was found. However, stepwise regression analyses indicated that the percentage of bradygastria predicted disgust ratings in case of the highly arousing disgust pictures. When moderately arousing pictures were shown, disgust ratings were predicted by disgust sensitivity, which in turn was predicted by the percentage of bradygastria. Heart periods and respiratory sinus arrhythmia increased to a similar extent during both the highly arousing and moderately arousing picture blocks, while a tendency for larger skin conductance responses during the highly arousing picture block was shown. The results suggest that feelings of disgust may be specifically related to increased bradygastria, which may represent a prodromal sign of vomiting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karin Meissner
- Institute of Medical Psychology, Ludwig-Maximilians, University Munich, Germany.
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Percie du Sert N, Chu KM, Wai MK, Rudd JA, Andrews PLR. Telemetry in a motion-sickness model implicates the abdominal vagus in motion-induced gastric dysrhythmia. Exp Physiol 2010; 95:768-73. [PMID: 20360423 DOI: 10.1113/expphysiol.2009.052001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
In humans, motion sickness is associated with disruption of normal gastric myoelectric activity, and it has been proposed that this results from an imbalance of autonomic nervous system activity. We used the established Suncus murinus (house musk shrew) model of motion-induced emesis to investigate the effect of horizontal motion on gastric myoelectric activity (recorded using telemetry) and the involvement of the abdominal vagi. Surgical vagotomy increased baseline dysrhythmia and reduced the dominant power of the gastric myoelectric signals. In response to motion, normal gastric myoelectric activity was reduced in sham-operated animals but not in vagotomized animals. Vagotomy, however, failed to affect motion-induced emesis. In conclusion, motion had a differential effect in sham-operated and vagotomized animals, which is consistent with the hypothesis that motion-induced dysrhythmia arises from an autonomic nervous system imbalance.
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