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Joechle K, Gkika E, Grosu AL, Lang SA, Fichtner-Feigl S. Intraoperative Strahlentherapie – Indikationen und Optionen in der Viszeralchirurgie. Chirurg 2020; 91:743-754. [DOI: 10.1007/s00104-020-01179-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Zusammenfassung
Hintergrund
Die intraoperative Strahlentherapie (IORT) ermöglicht durch die chirurgische Exposition des Tumors und des Tumorbetts eine hohe Präzision, welche eine hohe Strahlendosis im Bereich des Tumors zulässt und gleichzeitig gesundes Gewebe als den dosislimitierenden Faktor vor Strahlung schützt. Aus diesem Grund bietet die IORT besonders dann einen Vorteil, wenn die lokale Tumorkontrolle das Langzeitüberleben entscheidend beeinflusst und Funktionserhalt ermöglicht.
Ziel der Arbeit
Die in dieser Übersichtsarbeit aufgearbeiteten Erkenntnisse aus der Literaturrecherche erlauben einen evidenzbasierten Umgang hinsichtlich Indikationen und Therapieoptionen der IORT für intraabdominelle Tumoren.
Ergebnisse und Schlussfolgerung
Die Effektivität der IORT kann anhand der vorhandenen Evidenzlage nicht abschließend beurteilt werden, jedoch ist die IORT als Ergänzung der multimodalen Therapie bei (Rezidiv‑)Rektumkarzinomen und Sarkomen aktiv im klinischen Alltag etabliert. Magen- und Pankreaskarzinome stellen weitere Indikationen dar; ergänzende Studien sind jedoch notwendig, um die Rolle der IORT hier klar zu definieren. Ein wesentlicher Faktor, damit für Patienten mit primärem Karzinom und insbesondere für Patienten mit lokalem Rezidiv verbesserte lokale Rezidiv- und Überlebensraten erreicht werden können, scheint die Patientenselektion zu sein.
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Calvo FA, Krengli M, Asencio JM, Serrano J, Poortmans P, Roeder F, Krempien R, Hensley FW. ESTRO IORT Task Force/ACROP recommendations for intraoperative radiation therapy in unresected pancreatic cancer. Radiother Oncol 2020; 148:57-64. [PMID: 32339779 DOI: 10.1016/j.radonc.2020.03.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2020] [Accepted: 03/30/2020] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Radiation therapy (RT) is a valuable component of multimodal treatment for localized pancreatic cancer. Intraoperative radiation therapy (IORT) is a very precise sub-component of RT that can intensify the irradiation effect for cancer involving an anatomically well-defined volume, generally delivered with electrons (IOERT). Unresectable disease categories benefit from dose-escalated chemoradiation strategies in the context of active systemic therapy and potential radical surgery. Prolonged preoperative treatment may act as a filter for selecting patients with occult resistant metastatic disease. Long-term survivors were observed among unresected patients treated with external beam RT and an IOERT boost (OS 6% at 3 years; 3% >5 years). Improvement of local control through higher RT doses has an impact on the survival of patients with a lower tendency towards disease spread. IOERT is a well-accepted asset in the clinical scenario (maturity and reproducibility of results, albeit of low official level of evidence) and extremely accurate in terms of dose-deposit characteristics and normal tissue sparing. It is a technique that can be integrated with systemic therapy and surgical progress. International guidelines (National Comprehensive Cancer Network or NCCN guidelines) currently recommend the use of IOERT in cases of close surgical margins and residual disease. We report the ESTRO/ACROP recommendations for performing IOERT in unresected pancreatic cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felipe A Calvo
- Department of Oncology, Clínica Universidad de Navarra, Madrid, Spain; School of Medicine, Complutense University, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Marco Krengli
- Radiotherapy Unit, Department of Translation Medicine, University of Piemonte Orientale, Novara, Italy
| | - Jose M Asencio
- Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Gregorio Marañón (IiSGM), Madrid, Spain; Facultad de Medicina, Univ. Complutense de Madrid, Spain
| | - Javier Serrano
- Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Gregorio Marañón (IiSGM), Madrid, Spain; Facultad de Medicina, Univ. Complutense de Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Falk Roeder
- Department of Radiotherapy and Radiation Oncology, Paracelsus Medical University, Landeskrankenhaus, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Robert Krempien
- Department of Radiotherapy, Helios Hospital Berlin-Buch, Germany
| | - Frank W Hensley
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University Hospital of Heidelberg, Germany
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Li Y, Feng Q, Jin J, Shi S, Zhang Z, Che X, Zhang J, Chen Y, Wu X, Chen R, Li S, Wang J, Li G, Li F, Dai M, Zheng L, Wang C. Experts’ consensus on intraoperative radiotherapy for pancreatic cancer. Cancer Lett 2019; 449:1-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2019.01.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2018] [Revised: 01/08/2019] [Accepted: 01/29/2019] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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Pilar A, Gupta M, Ghosh Laskar S, Laskar S. Intraoperative radiotherapy: review of techniques and results. Ecancermedicalscience 2017; 11:750. [PMID: 28717396 PMCID: PMC5493441 DOI: 10.3332/ecancer.2017.750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Intraoperative radiotherapy (IORT) is a technique that involves precise delivery of a large dose of ionising radiation to the tumour or tumour bed during surgery. Direct visualisation of the tumour bed and ability to space out the normal tissues from the tumour bed allows maximisation of the dose to the tumour while minimising the dose to normal tissues. This results in an improved therapeutic ratio with IORT. Although it was introduced in the 1960s, it has seen a resurgence of popularity with the introduction of self-shielding mobile linear accelerators and low-kV IORT devices, which by eliminating the logistical issues of transport of the patient during surgery for radiotherapy or building a shielded operating room, has enabled its wider use in the community. Electrons, low-kV X-rays and HDR brachytherapy are all different methods of IORT in current clinical use. Each method has its own unique set of advantages and disadvantages, its own set of indications where one may be better suited than the other, and each requires a specific kind of expertise. IORT has demonstrated its efficacy in a wide variety of intra-abdominal tumours, recurrent colorectal cancers, recurrent gynaecological cancers, and soft-tissue tumours. Recently, it has emerged as an attractive treatment option for selected, early-stage breast cancer, owing to the ability to complete the entire course of radiotherapy during surgery. IORT has been used in a multitude of roles across these sites, for dose escalation (retroperitoneal sarcoma), EBRT dose de-escalation (paediatric tumours), as sole radiation modality (early breast cancers) and as a re-irradiation modality (recurrent rectal and gynaecological cancers). This article aims to provide a review of the rationale, techniques, and outcomes for IORT across different sites relevant to current clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Avinash Pilar
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Tata Memorial Hospital, Dr Ernest Borges' Marg, Parel, Mumbai, MS, India 400012
| | - Meetakshi Gupta
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Tata Memorial Hospital, Dr Ernest Borges' Marg, Parel, Mumbai, MS, India 400012
| | - Sarbani Ghosh Laskar
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Tata Memorial Hospital, Dr Ernest Borges' Marg, Parel, Mumbai, MS, India 400012
| | - Siddhartha Laskar
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Tata Memorial Hospital, Dr Ernest Borges' Marg, Parel, Mumbai, MS, India 400012
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Chen Y, Che X, Zhang J, Huang H, Zhao D, Tian Y, Li Y, Feng Q, Zhang Z, Jiang Q, Zhang S, Tang X, Huang X, Chu Y, Zhang J, Sun Y, Zhang Y, Wang C. Long-term results of intraoperative electron beam radiation therapy for nonmetastatic locally advanced pancreatic cancer: Retrospective cohort study, 7-year experience with 247 patients at the National Cancer Center in China. Medicine (Baltimore) 2016; 95:e4861. [PMID: 27661028 PMCID: PMC5044898 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000004861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
To assess prognostic benefits of intraoperative electron beam radiation therapy (IOERT) in patients with nonmetastatic locally advanced pancreatic cancer (LAPC) and evaluate optimal adjuvant treatment after IOERT.A retrospective cohort study using prospectively collected data was conducted at the Cancer Hospital of the Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, China National Cancer Center.Two hundred forty-seven consecutive patients with nonmetastatic LAPC who underwent IOERT between January 2008 and May 2015 were identified and included in the study. Overall survival (OS) was calculated from the day of IOERT. Prognostic factors were examined using Cox proportional hazards models. The 1-, 2-, and 3-year actuarial survival rates were 40%, 14%, and 7.2%, respectively, with a median OS of 9.0 months. On multivariate analysis, an IOERT applicator diameter < 6 cm (hazards ratio [HR], 0.67; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.47-0.97), no intraoperative interstitial sustained-release 5-fluorouracil chemotherapy (HR, 0.46; 95% CI, 0.32-0.66), and receipt of postoperative chemoradiotherapy followed by chemotherapy (HR, 0.11; 95% CI, 0.04-0.25) were significantly associated with improved OS. Pain relief after IOERT was achieved in 111 of the 117 patients, with complete remission in 74 and partial remission in 37. Postoperative complications rate and mortality were 14.0% and 0.4%, respectively. Nonmetastatic LAPC patients with smaller size tumors could achieve positive long-term survival outcomes with a treatment strategy incorporating IOERT and postoperative adjuvant treatment.Chemoradiotherapy followed by chemotherapy might be a recommended adjuvant treatment strategy for well-selected cases. Intraoperative interstitial sustained-release 5-fluorouracil chemotherapy should not be recommended for patients with nonmetastatic LAPC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingtai Chen
- Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, China National Cancer Center, Beijing, China
| | - Xu Che
- Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, China National Cancer Center, Beijing, China
| | - Jianwei Zhang
- Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, China National Cancer Center, Beijing, China
| | - Huang Huang
- School of Public Health, Yale University, New Haven, CT
| | - Dongbing Zhao
- Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, China National Cancer Center, Beijing, China
| | - Yantao Tian
- Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, China National Cancer Center, Beijing, China
| | - Yexiong Li
- Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, China National Cancer Center, Beijing, China
| | - Qinfu Feng
- Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, China National Cancer Center, Beijing, China
| | - Zhihui Zhang
- Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, China National Cancer Center, Beijing, China
| | - Qinglong Jiang
- Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, China National Cancer Center, Beijing, China
| | - Shuisheng Zhang
- Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, China National Cancer Center, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaolong Tang
- Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, China National Cancer Center, Beijing, China
| | - Xianghui Huang
- Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, China National Cancer Center, Beijing, China
| | - Yunmian Chu
- Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, China National Cancer Center, Beijing, China
| | - Jianghu Zhang
- Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, China National Cancer Center, Beijing, China
| | - Yuemin Sun
- Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, China National Cancer Center, Beijing, China
| | - Yawei Zhang
- School of Public Health, Yale University, New Haven, CT
| | - Chengfeng Wang
- Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, China National Cancer Center, Beijing, China
- Correspondence: Chengfeng Wang, Department of Abdominal Surgical Oncology, Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, China National Cancer Center, 17 Panjiayuan Nanli, Beijing 100021, China (e-mail: )
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Nishioka A, Ogawa Y, Miyatake K, Tadokoro M, Nogami M, Hamada N, Kubota K, Kariya S, Kohsaki T, Saibara T, Okabayashi T, Hanazaki K. Safety and efficacy of image-guided enzyme-targeting radiosensitization and intraoperative radiotherapy for locally advanced unresectable pancreatic cancer. Oncol Lett 2014; 8:404-408. [PMID: 24959285 PMCID: PMC4063561 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2014.2101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2013] [Accepted: 03/20/2014] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
A novel radiosensitization treatment involving the injection of hydrogen peroxide and sodium hyaluronate, using ultrasonic guidance, into a tumor immediately prior to intraoperative radiotherapy (IORT) was established for patients with stage IVa locally advanced unresectable pancreatic cancer. The aim of the present study was to assess the safety and efficacy of this novel treatment, termed Kochi Oxydol-Radiation Therapy for Unresectable Carcinomas-IORT (KORTUC and IORT). In total, 12 patients were treated with KORTUC-IORT, external-beam radiotherapy and systemic chemotherapy using gemcitabine hydrochloride and S-1. For evaluation of the therapeutic and adverse effects, contrast-enhanced computed tomography was conducted prior to the treatment, and one and six months following KORTUC-IORT. Medical examinations were performed every month at the regularly scheduled follow-up visits. The one- and two-year survival rates were 75 and 25%, respectively, and the median survival time was 16 months. All treatments associated with KORTUC-IORT were well-tolerated by the patients, with a small number of adverse effects and no serious complications. It was identified that the delivery of KORTUC-IORT is safe and effective, in combination with external-beam radiotherapy and systemic chemotherapy, for patients with locally advanced unresectable pancreatic cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akihito Nishioka
- Department of Diagnostic Radiology and Radiation Oncology, Kochi University School of Medicine, Kohasu, Okoh-cho, Nankoku-shi, Kochi 783-8505, Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Ogawa
- Department of Diagnostic Radiology and Radiation Oncology, Kochi University School of Medicine, Kohasu, Okoh-cho, Nankoku-shi, Kochi 783-8505, Japan
| | - Kana Miyatake
- Department of Diagnostic Radiology and Radiation Oncology, Kochi University School of Medicine, Kohasu, Okoh-cho, Nankoku-shi, Kochi 783-8505, Japan
| | - Michiko Tadokoro
- Department of Diagnostic Radiology and Radiation Oncology, Kochi University School of Medicine, Kohasu, Okoh-cho, Nankoku-shi, Kochi 783-8505, Japan
| | - Munenobu Nogami
- Department of Diagnostic Radiology and Radiation Oncology, Kochi University School of Medicine, Kohasu, Okoh-cho, Nankoku-shi, Kochi 783-8505, Japan
| | - Norihiko Hamada
- Department of Diagnostic Radiology and Radiation Oncology, Kochi University School of Medicine, Kohasu, Okoh-cho, Nankoku-shi, Kochi 783-8505, Japan
| | - Kei Kubota
- Department of Diagnostic Radiology and Radiation Oncology, Kochi University School of Medicine, Kohasu, Okoh-cho, Nankoku-shi, Kochi 783-8505, Japan
| | - Shinnji Kariya
- Department of Diagnostic Radiology and Radiation Oncology, Kochi University School of Medicine, Kohasu, Okoh-cho, Nankoku-shi, Kochi 783-8505, Japan
| | - Takuhiro Kohsaki
- Department of First Internal Medicine, Kochi University School of Medicine, Kohasu, Okoh-cho, Nankoku-shi, Kochi 783-8505, Japan
| | - Toshiji Saibara
- Department of First Internal Medicine, Kochi University School of Medicine, Kohasu, Okoh-cho, Nankoku-shi, Kochi 783-8505, Japan
| | - Takehiro Okabayashi
- Department of First Surgery, Kochi University School of Medicine, Kohasu, Okoh-cho, Nankoku-shi, Kochi 783-8505, Japan
| | - Kazuhiro Hanazaki
- Department of First Surgery, Kochi University School of Medicine, Kohasu, Okoh-cho, Nankoku-shi, Kochi 783-8505, Japan
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Palta M, Willett C, Czito B. The Role of Intraoperative Radiation Therapy in Patients With Pancreatic Cancer. Semin Radiat Oncol 2014; 24:126-31. [DOI: 10.1016/j.semradonc.2013.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Ogawa K, Karasawa K, Ito Y, Ogawa Y, Jingu K, Onishi H, Aoki S, Wada H, Kokubo M, Ogo E, Etoh H, Kazumoto T, Takayama M, Nemoto K, Nishimura Y. Intraoperative radiotherapy for unresectable pancreatic cancer: a multi-institutional retrospective analysis of 144 patients. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2011; 80:111-8. [PMID: 20598450 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijrobp.2010.01.065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2009] [Revised: 12/15/2009] [Accepted: 01/20/2010] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To retrospectively analyze the results of intraoperative radiotherapy (IORT) + external beam radiotherapy (EBRT) for unresectable pancreatic cancer. METHODS AND MATERIALS The records of 144 patients treated with IORT, with or without, EBRT were reviewed. One hundred and thirteen patients (78.5%) were treated with IORT + EBRT and 114 patients (79.2%) were treated in conjunction with chemotherapy. The median doses of IORT and EBRT were 25 Gy and 45 Gy, respectively. The median follow-up of all 144 patients was 9.6 months (range, 0.5-69.7 months). RESULTS At the time of this analysis, 131 of 144 patients (91.0%) had disease recurrences. Local progression was observed in 60 patients (41.7%), and the 2-year local control (LC) rate in all patients was 44.6%. Patients treated with IORT, with or without, EBRT had significantly more favorable LC (2-year LC, 50.9%) than those treated with IORT without EBRT (p = 0.0004). The 2-year overall survival (OS) rate and the median survival time in all 144 patients were 14.7% and 10.5 months, respectively. Patients treated with chemotherapy had a significantly favorable OS than those treated without chemotherapy (p < 0.0001). On univariate analysis, chemotherapy use alone had a significant impact on OS and on multivariate analysis; chemotherapy use was a significant prognostic factor. Late gastrointestinal morbidity of National Cancer Institute-Common Terminology Criteria Grade 3 was observed in 2 patients (1.4%). CONCLUSION IORT + EBRT yields a relatively favorable LC rate for unresectable pancreatic cancer with low frequency of severe late toxicity, and IORT combined with chemotherapy conferred a survival benefit compared with IORT without chemotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuhiko Ogawa
- Department of Radiology, University of the Ryukyus, Nishihara-cho, Okinawa, Japan.
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Showalter TN, Rao AS, Rani Anne P, Rosato FE, Rosato EL, Andrel J, Hyslop T, Xu X, Berger AC. Does Intraoperative Radiation Therapy Improve Local Tumor Control in Patients Undergoing Pancreaticoduodenectomy for Pancreatic Adenocarcinoma? A Propensity Score Analysis. Ann Surg Oncol 2009; 16:2116-22. [DOI: 10.1245/s10434-009-0498-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2009] [Accepted: 04/12/2009] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Ruano-Ravina A, Almazán Ortega R, Guedea F. Intraoperative radiotherapy in pancreatic cancer: A systematic review. Radiother Oncol 2008; 87:318-25. [DOI: 10.1016/j.radonc.2007.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2007] [Revised: 12/03/2007] [Accepted: 12/07/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Okabayashi T, Kobayashi M, Nishimori I, Sugimoto T, Akimori T, Namikawa T, Okamoto K, Onishi S, Araki K. Benefits of early postoperative jejunal feeding in patients undergoing duodenohemipancreatectomy. World J Gastroenterol 2006; 12:89-93. [PMID: 16440423 PMCID: PMC4077486 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v12.i1.89] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM: To study whether early postoperative enteral nutrition reduces the incidence of complications and/or improves nutritional status following duodenohemipancreatectomy (DHP).
METHODS: We studied 39 patients who underwent DHP for a peri-ampullary mass. Twenty-three patients received total parental nutrition and then started to have an oral intake of nutrition between postoperative day (POD) 7 and 14 [late postoperative enteral nutrition (LPEN) group]. Sixteen patients started to have enteral feeding through a jejunostomy catheter the day after the operation [early postoperative enteral nutrition (EPEN) group]. The incidence of complications and laboratory data at the early postoperative stage were studied in comparison between LPEN and EPEN groups.
RESULTS: Serum levels of albumin and total protein in the EPEN group were significantly higher than those in the LPEN group. The loss of body mass index was significantly suppressed in the EPEN group as compared to the LPEN group. The lymphocyte count decreased immediately after the operation was restored significantly faster in the EPEN group than in the LPEN group. The EPEN group showed significantly fewer incidences of postoperative pancreatic fistulas, as well as a significantly shorter length of hospitalization than the LPEN group. There were no significant differences in the incidences of other postoperative complications between the two groups, such as delayed gastric emptying, surgical site infection, cholangitis, and small bowel obstruction.
CONCLUSION: EPEN is a safe and beneficial opportunity for patients who have undergone DHP for a peri-ampullary mass.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takehiro Okabayashi
- Department of Tumor Surgery, Kochi Medical School, Nankoku, Kochi 783-8505, Japan
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Nebbia J, Ortholan C, Gerard J. Radiotherapy in cancer pain management. EJC Suppl 2005. [DOI: 10.1016/s1359-6349(05)80265-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
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