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Zhou K, Jiang Y, Feng S, Mo W, Nie J, Cao J, Jiao Y. Establishment of image-guided radiotherapy of orthotopic hepatocellular carcinoma mouse model. Animal Model Exp Med 2023; 6:419-426. [PMID: 37365733 PMCID: PMC10614124 DOI: 10.1002/ame2.12335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2023] [Accepted: 04/11/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the most common type of liver cancer. Recently, developments in radiotherapy technology have led to radiotherapy becoming one of the main therapeutics of HCC. Therefore, a suitable animal model for radiotherapy of the orthotopic HCC mouse model is urgently needed. METHODS In the present study, Hepa1-6 cells were injected into the liver of C57BL/6 mice in situ to mimic the pathological characteristics of the original HCC. Tumor formation was monitored by applying magnetic resonance imaging techniques and verified by H&E histopathological staining, AFP staining, and Ki67 staining. A single dose of 10 Gy X-ray was applied to simulate clinical radiotherapy plans using image-guided radiotherapy (IGRT) equipment. The efficiency of radiotherapy was then assessed by examining tumor size and weight one week after radiation. Cleaved-caspase3 staining and TUNEL were used to assess apoptosis in tumor tissues. RESULTS Intrahepatic tumor development was detected in the liver according using MRI. A high-density shadow could be seen 10 days after cell injection, which indicated the formation of HCC in vivo. The tumors grew steadily bigger, and underwent precision radiotherapy 20 days after injection. The typical pathological characteristics of HCC, such as large, deeply stained nuclei and irregular cell size, were visible with H&E staining. After radiotherapy, significantly higher expression of the immunohistochemical markers Ki67 and AFP were detected in tumor tissue than in the nearby normal tissue. Compared with the control group, the tumor volume (p = 0.05) and weight (p < 0.05) of the irradiated group were significantly reduced. In addition, a higher frequency of apoptosis was identified in irradiated HCC tumor tissue using the TUNEL and cleaved-caspase3 staining assay. CONCLUSIONS In a well-established orthotopic HCC model, MRI was utilized to monitor the formation of tumors, and IGRT was used to simulate clinical radiotherapy. The present study could provide a suitable preclinical system for HCC radiotherapy-related studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaixiao Zhou
- School of Radiation Medicine and Protection, State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and ProtectionSoochow UniversitySuzhouChina
| | - Yabo Jiang
- The Six Department of Hepatic Surgery, Eastern Hepatobiliary Surgery HospitalNavy Military Medical UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Shuang Feng
- Department of RadiotherapyEastern Hepatobiliary Surgery Hospital, Navy Military Medical UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Wei Mo
- School of Radiation Medicine and Protection, State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and ProtectionSoochow UniversitySuzhouChina
| | - Jing Nie
- School of Radiation Medicine and Protection, State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and ProtectionSoochow UniversitySuzhouChina
| | - Jianping Cao
- School of Radiation Medicine and Protection, State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and ProtectionSoochow UniversitySuzhouChina
| | - Yang Jiao
- School of Radiation Medicine and Protection, State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and ProtectionSoochow UniversitySuzhouChina
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Chen K, Li Y, Wang B, Yan X, Tao Y, Song W, Xi Z, He K, Xia Q. Patient-derived models facilitate precision medicine in liver cancer by remodeling cell-matrix interaction. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1101324. [PMID: 37215109 PMCID: PMC10192760 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1101324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2022] [Accepted: 04/24/2023] [Indexed: 05/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Liver cancer is an aggressive tumor originating in the liver with a dismal prognosis. Current evidence suggests that liver cancer is the fifth most prevalent cancer worldwide and the second most deadly type of malignancy. Tumor heterogeneity accounts for the differences in drug responses among patients, emphasizing the importance of precision medicine. Patient-derived models of cancer are widely used preclinical models to study precision medicine since they preserve tumor heterogeneity ex vivo in the study of many cancers. Patient-derived models preserving cell-cell and cell-matrix interactions better recapitulate in vivo conditions, including patient-derived xenografts (PDXs), induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs), precision-cut liver slices (PCLSs), patient-derived organoids (PDOs), and patient-derived tumor spheroids (PDTSs). In this review, we provide a comprehensive overview of the different modalities used to establish preclinical models for precision medicine in liver cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaiwen Chen
- Department of Liver Surgery, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Transplantation and Immunology, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Institute of Transplantation, Shanghai, China
| | - Yanran Li
- Department of Liver Surgery, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Transplantation and Immunology, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Institute of Transplantation, Shanghai, China
| | - Bingran Wang
- Department of Liver Surgery, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Transplantation and Immunology, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Institute of Transplantation, Shanghai, China
| | - Xuehan Yan
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yiying Tao
- Department of Anesthesiology, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Weizhou Song
- Ottawa-Shanghai Joint School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhifeng Xi
- Department of Liver Surgery, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Transplantation and Immunology, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Institute of Transplantation, Shanghai, China
| | - Kang He
- Department of Liver Surgery, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Transplantation and Immunology, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Institute of Transplantation, Shanghai, China
| | - Qiang Xia
- Department of Liver Surgery, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Transplantation and Immunology, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Institute of Transplantation, Shanghai, China
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Yang D, Gao P, Tian C, Sheng Y. Gompertz tracking of the growth trajectories of the human-liver-cancer xenograft-tumors in nude mice. COMPUTER METHODS AND PROGRAMS IN BIOMEDICINE 2020; 191:105412. [PMID: 32114418 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmpb.2020.105412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2019] [Revised: 02/08/2020] [Accepted: 02/19/2020] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE The accurate tracking of the growth trajectories of the human-liver-cancer xenograft-tumors in nude mice is an important prerequisite for the effective use of relevant trial results. Our objective is first to find out whether the Gompertz model can accurately track the growth trajectories of the xenograft-tumors in the non-target control group, Gsk3β knockdown, and c-Myc knockdown groups; secondly, to verify the effect of knocking down Gsk3β or c-Myc on the growth of xenograft-tumors and reveal the mechanism; finally, to demonstrate the 100-day Gompertz growth trajectory, which is a complete growth process with two phases and three stages. METHODS The 18 male specific-pathogen-free (SPF) BALB/c nude mice were randomly divided into three groups and different interventions were performed to establish the non-target control, Gsk3β knockdown, and c-Myc knockdown groups. The volumes of the xenograft-tumors were measured from day 14 to day 30 after transplantation. The first 30-days and the whole 100-days of Gompertz growth trajectories of the xenograft-tumors were obtained respectively, and the growth assessment indicators of each group were calculated based on the parameters of the Gompertz model. RESULTS 1) The Gompertz model can accurately track the growth trajectories of xenograft-tumors in the non-target control, Gsk3β knockdown, and c-Myc knockdown groups; 2) knocking down Gsk3β or c-Myc can inhibit the growth of xenograft-tumors. It is the combined effect of growth-promoting factor, growth inhibitory factor, and the delay of angiogenesis, of which the delay of angiogenesis plays a decisive role; 3) the 100-day Gompertz growth trajectory can provide complete information about the two phases and three stages of xenograft-tumor growth. Therefore, it is strongly recommended that nude mouse trials be extended from 30 days (currently widely accepted) to 100 days. CONCLUSIONS The Gompertz model can well reveal the growth pattern of the human-liver-cancer xenograft-tumors in nude mice. Combined with the growth assessment indicators obtained from the Gompertz model parameters, one can further clarify the mechanism that affects the growth of xenograft-tumors. The Gompertz tracking of the growth trajectories of the human-liver-cancer xenograft-tumors in nude mice has broad application prospects in the fields of basic research, drug verification, and clinical treatment, etc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongdong Yang
- School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230027, China.
| | - Ping Gao
- School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230027, China.
| | - Chao Tian
- School of Engineering Science, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230027, China; Key Laboratory of Precision Scientific Instrumentation of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230027, China.
| | - Yang Sheng
- School of Engineering Science, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230027, China; Key Laboratory of Precision Scientific Instrumentation of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230027, China.
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Xu ZT, Ding H, Fu TT, Zhu YL, Wang WP. A Nude Mouse Model of Orthotopic Liver Transplantation of Human Hepatocellular Carcinoma HCCLM3 Cell Xenografts and the Use of Imaging to Evaluate Tumor Progression. Med Sci Monit 2019; 25:8694-8703. [PMID: 31736477 PMCID: PMC6880650 DOI: 10.12659/msm.917648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background This study aimed to develop a nude mouse model of orthotopic liver transplantation of HCCLM3 human hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) cell xenografts and the use of imaging and histology to evaluate tumor development and progression. Material/Methods HCCLM3 cells were injected subcutaneously into 25 healthy male athymic BALB/c (nu/nu) nude mice. The tumors that developed were transplanted into the liver of a new set of nude mice. After four weeks and six weeks, the mice were imaged using ultrasound (US), software-assisted contrast-enhanced ultrasound (CEUS), fluorodeoxyglucose-positron emission tomography (FDG-PET). Histology was performed on the liver and liver tumors, and included immunohistochemistry for vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), CD31, CD34, and α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA). Results The success rate for orthotopic tumor transplantation in the mouse liver was 90% (18/20). Liver tumors measured 11.8±2.6 mm in diameter and 525.9±250.8 mm3 in volume on the sixth week. CEUS showed rapid wash-in and washout in the liver tumors, and PET showed low tumor cell metabolism. Bone metastases were present in 45% (9/20) of mice in the sixth week. Immunohistochemistry showed positive expression for VEGF, CD31, CD34, and α-SMA. Conclusions The nude mouse orthotopic liver transplantation model of human HCC was shown to be a reliable model that has the potential for future research on the pathogenesis and progression of HCC and studies on drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi-Ting Xu
- Department of Ultrasound, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China (mainland).,Shanghai Institute of Medical Imaging, Shanghai, China (mainland)
| | - Hong Ding
- Department of Ultrasound, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China (mainland)
| | - Tian-Tian Fu
- Department of Ultrasound, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China (mainland).,Shanghai Institute of Medical Imaging, Shanghai, China (mainland)
| | - Yu-Li Zhu
- Department of Ultrasound, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China (mainland)
| | - Wen-Ping Wang
- Department of Ultrasound, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China (mainland)
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5
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Precision diagnosis and treatment of liver cancer in China. Cancer Lett 2018; 412:283-288. [DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2017.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 171] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2017] [Revised: 10/09/2017] [Accepted: 10/09/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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6
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Chi HC, Chen SL, Cheng YH, Lin TK, Tsai CY, Tsai MM, Lin YH, Huang YH, Lin KH. Chemotherapy resistance and metastasis-promoting effects of thyroid hormone in hepatocarcinoma cells are mediated by suppression of FoxO1 and Bim pathway. Cell Death Dis 2016; 7:e2324. [PMID: 27490929 PMCID: PMC5108316 DOI: 10.1038/cddis.2016.227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2016] [Revised: 06/21/2016] [Accepted: 06/28/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the third leading cause of cancer-related death worldwide, and systemic chemotherapy is the major treatment strategy for late-stage HCC patients. Poor prognosis following chemotherapy is the general outcome owing to recurrent resistance. Recent studies have suggested that in addition to cytotoxic effects on tumor cells, chemotherapy can induce an alternative cascade that supports tumor growth and metastasis. In the present investigation, we showed that thyroid hormone (TH), a potent hormone-mediating cellular differentiation and metabolism, acts as an antiapoptosis factor upon challenge of thyroid hormone receptor (TR)-expressing HCC cells with cancer therapy drugs, including cisplatin, doxorubicin and tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL). TH/TR signaling promoted chemotherapy resistance through negatively regulating the pro-apoptotic protein, Bim, resulting in doxorubicin-induced metastasis of chemotherapy-resistant HCC cells. Ectopic expression of Bim in hepatoma cells challenged with chemotherapeutic drugs abolished TH/TR-triggered apoptosis resistance and metastasis. Furthermore, Bim expression was directly transactivated by Forkhead box protein O1 (FoxO1), which was negatively regulated by TH/TR. TH/TR suppressed FoxO1 activity through both transcriptional downregulation and nuclear exclusion of FoxO1 triggered by Akt-mediated phosphorylation. Ectopic expression of the constitutively active FoxO1 mutant, FoxO1-AAA, but not FoxO1-wt, diminished the suppressive effect of TH/TR on Bim. Our findings collectively suggest that expression of Bim is mediated by FoxO1 and indirectly downregulated by TH/TR, leading to chemotherapy resistance and doxorubicin-promoted metastasis of hepatoma cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hsiang-Cheng Chi
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, Chang-Gung University, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan
| | - Shen-Liang Chen
- Department of Life Sciences, National Central University, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Yi-Hung Cheng
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, Chang-Gung University, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan
| | - Tzu-Kang Lin
- Division of Neurosurgery, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital Linkou and Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Chung-Ying Tsai
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, Chang-Gung University, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Ming Tsai
- Department of Nursing, Chang-Gung University of Science and Technology, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan.,Department of General Surgery, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital Chiayi 613, Taiwan
| | - Yang-Hsiang Lin
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, Chang-Gung University, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan
| | - Ya-Hui Huang
- Liver Research Center, Department of Hepato-Gastroenterology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan
| | - Kwang-Huei Lin
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, Chang-Gung University, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan.,Liver Research Center, Department of Hepato-Gastroenterology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan
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7
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Liao CJ, Chi HC, Tsai CY, Chen CD, Wu SM, Tseng YH, Lin YH, Chung IH, Chen CY, Lin SL, Huang SF, Huang YH, Lin KH. A novel small-form NEDD4 regulates cell invasiveness and apoptosis to promote tumor metastasis. Oncotarget 2016; 6:9341-54. [PMID: 25823820 PMCID: PMC4496221 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.3322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2014] [Accepted: 02/09/2015] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite numerous investigations on metastasis, the determinants of metastatic processes remain unclear. We aimed to identify the metastasis-associated genes in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Potent metastatic SK-hep-1 (SK) cells, designated ‘SKM’, were generated using Transwell assay followed by selection in a mouse model. Genes expressed differentially in SKM and SK cells were identified via microarray analyses. A small form of Neural precursor cell-expressed developmentally downregulated 4 (sNEDD4) was identified to be overexpressed in SKM cells, which was confirmed as a novel transcript using liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. In clinical specimens, sNEDD4 was significantly overexpressed in tumors and serves as a poor prognostic factor for male patients with HCC (P = 0.035). Upon subcutaneous introduction of sNEDD4-overexpressing SK cells into flanks of nude mice, tumors grew faster than those of the control group. Furthermore, sNEDD4-mediated promotion of tumor metastasis was demonstrated in the orthotopic mouse model. Overexpression of sNEDD4 increased the invasive ability of SK cells through upregulation of matrix metalloproteinase 9 and inhibited serum deprivation-induced apoptosis via upregulation of myeloid cell leukemia 1. In conclusion, sNEDD4 is a novel metastasis-associated gene, which prevents apoptosis under nutrient restriction conditions. The present findings clearly support the prognostic potential of sNEDD4 for HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chia-Jung Liao
- Department of Biochemistry, Chang-Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan 333, Republic of China
| | - Hsiang-Cheng Chi
- Department of Biochemistry, Chang-Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan 333, Republic of China
| | - Chung-Ying Tsai
- Department of Biochemistry, Chang-Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan 333, Republic of China
| | - Chi-De Chen
- Chang Gung Molecular Medicine Research Center, Chang-Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan 333, Republic of China
| | - Sheng-Ming Wu
- Department of Biochemistry, Chang-Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan 333, Republic of China
| | - Yi-Hsin Tseng
- Department of Biochemistry, Chang-Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan 333, Republic of China
| | - Yang-Hsiang Lin
- Department of Biochemistry, Chang-Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan 333, Republic of China
| | - I-Hsiao Chung
- Department of Biochemistry, Chang-Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan 333, Republic of China
| | - Ching-Ying Chen
- Department of Biochemistry, Chang-Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan 333, Republic of China
| | - Syuan-Ling Lin
- Department of Biochemistry, Chang-Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan 333, Republic of China
| | - Shiu-Feng Huang
- Institute of Molecular and Genomic Medicine, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan, Miaoli, Taiwan 350, Republic of China
| | - Ya-Hui Huang
- Medical Research Center, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan, Taiwan 333, Republic of China
| | - Kwang-Huei Lin
- Department of Biochemistry, Chang-Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan 333, Republic of China
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Intrahepatic Tissue Implantation Represents a Favorable Approach for Establishing Orthotopic Transplantation Hepatocellular Carcinoma Mouse Models. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0148263. [PMID: 26824903 PMCID: PMC4732811 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0148263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2015] [Accepted: 01/15/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Mouse models are commonly used for studying hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) biology and exploring new therapeutic interventions. Currently three main modalities of HCC mouse models have been extensively employed in pre-clinical studies including chemically induced, transgenic and transplantation models. Among them, transplantation models are preferred for evaluating in vivo drug efficacy in pre-clinical settings given the short latency, uniformity in size and close resemblance to tumors in patients. However methods used for establishing orthotopic HCC transplantation mouse models are diverse and fragmentized without a comprehensive comparison. Here, we systemically evaluate four different approaches commonly used to establish HCC mice in preclinical studies, including intravenous, intrasplenic, intrahepatic inoculation of tumor cells and intrahepatic tissue implantation. Four parameters—the latency period, take rates, pathological features and metastatic rates—were evaluated side-by-side. 100% take rates were achieved in liver with intrahepatic, intrasplenic inoculation of tumor cells and intrahepatic tissue implantation. In contrast, no tumor in liver was observed with intravenous injection of tumor cells. Intrahepatic tissue implantation resulted in the shortest latency with 0.5cm (longitudinal diameter) tumors found in liver two weeks after implantation, compared to 0.1cm for intrahepatic inoculation of tumor cells. Approximately 0.1cm tumors were only visible at 4 weeks after intrasplenic inoculation. Uniform, focal and solitary tumors were formed with intrahepatic tissue implantation whereas multinodular, dispersed and non-uniform tumors produced with intrahepatic and intrasplenic inoculation of tumor cells. Notably, metastasis became visible in liver, peritoneum and mesenterium at 3 weeks post-implantation, and lung metastasis was visible after 7 weeks. T cell infiltration was evident in tumors, resembling the situation in HCC patients. Our study demonstrated that orthotopic HCC mouse models established via intrahepatic tissue implantation authentically reflect clinical manifestations in HCC patients pathologically and immunologically, suggesting intrahepatic tissue implantation is a preferable approach for establishing orthotopic HCC mouse models.
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Gu Q, Zhang B, Sun H, Xu Q, Tan Y, Wang G, Luo Q, Xu W, Yang S, Li J, Fu J, Chen L, Yuan S, Liang G, Ji Q, Chen SH, Chan CC, Zhou W, Xu X, Wang H, Fang DD. Genomic characterization of a large panel of patient-derived hepatocellular carcinoma xenograft tumor models for preclinical development. Oncotarget 2015; 6:20160-76. [PMID: 26062443 PMCID: PMC4652995 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.3969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2015] [Accepted: 05/09/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Lack of clinically relevant tumor models dramatically hampers development of effective therapies for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Establishment of patient-derived xenograft (PDX) models that faithfully recapitulate the genetic and phenotypic features of HCC becomes important. In this study, we first established a cohort of 65 stable PDX models of HCC from corresponding Chinese patients. Then we showed that the histology and gene expression patterns of PDX models were highly consistent between xenografts and case-matched original tumors. Genetic alterations, including mutations and DNA copy number alterations (CNAs), of the xenografts correlated well with the published data of HCC patient specimens. Furthermore, differential responses to sorafenib, the standard-of-care agent, in randomly chosen xenografts were unveiled. Finally, in the models expressing high levels of FGFR1 gene according to the genomic data, FGFR1 inhibitor lenvatinib showed greater efficacy than sorafenib. Taken together, our data indicate that PDX models resemble histopathological and genomic characteristics of clinical HCC tumors, as well as recapitulate the differential responses of HCC patients to the standard-of-care treatment. Overall, this large collection of PDX models becomes a clinically relevant platform for drug screening, biomarker discovery and translational research in preclinical setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingyang Gu
- Discovery Services, WuXi AppTec Co., Ltd., Waigaoqiao Free Trade Zone, Shanghai, 200131 China
| | - Bin Zhang
- Discovery Services, WuXi AppTec Co., Ltd., Waigaoqiao Free Trade Zone, Shanghai, 200131 China
| | - Hongye Sun
- Genome Center, WuXi AppTec Co., Ltd., Waigaoqiao Free Trade Zone, Shanghai, 200131 China
| | - Qiang Xu
- Genome Center, WuXi AppTec Co., Ltd., Waigaoqiao Free Trade Zone, Shanghai, 200131 China
| | - Yexiong Tan
- Eastern Hepatobiliary Surgery Hospital/Institute of Shanghai, Shanghai, 200131 China
| | - Guan Wang
- Genome Center, WuXi AppTec Co., Ltd., Waigaoqiao Free Trade Zone, Shanghai, 200131 China
| | - Qin Luo
- Genome Center, WuXi AppTec Co., Ltd., Waigaoqiao Free Trade Zone, Shanghai, 200131 China
| | - Weiguo Xu
- Discovery Services, WuXi AppTec Co., Ltd., Waigaoqiao Free Trade Zone, Shanghai, 200131 China
| | - Shuqun Yang
- Discovery Services, WuXi AppTec Co., Ltd., Waigaoqiao Free Trade Zone, Shanghai, 200131 China
| | - Jian Li
- Discovery Services, WuXi AppTec Co., Ltd., Waigaoqiao Free Trade Zone, Shanghai, 200131 China
| | - Jing Fu
- Eastern Hepatobiliary Surgery Hospital/Institute of Shanghai, Shanghai, 200131 China
| | - Lei Chen
- Eastern Hepatobiliary Surgery Hospital/Institute of Shanghai, Shanghai, 200131 China
| | - Shengxian Yuan
- Eastern Hepatobiliary Surgery Hospital/Institute of Shanghai, Shanghai, 200131 China
| | - Guibai Liang
- Discovery Services, WuXi AppTec Co., Ltd., Waigaoqiao Free Trade Zone, Shanghai, 200131 China
| | - Qunsheng Ji
- Discovery Services, WuXi AppTec Co., Ltd., Waigaoqiao Free Trade Zone, Shanghai, 200131 China
| | - Shu-Hui Chen
- Discovery Services, WuXi AppTec Co., Ltd., Waigaoqiao Free Trade Zone, Shanghai, 200131 China
| | - Chi-Chung Chan
- Discovery Services, WuXi AppTec Co., Ltd., Waigaoqiao Free Trade Zone, Shanghai, 200131 China
| | - Weiping Zhou
- Eastern Hepatobiliary Surgery Hospital/Institute of Shanghai, Shanghai, 200131 China
| | - Xiaowei Xu
- Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Hongyang Wang
- Eastern Hepatobiliary Surgery Hospital/Institute of Shanghai, Shanghai, 200131 China
| | - Douglas D. Fang
- Discovery Services, WuXi AppTec Co., Ltd., Waigaoqiao Free Trade Zone, Shanghai, 200131 China
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10
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Lee IJ, Lee EJ, Park H, Kim W, Ha SJ, Shin YK, Seong J. Altered Biological Potential and Radioresponse of Murine Tumors in Different Microenvironments. Cancer Res Treat 2015; 48:727-37. [PMID: 26323643 PMCID: PMC4843754 DOI: 10.4143/crt.2014.350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2014] [Accepted: 06/18/2015] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose This study was conducted to evaluate the biological features of murine hepatocarcinoma according to different tumor microenvironmental models and to determine the change in molecular and immunologic responses after radiation. Materials and Methods Tumor models were established in the liver (orthotopic) and thigh (heterotopic) of male C3H/HeN mice. Tumor growth and lung metastasis were assessed in these models. To evaluate the radiation effect, the tumors were irradiated with 10 Gy. Factors associated with tumor microenvironment including vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), transforming growth factor beta1 (TGF-β1), CD31, and serum interleukin-6 (IL-6) were evaluated. Tumor-infiltrating regulatory immune cells, regulatory T cells (Tregs), and myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) were also analyzed. Results A higher number of lung metastases were observed in the orthotopic tumor model than in the heterotopic tumor model. VEGF, CD31, COX-2, and TGF-β1 expression was more prominent in the orthotopic tumor model than in the heterotopic tumor model. Expression of the angiogenic factor VEGF and key regulatory molecules (TGF-β1 and COX-2) decreased following radiation in the orthotopic tumor model, while the serum IL-6 level increased after radiation. In the orthotopic tumor model, the number of both Tregs and MDSCs in the tumor burden decreased after radiation. Conclusion The orthotopic tumor model showed higher metastatic potential and more aggressive molecular features than the heterotopic tumor model. These findings suggest that the orthotopic tumor mouse model may be more reflective of the tumor microenvironment and suitable for use in the translational research of radiation treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ik Jae Lee
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Eun Jeong Lee
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hyojin Park
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Yonsei University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Wonwoo Kim
- Department of Radiation Treatment Research, Korea Institute of Radiological and Medical Sciences, Seoul, Korea
| | - Sang-Jun Ha
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Yonsei University, Seoul, Korea
| | - You Keun Shin
- Cancer Metastasis Research Center, Yonsei Institute for Cancer Research, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jinsil Seong
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
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Hwang GL, van den Bosch MA, Kim YI, Katzenberg R, Willmann JK, Paulmurugan R, Gambhir SS, Hofmann L. Development of a High-Throughput Molecular Imaging-Based Orthotopic Hepatocellular Carcinoma Model. Cureus 2015; 7:e281. [PMID: 26180705 PMCID: PMC4494575 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2014] [Accepted: 06/17/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
We have developed a novel orthotopic rat hepatocellular (HCC) model and have assessed the ability to use bioluminescence imaging (BLI), positron emission tomography (PET), and ultrasound for early tumor detection and monitoring of disease progression. Briefly, rat HCC cells were stably transfected with click beetle red as a reporter gene for BLI. Tumor cells were injected under direct visualization into the left or middle lobe of the liver in 37 rats. In six animals, serial PET, BLI, and ultrasound imaging were performed at 10-time points in 28 days. The remainder of the animals underwent PET imaging at 14 days. Tumor implantation was successful in 34 of 37 animals (91.9%). In the six animals that underwent serial imaging, tumor formation was first detected with BLI on Day 4 with continued increase through Day 21, and hypermetabolic activity on PET was first noted on Days 14-15 with continued increase through Day 28. PET activity was seen on Day 14 in the 28 other animals that demonstrated tumor development. Anatomic tumor formation was detected with ultrasound at Days 10-12 with continued growth through Day 28. The first metastases were detected by PET after Day 24. We have successfully developed and validated a novel orthotopic HCC small animal model that permits longitudinal assessment of change in tumor size using molecular imaging techniques. BLI is the most sensitive imaging method for detection of early tumor formation and growth. This model permits high-throughput in vivo evaluation of image-guided therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Young I Kim
- Radiology, Seoul National University College of Medicine
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12
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Molecularly characterised xenograft tumour mouse models: valuable tools for evaluation of new therapeutic strategies for secondary liver cancers. J Biomed Biotechnol 2009; 2009:437284. [PMID: 19300524 PMCID: PMC2655652 DOI: 10.1155/2009/437284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2008] [Revised: 11/05/2008] [Accepted: 12/19/2008] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
To develop and evaluate new therapeutic strategies for the treatment of human cancers, well-characterised preclinical model systems are a prerequisite. To this aim, we have established xenotransplantation mouse models and corresponding cell cultures from surgically obtained secondary human liver tumours. Established xenograft tumours were patho- and immunohistologically characterised, and expression levels of cancer-relevant genes were quantified in paired original and xenograft tumours and the derivative cell cultures applying RT-PCR-based array technology. Most of the characteristic morphological and immunohistochemical features of the original tumours were shown to be maintained. No differences were found concerning expression of genes involved in cell cycle regulation and oncogenesis. Interestingly, cytokine and matrix metalloproteinase encoding genes appeared to be expressed differentially. Thus, the established models are closely reflecting pathohistological and molecular characteristics of the selected human tumours and may therefore provide useful tools for preclinical analyses of new antitumour strategies in vivo.
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Generation and modulation of hepatocellular carcinoma circulating cells: a new experimental model. J Surg Res 2008; 150:183-9. [PMID: 18708197 DOI: 10.1016/j.jss.2008.03.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2007] [Revised: 12/10/2007] [Accepted: 03/31/2008] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND To establish a new experimental model of human hepatocellular carcinoma by orthotopic implantation of tumoral cells with its subsequent removal, to generate and modulate circulating tumoral cells. MATERIALS AND METHODS Three human hepatoma cell lines (HepG2, PLC/PRF, and Mahlavu) were orthotopically implanted under the Glisson's capsule of the left lateral lobe of the liver in a total of 56 non-obese diabetic/severe combined immunodeficiency mice. Tumor removal was performed 30 d after injection, and a laparotomy without tumor removal was done in control mice. Generation of circulating cells was monitored by flow cytometry using fluorescein isothiocyanate-conjugated anti-HLA antibody. RESULTS In 26 mice implanted with Mahlavu cells, 20 developed a unique tumor allowing a resection (77%), which was technically feasible in 80% of cases. The overall perioperative mortality was 30% (3/10) after resection; no mortality was observed in the control group. The circulating tumoral cells decreased dramatically after resection of the tumor as compared with control mice. CONCLUSION This new model is feasible and may be an interesting useful tool to study the hepatocellular carcinoma metastatic process and is consistent with the human clinical practice.
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Ku SK, Lee HS, Lee JH. The regional distribution and relative frequency of gastrointestinal endocrine cells in the nude mice, Balb/c-nu/nu: an immunohistochemical study. Anat Histol Embryol 2006; 35:104-10. [PMID: 16542175 DOI: 10.1111/j.1439-0264.2005.00645.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The distributions and frequencies of some endocrine cells in the eight portions of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract - fundus, pylorus, duodenum, jejunum, ileum, cecum, colon and rectum of the nude mouse, Balb/c-nu/nu were studied with immunohistochemical method using six types of anti-sera against serotonin, gastrin, cholecystokinin (CCK)-8, somatostatin, glucagon and human pancreatic polypeptide (hPP). All of six types of immunoreactive (IR) cells were identified. Most of IR cells in the intestinal portion were generally spherical or spindle in shape (open type cell) while cells showing round in shape (close type cell) were found in the intestinal gland and stomach regions occasionally. Their relative frequencies were varied according to each portion of GI tract. Serotonin-IR cells were detected throughout the whole GI tract and they showed the highest frequency in the pylorus. Gastrin-IR cells were restricted to the pylorus and duodenum with numerous and a few frequencies, respectively. CCK-8-IR cells were also restricted to the pylorus, duodenum and jejunum with numerous, a few and rare frequencies, respectively. Somatostatin-IR cells were demonstrated throughout the whole GI tract except for the colon and rectum, and they showed the highest frequency in the fundus. In addition, glucagon- and hPP-IR cells were restricted to the fundus and rectum, respectively with a few frequencies. In conclusion, the general distribution patterns and relative frequency of GI endocrine cells of the nude mouse, Balb/c-nu/nu was similar to that of other strains of mice. However, some strain and/or species-dependent unique distributions and frequencies of endocrine cells were also observed especially for somatostatin- and hPP-IR cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- S K Ku
- Pharmacology and Toxicology Laboratory, Dong-Wha Pharmaceutical Industrial Co. Ltd, Anyang 430-017, Repubulic of Korea
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15
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Gao Q, Zhou J, Huang X, Chen G, Ye F, Lu Y, Li K, Zhuang L, Huang M, Xu G, Wang S, Ma D. RETRACTED: Selective targeting of checkpoint kinase 1 in tumor cells with a novel potent oncolytic adenovirus. Mol Ther 2006; 13:928-937. [PMID: 16459149 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymthe.2005.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2005] [Revised: 12/15/2005] [Accepted: 12/27/2005] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
This article has been retracted: please see Elsevier Policy on Article Withdrawal (http://www.elsevier.com/locate/withdrawalpolicy). This article has been retracted at the request of the editor-in-chief. Similarities were reported between images in this article and an article in Clinical Cancer Research (Zhou et al., 2005, Clin. Cancer Res. 11, 8431-8440, https://10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-05-1085). Q.J., J.Z., X.H., G.C., Y.L., K.L., L.Z., and D.M. were all authors of the Clinical Cancer Research paper as well. These concerns were initially reported in a Pubpeer thread (https://pubpeer.com/publications/FF881782FF5AFD316D42E0C0F00766). Image analysis performed by the editorial office confirmed findings of image recycling in Figures 2A and 3B of the Molecular Therapy article. This reuse (and in part misrepresentation) of data without appropriate attribution represents a severe abuse of the scientific publishing system.
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MESH Headings
- Adenoviridae/genetics
- Adenoviridae/physiology
- Adenovirus E1A Proteins/deficiency
- Adenovirus E1A Proteins/genetics
- Animals
- Antineoplastic Agents/therapeutic use
- Carcinoma, Hepatocellular/enzymology
- Carcinoma, Hepatocellular/therapy
- Carcinoma, Hepatocellular/virology
- Cell Line
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Cell Survival
- Checkpoint Kinase 1
- Cisplatin/therapeutic use
- Cytopathogenic Effect, Viral/physiology
- DNA, Antisense/genetics
- Female
- Gene Targeting
- Genetic Vectors/administration & dosage
- Genetic Vectors/therapeutic use
- HeLa Cells
- Humans
- Liver Neoplasms/enzymology
- Liver Neoplasms/therapy
- Liver Neoplasms/virology
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Mice, Nude
- Models, Genetic
- Promoter Regions, Genetic
- Protein Kinases/genetics
- Protein Kinases/metabolism
- Virus Replication
- Xenograft Model Antitumor Assays
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Affiliation(s)
- Qinglei Gao
- Cancer Biology Research Center, TongJi Hospital, TongJi Medical School, Huazhong University of Science & Technology, WuHan, Hubei 430030, People's Republic of China
| | - Jianfeng Zhou
- Cancer Biology Research Center, TongJi Hospital, TongJi Medical School, Huazhong University of Science & Technology, WuHan, Hubei 430030, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoyuan Huang
- Cancer Biology Research Center, TongJi Hospital, TongJi Medical School, Huazhong University of Science & Technology, WuHan, Hubei 430030, People's Republic of China
| | - Gang Chen
- Cancer Biology Research Center, TongJi Hospital, TongJi Medical School, Huazhong University of Science & Technology, WuHan, Hubei 430030, People's Republic of China
| | - Fei Ye
- Cancer Biology Research Center, TongJi Hospital, TongJi Medical School, Huazhong University of Science & Technology, WuHan, Hubei 430030, People's Republic of China
| | - Yunping Lu
- Cancer Biology Research Center, TongJi Hospital, TongJi Medical School, Huazhong University of Science & Technology, WuHan, Hubei 430030, People's Republic of China
| | - Kanyan Li
- Cancer Biology Research Center, TongJi Hospital, TongJi Medical School, Huazhong University of Science & Technology, WuHan, Hubei 430030, People's Republic of China
| | - Liang Zhuang
- Cancer Biology Research Center, TongJi Hospital, TongJi Medical School, Huazhong University of Science & Technology, WuHan, Hubei 430030, People's Republic of China
| | - Mei Huang
- Cancer Biology Research Center, TongJi Hospital, TongJi Medical School, Huazhong University of Science & Technology, WuHan, Hubei 430030, People's Republic of China
| | - Gang Xu
- Cancer Biology Research Center, TongJi Hospital, TongJi Medical School, Huazhong University of Science & Technology, WuHan, Hubei 430030, People's Republic of China
| | - Shxuan Wang
- Cancer Biology Research Center, TongJi Hospital, TongJi Medical School, Huazhong University of Science & Technology, WuHan, Hubei 430030, People's Republic of China
| | - Ding Ma
- Cancer Biology Research Center, TongJi Hospital, TongJi Medical School, Huazhong University of Science & Technology, WuHan, Hubei 430030, People's Republic of China.
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Zhou J, Gao Q, Chen G, Huang X, Lu Y, Li K, Xie D, Zhuang L, Deng J, Ma D. Novel oncolytic adenovirus selectively targets tumor-associated polo-like kinase 1 and tumor cell viability. Clin Cancer Res 2005; 11:8431-40. [PMID: 16322306 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-05-1085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Polo-like kinase 1 (plk1) is a serine/threonine protein kinase essential for multiple mitotic processes. Previous observations have validated plk1 as a promising therapeutic target. Despite being conceptually attractive, the potency and specificity of current plk1-based therapies remain limited. We sought to develop a novel plk1-targeting strategy by constructing an oncolytic adenovirus to selectively silence plk1 in tumor cells. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN Two artificial features were engineered into one wild-type adenovirus type 5 (wt-Adv5) genome to generate a new oncolytic adenovirus (M1). First, M1 contains a 27-bp deletion in E1A region, which confers potent, oncolytic efficacy. Second, M1 is armed with a fragment of antisense plk1 cDNA that substitutes the E3 region encoding 6.7K and gp19K. In this design, tumor-selective replication of M1 would activate the native adenovirus E3 promoters to express the antisense plk1 cDNA preferentially in tumor cells and silence tumor-associated plk1 protein. RESULTS By virtue of combining oncolysis with plk1 targeting, M1 exhibited potent antitumoral efficacy in vitro and in vivo. Systemic administration of M1 plus cisplatin induced complete tumor regression in 80% of orthotopic hepatic carcinoma model mice that were otherwise resistant to cisplatin and disseminated metastases. CONCLUSIONS Coupling plk1 targeting with oncolysis had shown superior antitumor efficacy. Present findings would benefit the development of novel oncolytic adenoviruses generally applicable to a wide range of molecule-based therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianfeng Zhou
- Cancer Biology Research Center, TongJi Hospital, TongJi Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, WuHan, Hubei, PR China
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