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Mavila N, Siraganahalli Eshwaraiah M, Kennedy J. Ductular Reactions in Liver Injury, Regeneration, and Disease Progression-An Overview. Cells 2024; 13:579. [PMID: 38607018 PMCID: PMC11011399 DOI: 10.3390/cells13070579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2024] [Revised: 03/11/2024] [Accepted: 03/22/2024] [Indexed: 04/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Ductular reaction (DR) is a complex cellular response that occurs in the liver during chronic injuries. DR mainly consists of hyper-proliferative or reactive cholangiocytes and, to a lesser extent, de-differentiated hepatocytes and liver progenitors presenting a close spatial interaction with periportal mesenchyme and immune cells. The underlying pathology of DRs leads to extensive tissue remodeling in chronic liver diseases. DR initiates as a tissue-regeneration mechanism in the liver; however, its close association with progressive fibrosis and inflammation in many chronic liver diseases makes it a more complicated pathological response than a simple regenerative process. An in-depth understanding of the cellular physiology of DRs and their contribution to tissue repair, inflammation, and progressive fibrosis can help scientists develop cell-type specific targeted therapies to manage liver fibrosis and chronic liver diseases effectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nirmala Mavila
- Karsh Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA; (M.S.E.); (J.K.)
- Division of Applied Cell Biology and Physiology, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
| | - Mallikarjuna Siraganahalli Eshwaraiah
- Karsh Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA; (M.S.E.); (J.K.)
| | - Jaquelene Kennedy
- Karsh Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA; (M.S.E.); (J.K.)
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Abstract
Following injury, the liver's epithelial cells regenerate efficiently with rapid proliferation of hepatocytes and biliary cells. However, when proliferation of resident epithelial cells is impaired, alternative regeneration mechanisms can occur. Intricate lineage-tracing strategies and experimental models of regenerative stress have revealed a degree of plasticity between hepatocytes and biliary cells. New technologies such as single-cell omics, in combination with functional studies, will be instrumental to uncover the remaining unknowns in the field. In this review, we evaluate the experimental and clinical evidence for epithelial plasticity in the liver and how this influences the development of therapeutic strategies for chronic liver disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria L Gadd
- Centre for Regenerative Medicine, Edinburgh BioQuarter, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH16 4UU, UK
| | - Niya Aleksieva
- Centre for Regenerative Medicine, Edinburgh BioQuarter, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH16 4UU, UK
| | - Stuart J Forbes
- Centre for Regenerative Medicine, Edinburgh BioQuarter, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH16 4UU, UK.
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Paraš S, Janković O, Trišić D, Čolović B, Mitrović-Ajtić O, Dekić R, Soldatović I, Živković Sandić M, Živković S, Jokanović V. Influence of nanostructured calcium aluminate and calcium silicate on the liver: histological and unbiased stereological analysis. Int Endod J 2019; 52:1162-1172. [PMID: 30802977 DOI: 10.1111/iej.13105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2018] [Accepted: 02/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
AIM To examine the potential systemic toxicity of nanostructured materials based on calcium silicate and calcium aluminate, for potential application in Dentistry. METHODOLOGY Twenty-four Albino Wistar rats aged 2 months were used as an in vivo animal model for subcutaneous implantation of the investigated materials, placed in polyethylene tubes. Thirty days after implantation, the livers of the rats were analysed and following histological and stereological parameters were evaluated for volume density of hepatocytes and blood sinusoids, number and numerical density of hepatocytes, surface of hepatocytes and their nucleuses, nucleocytoplasmic ratio and mitotic index of hepatocytes. Stereological measurements were achieved using Cavalieri's principle, with grid P2 and unbiased analysis. Additionally, immunohistochemistry studies were performed to further analyse changes in liver tissue. Several haematological and biochemical parameters of blood of experimental animals were also analysed, as well as local tissue reactions around the implants. Statistical analysis was performed using parametric (anova and t-test) and nonparametric tests (Kruskal-Wallis and Mann-Whitney U-test) depending on data distribution. RESULTS Implanted dental cements led to an increase in stereological and histological parameters in liver tissue compared to control rats. Although the investigated parameters mostly showed significant differences between control and experimental animals, the liver tissue of the experimental animals did not have visible signs of pathological changes. This was supported by the analysis of blood parameters which were not significantly different between control and experimental animals. Also, the subcutaneous tissues had minimal inflammatory reactions. Immunohistochemistry studies revealed that nanostructured materials induced proliferation of hepatocytes, but that the immunological response to the materials was not strong enough to induce proliferation of immunoreactive cells in liver in the observed time period. CONCLUSIONS This study was performed as a contribution to the attestation of the biocompatibility of dental cements based on calcium silicate and calcium aluminate. Although these materials induced several changes in the liver structure, they were not clinically relevant and represent a normal and reversible response of the liver to the presence of biocompatible materials in the body. Blood and immunohistochemistry analyses and local tissue reactions further confirmed that these materials possess good biocompatible potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Paraš
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science and Mathematics, University of Banja Luka, Banja Luka, Republic of Srpska, Bosnia and Herzegovina
| | - O Janković
- Department of Stomatology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Banja Luka, Banja Luka, Republic of Srpska, Bosnia and Herzegovina
| | - D Trišić
- Faculty of Stomatology, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - B Čolović
- Vinča Institute of Nuclear Sciences, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - O Mitrović-Ajtić
- Department for Molecular Oncology, Institute for Medical Research, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - R Dekić
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science and Mathematics, University of Banja Luka, Banja Luka, Republic of Srpska, Bosnia and Herzegovina
| | - I Soldatović
- Institute for Biostatistics, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | | | - S Živković
- Faculty of Stomatology, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - V Jokanović
- Vinča Institute of Nuclear Sciences, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia.,ALBOS LLC, Belgrade, Serbia
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Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is one of the most common cancers with high mortality rate. It is a heterogeneous cancer with diverse inter- and intra-heterogeneity, also in terms of histology, prognosis, and molecular profiles. A rapidly growing evidence has demonstrated that some HCCs, if not all, were caused by the activation of the cancer stem cells (CSC), a small population within the cancer that is responsible for the initiation and maintenance of cancer growth. Until now, various populations of hepatic CSC with more than ten different phenotypical protein markers, such as CD133, CD90, EpCAM, CD24, and CD13, have been identified and validated in xenotransplantation models. They are associated with risk factors, prognosis, chemo-resistance, and metastasis. This chapter summarizes available data on different hepatic CSC markers for the development of potential future therapy.
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Tajul Arifin K, Sulaiman S, Md Saad S, Ahmad Damanhuri H, Wan Ngah WZ, Mohd Yusof YA. Elevation of tumour markers TGF-β, M 2-PK, OV-6 and AFP in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC)-induced rats and their suppression by microalgae Chlorella vulgaris. BMC Cancer 2017; 17:879. [PMID: 29268718 PMCID: PMC5740965 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-017-3883-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2016] [Accepted: 12/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Chlorella vulgaris (ChV), a unicellular green algae has been reported to have anticancer and antioxidant effects. The aim of this study was to determine the chemopreventive effect of ChV on liver cancer induced rats by determining the level and expression of several liver tumour markers. Methods Male Wistar rats (200–250 g) were divided into 4 groups according to the diet given: control group (normal diet), ChV group with three different doses (50, 150 and 300 mg/kg body weight), liver cancer- induced group (choline deficient diet + 0.1% ethionine in drinking water or CDE group), and the treatment group (CDE group treated with three different doses of ChV). Rats were killed at 0, 4, 8 and 12 weeks of experiment and blood and tissue samples were taken from all groups for the determination of tumour markers expression alpha-fetoprotein (AFP), transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β), M2-pyruvate kinase (M2-PK) and specific antigen for oval cells (OV-6). Results Serum level of TGF-β increased significantly (p < 0.05) in CDE rats. However, ChV at all doses managed to decrease (p < 0.05) its levels to control values. Expressions of liver tumour markers AFP, TGF-β, M2-PK and OV-6 were significantly higher (p < 0.05) in tissues of CDE rats when compared to control showing an increased number of cancer cells during hepatocarcinogenesis. ChV at all doses reduced their expressions significantly (p < 0.05). Conclusions Chlorella vulgaris has chemopreventive effect by downregulating the expression of tumour markers M2-PK, OV-6, AFP and TGF-β, in HCC-induced rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khaizurin Tajul Arifin
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia Medical Centre, Jalan Yaacob Latiff, 56000 Cheras, Kuala Lumpur, Wilayah Persekutuan, Malaysia
| | - Suhaniza Sulaiman
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia Medical Centre, Jalan Yaacob Latiff, 56000 Cheras, Kuala Lumpur, Wilayah Persekutuan, Malaysia
| | - Suhana Md Saad
- Department of Diagnostic & Allied Health Sciences, Faculty of Health & Life Sciences, Management & Science University (MSU), University Drive, Seksyen 13, 40100, Shah Alam, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Hanafi Ahmad Damanhuri
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia Medical Centre, Jalan Yaacob Latiff, 56000 Cheras, Kuala Lumpur, Wilayah Persekutuan, Malaysia
| | - Wan Zurinah Wan Ngah
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia Medical Centre, Jalan Yaacob Latiff, 56000 Cheras, Kuala Lumpur, Wilayah Persekutuan, Malaysia
| | - Yasmin Anum Mohd Yusof
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia Medical Centre, Jalan Yaacob Latiff, 56000 Cheras, Kuala Lumpur, Wilayah Persekutuan, Malaysia.
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Sclair SN, Fiel MI, Wu HS, Doucette J, Aloman C, Schiano TD. Increased hepatic progenitor cell response and ductular reaction in patients with severe recurrent HCV post-liver transplantation. Clin Transplant 2016; 30:722-30. [PMID: 27027987 DOI: 10.1111/ctr.12740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/28/2016] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Post-liver transplant (LT) hepatitis C virus (HCV) patients may develop allograft cirrhosis and rarely fibrosing cholestatic hepatitis (FCH), while others have a stable course. Hepatic progenitor cells (HPC) may be implicated in liver injury and fibrogenesis through ductular reaction (DR). We studied HPC response and DR in three distinct post-LT patterns of HCV: stable recurrence, allograft cirrhosis, and FCH. METHODS We identified 52 patients with untreated recurrent HCV and longitudinal liver biopsies (20 stable/23 cirrhosis/9 FCH) and eight healthy controls. Archived liver biopsy specimens for three time points (LT; initial recurrence; and clinical outcome) were stained for cytokeratin-7. Manual HPC counts and DR quantification using image analysis were performed. RESULTS HCV counts and DR at LT did not differ across groups. At initial recurrence, HPC expansion occurred only in patients who developed cirrhosis, while prominent DR was present in those who developed FCH vs. stable and controls (p < 0.05). At outcome biopsies, HPC response and DR were increased in cirrhosis and FCH vs. stable and controls (p < 0.05). HPC response and DR did not differ in stable vs. CONCLUSIONS These findings suggest that an altered HPC response assessed by cytokeratin-7 stain after LT may predict severity of HCV recurrence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seth N Sclair
- Division of Hepatology, Department of Medicine, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA.,Division of Liver Diseases, Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Maria Isabel Fiel
- Department of Pathology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Hai-Shan Wu
- Department of Pathology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - John Doucette
- Department of Public Health, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Costica Aloman
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, University of Illinois, Chicago, IL, USA.,Division of Transplant Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Illinois, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Thomas D Schiano
- Division of Liver Diseases, Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA.,Recanati-Miller Transplant Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
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Anfuso B, El-Khobar KE, Sukowati CHC, Tiribelli C. The multiple origin of cancer stem cells in hepatocellular carcinoma. Clin Res Hepatol Gastroenterol 2015; 39 Suppl 1:S92-7. [PMID: 26186879 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinre.2015.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2015] [Accepted: 05/02/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) accounts for approximately 6% of all new cancer cases diagnosed, and due to its aggressiveness, it is the second most common cause of cancer mortality worldwide. Based on different etiological factors, genetic backgrounds, and longtime development of the disease, HCC is characterized by a high phenotypic and functional heterogeneity. Tumor variability occurs both among patients (intertumoral heterogeneity) and within a single tumor (intratumoral heterogeneity). The intratumoral heterogeneity, in particular the variability of the markers of cancer stem cells (CSC) population may determine specific behavior and prognosis of the tumor. Understanding the cellular mechanisms originating CSC will provide an important hint in the management of HCC. The characterization of the cells of origin of cancer can have significant implication in early diagnosis, in the development of appropriate therapies and in the prevention of relapse. Here, we review recent evidences on the possible cellular origin of CSC that play a role in the heterogeneity of the HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beatrice Anfuso
- Fondazione Italiana Fegato, AREA Science Park Basovizza, SS14km 163.5, 34149 Trieste, Italy.
| | - Korri E El-Khobar
- Eijkman Institute for Molecular Biology, Jl. Diponegoro 69, 10310 Jakarta, Indonesia; Storr Liver Centre, Westmead Millennium Institute, University of Sydney and Westmead Hospital, NSW 2145, Sydney, Australia
| | - Caecilia H C Sukowati
- Fondazione Italiana Fegato, AREA Science Park Basovizza, SS14km 163.5, 34149 Trieste, Italy; Department of Medicine, Surgery, and Health Sciences, University of Trieste, Strada di Fiume 447, 34149 Trieste, Italy
| | - Claudio Tiribelli
- Fondazione Italiana Fegato, AREA Science Park Basovizza, SS14km 163.5, 34149 Trieste, Italy; Department of Medicine, Surgery, and Health Sciences, University of Trieste, Strada di Fiume 447, 34149 Trieste, Italy
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Ralphs S, Khan SA. The role of the hepatitis viruses in cholangiocarcinoma. J Viral Hepat 2013; 20:297-305. [PMID: 23565610 DOI: 10.1111/jvh.12093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2013] [Accepted: 02/05/2013] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Cholangiocarcinoma is the second most common liver cancer in the world. The aetiology of the disease is diverse incorporating a variety of conditions leading to biliary stasis, biliary and liver inflammation, but a large number of cases still occur in the absence of established risk factors. Its incidence and mortality is increasing, which has intensified the search for alternative aetiological agents and pathogenetic mechanisms. Chronic infection with hepatitis B and hepatitis C viruses are the primary risk factor for hepatocellular cancer. This review focuses on the epidemiological evidence of a role for these viruses in cholangiocarcinoma and the pathogenetic mechanisms that might be involved.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Ralphs
- Hepatology and Gastroenterology Section, Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, St Mary's Hospital Campus, London W2 1NY, UK
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Probing the hepatic progenitor cell in human hepatocellular carcinoma. Gastroenterol Res Pract 2013; 2013:145253. [PMID: 23533383 PMCID: PMC3600331 DOI: 10.1155/2013/145253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2012] [Revised: 01/27/2013] [Accepted: 01/29/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective. The intrahepatic stem cells, also known as hepatic progenitor cells (HPCs), are able to differentiate into hepatocytes and bile duct epithelia. By exposure of different injuries and different hepatocarcinogenic regimens, the mature hepatocytes can no longer effectively regenerate; stem cells are involved in the pathogenesis of hepatocellular carcinoma. Methods. Immunohistochemistry was performed on 107 paraffin-embedded hepatocellular carcinoma specimens with the marker of hepatocyte and hepatocellular carcinoma (HepPar1), biliary differentiation (CK7,CK19), haemopoietic stem cell (HSC) (c-kit/CD117, CD34, and Thy-1/CD90), HPC specific markers (OV-6), and Ki-67, p53 protein. Results. HPCs can be identified in the tumor nodules, around the edge of tumor nodules, and in the portal tracts of the paracirrhosis nodules being positive in HepPar1, CK7, CK19, and OV-6, but they failed to immunostain with CD117, CD34, and CD90. The HPCs positive in Ki-67 are observed in the tumor and paracirrhosis tissues. In 107 specimens, 40.2% (43/107) HCC tissues expressed p53 protein, lower than that of the HPCs around the tumor nodules (46.7%, 50/107) and much higher than that of the HPCs around the paracirrhosis nodules (8.41%, 9/107). Conclusion. Human hepatocellular carcinogenesis may be based on transformation of HPCs, not HSCs, through the formation of the transitional cells (hepatocyte-like cells and bile ductal cells).
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Hepatitis B virus (HBV) is an etiological factor of intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma (ICC), but the pathogenic mechanisms remain unclear. This study aimed to investigate the expression and possible role of HBx, an HBV-encoded potentially oncogenic protein, in HBV-infected ICC. METHODS Tissue samples were obtained from 54 specimens of HBV-infected ICC. Forty-four specimens were of peripheral type and 10 hilar type. Formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded sections of the specimens were immunohistochemically stained for HBx and p53. RESULTS HBx expression was found in 70.4% (38/54) of the specimens, and it was more frequently seen in the peripheral type than in the hilar type (79.5% vs 30.0%, P=0.002). All three well-differentiated ICCs expressed HBx, whereas 76.9% (30/39) moderately-differentiated and 41.7% (5/12) poorly-differentiated ICCs had HBx expression (P=0.033). Patients with HBx expression had a significantly higher prevalence of elevated serum alpha-fetoprotein (P=0.033). p53 protein expression was found in 18 of 54 cases (33.3%), and was not correlated with that of HBx. CONCLUSIONS HBx may contribute to the pathogenesis of ICC, particularly the peripheral type. p53 abnormality may not play a significant role in HBx-mediated oncogenicity during ICC carcinogenesis.
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Zhou Y, Zhao Y, Li B, Huang J, Wu L, Xu D, Yang J, He J. Hepatitis viruses infection and risk of intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma: evidence from a meta-analysis. BMC Cancer 2012; 12:289. [PMID: 22799744 PMCID: PMC3411483 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2407-12-289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2012] [Accepted: 07/16/2012] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Studies investigating the association between Hepatitis B virus (HBV) and hepatitis C virus (HCV) infections and intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma (ICC) have reported inconsistent findings. We conducted a meta-analysis of epidemiological studies to explore this relationship. Methods A comprehensive search was conducted to identify the eligible studies of hepatitis infections and ICC risk up to September 2011. Summary odds ratios (OR) with their 95% confidence intervals (95% CI) were calculated with random-effects models using Review Manager version 5.0. Results Thirteen case–control studies and 3 cohort studies were included in the final analysis. The combined risk estimate of all studies showed statistically significant increased risk of ICC incidence with HBV and HCV infection (OR = 3.17, 95% CI, 1.88-5.34, and OR = 3.42, 95% CI, 1.96-5.99, respectively). For case–control studies alone, the combined OR of infection with HBV and HCV were 2.86 (95% CI, 1.60-5.11) and 3.63 (95% CI, 1.86-7.05), respectively, and for cohort studies alone, the OR of HBV and HCV infection were 5.39 (95% CI, 2.34-12.44) and 2.60 (95% CI, 1.36-4.97), respectively. Conclusions This study suggests that both HBV and HCV infection are associated with an increased risk of ICC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanming Zhou
- Department of Hepato-Biliary-Pancreato-Vascular Surgery, First affiliated Hospital of Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
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Wang Z, Liu F, Tu W, Chang Y, Yao J, Wu W, Jiang X, He X, Lin J, Song Y. Embryonic liver fodrin involved in hepatic stellate cell activation and formation of regenerative nodule in liver cirrhosis. J Cell Mol Med 2012; 16:118-28. [PMID: 21388516 PMCID: PMC3823098 DOI: 10.1111/j.1582-4934.2011.01290.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Transforming growth factor (TGF) β1 plays a critical role in liver fibrosis. Previous studies demonstrated embryonic liver fodrin (ELF), a β-spectrin was involved in TGF-β/Smad signalling pathway as Smad3/4 adaptor. Here we investigate the role of ELF in pathogenesis of liver cirrhosis. In carbon tetrachloride (CCl4)-induced mice model of liver cirrhosis, ELF is up-regulated in activated hepatic stellate cells (HSCs), and down-regulated in regenerative hepatocytes of cirrhotic nodules. In activated HSCs in vitro, reduction of ELF expression mediated by siRNA leads to the inhibition of HSC activation and procollagen I expression. BrdU assay demonstrates that down-regulation of ELF expression does not inhibit proliferation of activated HSCs in vitro. Immunostaining of cytokeratin 19 and Ki67 indicates that regenerative hepatocytes in cirrhotic liver are derived from hepatic progenitor cells (HPC). Further study reveals that HPC expansion occurs as an initial phase, before the reduction of ELF expression in regenerative hepatocytes. Regenerative hepatocytes in cirrhotic liver show the change in proliferative activity and expression pattern of proteins involved in G1/S transition, which suggests the deregulation of cell cycle in regenerative hepatocytes. Finally, we find that ELF participates in TGF-β/Smad signal in activated HSCs and hepatocytes through regulating the localization of Smad3/4. These data reveal that ELF is involved in HSC activation and the formation of regenerative nodules derived from HPC in cirrhotic liver.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhijun Wang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
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Iverson SV, Comstock KM, Kundert JA, Schmidt EE. Contributions of new hepatocyte lineages to liver growth, maintenance, and regeneration in mice. Hepatology 2011; 54:655-63. [PMID: 21538442 PMCID: PMC3145049 DOI: 10.1002/hep.24398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2010] [Accepted: 04/19/2011] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED The contributions that de novo differentiation of new hepatocyte lineages makes to normal liver physiology are unknown. In this study, a system that uniquely marks cells during a finite period following primary activation of a serum albumin gene promoter/enhancer-driven Cre recombinase (albCre) transgene was used to investigate birthrates of new hepatocyte lineages from albumin (Alb)-naive precursors in mice. Elapsed time was measured with a two-color fluorescent marker gene that converts from expressing tandem dimer Tomato (tdT; a red fluorescent protein) to expressing green fluorescent protein (GFP) following primary exposure to Cre. The accumulation of GFP and the decay of tdT each contributed to a regular fluorescence transition, which was calibrated in vivo. In normal adults, this system revealed that a steady-state level of 0.076% of all hepatocytes had differentiated within the previous 4 days from albCre-naive cell lineages. In comparison with resting adult livers, the relative abundance of these newborn hepatocytes was elevated 3.7-fold in the growing livers of juveniles and 8.6-fold during liver regeneration after partial hepatectomy in adults. CONCLUSION Newborn hepatocyte lineages arising from Alb-naive cells contribute to liver maintenance under normal conditions. Hepatocyte lineage birthrates can vary in response to the liver's physiological status.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonya V. Iverson
- Department of Immunology and Disease, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT 59718, USA
| | | | - Jean A. Kundert
- Animal Resources Center, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT 59718, USA
| | - Edward E. Schmidt
- Department of Immunology and Disease, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT 59718, USA
,Center for Reproductive Biology, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164, USA
,To whom correspondences should be addressed
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Artificial Scaffolds and Mesenchymal Stem Cells for Hard Tissues. ADVANCES IN BIOCHEMICAL ENGINEERING/BIOTECHNOLOGY 2011; 126:153-94. [DOI: 10.1007/10_2011_115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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Shupe T, Petersen BE. Potential applications for cell regulatory factors in liver progenitor cell therapy. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2010; 43:214-21. [PMID: 20851776 DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2010.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2009] [Revised: 08/24/2010] [Accepted: 09/06/2010] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Orthotopic liver transplant represent the state of the art treatment for terminal liver pathologies such as cirrhosis in adults and hemochromatosis in neonates. A limited supply of transplantable organs in relationship to the demand means that many patients will succumb to disease before an organ becomes available. One promising alternative to liver transplant is therapy based on the transplant of liver progenitor cells. These cells may be derived from the patient, expanded in vitro, and transplanted back to the diseased liver. Inborn metabolic disorders represent the most attractive target for liver progenitor cell therapy, as many of these disorders may be corrected by repopulation of only a portion of the liver by healthy cells. Another potential application for liver progenitor cell therapy is the seeding of bio-artificial liver matrix. These ex vivo bioreactors may someday be used to bridge critically ill patients to other treatments. Conferring a selective growth advantage to the progenitor cell population remains an obstacle to therapy development. Understanding the molecular signaling mechanisms and micro-environmental cues that govern liver progenitor cell phenotype may someday lead to strategies for providing this selective growth advantage. The discovery of a population of cells within the bone marrow possessing the ability to differentiate into hepatocytes may provide an easily accessible source of cells for liver therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Shupe
- Department of Pathology, Immunology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Florida, College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL 32610-0275, USA.
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Pintilie DG, Shupe TD, Oh SH, Salganik SV, Darwiche H, Petersen BE. Hepatic stellate cells' involvement in progenitor-mediated liver regeneration. J Transl Med 2010; 90:1199-208. [PMID: 20440274 PMCID: PMC2912420 DOI: 10.1038/labinvest.2010.88] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Earlier studies conducted by our laboratory have shown that suppression of transforming growth factor-beta (TGFbeta)-mediated upregulation of connective tissue growth factor (CTGF) by iloprost resulted in a greatly diminished oval cell response to 2-acetylaminofluorene/partial hepatectomy (2AAF/PH) in rats. We hypothesized that this effect is due to decreased activation of hepatic stellate cells. To test this hypothesis, we maintained rats on a diet supplemented with 2% L-cysteine as a means of inhibiting stellate cell activation during the oval cell response to 2AAF/PH. In vitro experiments show that L-cysteine did, indeed, prevent the activation of stellate cells while exerting no direct effect on oval cells. Desmin immunostaining of liver sections from 2AAF/PH animals indicated that maintenance on the L-cysteine diet resulted in an 11.1-fold decrease in the number of activated stellate cells within the periportal zones. The total number of cells proliferating in the periportal zones of livers from animals treated with L-cysteine was drastically reduced. Further analyses showed a greater than fourfold decrease in the magnitude of the oval cell response in animals maintained on the L-cysteine diet as determined by immunostaining for both OV6 and alpha-fetoprotein (AFP). Global liver expression of AFP as measured by real-time PCR was shown to be decreased 4.7-fold in the L-cysteine-treated animals. These data indicate that the activation of hepatic stellate cells is required for an appropriate oval cell response to 2AAF/PH.
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Ziol M, Nault JC, Aout M, Barget N, Tepper M, Martin A, Trinchet JC, Ganne-Carrié N, Vicaut E, Beaugrand M, N'Kontchou G. Intermediate hepatobiliary cells predict an increased risk of hepatocarcinogenesis in patients with hepatitis C virus-related cirrhosis. Gastroenterology 2010; 139:335-43.e2. [PMID: 20399781 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2010.04.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2009] [Revised: 02/26/2010] [Accepted: 04/12/2010] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS The expression of biliary lineage markers such as cytokeratin (K) 7 by hepatocytes is thought to reflect an altered regeneration pathway recruiting a stem cell compartment, more prone to carcinogenesis. We aimed to investigate the presence of these so-called intermediate hepatobiliary cells (IHC) in liver biopsies of patients with hepatitis C-related cirrhosis and their potential influence on the subsequent occurrence of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). METHODS From a cohort of patients with hepatitis C-related cirrhosis, prospectively screened for HCC, we retrospectively selected those with a liver biopsy performed for the initial diagnosis of cirrhosis. Presence of IHC was recorded when foci of K7-positive, intermediate-sized hepatocytes were detected. RESULTS A total of 150 patients were included (87 men; mean age, 57 y; range, 19-84 y; body mass index, 25 kg/m(2)). After a median follow-up period of 4.85 years, HCC was diagnosed in 36 patients (24%). Baseline liver biopsy showed intermediate hepatobiliary cell foci in 61 patients (41%). Intermediate cells co-expressed both hepatocytes markers and the progenitor cell markers Ep-CAM and K19. The presence of intermediate hepatobiliary cells was associated independently with HCC occurrence (Fine and Gray model; hazard ratio, 2.48; 95% confidence interval, 1.24-4.96; P = .01). Other predictors of HCC were diabetes and low platelet count. The HCC annual incidence rate was significantly higher in patients with IHC compared with patients without (8.14% vs 3.12%, Gray's test, P = .003). CONCLUSIONS The aberrant expression of biliary K by hepatocytes in patients with hepatitis C virus-related cirrhosis is related independently to HCC occurrence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marianne Ziol
- Pathology Department, CHU Jean Verdier, Assistance Publique, Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Bondy and Paris 13 University, Bobigny, France.
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Electron microscopic alterations in intermediate hepatocyte-like cells in children with chronic hepatitis B: the first report in pediatric patients. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2010; 22:741-7. [PMID: 19623079 DOI: 10.1097/meg.0b013e32832e2c09] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The study objective was an in-depth ultrastructural analysis of intermediate hepatocyte-like cells (IHCs), constituting a subpopulation of liver progenitor/oval cells, in children with chronic hepatitis B viral (HBV) infection. METHODS Ultrastructural investigations were conducted on liver biopsy material, fixed in a solution of 2.5% glutaraldehyde, 2% paraformaldehyde, and 0.1 mol/l cacodylate buffer, obtained from 40 children, aged 3-16 years, with chronic hepatitis B. RESULTS Transmission-electron microscopic analysis of liver progenitor/oval cells showed, apart from a morphologically unchanged population of oval cells, the presence of IHCs displaying variously pronounced ultrastructural changes, including degeneration. Interesting was that damaged IHCs were mainly observed in patients with a coexisting advanced liver fibrosis, where they frequently adhered to bundles of collagen fibers. Submicroscopic abnormalities in these cells referred mainly to mitochondria and granular endoplasmic reticulum. The most pronounced mitochondrial alterations observed in degenerating IHCs in the course of chronic HBV infection were characterized by distinct swelling, loss of mitochondrial crests, and the presence of myelin structures within the matrix. In granular endoplasmic reticulum, shortening and segmental degranulation of the reticulum were observed. The above changes were accompanied by the appearance of primitive phagosome-like structures with absorbed biliary pigment. In the vicinity of altered IHCs, transitional hepatic stellate cells could be found. CONCLUSION Our study seems to suggest that chronic HBV infection, lasting from childhood and coexisting with intensive fibrosis may, with the involvement of other carcinogenic factors, promote degenerating IHCs towards neoplastic transformation in adulthood.
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Significance of increased expression of decoy receptor 3 in chronic liver disease. Dig Liver Dis 2009; 41:591-8. [PMID: 19195939 PMCID: PMC3305787 DOI: 10.1016/j.dld.2008.11.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2008] [Revised: 11/19/2008] [Accepted: 11/20/2008] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIMS Considerable evidence has indicated that apoptosis plays an important role in hepatocyte death in chronic liver disease. However, the cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying liver regeneration in these diseases are largely unknown. Plausibly, certain molecules expressed to counteract apoptosis might provide survival advantage of certain liver cells. Therefore, we investigated a possible expression of decoy receptor 3 of the tumour necrosis factor receptor family in chronic liver diseases since decoy receptor 3 is known to inhibit apoptosis mediated by pro-apoptotic tumour necrosis factor family ligands including Fas ligand. METHODS A series of liver biopsies from patients with different stages of fibrosis were subjected to immunohistochemistry and in situ hybridization. RESULTS Both decoy receptor 3 protein and mRNA were mainly expressed in biliary epithelial cells and infiltrating lymphocytes in the diseased livers. Most noticeably, intense decoy receptor 3 expression was observed in newly developing biliary ductules in regenerative nodules as well as dysplastic nodules of cirrhotic livers. In addition, decoy receptor 3 secretion in hepatocellular carcinoma cells in culture was via the activation of mitogen-activated protein kinases. CONCLUSION Decoy receptor 3 was specifically expressed in chronic liver diseases and hepatocellular carcinoma cells, and decoy receptor 3 might facilitate the survival of liver cells by exerting its anti-apoptotic activity during the progression of liver cirrhosis and hepatocarcinogenesis.
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Xian ZH, Cong WM, Wang YH, Wang B, Wu MC. Expression and localization of aquaporin-1 in human cirrhotic liver. Pathol Res Pract 2009; 205:774-80. [PMID: 19619954 DOI: 10.1016/j.prp.2009.06.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2009] [Revised: 06/22/2009] [Accepted: 06/23/2009] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
We investigated the expression and localization of aquaporin-1 (AQP-1) in hepatitis B virus (HBV)-associated cirrhotic human liver tissues. The expression of AQP-1 at the protein and mRNA levels was analyzed by immunohistochemistry, quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) and Western blotting in normal and HBV-associated cirrhotic human liver tissues. The correlation with the expression of CK19, CK7 and AQP-1 was also compared. AQP-1 staining was strongly and uniformly positive in mature bile ducts, isolated hepatic progenitor cells (HPCs) and ductular reactions. Scattered intermediate hepatocyte-like cells expressed AQP-1, which are often intimately associated with CK7 positive hepatocytes. However, the number of AQP-1+ intermediate hepatocyte-like cells was lower than that of CK7+ cells, and such positivity was rarely seen on stains for CK19. When compared with normal liver tissues, AQP-1 was overexpressed at both the mRNA and protein levels in the cirrhotic liver tissues. AQP-1 was overexpressed in the cirrhotic liver tissues. AQP-1, similar to CK19, might be a more specific and more sensitive marker than CK7 for the identification of HPCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi-Hong Xian
- Department of Pathology, Eastern Hepatobiliary Surgery Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, PR China.
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22
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Van Hul NKM, Abarca-Quinones J, Sempoux C, Horsmans Y, Leclercq IA. Relation between liver progenitor cell expansion and extracellular matrix deposition in a CDE-induced murine model of chronic liver injury. Hepatology 2009; 49:1625-35. [PMID: 19296469 DOI: 10.1002/hep.22820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED In chronic liver injury, liver progenitor cells (LPCs) proliferate in the periportal area, migrate inside the lobule, and undergo further differentiation. This process is associated with extracellular matrix (ECM) remodeling. We analyzed LPC expansion and matrix accumulation in a choline-deficient, ethionine-supplemented (CDE) model of LPC proliferation. After day 3, CDE induced collagen deposits in the periportal area. Expansion of LPCs as assessed by increased number of cytokeratin 19 (CK19)-positive cells was first observed at day 7, while ECM accumulated 10 times more than in controls. Thereafter, LPCs and ECM increased in parallel. Furthermore, ECM not only accumulates prior to the increase in number of LPCs, but is also found in front of LPCs along the porto-venous gradient of lobular invasion. Double immunostaining revealed that LPCs are embedded in ECM at all times. Moreover, LPCs infiltrating the liver parenchyma are chaperoned by alpha-smooth muscle actin (alpha-SMA)-positive cells. Gene expression analyses confirmed these observations. The expression of CK19, alpha-fetoprotein, E-cadherin, and CD49f messenger RNA (mRNA), largely overexpressed by LPCs, significantly increased between day 7 and day 10. By contrast, at day 3 there was a rapid burst in the expression of components of the ECM, collagen I and laminin, as well as in alpha-SMA and connective tissue growth factor expression. CONCLUSION Our data demonstrate that, in a CDE model, ECM deposition and activation of matrix-producing cells occurred as an initial phase, prior to LPC expansion, and in front of LPCs along the porto-venous gradient of lobular invasion. Those observations may reveal a fundamental role for the established hepatic microenvironment or niche during the process of activation and differentiation of liver progenitor cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noémi K M Van Hul
- Laboratory of Gastroenterology, Faculty of Medicine, Université Catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
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Kim J, Kim MJ, Park Y, Lee J, Kim B, Chung J, Choi J, Kim K, Kim K. Mangafodipir trisodium-enhanced MRI of hepatocellular carcinoma: correlation with histological characteristics. Clin Radiol 2008; 63:1195-204. [DOI: 10.1016/j.crad.2008.04.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2007] [Revised: 04/04/2008] [Accepted: 04/21/2008] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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Zhou YM, Yang JM, Li B, Yin ZF, Xu F, Wang B, Liu P, Li ZM. Clinicopathologic characteristics of intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma in patients with positive serum a-fetoprotein. World J Gastroenterol 2008; 14:2251-4. [PMID: 18407604 PMCID: PMC2703855 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.14.2251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM: To explore clinicopathologic characteristics of intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma (ICC) in patients with positive serum a-fetoprotein (AFP).
METHODS: One hundred and thirty one patients who underwent surgical dissection for pathologically confirmed ICC were divided into a positive AFP (> 20 ng/mL) group (n = 32) and a negative AFP group (n = 99), whose clinicopathologic features were analyzed and compared.
RESULTS: The positive rate of HBsAg and liver cirrhosis of the positive AFP group was higher than that of the negative AFP group, while the positive rate of CA19-9 (> 37 U/mL) and the lymph node metastasis rate was lower.
CONCLUSION: ICC patients with positive AFP share many clinicopathologic similarities with hepatocellular carcinoma.
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Abstract
In recent years, the effects of hepatitis C virus (HCV) proteins on hepatocarcinogenesis have undergone intense investigations. The potentially oncogenic proteins include at least three HCV proteins: core (C) protein, NS3, and NS5A. Several authors indicated relationships between subcellular localization, concentration, a specific molecular form of the proteins (full length, truncated, phosphorylated), the presence of specific domains (the nuclear localization signal homologous to e.g. Bcl-2) and their effects on the mechanisms linked to oncogenesis. The involvement of all the proteins has been described as being in control of the cell cycle, through interactions with key proteins of the process (p53, p21, cyclins, proliferating cell nuclear antigen), transcription factors, proto-oncogenes, growth factors/cytokines and their receptors, and proteins linked to the apoptotic process. Untilnow, the involvement of the core protein of HCV in liver carcinogenesis is the most recognized. One of the most common proteins affected by HCV proteins is the p53 tumor-suppressor protein. The p21/WAF1 gene is a major target of p53, and the effect of HCV proteins on the gene is frequently considered in parallel. The results of studies on the effects of HCV proteins on the apoptotic process are controversial. This work summarizes the information collected thus far in the field of HCV molecular virology and principal intracellular signaling pathways in which HCV oncogenic proteins are involved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aldona Kasprzak
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Medical University, Poznań, Poland
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26
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Zuba-Surma EK, Kucia M, Abdel-Latif A, Dawn B, Hall B, Singh R, Lillard JW, Ratajczak MZ. Morphological characterization of very small embryonic-like stem cells (VSELs) by ImageStream system analysis. J Cell Mol Med 2007; 12:292-303. [PMID: 18031297 PMCID: PMC3823490 DOI: 10.1111/j.1582-4934.2007.00154.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Recently, our group purified a rare population of primitive Sca1+/Lin−/CD45− cells from murine bone marrow by employing multiparameter cell sorting. Based on flow cytometric and gene expression analysis, these cells have been shown to express several markers of embryonic stem cells and were accordingly termed Very Small Embryonic-Like stem cells (VSELs). In order to better characterize VSELs, we focused on their morphological parameters (e.g. diameter, nuclear to cytoplasmic ratio, cytoplasmic area) as well as expression of Oct-4. To examine the morphological features of VSELs, we employed a multi-dimensional approach, including (i) traditional flow cytometry, (ii) a novel approach, which is ImageStream (IS) cytometry and (iii) confocal microscopy. We demonstrate by all of the sensitive and precise methods employed, that VSELs are a population of very small cells, which are significantly smaller than haematopoetic stem cells (HSC) (3.63 ± 0.09 versus 6.54 ±0.17 μm in diameter). They also exhibit higher nuclear to cytoplasmic ratio and lower cytoplasmic area as compared with HSCs and mature granulocytes. Besides confirming the size characteristics, confocal microscopic analysis also confirmed that VSELs express Oct-4, a marker of pluripotent embryonic stem cells. Morphological examination reveals that VSELs are unusually small eukaryotic cells that posses several characteristics of embryonic cells. Thus, FACS-based sorting strategies should consider that adult tissues harbour small primitive cells that are larger than platelets and smaller than erythrocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ewa K Zuba-Surma
- Stem Cell Biology Institute, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40202, USA.
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27
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Immunohistochemical characterization of hepatic stem cell-related cells in developing human liver. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007; 1:264-8. [PMID: 24573863 DOI: 10.1007/s11684-007-0050-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Little is known about the expression characteristics of the various kinds of possible markers in hepatic stem cells (HSCs) and other HSC-related cells in human fetal liver in various developmental stages. It is significant to investigate the immunohistochemical expression for better understanding of the origin, differentiation and migration of HSCs in the developing human liver. H-E staining and immunohistochemical methods were used to observe the expression of hepatic/cholangiocellular differentiation markers (AFP, GST-π, CK7, CK19) and hematopoietic stem cell markers(CD34 and c-kit) in several kinds of HSC-related cells in thirty cases of fetal liver samples (4-35 weeks after pregnancy). AFP expression appears in fetal hepatocytes at four weeks' gestation. It peaks at 16-24 weeks' gestation and decreases gradually afterwards. Finally, weak signals were only found in some ductal plate cells and a few limiting plate cells. GST-π was detected in hepatic cord cells from the sixth week and in the ductal plate cells from the eighth week. Twenty-six weeks later, only some ductal plate cells and a few limiting plate cells show positive signals. CK19 expression peaks during the 6th-11th weeks in hepatic cord cells and decreases gradually afterwards, except for the ductal plates. CK7 expression was limited in the ductal plate cells and bile ducts cells from the 14th week. CD34 and c-kit were detected at the eighth week in some ductal plate cells and a few mononuclear cells in the hepatic cords/mesenchymal tissue of portal areas. After 21 weeks, CD34 and c-kit were found only in ductal plate cells and a few mononuclear cells in the hepatic mesenchymal tissue of portal areas. Fetal hepatocytes at 4-16 weeks' gestation are mainly constituted by HSCs characterized with bi-potential differentiation capacity. At 16 weeks' gestation, most hepatic cord cells begin to differentiate into hepatocytes and abundant HSCs remain in ductal plate (the origin site of Hering canals). It is also indicated that the hematopoietic stem cells may give rise to some HSCs in embryonic liver. These indirectly support the hypothesis about the location and origin of HSCs in "liver valley hypothesis" reported previously.
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Sobaniec-Lotowska MESL, Lotowska JM, Lebensztejn DM. Ultrastructure of oval cells in children with chronic hepatitis B, with special emphasis on the stage of liver fibrosis: The first pediatric study. World J Gastroenterol 2007; 13:2918-22. [PMID: 17589940 PMCID: PMC4171142 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v13.i21.2918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM: To investigate the ultrastructure of oval cells in children with chronic hepatitis B, with special emphasis on their location in areas of collagen fibroplasia.
METHODS: Morphological investigations were conducted on biopsy material obtained from 40 children, aged 3-16 years with chronic hepatitis B. The stage of fibrosis was assessed histologically using the arbitrary semiquantitative numerical scoring system proposed by Ishak et al. The material for ultrastructural investigation was fixed in glutaraldehyde and paraformaldehyde and processed for transmission–electron microscopic analysis.
RESULTS: Ultrastructural examination of biopsy specimens obtained from children with chronic hepatitis B showed the presence of two types of oval cells, the hepatic progenitor cells and intermediate hepatic-like cells. These cells were present in the parenchyma and were seen most commonly in areas of intense periportal fibrosis (at least stage 2 according to Ishak et al) and in the vicinity of the limiting plate of the lobule. The activated nonparenchymal hepatic cells, i.e. transformed hepatic stellate cells and Kupffer cells were seen in close proximity to the intermediate hepatic-like cells.
CONCLUSION: We found a distinct relationship between the prevalence of oval cells (hepatic progenitor cells and intermediate hepatocyte-like cells) and fibrosis stage in pediatric patients with chronic hepatitis B.
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Zhou H, Rogler LE, Teperman L, Morgan G, Rogler CE. Identification of hepatocytic and bile ductular cell lineages and candidate stem cells in bipolar ductular reactions in cirrhotic human liver. Hepatology 2007; 45:716-24. [PMID: 17326146 DOI: 10.1002/hep.21557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Hepatocyte function and regeneration are severely compromised in severe liver disease, and a common sequela is cirrhosis. Structural changes caused by cirrhosis create a cellular environment conducive to the formation of ductular reactions (DRs). Ductular reactions are primarily composed of oval cells also known as "intermediate hepatobiliary cells". We have conducted single, double, and triple staining to study lineages of oval cells present in DRs. Staining with NCAM, CK19, and HepPar1 has revealed a distinctly bipolar structure to DRs that are embedded in cirrhotic tissue. Spatial analysis of cells that are singly HepPar1-positive, or CK19-positive, has revealed hepatocytic and biliary poles, respectively, in the DRs. Also, the location of singly NCAM-positive cells in DRs suggests that they may be bipotent liver stem/progenitor cells. The locations of other intermediate hepatobiliary cells, which have combinations of markers, suggest that CK19+/NCAM+ cells are transitional cells in the biliary lineage and that rare cells that are negative for all three markers are transitional cells in the hepatocytic lineage. A working cell lineage model for DRs is presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongchao Zhou
- Marion Bessin Liver Research Center, Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
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Sun C, Jin XL, Xiao JC. Oval cells in hepatitis B virus-positive and hepatitis C virus-positive liver cirrhosis: histological and ultrastructural study. Histopathology 2006; 48:546-55. [PMID: 16623780 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2559.2006.02372.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
AIMS It is still not clear whether oval cells demonstrate diverse morphology, immunophenotype or quantity in different human liver diseases. The aim of this study was to investigate these differences in hepatitis B virus (HBV)-positive and hepatitis C virus (HCV)-positive human liver cirrhosis (HLC). METHODS AND RESULTS Thirty-eight cases of HBV+ HLC and 32 cases of HCV+ HLC were investigated by light microscopy and immunohistochemistry for Hepatocyte, CK19, stem cell factor (SCF) and CD34. Five cases were also examined by transmission electron microscopy. Oval cells of similar morphology could be found in proliferating bile ductules in both groups. These cells coexpressed CK19 and Hepatocyte, but did not express SCF or CD34. Some of these cells exhibited a trend towards differentiation. There was no difference in the amount of oval cells between the two groups. The oval cell number was found to increase significantly with the progression of inflammation. A similar stem-like cell was not seen in the normal liver. CONCLUSIONS There are bipotential oval cells in both HBV+ and HCV+ HLC. The lack of difference in oval cells between the two groups suggests that they might play a similar biological role in the histogenesis of different liver diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Sun
- Department of Pathology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Second Medical University, Shanghai, China
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