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Zhang S, Jiang Y, Shi L, Wei T, Lai Z, Feng X, Li S, Tang D. Identification and analysis of key genes related to efferocytosis in colorectal cancer. BMC Med Genomics 2024; 17:198. [PMID: 39107816 PMCID: PMC11304617 DOI: 10.1186/s12920-024-01967-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2024] [Accepted: 07/22/2024] [Indexed: 08/10/2024] Open
Abstract
The impact of efferocytosis-related genes (ERGs) on the diagnosis of colorectal cancer (CRC) remains unclear. In this study, efferocytosis-associated biomarkers for the diagnosis of CRC were identified by integrating data from transcriptome sequencing and public databases. Finally, the expression of biomarkers was validated by real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR). Our study may provide a reference for CRC diagnosis. BACKGROUND It has been shown that some efferocytosis related genes (ERGs) are associated with the development of cancer. However, it is still uncertain how ERGs may influence the diagnosis of colorectal cancer (CRC). METHODS In our study, the CRC cohorts were gained from transcriptome sequencing and the gene expression omnibus (GEO) database (GSE71187). Efferocytosis related biomarkers with diagnostic utility for CRC were identified through combining differentially expressed analysis, machine learning algorithms, and receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis. Then, infiltration abundance of immune cells between CRC and control was evaluated. The regulatory networks (including mRNA-miRNA-lncRNA and miRNA/transcription factors (TF)-mRNA networks) were created. Finally, the expression of biomarkers was validated via real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR). RESULTS There were 3 biomarkers (ELMO3, P2RY12, and PDK4) related diagnosis for CRC patients gained. ELMO3 was highly expressed in CRC group, while P2RY12 and PDK4 was lowly expressed. Besides, the infiltrating abundance of 3 immune cells between CRC and control groups was significantly differential, namely activated CD4 memory T cells, macrophages M0, and resting mast cells. We then constructed a mRNA-miRNA-lncRNA network containing 3 mRNAs, 33 miRNAs, and 22 lncRNAs, and a miRNA/TF-mRNA network including 3 mRNAs, 33 miRNAs, and 7 TFs. Additionally, RT-qPCR results revealed that the expression trends of all biomarkers were consistent with the transcriptome sequencing data and GSE71187. CONCLUSION Taken together, this study provides three efferocytosis related biomarkers (ELMO3, P2RY12, and PDK4) for diagnosis of CRC, providing a scientific reference for further studies of CRC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shengliang Zhang
- Department of Gastrointestinal and Breast Surgery, Guizhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine of China, Guizhou, China
| | - Ying Jiang
- Department of Gastrointestinal and Breast Surgery, Guizhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine of China, Guizhou, China
| | - Lei Shi
- Department of Gastrointestinal and Breast Surgery, Guizhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine of China, Guizhou, China
| | - Tianning Wei
- Department of Gastrointestinal and Breast Surgery, Guizhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine of China, Guizhou, China
| | - Zhiwen Lai
- Department of Gastrointestinal and Breast Surgery, Guizhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine of China, Guizhou, China
| | - Xuan Feng
- Department of Gastrointestinal and Breast Surgery, Guizhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine of China, Guizhou, China
| | - Shiyuan Li
- Department of Gastrointestinal and Breast Surgery, Guizhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine of China, Guizhou, China
| | - Detao Tang
- Department of Gastrointestinal and Breast Surgery, Guizhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine of China, Guizhou, China.
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Leung Y, Lee S, Wang J, Guruvaiah P, Rusch NJ, Ho S, Park C, Kim K. The Loss of an Orphan Nuclear Receptor NR2E3 Augments Wnt/β-catenin Signaling via Epigenetic Dysregulation that Enhances Sp1-β catenin-p300 Interactions in Hepatocellular Carcinoma. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2024; 11:e2308539. [PMID: 38790135 PMCID: PMC11304255 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202308539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2023] [Revised: 04/02/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024]
Abstract
The orphan nuclear receptor NR2E3 (Nuclear receptor subfamily 2 group E, Member 3) is an epigenetic player that modulates chromatin accessibility to activate p53 during liver injury. Nonetheless, a precise tumor suppressive and epigenetic role of NR2E3 in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) development remains unclear. HCC patients expressing low NR2E3 exhibit unfavorable clinical outcomes, aligning with heightened activation of the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway. The murine HCC models utilizing NR2E3 knockout mice consistently exhibits accelerated liver tumor formation accompanied by enhanced activation of Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway and inactivation of p53 signaling. At cellular level, the loss of NR2E3 increases the acquisition of aggressive cancer cell phenotype and tumorigenicity and upregulates key genes in the WNT/β-catenin pathway with increased chromatin accessibility. This event is mediated through increased formation of active transcription complex involving Sp1, β-catenin, and p300, a histone acetyltransferase, on the promoters of target genes. These findings demonstrate that the loss of NR2E3 activates Wnt/β-catenin signaling at cellular and organism levels and this dysregulation is associated with aggressive HCC development and poor clinical outcomes. In summary, NR2E3 is a novel tumor suppressor with a significant prognostic value, maintaining epigenetic homeostasis to suppress the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway that promotes HCC development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuet‐Kin Leung
- Department of Pharmacology and ToxicologyCollege of MedicineUniversity of Arkansas Medical SciencesLittle RockAR72205USA
| | - Sung‐Gwon Lee
- School of Biological Sciences and TechnologyChonnam National UniversityGwangju500‐757Republic of Korea
| | - Jiang Wang
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory MedicineCollege of MedicineUniversity of Cincinnati231 Albert Sabin WayCincinnatiOH45267USA
| | - Ponmari Guruvaiah
- Department of Pharmacology and ToxicologyCollege of MedicineUniversity of Arkansas Medical SciencesLittle RockAR72205USA
| | - Nancy J Rusch
- Department of Pharmacology and ToxicologyCollege of MedicineUniversity of Arkansas Medical SciencesLittle RockAR72205USA
| | - Shuk‐Mei Ho
- Department of Pharmacology and ToxicologyCollege of MedicineUniversity of Arkansas Medical SciencesLittle RockAR72205USA
| | - Chungoo Park
- School of Biological Sciences and TechnologyChonnam National UniversityGwangju500‐757Republic of Korea
| | - Kyounghyun Kim
- Department of Pharmacology and ToxicologyCollege of MedicineUniversity of Arkansas Medical SciencesLittle RockAR72205USA
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Emile MH, Emile SH, El-Karef AA, Ebrahim MA, Mohammed IE, Ibrahim DA. Association between the expression of epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT)-related markers and oncologic outcomes of colorectal cancer. Updates Surg 2024:10.1007/s13304-024-01865-9. [PMID: 38762631 DOI: 10.1007/s13304-024-01865-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2023] [Accepted: 05/03/2024] [Indexed: 05/20/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) is a key step in the development of colorectal cancer (CRC) that confers metastatic capabilities to cancer cells. The present study aimed to assess the immunohistochemical (IHC) expression and impact of EMT markers, including E-cadherin, Vimentin, β-catenin, and SMAD4, on the oncologic outcomes of CRC. METHODS This was a retrospective review of 118 CRC patients. Tissue slides were retrieved from the slide archive and five tissue microarray construction blocks were constructed. IHC for E-cadherin, Vimentin, β-catenin, and SMAD4 was done. The main outcome was the association between abnormal marker expression and overall survival (OS), and disease-free survival (DFS). RESULTS Adenocarcinomas accounted for 71.2% of tumors, whereas 25.4% and 3.4% were mucinous and signet ring cell carcinomas. The rates of lymphovascular invasion and perineural invasion were 72.9% and 20.3%, respectively. There was a positive, significant correlation, and association between the four markers. Abnormal expression of E-cadherin was associated with significantly lower OS (p < 0.0001) and similar DFS (p = 0.06). Abnormal Vimentin expression was associated with a significantly higher rate of distant metastasis (p = 0.005) and significantly lower OS and DFS (p < 0.0001). Abnormal expression of β-catenin was associated with significantly lower OS (p < 0.0001) and similar DFS (p = 0.15). Abnormal expression of SMAD4 was associated with significantly lower OS and DFS (p < 0.0001). Abnormal expression of all four markers was associated with a higher disease recurrence, lower OS, and lower DFS. CONCLUSION Abnormal expression of each marker was associated with lower OS, whereas abnormal expression of Vimentin and SMAD4 only was associated with lower DFS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mona Hany Emile
- Pathology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
| | - Sameh Hany Emile
- Colorectal Surgery Unit, General Surgery Department, Mansoura University Hospitals, Mansoura University, 60 El-Gomhouria Street, Mansoura, 35516, Dakahlia, Egypt.
| | - Amr Awad El-Karef
- Pathology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
| | - Mohamed Awad Ebrahim
- Medical Oncology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
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Awad B, Hamza AA, Al-Maktoum A, Al-Salam S, Amin A. Combining Crocin and Sorafenib Improves Their Tumor-Inhibiting Effects in a Rat Model of Diethylnitrosamine-Induced Cirrhotic-Hepatocellular Carcinoma. Cancers (Basel) 2023; 15:4063. [PMID: 37627094 PMCID: PMC10452334 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15164063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2023] [Revised: 07/28/2023] [Accepted: 07/29/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is one of the most aggressive malignancies, with continuously increasing cases and fatalities. Diagnosis often occurs in the advanced stages, confining patients to systemic therapies such as sorafenib. Sorafenib (SB), a multi-kinase inhibitor, has not yet demonstrated sufficient efficacy against advanced HCC. There is a strong argument in favor of studying its use in combination with other medications to optimize the therapeutic results. According to our earlier work, crocin (CR), a key bioactive component of saffron, hinders HCC development and liver cancer stemness. In this study, we investigated the therapeutic use of CR or its combination with SB in a cirrhotic rat model of HCC and evaluated how effectively SB and CR inhibited tumor growth in this model. Diethylnitrosamine (DEN) was administered intraperitoneally to rats once a week for 15 weeks, leading to cirrhosis, and then 19 weeks later, leading to multifocal HCC. After 16 weeks of cancer induction, CR (200 mg/kg daily) and SB (10 mg/kg daily) were given orally to rats for three weeks, either separately or in combination. Consistently, the combination treatment considerably decreased the incidence of dyschromatic nodules, nodule multiplicity, and dysplastic nodules when compared to the HCC group of single therapies. Combined therapy also caused the highest degree of apoptosis, along with decreased proliferating and β-catenin levels in the tumor tissues. Additionally, when rats received combined therapy with CR, it showed anti-inflammatory characteristics where nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) and cyclooxygenase-2 (Cox-2) were considerably and additively lowered. As a result, CR potentiates the suppressive effects of SB on tumor growth and provides the opportunity to strengthen the therapeutic effects of SB in the treatment of HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Basma Awad
- Biology Department, College of Science, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain P.O. Box 15551, United Arab Emirates; (B.A.); (A.A.-M.)
| | - Alaaeldin Ahmed Hamza
- National Organization for Drug Control and Research, Giza 12611, Egypt;
- National Committee for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and Medical Research Council, Academy of Scientific Research, Cairo 11334, Egypt
| | - Amna Al-Maktoum
- Biology Department, College of Science, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain P.O. Box 15551, United Arab Emirates; (B.A.); (A.A.-M.)
| | - Suhail Al-Salam
- Department of Pathology, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain P.O. Box 15551, United Arab Emirates;
| | - Amr Amin
- Biology Department, College of Science, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain P.O. Box 15551, United Arab Emirates; (B.A.); (A.A.-M.)
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Biglari N, Soltani-Zangbar MS, Mohammadian J, Mehdizadeh A, Abbasi K. ctDNA as a novel and promising approach for cancer diagnosis: a focus on hepatocellular carcinoma. EXCLI JOURNAL 2023; 22:752-780. [PMID: 37720239 PMCID: PMC10502204 DOI: 10.17179/excli2023-6277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2023] [Accepted: 07/26/2023] [Indexed: 09/19/2023]
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is one of the most prevalent forms of cancer worldwide. Therefore, it is essential to diagnose and treat HCC patients promptly. As a novel discovery, circulating tumor DNA (ctDNA) can be used to analyze the tumor type and the cancer location. Additionally, ctDNA assists the cancer stage determination, which enables medical professionals to provide patients with the most appropriate treatment. This review will discuss the HCC-related mutated genes diagnosed by ctDNA. In addition, we will introduce the different and the most appropriate ctDNA diagnosis approaches based on the facilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Negin Biglari
- Department of Animal Biology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Mohammad Sadegh Soltani-Zangbar
- Connective Tissue Diseases Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Jamal Mohammadian
- School of Advanced Medical Science, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Amir Mehdizadeh
- Hematology and Oncology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Khadijeh Abbasi
- Department of Biochemistry and Clinical Laboratories, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
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Zhao H, Zhao L, Wu L, Hu S, Huang Y, Zhao W. Hydrogen sulfide suppresses H 2O 2-induced proliferation and migration of HepG2 cells through Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway. Med Oncol 2023; 40:214. [PMID: 37380909 DOI: 10.1007/s12032-023-02091-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2023] [Accepted: 06/17/2023] [Indexed: 06/30/2023]
Abstract
Both H2S and H2O2 affect many cellular events, such as cell differentiation, cell proliferation and cell death. However, there is some controversy about the roles of H2S and H2O2, since the detailed mechanisms they are involved remain unclear. In this study, low concentration of H2O2 (40 μM) increased the viability of hepatocellular carcinoma cells HepG2, while both H2S and high concentration of H2O2 decreased the cell viability in a dose-dependent manner. Wound healing assay indicated that 40 μM H2O2 promoted migration of HepG2 cells, which was suppressed by exogenous H2S. Further analysis revealed that administration of exogenous H2S and H2O2 changed the redox status of Wnt3a in HepG2 cells. Altered expression of proteins including Cyclin D1, TCF-4, and MMP7, which are downstream of the Wnt3a/β-catenin signaling pathway, were found after treatment with exogenous H2S and H2O2. Compared with H2S, low concentration of H2O2 showed opposite effects on these protein expression levels in HepG2 cells. These results suggest that H2S suppressed H2O2-induced proliferation and migration of HepG2 through regulating Wnt3a/β-catenin signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongzhi Zhao
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Chongqing Emergency Medical Center, Chongqing, 400014, China.
| | - Liang Zhao
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Chongqing Emergency Medical Center, Chongqing, 400014, China
| | - Lin Wu
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Chongqing Emergency Medical Center, Chongqing, 400014, China
| | - Sheng Hu
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Chongqing Emergency Medical Center, Chongqing, 400014, China
| | - Yangmei Huang
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Chongqing Emergency Medical Center, Chongqing, 400014, China
| | - Wei Zhao
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Chongqing Emergency Medical Center, Chongqing, 400014, China
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Pagarigan AKL, Mendoza PGL. Adult hepatoblastoma: making the challenging distinction from hepatocellular carcinoma. JOURNAL OF LIVER CANCER 2023; 23:219-224. [PMID: 37384033 PMCID: PMC10202245 DOI: 10.17998/jlc.2023.02.24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2023] [Revised: 02/23/2023] [Accepted: 02/24/2023] [Indexed: 06/30/2023]
Abstract
Hepatoblastoma is an exceptionally rare malignancy in adults with just over 70 non-pediatric cases reported in literature. Recounted is a case of a 49-year-old female who presented with acute right upper quadrant abdominal pain, elevated serum alpha fetoprotein and a large liver mass on imaging. Hepatectomy was performed under clinical suspicion of hepatocellular carcinoma. Immunomorphologic characteristics of the tumor proved consistent with hepatoblastoma of mixed epithelial and mesenchymal type. Hepatocellular carcinoma remains to be the primary differential diagnosis for adult hepatoblastoma, however, distinguishing between these two neoplasms requires close histomorphologic assessment and immunohistochemical profiling as clinical, radiologic and gross pathologic findings typically overlap. Making this distinction is highly crucial in the timely initiation of surgical and chemotherapeutic interventions for this inherently aggressive and rapidly fatal disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allison Kaye L. Pagarigan
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, National Kidney and Transplant Institute, Quezon City, Philippines
| | - Paulo Giovanni L. Mendoza
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, National Kidney and Transplant Institute, Quezon City, Philippines
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Context dependent role of p53 during the interaction of hepatocellular carcinoma and endothelial cells. Microvasc Res 2022; 142:104374. [PMID: 35523268 DOI: 10.1016/j.mvr.2022.104374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2021] [Revised: 04/27/2022] [Accepted: 04/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND During the progression of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), several angiogenic factors are overexpressed in the hepatic microenvironment, which play a critical role in governing the phenotype of the endothelial cells. Mutation in the p53 gene (TP53) is a common event in HCC that may dysregulate the angiogenic signals. However, their functional messages remain largely unexplored at the onset of metastasis. METHODS Role of p53 was studied by siRNA mediated silencing of p53 in HepG2 cells (WTp53), collecting and analyzing their conditioned medium, followed by indirect co-culture with endothelial cells (HUVECs). Gene and protein expression in HCC cells and endothelial cells was studied by RT-qPCR and western blotting respectively. β-catenin protein expression and localization were analyzed by immunocytochemistry. RESULTS We have studied a cell-to-cell interaction model to investigate the crosstalk of endothelial and hepatoma cells by either knocking down p53 or by using p53 null low metastatic HCC cell line. In the absence of p53, the HCC cells influence the migration and vascular network formation of endothelial cells through paracrine signaling of VEGF. Secretory VEGF activated the VEGF receptor-2 along with the survival signaling in endothelial cells. However, the β-catenin signal is upregulated in endothelial cells only during interaction with metastatic set up irrespective of absence and presence of p53, indicating context-dependent participation of p53 during communication between hepatoma cells and endothelial cells. CONCLUSION This study highlights that the role of p53 on cellular responses during interaction of hepatocellular carcinoma and endothelial cells is distinct to cell types and context.
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ARID1A Is a Prognostic Biomarker and Associated with Immune Infiltrates in Hepatocellular Carcinoma. Can J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2022; 2022:3163955. [PMID: 35028302 PMCID: PMC8752298 DOI: 10.1155/2022/3163955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2021] [Revised: 08/16/2021] [Accepted: 12/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE ARID1A has been discovered as a potential cancer biomarker. But its role in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is subject to considerable dispute. METHODS The relationship between ARID1A and clinical factors was investigated. Clinicopathological variables related to overall survival in HCC subjects were identified using Cox and Kaplan-Meier studies. The connection between immune infiltrating cells and ARID1A expression was investigated using the tumor Genome Atlas (TCGA) dataset for gene set enrichment analysis (GSEA). Finally, a cell experiment was used to confirm it. RESULTS The gender and cancer topography (T) categorization of HCC were linked to increased ARID1A expression. Participants with advanced levels of ARID1A expression had a worse prognosis than someone with lower levels. ARID1A was shown to be a risk indicator of overall survival on its own. ARID1A expression is inversely proportional to immune cell infiltration. In vitro, decreasing ARID1A expression substantially slowed the cell cycle and decreased HCC cell proliferation, migration, and invasion. CONCLUSION The expression of ARID1A could be used to predict the outcome of HCC. It is closely related to tumor immune cell infiltration.
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Rahadiani N, Andhini Retnowulan I, Stephanie M, Rini Handjari D, Krisnuhoni E. β-Catenin Expression and Its Association with Prognostic Factors in Hepatocellular Carcinoma: A Study on Alpha-fetoprotein, Histologic Grade, and Microvascular Invasion. Open Access Maced J Med Sci 2021. [DOI: 10.3889/oamjms.2021.6123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Background. Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), the most common primary liver cancer. In addition to its high incidence, the disease burden is high due to its poor prognosis and high recurrence rate. Some of the currently known clinicopathologic prognostic factors include alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) level, histologic grade, and microvascular invasion. At the molecular level, β-catenin is one of the most common driver mutation found in HCC. The Wnt/β-catenin pathway regulates cellular processes related to initiation, growth, survival, migration, differentiation, and apoptosis. Although the underlying pathogenesis of hepatocarcinogenesis is known, clinical application warrants a greater understanding of the molecular characteristics and tumor phenotype, especially for determining the prognosis. This study aims to analyze the expression of β-catenin and its association with AFP, histologic grade, and microvascular invasion. Materials and methods. Thirty-five samples of surgically resected HCCs at Cipto Mangunkusumo National Referral Hospital were examined. Diagnoses were made based on histopathological and immunohistochemical findings followed by β-catenin staining. β-catenin expression was analyzed to determine difference between variables. Results and conclusions. Here we show that β-catenin expression is significantly associated with low serum alpha-fetoprotein and well to moderate differentiation Implications. Strong nuclear β-catenin expression implies better prognosis in HCC.
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Sakai H, Yamada Y, Kubota M, Imai K, Shirakami Y, Tomita H, Hara A, Shimizu M. The phosphorylated retinoid X receptor-α promotes diethylnitrosamine-induced hepatocarcinogenesis in mice through the activation of β-catenin signaling pathway. Carcinogenesis 2021; 43:254-263. [PMID: 34668523 PMCID: PMC9036992 DOI: 10.1093/carcin/bgab099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2021] [Revised: 10/05/2021] [Accepted: 10/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous studies have shown that phosphorylation of the retinoid X receptor-α (RXRα) is associated with the development of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). However, these findings were revealed using HCC cell lines that express phosphorylated-RXRα (p-RXRα) proteins; therefore, it remains unclear whether p-RXRα affects hepatocarcinogenesis in vivo. Therefore, to investigate the biological function of p-RXRα in vivo, we developed a doxycycline-inducible ES cell line and transgenic mouse, both of which overexpress the phosphomimetic mutant form of RXRα, T82D/S260D, in a doxycycline-dependent manner. We found that the development of liver tumors, especially high-grade adenoma and HCC, was enhanced in diethylnitrosamine (DEN)-induced T82D/S260D-inducible mice. Moreover, the increased incidence of liver tumors in the transgenic mice was attributable to the promotion of cell cycle progression. Interestingly, the expression of β-catenin protein and its target gene cyclin D1 was elevated in the liver tumors of DEN-treated T82D/S260D-inducible mice, concurrent with increased cytoplasmic and nuclear β-catenin protein expression, indicating its stabilization and transcriptional activation. These results indicate that p-RXRα promotes DEN-induced hepatocarcinogenesis in mice through the activation of the β-catenin signaling pathway, suggesting that p-RXRα may serve as a possible therapeutic target for HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroyasu Sakai
- Department of Gastroenterology, Gifu University Graduate School of Medicine, Gifu, Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Yamada
- Division of Stem Cell Pathology, Center for Experimental Medicine and Systems Biology, Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masaya Kubota
- Department of Gastroenterology, Gifu University Graduate School of Medicine, Gifu, Japan
| | - Kenji Imai
- Department of Gastroenterology, Gifu University Graduate School of Medicine, Gifu, Japan
| | - Yohei Shirakami
- Department of Gastroenterology, Gifu University Graduate School of Medicine, Gifu, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Tomita
- Department of Tumor Pathology, Gifu University Graduate School of Medicine, Gifu, Japan
| | - Akira Hara
- Department of Tumor Pathology, Gifu University Graduate School of Medicine, Gifu, Japan
| | - Masahito Shimizu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Gifu University Graduate School of Medicine, Gifu, Japan
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Immunotoxins Immunotherapy against Hepatocellular Carcinoma: A Promising Prospect. Toxins (Basel) 2021; 13:toxins13100719. [PMID: 34679012 PMCID: PMC8538445 DOI: 10.3390/toxins13100719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2021] [Revised: 10/02/2021] [Accepted: 10/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is one of the most common cancers in the world. Therefore, fighting against such cancer is reasonable. Chemotherapy drugs are sometimes inefficient and often accompanied by undesirable side effects for patients. On the other hand, the emergence of chemoresistant HCC emphasizes the need for a new high-efficiency treatment strategy. Immunotoxins are armed and rigorous targeting agents that can purposefully kill cancer cells. Unlike traditional chemotherapeutics, immunotoxins because of targeted toxicity, insignificant cross-resistance, easy production, and other favorable properties can be ideal candidates against HCC. In this review, the characteristics of proper HCC-specific biomarkers for immunotoxin targeting were dissected. After that, the first to last immunotoxins developed for the treatment of liver cancer were discussed. So, by reviewing the strengths and weaknesses of these immunotoxins, we attempted to provide keynotes for designing an optimal immunotoxin against HCC.
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Mebed R, Ali YB, Shehata N, El-Guendy N, Gamal N, Zekri AR, Sabet S. Combining Bevacizumab with knocked-down β-catenin reduces VEGF-A and Slug mRNA in HepG2 but not in Caco-2 cell lines. Curr Mol Med 2021; 22:374-383. [PMID: 34429048 DOI: 10.2174/1573405617666210824120618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2021] [Revised: 06/10/2021] [Accepted: 06/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Bevacizumab (Bev) resistance is hypothesized to be overcome by combination with inhibitors of other signalling pathways. OBJECTIVE We aimed to study the effect of combining Bev with knocked down β-catenin (Bev-β-cat-siRNA) on the expression of VEGF-A, Slug, NFКB and its two target genes c-Flip and FasR in HepG2. Expression of VEGF-A and Slug was also studied in Caco-2 cells. METHODS Cultured cells were divided into six groups 1) cells treated with Bev only 2) cells treated with β-catenin-siRNA 3) cells treated with Bev-β-cat-siRNA 4) cells treated with negative control 5) cells treated with Bev-negative control and untreated cells. Expressions were assessed using qPCR and western blotting. RESULTS Bev-β-cat-siRNA significantly reduced the mRNA level of VEGF-A, which was initially increased in response to Bev alone in HepG2 but not in Caco-2. Additionally, Bev-β-cat-siRNA significantly decreased Slug mRNA level compared to Bev only treated HepG2 cells. In contrast, VEGF-A and Slug mRNA levels in Bev only group were remarkably lower than Bev-β-cat-siRNA in Caco-2 cells. Distinct β-catenin and Slug protein expressions were noticed in HepG2 and Caco-2 cells. On the other hand, Bev-β-cat-siRNA remarkably reduced the level of NFКB, FasR and c-Flip compared to Bev only treated HepG2 cells although the difference was not statistically significant. CONCLUSION We conclude that, combining Bevacizumab with knocked down β-catenin reduce the expression of VEGF-A and Slug in HepG2 but not in Caco-2 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reem Mebed
- Chemical control unit, National Organization for Research and Control of Biologicals, Cairo. Egypt
| | - Yasser Bm Ali
- Molecular Biology unit, Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology Research Institute, University of Sadat City. Egypt
| | - Nahla Shehata
- Lot release unit, National Organization for Research and Control of Biologicals, Cairo. Egypt
| | - Nadia El-Guendy
- Department of Cancer Biology, National Institute of Cancer, Cairo University. Egypt
| | - Nahla Gamal
- Department of Applied Research, Research & Development Sector, VACSERA, Cairo. Egypt
| | - Abdel-Rahman Zekri
- Department of Cancer Biology, National Institute of Cancer, Cairo University. Egypt
| | - Salwa Sabet
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Cairo University. Egypt
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Zhao BB, Ye ZH, Gao X, Li HM. Diwu Yanggan Modulates the Wnt/β-catenin Pathway and Inhibits Liver Carcinogenesis Signaling in 2-AAF/PH Model Rats. Curr Med Sci 2019; 39:913-919. [PMID: 31845222 DOI: 10.1007/s11596-019-2123-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2019] [Revised: 10/11/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The activation of the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway in oval cells after liver injury is implicated in hepatocarcinogenesis. Diwu Yanggan capsule is a Chinese herbal medicine that has been used for treating liver disorder. The present study aimed to examine the mechanism by which Diwu Yanggan inhibits liver carcinogenesis, and the involvement of the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway. Diwu Yanggan capsule was administered to 2-acetaminofluorene/partial hepatectomy (2-AAF/PH) rats, a murine model of liver injury. The biomarkers of oval cells and key proteins in the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway were assessed on postoperative day 8, 10, 14, 17, 19 and 22. The results showed that treatment with Diwu Yanggan was associated with reduced expression of oval cell and stem cell biomarkers in the 2-AAF/PH animals. The expression pattern of key proteins in the Wnt/β-catenin pathway was altered in Diwu Yanggan-treated animals, indicating that the Diwu Yanggan treatment accelerated the activation of the Wnt/β-catenin pathway in the initial stage and contributed to its deactivation in the later stage. Histological findings indicated that hepatocyte proliferation was suppressed in Diwu Yanggan-treated animals, compared with untreated 2-AAF/PH animals. Taken together, Diwu Yanggan capsule may reduce the risk of hepatocarcinogenesis by modulating the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin-Bin Zhao
- Basic Medicine College, Hubei University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Wuhan, 430065, China
| | - Zhi-Hua Ye
- Hepatology Institute, Hubei Provincial Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine & Affiliated Hospital to Hubei University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Hubei Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Wuhan, 430061, China
| | - Xiang Gao
- Hepatology Institute, Hubei Provincial Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine & Affiliated Hospital to Hubei University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Hubei Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Wuhan, 430061, China
| | - Han-Min Li
- Hepatology Institute, Hubei Provincial Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine & Affiliated Hospital to Hubei University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Hubei Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Wuhan, 430061, China.
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Li JJ, Yang Z, Huang ZS. Progress in basic and clinical research on molecular targeted therapy for primary hepatic carcinoma. Shijie Huaren Xiaohua Zazhi 2019; 27:643-650. [DOI: 10.11569/wcjd.v27.i10.643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
As the second most common cancer in the world, primary liver cancer has become one of the most common causes of cancer-related death in China, causing great pain and financial burden to patients and their families. Traditional treatment methods have not achieved satisfactory results so far, and people are gradually turning their attention to targeted drug therapy, which has many advantages, such as accuracy and little adverse reactions. Previous studies have shown that the introduction of targeted drug sorafenib can improve the survival of patients with primary liver cancer and open a new era of tumor targeted therapy. In recent years, molecular targeted therapy for liver cancer has become a research hotspot. A variety of new molecular targeted drugs have been found to be able to improve the prognosis of patients with advanced liver cancer. The purpose of this article is to review the progress in basic and clinical research on molecular targeted therapy for primary hepatic carcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian-Ji Li
- Graduate College, Youjiang Medical College for Nationalities, Baise 533000, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, China
| | - Zhe Yang
- Graduate College, Youjiang Medical College for Nationalities, Baise 533000, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, China
| | - Zan-Song Huang
- Department of Gastroenterology, the Affiliated Hospital of Youjiang Medical College for Nationalities, Guangxi Clinical Medical Research Center for Hepatobiliary Diseases Baise 533000, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, China
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Abstract
There have been many attempts to unveil the therapeutic potential of antisense molecules during the last decade. Due to its specific role in canonical Wnt signalling, β-catenin is a potential target for an antisense-based antitumour therapy. In order to establish such a strategy with peptide nucleic acids, we developed a reporter assay for quantification of antisense effects. The luciferase-based assay detects splice blocking with high sensitivity. Using this assay, we show that the splice donor of exon 13 of β-catenin is particularly suitable for an antisense strategy, as it results in a truncated protein which lacks transactivating functions. Since the truncated proteins retain the interactions with Tcf/Lef proteins, they act in a dominant negative fashion competing with wild-type proteins and thus blocking the transcriptional activity of β-catenin. Furthermore, we show that the truncation does not interfere with binding of cadherin and α-catenin, both essential for its function in cell adhesion. Therefore, the antisense strategy blocks Wnt signalling with high efficiency but retains other important functions of β-catenin.
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17
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Khanizadeh S, Hasanvand B, Esmaeil Lashgarian H, Almasian M, Goudarzi G. Interaction of viral oncogenic proteins with the Wnt signaling pathway. IRANIAN JOURNAL OF BASIC MEDICAL SCIENCES 2018; 21:651-659. [PMID: 30140402 PMCID: PMC6098952 DOI: 10.22038/ijbms.2018.28903.6982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2018] [Accepted: 03/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
It is estimated that up to 20% of all types of human cancers worldwide are attributed to viruses. The genome of oncogenic viruses carries genes that have protein products that act as oncoproteins in cell proliferation and transformation. The modulation of cell cycle control mechanisms, cellular regulatory and signaling pathways by oncogenic viruses, plays an important role in viral carcinogenesis. Different signaling pathways play a part in the carcinogenesis that occurs in a cell. Among these pathways, the Wnt signaling pathway plays a predominant role in carcinogenesis and is known as a central cellular pathway in the development of tumors. There are three Wnt signaling pathways that are well identified, including the canonical or Wnt/β-catenin dependent pathway, the noncanonical or β-catenin-independent planar cell polarity (PCP) pathway, and the noncanonical Wnt/Ca2+ pathway. Most of the oncogenic viruses modulate the canonical Wnt signaling pathway. This review discusses the interaction between proteins of several human oncogenic viruses with the Wnt signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sayyad Khanizadeh
- Hepatitis Research Center, Lorestan University of Medical Sciences, Khorramabad, Iran
- Department of Virology, School of Medicine, Lorestan University of Medical Sciences, Khorramabad, Iran
| | - Banafsheh Hasanvand
- Hepatitis Research Center, Lorestan University of Medical Sciences, Khorramabad, Iran
| | | | - Mohammad Almasian
- Department of English Language, School of Medicine, Lorestan University of Medical Sciences, Khorramabad, Iran
| | - Gholamreza Goudarzi
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Lorestan University of Medical Sciences, Khorramabad, Iran
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18
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Khalaf AM, Fuentes D, Morshid AI, Burke MR, Kaseb AO, Hassan M, Hazle JD, Elsayes KM. Role of Wnt/β-catenin signaling in hepatocellular carcinoma, pathogenesis, and clinical significance. J Hepatocell Carcinoma 2018; 5:61-73. [PMID: 29984212 PMCID: PMC6027703 DOI: 10.2147/jhc.s156701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 135] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is one of the most common primary hepatic malignancies and one of the fastest-growing causes of cancer-related mortality in the United States. The molecular basis of HCC carcinogenesis has not been clearly identified. Among the molecular signaling pathways implicated in the pathogenesis of HCC, the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway is one of the most frequently activated. A great effort is under way to clearly understand the role of this pathway in the pathogenesis of HCC and its role in the transition from chronic liver diseases, including viral hepatitis, to hepatocellular adenomas (HCAs) and HCCs and its targetability in novel therapies. In this article, we review the role of the β-catenin pathway in hepatocarcinogenesis and progression from chronic inflammation to HCC, the novel potential treatments targeting the pathway and its prognostic role in HCC patients, as well as the imaging features of HCC and their association with aberrant activation of the pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed M Khalaf
- Department of Imaging Physics, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - David Fuentes
- Department of Imaging Physics, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Ali I Morshid
- Department of Diagnostic Radiology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA,
| | - Mata R Burke
- Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham (UAB), Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Ahmed O Kaseb
- Department of Gastrointestinal Oncology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Manal Hassan
- Department of Gastrointestinal Oncology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - John D Hazle
- Department of Imaging Physics, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Khaled M Elsayes
- Department of Diagnostic Radiology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA,
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Kasprzak A, Rogacki K, Adamek A, Sterzyńska K, Przybyszewska W, Seraszek-Jaros A, Helak-Łapaj C, Pyda P. Tissue expression of β-catenin and E- and N-cadherins in chronic hepatitis C and hepatocellular carcinoma. Arch Med Sci 2017; 13:1269-1280. [PMID: 29181057 PMCID: PMC5701691 DOI: 10.5114/aoms.2017.65272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2016] [Accepted: 09/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The role of Wnt/ β -catenin signaling pathway in HCV-associated hepatocellular carcinogenesis is still unknown. MATERIAL AND METHODS This study aimed to perform quantitative analysis of immuno- and hybridocytochemical expression of β -catenin, E- and N-cadherins and HCV proteins (C, NS3, NS5A) in long-lasting (≥ 20 years) chronic hepatitis C (CH-C) (n = 54), hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) (n = 61), and control liver samples (n = 8). RESULTS Typical membranous expression of β -catenin in the control liver was higher than in the CH-C and HCC (p = 0.06). The mean β -catenin tissue expression in CH-C was similar to controls, and significantly higher than that of HCC (p = 0.005). E-cadherin expression was lower in CH-C than in the control (p = 0.045) and HCC (p < 0.001). In HCC both β -catenin and E-cadherin expressions were significantly lower in comparison to controls (p = 0.02, p = 0.001, respectively). Positive correlations were found between β -catenin and E-cadherin (in CH-C and HCC), β -catenin and N-cadherin (HCC), E- and N-cadherins expressions (HCC) (p < 0.05 in all cases). In CH-C the positive correlation was demonstrated between NS5A protein and β -catenin, and between the all HCV proteins (C, NS3, NS5A) and E-cadherin expression (p < 0.05 in all cases). CONCLUSIONS Alterations in cellular locations of β -catenin and E-cadherin in CH-C and HCC pointed to structural disturbances in intercellular junctions in the livers and presence of the transcriptionally inactive form of β -catenin. The reduced expression of E-cadherin in long-lasting CH-C may represent an early indicator of the epithelial-mesenchymal transition. The most important role in modulation of the Wnt/ β -catenin pathway in vivo is probably played by the NS5A viral protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aldona Kasprzak
- Chair and Department of Histology and Embryology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland
| | - Karol Rogacki
- Chair and Department of Histology and Embryology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Adamek
- Chair and Department of Infectious Diseases, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland
| | - Karolina Sterzyńska
- Chair and Department of Histology and Embryology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland
| | - Wiesława Przybyszewska
- Chair and Department of Histology and Embryology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Seraszek-Jaros
- Department of Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, Chair of Clinical Pathomorphology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland
| | - Celina Helak-Łapaj
- Department of Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, Chair of Clinical Pathomorphology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland
| | - Przemysław Pyda
- Chair and Department of General Surgery, Oncologic Gastroenterological Surgery and Plastic Surgery, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland
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Kuo JR, Shang HS, Ho CT, Lai KG, Liu TZ, Chen YJ, Chiou JF. Cisplatin-induced regulation of signal transduction pathways and transcription factors in p53-mutated subclone variants of hepatoma cells: Potential application for therapeutic targeting. Oncol Lett 2016; 12:3723-3730. [PMID: 27895723 PMCID: PMC5104157 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2016.5181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2015] [Accepted: 08/09/2016] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Cisplatin is commonly recognized as a DNA-damaging drug; however, its versatile antitumor effects have been demonstrated to extend beyond this narrow functional attribute. The present study determined how cisplatin regulates alternative pathways and transcription factors to exert its additional antitumor actions. Cisplatin was observed to be able to trigger an endoplasmic reticulum stress response through aggravated nitrosative stress coupled to perturbed mitochondrial calcium (Ca2+) homeostasis, which substantially downregulated glucose-regulated protein (GRP) 78 expression by suppressing the cleavage of activating transcription factor (ATF) 6α (90 kDa) to its active 50 kDa subunit. Concomitantly, the ATF4-ATF3-C/emopamil binding protein homologous protein axis was activated by cisplatin, which triggered cellular glutathione (GSH) depletion by strongly inhibiting γ-glutamylcysteine synthetase heavy chain (γ-GCSh), a key enzyme in GSH biosynthesis. The present study also demonstrated that cisplatin substantially inhibited β-catenin, causing a marked downregulation of survivin and B-cell lymphoma (Bcl)-2. Taken together, the present results uncovered a novel mechanism of cisplatin that could simultaneously trigger the inhibition of three prominent antiapoptotic effector molecules (Bcl-2, survivin and GRP78) and effectively promote GSH depletion by inhibiting γ-GCSh. These newly discovered functional attributes of cisplatin can provide an avenue for novel combined therapeutic strategies to kill hepatocellular carcinoma cells effectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinn-Rung Kuo
- Department of Neurosurgery, Chi-Mei Medical Center, Tainan 71004, Taiwan, R.O.C.; Department of Medical Research, Chi-Mei Medical Center, Tainan 71004, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Hung-Sheng Shang
- Division of Clinical Pathology, Department of Pathology, National Defense Medical Center, Tri-Service General Hospital, Taipei 11490, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Chun-Te Ho
- Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Kun-Goung Lai
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Tungs' Taichung Metro Harbor Hospital, Taichung 43503, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Tsan-Zon Liu
- Translational Research Laboratory, Cancer Center, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Yin-Ju Chen
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei 11031, Taiwan, R.O.C.; Graduate Institute of Biomedical Materials and Tissue Engineering, College of Biomedical Engineering, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan, R.O.C.; Graduate Institute of Cancer Biology and Drug Discovery, College of Medical Science and Technology, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Jeng-Fong Chiou
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei 11031, Taiwan, R.O.C.; Department of Radiology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan, R.O.C
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Li N, Jiang J, Fu J, Yu T, Wang B, Qin W, Xu A, Wu M, Chen Y, Wang H. Targeting interleukin-1 receptor-associated kinase 1 for human hepatocellular carcinoma. J Exp Clin Cancer Res 2016; 35:140. [PMID: 27619757 PMCID: PMC5020546 DOI: 10.1186/s13046-016-0413-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2016] [Accepted: 08/29/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Interleukin-1 receptor associated kinase 1 (IRAK1), as a down-stream of toll-like receptor (TLR) signaling, plays important roles in series of malignancies. However, the role of IRAK1 in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) remains little known. METHODS In our study, reverse transcription-PCR (RT-PCR), Western Blot, and immunohistochemical staining were used to assess the mRNA and protein levels of IRAK1 in clinical samples and cell lines. Cell counting assay and flow cytometry were employed to analyze the effect of IRAK1 on cell cycle and apoptosis. Transwell assay was used to study the role of IRAK1 in cell migration. Moreover, subcutaneous xenograft tumor models predict the efficacy of targeting IRAK1 against HCC in vivo. RESULTS IRAK1 was over-expressed in HCC tissues and cell lines. Suppression of IRAK1 by small interference RNA (siRNA) or a pharmaceutical IRAK1/4 inhibitor impeded cell growth, induced apoptosis and lessened HCC xenograft tumor growth. Particularly, IRAK1/4 inhibitor treatment caused G1/S cell cycle arrest and apoptosis, confirming IRAK1 as a new therapeutic target for HCC. CONCLUSION IRAK1 promotes cell proliferation and protects against apoptosis in HCC, and can be a novel target for HCC treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ning Li
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jinhua Jiang
- International Cooperation Laboratory on Signal Transduction, Eastern Hepatobiliary Surgery Institute/Hospital, 225 Changhai Road, Shanghai, 200438 People’s Republic of China
- The First Clinical Medical College, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, 350001 Fujian China
| | - Jing Fu
- International Cooperation Laboratory on Signal Transduction, Eastern Hepatobiliary Surgery Institute/Hospital, 225 Changhai Road, Shanghai, 200438 People’s Republic of China
| | - Ting Yu
- International Cooperation Laboratory on Signal Transduction, Eastern Hepatobiliary Surgery Institute/Hospital, 225 Changhai Road, Shanghai, 200438 People’s Republic of China
| | - Bibo Wang
- International Cooperation Laboratory on Signal Transduction, Eastern Hepatobiliary Surgery Institute/Hospital, 225 Changhai Road, Shanghai, 200438 People’s Republic of China
| | - Wenhao Qin
- International Cooperation Laboratory on Signal Transduction, Eastern Hepatobiliary Surgery Institute/Hospital, 225 Changhai Road, Shanghai, 200438 People’s Republic of China
| | - An Xu
- International Cooperation Laboratory on Signal Transduction, Eastern Hepatobiliary Surgery Institute/Hospital, 225 Changhai Road, Shanghai, 200438 People’s Republic of China
| | - Mengchao Wu
- International Cooperation Laboratory on Signal Transduction, Eastern Hepatobiliary Surgery Institute/Hospital, 225 Changhai Road, Shanghai, 200438 People’s Republic of China
| | - Yao Chen
- International Cooperation Laboratory on Signal Transduction, Eastern Hepatobiliary Surgery Institute/Hospital, 225 Changhai Road, Shanghai, 200438 People’s Republic of China
| | - Hongyang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
- International Cooperation Laboratory on Signal Transduction, Eastern Hepatobiliary Surgery Institute/Hospital, 225 Changhai Road, Shanghai, 200438 People’s Republic of China
- National Center for Liver Cancer, Shanghai, 201805 People’s Republic of China
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van Zuylen WJ, Rawlinson WD, Ford CE. The Wnt pathway: a key network in cell signalling dysregulated by viruses. Rev Med Virol 2016; 26:340-55. [PMID: 27273590 DOI: 10.1002/rmv.1892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2016] [Revised: 05/04/2016] [Accepted: 05/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Viruses are obligate parasites dependent on host cells for survival. Viral infection of a cell activates a panel of pattern recognition receptors that mediate antiviral host responses to inhibit viral replication and dissemination. Viruses have evolved mechanisms to evade and subvert this antiviral host response, including encoding proteins that hijack, mimic and/or manipulate cellular processes such as the cell cycle, DNA damage repair, cellular metabolism and the host immune response. Currently, there is an increasing interest whether viral modulation of these cellular processes, including the cell cycle, contributes to cancer development. One cellular pathway related to cell cycle signalling is the Wnt pathway. This review focuses on the modulation of this pathway by human viruses, known to cause (or associated with) cancer development. The main mechanisms where viruses interact with the Wnt pathway appear to be through (i) epigenetic modification of Wnt genes; (ii) cellular or viral miRNAs targeting Wnt genes; (iii) altering specific Wnt pathway members, often leading to (iv) nuclear translocation of β-catenin and activation of Wnt signalling. Given that diverse viruses affect this signalling pathway, modulating Wnt signalling could be a generalised critical process for the initiation or maintenance of viral pathogenesis, with resultant dysregulation contributing to virus-induced cancers. Further study of this virus-host interaction may identify options for targeted therapy against Wnt signalling molecules as a means to reduce virus-induced pathogenesis and the downstream consequences of infection. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wendy J van Zuylen
- Serology and Virology Division, SEALS Microbiology, Prince of Wales Hospital, Sydney, Australia.,School of Medical Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - William D Rawlinson
- Serology and Virology Division, SEALS Microbiology, Prince of Wales Hospital, Sydney, Australia.,School of Medical Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia.,School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Caroline E Ford
- Metastasis Research Group, School of Women's and Children's Health, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia.
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Nwanze J, Cohen C, Schmitt AC, Siddiqui MT. β-Catenin Expression in Oropharyngeal Squamous Cell Carcinomas: Comparison and Correlation with p16 and Human Papillomavirus in situ Hybridization. Acta Cytol 2016; 59:479-84. [PMID: 26849661 DOI: 10.1159/000443602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2015] [Accepted: 12/22/2015] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway has been noted to be upregulated in head and neck cancers, including oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC). This study compared the efficacy of β-catenin immunohistochemistry (IHC), p16 IHC and automated human papillomavirus (HPV) in situ hybridization (ISH) in OSCC. METHODS Sixty-eight OSCCs (48 surgical specimens and 20 fine-needle aspirations) were evaluated. Nuclear staining only of β-catenin was assessed as 0-3+ intensity (relative to controls of benign squamous mucosa). p16 was interpreted as positive if 70% of tumor cells showed brown nuclear and cytoplasmic staining. HPV ISH was interpreted as positive if a minimum of one tumor cell showed brown punctate dot-like nuclear positivity. p16 IHC and HPV ISH were then correlated with β-catenin staining. HPV ISH was used as the gold standard. RESULTS Twenty-five of 48 surgical specimens (52.1%) and 11 of 20 cell blocks (55%) stained positively for β-catenin, making a total of 36 of 68 (52.9%) staining positively for β-catenin, as compared to 61.7% positive for p16 IHC and 70.6% positive by automated HPV ISH, the gold standard method for OSCC diagnosis. x03C7;2 analysis revealed no significant correlation between β-catenin and HPV ISH (p > 0.05) and demonstrated a strong correlation between p16 and HPV ISH (p < 0.05). CONCLUSION β-Catenin IHC is not a sensitive or specific marker of HPV and is unlikely to be a useful adjunct to p16 IHC or HPV ISH in the setting of advanced OSCC. However, as this study focused on samples of advanced OSCC, β-catenin IHC may still find some use in the diagnosis of early-stage OSCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julum Nwanze
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University Hospital, Atlanta, Ga., USA
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24
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The Effects of Chinese Medicine on Activation of Wnt/β-Catenin Signal Pathway under High Glucose Condition. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2015; 2015:295135. [PMID: 26495008 PMCID: PMC4606185 DOI: 10.1155/2015/295135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2015] [Revised: 05/25/2015] [Accepted: 05/27/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a metabolic disease characterized by chronic hyperglycemia and a series of complications. The Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway is a complex protein interaction network, which is also a key regulator of cell proliferation and differentiation. Many scholars have found that high glucose can activate the Wnt signaling pathway. However, the effects of activation of this pathway in the presence of high glucose levels during the progression of diabetes still remained unclear. Here, we provide a review of the study on the effects of high glucose state on the Wnt/β-catenin signal pathway and the influence of Chinese medicine on it.
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Chen J, Liu J, Jin R, Shen J, Liang Y, Ma R, Lin H, Liang X, Yu H, Cai X. Cytoplasmic and/or nuclear expression of β-catenin correlate with poor prognosis and unfavorable clinicopathological factors in hepatocellular carcinoma: a meta-analysis. PLoS One 2014; 9:e111885. [PMID: 25401330 PMCID: PMC4234306 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0111885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2014] [Accepted: 09/30/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The β-catenin is an important effector in WNT/β-catenin signaling pathway, which exerts a crucial role in the development and progression of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Some researchers have suggested that the overexpression of β-catenin in cytoplasm and/or nucleus was closely correlated to metastasis, poor differentiation and malignant phenotype of HCC while some other researchers hold opposite point. So far, no consensus was obtained on the prognostic and clinicopathological significance of cytoplasmic/nuclear β-catenin overexpression for HCCs. METHODS Systematic strategies were applied to search eligible studies in all available databases. Subgroup analyses, sensitivity analyses and multivariate analysis were performed. In this meta-analysis, we utilized either fixed- or random-effects model to calculate the pooled odds ratios (OR) and its 95% confidence intervals (CI). RESULTS A total of 22 studies containing 2334 cases were enrolled in this meta-analysis. Pooled data suggested that accumulation of β-catenin in cytoplasm and/or nucleus significantly correlated with poor 1-, 3- and 5-year OS and RFS. Moreover, nuclear accumulation combined with cytoplasmic accumulation of β-catenin tended to be associated with dismal metastasis and vascular invasion while cytoplasmic or nuclear expression alone showed no significant effect. Besides, no significant association was observed between cytoplasmic and/or nuclear β-catenin expression and poor differentiation grade, advanced TNM stage, liver cirrhosis, tumor size, tumor encapsulation, AFP and etiologies. Additional subgroup analysis by origin suggested that the prognostic value and clinicopathological significance of cytoplasmic and/or nuclear β-catenin expression was more validated in Asian population. Multivariate analyses of factors showed that cytoplasmic and/or nuclear β-catenin expression, as well as TNM stage, metastasis and tumor size, was an independent risk factors for OS and RFS. CONCLUSIONS Cytoplasmic and/or nuclear accumulation of β-catenin, as an independent prognostic factor, significantly associated with poor prognosis and deeper invasion of HCC, and could serve as a valuable prognostic predictor for HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiang Chen
- Department of General Surgery, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jinghua Liu
- Department of General Surgery, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Renan Jin
- Department of General Surgery, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jiliang Shen
- Department of General Surgery, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yuelong Liang
- Department of General Surgery, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Rui Ma
- Department of Surgery, Zhejiang University Hospital, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Hui Lin
- Department of General Surgery, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xiao Liang
- Department of General Surgery, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Hong Yu
- Department of General Surgery, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xiujun Cai
- Department of General Surgery, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
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Yang Y, Li M, Chang S, Wang L, Song T, Gao L, Hu L, Li Z, Liu L, Yao J, Huang C. MicroRNA-195 acts as a tumor suppressor by directly targeting Wnt3a in HepG2 hepatocellular carcinoma cells. Mol Med Rep 2014; 10:2643-8. [PMID: 25174704 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2014.2526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2013] [Accepted: 07/01/2014] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are a class of small, non‑coding, endogenous RNAs that are important in tumor cell biological processes as they regulate gene expression. miR-195 has been demonstrated to be a tumor repressor in numerous types of human cancer. However, the mechanism by which miR‑195 suppresses tumor development remains to be elucidated. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of miR-195 on the biological functions of HepG2 hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) cells and identify the association between miR-195 and Wnt3a in HCC. miR-195 mRNA expression levels in HCC tissues and cell lines were measured by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction analysis. miR-195 function was measured with cell proliferation, cell cycle and apoptosis assays following transfection with miR‑195 and anti‑miR‑195 sequences, and the respective controls. Luciferase reporter assay was used to determine whether Wnt3a was a target of miR-195. In addition, Wnt3a expression levels were determined in HCC cells using western blot analysis. The miR-195 expression levels were found to be reduced in HCC tissues and cell lines. miR-195 overexpression resulted in a reduction in cell proliferation. In addition, the overexpression of miR-195 in HCC cells induced G1 phase cell cycle arrest and promoted apoptosis. Furthermore, Wnt3a was demonstrated to be directly targeted by miR-195. These findings suggest that miR-195 is key in regulating cell proliferation, cell cycle and apoptosis through targeting Wnt3a. In addition, overexpression of miR-195 may be a potential therapeutic strategy in the treatment of HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Yang
- Department of Genetics and Molecular Biology, Xi'an Jiaotong University College of Medicine, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, P.R. China
| | - Menghe Li
- Department of Genetics and Molecular Biology, Xi'an Jiaotong University College of Medicine, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, P.R. China
| | - Su'e Chang
- Department of Genetics and Molecular Biology, Xi'an Jiaotong University College of Medicine, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, P.R. China
| | - Lumin Wang
- Department of Genetics and Molecular Biology, Xi'an Jiaotong University College of Medicine, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, P.R. China
| | - Tusheng Song
- Department of Genetics and Molecular Biology, Xi'an Jiaotong University College of Medicine, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, P.R. China
| | - Ling Gao
- Department of Genetics and Molecular Biology, Xi'an Jiaotong University College of Medicine, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, P.R. China
| | - Lili Hu
- Department of Genetics and Molecular Biology, Xi'an Jiaotong University College of Medicine, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, P.R. China
| | - Zongfang Li
- Engineering Research Center of Biotherapy and Translational Medicine of Shaanxi Province, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, P.R. China
| | - Liying Liu
- Department of Genetics and Molecular Biology, Xi'an Jiaotong University College of Medicine, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, P.R. China
| | - Jiayi Yao
- Department of Genetics and Molecular Biology, Xi'an Jiaotong University College of Medicine, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, P.R. China
| | - Chen Huang
- Department of Genetics and Molecular Biology, Xi'an Jiaotong University College of Medicine, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, P.R. China
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Zhang KS, Zhou Q, Wang YF, Liang LJ. Inhibition of Wnt signaling induces cell apoptosis and suppresses cell proliferation in cholangiocarcinoma cells. Oncol Rep 2013; 30:1430-8. [PMID: 23799613 DOI: 10.3892/or.2013.2560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2013] [Accepted: 05/30/2013] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to explore possible gene therapy for hilar cholangiocarcinoma by detecting the activation of the Wnt signaling pathway in 4 cholangiocarcinoma cell lines and inhibiting its expression by RNA interference (RNAi) targeting key factors of this pathway. The expression levels of the Wnt pathway-related factors, Wnt2, Wnt3, β-catenin and transcription factor 4, and its target genes, c-myc and cyclin D1, in 4 cholangiocarcinoma cell lines were detected by RT-PCR, western blotting and immunofluorescence microscopy. After transfection of siRNAs targeting Wnt2 and β-catenin into FRH0201 cells, the expression of the Wnt pathway-related factors and its target genes was again detected, and the cell cycle distribution, apoptosis and proliferation were analyzed by flow cytometry and MTT assay. Activation of the Wnt pathway and the expression of its target genes were detected in all 4 cell lines at various levels. After siRNA transfection, the expression of the target genes in the FRH0201 cells was significantly downregulated. In addition, the Wnt pathway was blocked, cell apoptosis was enhanced and cell proliferation was suppressed. In conclusion, the Wnt signaling pathway is activated in cholangiocarcinoma cells. RNAi technology targeting Wnt2 and β-catenin may be a possible gene therapy for hilar cholangiocarcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kun-Song Zhang
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat‑Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510080, P.R. China
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White BD, Chien AJ, Dawson DW. Dysregulation of Wnt/β-catenin signaling in gastrointestinal cancers. Gastroenterology 2012; 142:219-32. [PMID: 22155636 PMCID: PMC3285553 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2011.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 370] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2011] [Revised: 11/28/2011] [Accepted: 12/05/2011] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Aberrant Wnt/β-catenin signaling is widely implicated in numerous malignancies, including cancers of the gastrointestinal tract. Dysregulation of signaling is traditionally attributed to mutations in Axin, adenomatous polyposis coli, and β-catenin that lead to constitutive hyperactivation of the pathway. However, Wnt/β-catenin signaling is also modulated through various other mechanisms in cancer, including cross talk with other altered signaling pathways. A more complex view of Wnt/β-catenin signaling and its role in gastrointestinal cancers is now emerging as divergent phenotypic outcomes are found to be dictated by temporospatial context and relative levels of pathway activation. This review summarizes the dysregulation of Wnt/β-catenin signaling in colorectal carcinoma, hepatocellular carcinoma, and pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma, with particular emphasis on the latter two. We conclude by addressing some of the major challenges faced in attempting to target the pathway in the clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bryan D. White
- Science and Technology Program University of Washington Bothell Bothell, WA, USA
| | - Andy J. Chien
- Department of Medicine, Division of Dermatology Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine University of Washington School of Medicine Seattle, WA, USA
| | - David W. Dawson
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center The David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA Los Angeles, CA, USA
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Shanbhogue AK, Prasad SR, Takahashi N, Vikram R, Sahani DV. Recent advances in cytogenetics and molecular biology of adult hepatocellular tumors: implications for imaging and management. Radiology 2011; 258:673-93. [PMID: 21339346 DOI: 10.1148/radiol.10100376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Focal nodular hyperplasia (FNH), hepatocellular adenoma (HCA), and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) compose hepatocellular neoplasms that occur in adults. These tumors demonstrate characteristic epidemiologic and histopathologic features and clinical and imaging manifestations. HCAs are monoclonal neoplasms characterized by increased predilection to hemorrhage or rupture and occasional transformation to HCC. On the other hand, FNH is a polyclonal tumorlike lesion that occurs in response to increased perfusion and has an indolent clinical course. Up to 90% of HCCs occur in the setting of cirrhosis. Chronic viral hepatitis (hepatitis B and hepatitis C) infection and metabolic syndrome are major risk factors that can induce HCCs in nonfibrotic liver. Recent advances in pathology and genetics have led to better understanding of the histogenesis, natural history, and molecular events that determine specific oncologic pathways used by these neoplasms. HCAs are now believed to result from specific genetic mutations involving TCF1 (transcription factor 1 gene), IL6ST (interleukin 6 signal transducer gene), and CTNNB1 (β catenin-1 gene); FNHs are characterized by an "imbalance" of angiopoietin. While the β catenin signaling pathway is associated with well- and moderately differentiated HCCs, mutations involving p53 (tumor protein 53 gene), MMP14 (matrix metalloproteinase 14 gene), and RhoC (Ras homolog gene family, member C) are associated with larger tumor size, higher tumor grade with resultant shortened tumor-free survival, and poor prognosis. Fibrolamellar carcinoma (FLC), a unique HCC subtype, exhibits genomic homogeneity that partly explains its better overall prognosis. On the basis of recent study results involving cytogenetics and oncologic pathways of HCCs, novel drugs that act against molecular targets are being developed. Indeed, sorafenib (a multikinase inhibitor) is currently being used in the successful treatment of patients with advanced HCC. Characterization of genetic abnormalities and genotype-phenotype correlations in adult hepatocellular tumors provides better understanding of tumor pathology and biology, imaging findings, prognosis, and response to molecular therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alampady K Shanbhogue
- Department of Radiology, University of Texas Health Science Center-San Antonio, 7703 Floyd Curl Dr, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA
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Xie HY, Cheng J, Xing CY, Wang JJ, Su R, Wei XY, Zhou L, Zheng SS. Evaluation of hepatitis B viral replication and proteomic analysis of HepG2.2.15 cell line after knockdown of HBx. Hepatobiliary Pancreat Dis Int 2011; 10:295-302. [PMID: 21669574 DOI: 10.1016/s1499-3872(11)60049-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hepatitis B virus (HBV) is one of the major pathogens of human liver disease. Studies have shown that HBV X protein (HBx) plays an important role in promoting viral gene expression and replication. In this study we performed a global proteomic profiling to identify the downstream functional proteins of HBx, thereby detecting the mechanisms of action of HBx on virion replication. METHODS HBx in the HepG2.2.15 cell line was knocked down by the transfection of small interfering RNA (siRNA). The replication level of HBV was evaluated by microparticle enzyme immunoassay analysis of HBsAg and HBeAg in the culture supernatant, and real-time quantitative PCR analysis of HBV DNA. Two-dimensional electrophoresis combined with MALDI-TOF/TOF was performed to analyze the changes in protein expression profile after treatment with HBx siRNA. RESULTS Knockdown of HBx disturbed HBV replication in vitro. HBx target siRNA significantly inhibited the expression of HBsAg, HBeAg and the replication of HBV DNA. Twelve significantly changed proteins (7 upregulated and 5 downregulated) were successfully identified by MALDI-TOF/TOF using proteomics differential expression analysis after the knockdown of HBx. Among these identified proteins, HSP70 was validated by Western blotting. CONCLUSION The results of the study indicated the positive effect of HBx on HBV replication, and a group of downstream target proteins of HBx may be responsible for this effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hai-Yang Xie
- Key Laboratory of Combined Multi-organ Transplantation, Ministry of Public Health, and Division of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Department of Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310003, China
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Matsukuma S, Sato K. Peritoneal seeding of hepatocellular carcinoma: clinicopathological characteristics of 17 autopsy cases. Pathol Int 2011; 61:356-62. [PMID: 21615611 DOI: 10.1111/j.1440-1827.2011.02669.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Peritoneal seeding (PS) of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is uncommon, and the clinicopathological features are poorly understood. A total of 181 autopsy cases of HCC, including 171 cases with detailed clinical information, was investigated for PS and evaluated. PS was identified in 17 cases (9.4%), and was locally (70.6%) or entirely (29.4%) distributed in the peritoneal cavity, involving the diaphragm (76.5%), omentum (47.1%), or alimentary tract serosa (47.1%). Compared with primary HCC, PS showed similar or slightly undifferentiated features (88.2%) and exhibited more differentiated features (11.8%). In 15 cases (88.2%) of HCC with PS, primary HCC showed membranous β-catenin immunoreactivity. However, in five cases (33.3%), respective PS lost this immunoreactivity. PS was significantly associated with rupture of HCC (P= 0.012), direct diaphragmatic invasion (P= 0.001), and lymph node metastasis (P < 0.001), indicating these are high risk factors for PS; there was no significant association with a past history of percutaneous fine-needle biopsy, percutaneous ethanol injection and/or radiofrequency ablation (P= 0.97), or metastasis to lung (P= 0.13), bone (P= 0.71), or adrenal gland (P= 0.79). PS can infrequently proliferate aggressively with more differentiated features. Loss of membranous β-catenin expression may be associated with PS of HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susumu Matsukuma
- Department of Pathology, Japan Self-Defense Forces Central Hospital, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo, Japan.
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32
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Zulehner G, Mikula M, Schneller D, van Zijl F, Huber H, Sieghart W, Grasl-Kraupp B, Waldhör T, Peck-Radosavljevic M, Beug H, Mikulits W. Nuclear beta-catenin induces an early liver progenitor phenotype in hepatocellular carcinoma and promotes tumor recurrence. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2009; 176:472-81. [PMID: 20008139 DOI: 10.2353/ajpath.2010.090300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Transforming growth factor-beta cooperates with oncogenic Ras to activate nuclear beta-catenin during the epithelial to mesenchymal transition of hepatocytes, a process relevant in the progression of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). In this study we investigated the role of beta-catenin in the differentiation of murine, oncogene-targeted hepatocytes and in 133 human HCC patients scheduled for orthotopic liver transplantation. Transforming growth factor-beta caused dissociation of plasma membrane E-cadherin/beta-catenin complexes and accumulation of nuclear beta-catenin in Ras-transformed, but otherwise normal hepatocytes in p19(ARF)-/- mice. Both processes were inhibited by Smad7-mediated disruption of transforming growth factor-beta signaling. Overexpression of constitutively active beta-catenin resulted in high levels of CK19 and M2-PK, whereas ablation of beta-catenin by axin overexpression caused strong expression of CK8 and CK18. Therefore, nuclear beta-catenin resulted in dedifferentiation of neoplastic hepatocytes to immature progenitor cells, whereas loss of nuclear beta-catenin led to a differentiated HCC phenotype. Poorly differentiated human HCC showed cytoplasmic redistribution or even loss of E-cadherin, suggesting epithelial to mesenchymal transition. Analysis of 133 HCC patient samples revealed that 58.6% of human HCC exhibited strong nuclear beta-catenin accumulation, which correlated with clinical features such as vascular invasion and recurrence of disease after orthotopic liver transplantation. These data suggest that activation of beta-catenin signaling causes dedifferentiation to malignant, immature hepatocyte progenitors and facilitates recurrence of human HCC after orthotopic liver transplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gudrun Zulehner
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Centre of Public Health, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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Kim YD, Park CH, Kim HS, Choi SK, Rew JS, Kim DY, Koh YS, Jeung KW, Lee KH, Lee JS, Juhng SW, Lee JH. Genetic alterations of Wnt signaling pathway-associated genes in hepatocellular carcinoma. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2008; 23:110-8. [PMID: 18171349 DOI: 10.1111/j.1440-1746.2007.05250.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIM Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is one of the most common cancers worldwide. Recently, abnormal activation of the Wnt pathway has been found to be involved in the carcinogenesis of HCC. However, the relationship between genetic changes in the Wnt pathway-associated genes and its protein expression has not been studied in patients with HCC and cirrhotic nodules. The purpose of this study is to explore the contribution of inappropriate activation of the Wnt pathway in liver carcinogenesis. METHODS Somatic mutation in exons 3-5 of AXIN1 and exon 3 of beta-catenin were analyzed by direct sequencing and expression of axin and beta-catenin proteins by immunohistochemistry in a series of 36 patients with HCC and cirrhosis. RESULTS The AXIN1 and beta-catenin gene mutations were observed in 25% (9/36) and 2.8% (1/36) of HCCs, respectively. All mutations detected in AXIN1 and beta-catenin genes were missense point mutations. Abnormal nuclear expression of beta-catenin was observed in 11 of 36 cases of HCCs (30.6%), but not in cirrhotic nodules. Reduced or absent expression of axin was seen in 24 of 36 HCCs (66.7%). The abnormal expression of beta-catenin and axin proteins was closely correlated with mutations of AXIN1 and beta-catenin (P < 0.0001 and P = 0.008, respectively). CONCLUSIONS These data suggest that mutation of AXIN1 gene is a frequent and late event for HCC associated with cirrhosis, and is correlated significantly with abnormal expression of axin and beta-catenin. Therefore, activation of Wnt signaling through AXIN1 rather than beta-catenin mutation might play an important role in liver carcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young-Dae Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, Chosun University, Gwangju, Korea
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Farinati F, Cardin R, Bortolami M, Burra P, Russo FP, Rugge M, Guido M, Sergio A, Naccarato R. Hepatitis C virus: from oxygen free radicals to hepatocellular carcinoma. J Viral Hepat 2007; 14:821-9. [PMID: 18070284 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2893.2007.00878.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Epidemiological evidence clearly identifies chronic infection with hepatitis C virus (HCV) as a major risk factor for the development of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Among the mechanisms that have been implicated in the pro-carcinogenic effect of HCV infection, an increased production of reactive oxygen species in the liver seems to have a major pathogenetic role in leading from chronic inflammation to cancer. Recent data have also demonstrated that HCV is capable of inducing this active production of free radicals per se, not just through inflammation, a feature peculiar to this virus and the specific activity of its core protein. This paper provides an overview of the inter-relationships between HCV, liver damage, free radical production and HCC, describing at least in part the complex network involving DNA oxidative damage, cytokine synthesis, proto-oncogene activation and oestrogen receptor expression, that may all be deeply involved in liver carcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Farinati
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chirurgiche e Gastroenterologiche, Sezione di Gastroenterologia, Policlinico Universitario, Università di Padova, Padova, Italy.
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Kim CW, Yoon SK, Jung ES, Jung CK, Jang JW, Kim MS, Lee SY, Bae SH, Choi JY, Choi SW, Han NI, Lee CD. Correlation of hepatitis B core antigen and beta-catenin expression on hepatocytes in chronic hepatitis B virus infection: relevance to the severity of liver damage and viral replication. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2007; 22:1534-42. [PMID: 17559383 DOI: 10.1111/j.1440-1746.2007.04849.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS The topographical distribution of hepatitis B core antigen (HBcAg) is related to the pathogenesis of liver damage caused by hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection. beta-catenin plays an important role in both intracellular adhesion and Wnt signaling transduction pathways. This study investigated the intrahepatic expression of HBcAg and beta-catenin in chronic HBV infection, and correlated the results with the degree of liver damage and viral replication. METHOD Liver sections from 73 patients with chronic HBV infection were examined immunohistochemically for HBcAg and beta-catenin. RESULTS The distribution of HBcAg could be classified into four types: only nucleus (C-1), both nucleus and cytoplasm (C-2), only cytoplasm (C-3) and all negative for nucleus and cytoplasm (C-4). Significant differences in serum aminotransferase level, HBV DNA and necroinflammatory score were observed among the different distribution types, and as the distribution of HBcAg changed from C-1 to C-4, fibrosis stage and hepatitis B e antigen (HBeAg) negative/anti-HBe positive rate increased concurrently. The distribution of beta-catenin could be classified into two types: only membrane (B-1) and membrane with nucleus or cytoplasm (B-2). B-2 showed higher serum aminotransferase level and necroinflammatory score than B-1. Between B-1 and B-2, there was no significant difference in serum HBV DNA level or fibrosis stage. CONCLUSIONS In chronic HBV infection, HBcAg distribution may change from C-1 to C-4 gradually, and in correlation with serum aminotransferase, and HBV DNA and HBeAg negative/anti-HBe positive rate. Nuclear or cytoplasmic distribution of beta-catenin, compared with exclusive membranous distribution of beta-catenin, is related to active hepatitis, but not viral replication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang Wook Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
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Liu YJ, Wang Q, Li W, Huang XH, Zhen MC, Huang SH, Chen LZ, Xue L, Zhang HW. Rab23 is a potential biological target for treating hepatocellular carcinoma. World J Gastroenterol 2007; 13:1010-7. [PMID: 17373734 PMCID: PMC4146862 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v13.i7.1010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM: To elucidate the role of Rab23 in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) by assessing the expression of Rab23 in HCC tissue and in HCC cell lines.
METHODS: Primary tumors (n = 100) were stained with Rab23 antibodies using immunohistochemistry and in situ hybridization in tissue microarrays. Relationships between gene expression and pathology parameters were analysed. The biological significance of Rab23 in Hep-3B cells was examined by knocking down Rab23 gene expression. We designed a pair of double-stranded RNAs against human rab23 and transfected siRNA into Hep-3B cells. Rab23 expression in these cells was examined using RT-PCR and Western blots. We investigated cell growth by MTT assays and fluorescence-activated cell sorting.
RESULTS: High cytoplasmic and nuclear expression of Rab23 was found in 38 of 71 (53.5%) and in 49 of 68 HCC patients (72%) respectively, which correlated with tumor size. HCC cell lines expressed Rab23. In Hep3B cells, siRNA for Rab23 decreased Rab23 mRNA by 4.5-fold and protein expression by 2-fold. Survival rates at 24 and 48 h for Hep-3B cells transfected with siRNA were lower and about 30% Hep-3B cells were apoptotic. Knocking down rab23 suppressed Hep3B cell growth, suggesting that rab23 could play an important role in Hep3B cell growth.
CONCLUSION: Rab23 is overexpressed and/or activated in HCC. Rab23 may be both a HCC predictor and a target for treating HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun-Jian Liu
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510080, Guangdong Province, China
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Lee HS, Park MH, Yang SJ, Park KC, Kim NS, Kim YS, Kim DI, Yoo HS, Choi EJ, Yeom YI. Novel candidate targets of Wnt/beta-catenin signaling in hepatoma cells. Life Sci 2006; 80:690-8. [PMID: 17157329 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2006.10.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2006] [Revised: 09/21/2006] [Accepted: 10/26/2006] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The activity of beta-catenin/TCF, the key component of Wnt signaling pathway, is frequently deregulated in HCC, resulting in the activation of genes whose dysregulation has significant consequences on tumor development. Therefore, identifying the target genes of Wnt signaling is important for understanding beta-catenin-mediated carcinogenesis. We analyzed the transcriptome profile of human hepatoma cell lines using cDNA microarrays representing 15,127 unique, liver-enriched gene loci to identify the target genes of beta-catenin-mediated transcription (p<0.005). This analysis yielded 130 potential Wnt-associated classifier genes, and we found 33 of them contain consensus TCF-binding sites in presumptive transcriptional regulatory sequences. These genes were, then, tested for their Wnt-dependence of expression in experimental models of Wnt activation. Genes such as RPL29, NEDD4L, FUT8, LYZ, STMN2, STARD7 and KIAA0998 were proven to be up-regulated upon Wnt/beta-catenin activation. Gene ontology analysis of the 33 candidate genes indicated the presence of functional categories relevant to Wnt pathway such as cell growth, proliferation, adhesion and signal transduction. In conclusion, we identified a number of candidate Wnt/beta-catenin target genes that can be useful for studying the role of altered Wnt signaling in liver cancer development, and showed that some of them might be direct targets of Wnt signaling in hepatoma cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heun-Sik Lee
- Functional Genomics Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon 305-600, South Korea
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Abstract
This review will discuss the mechanisms of repair and regeneration in various tissue types and how dysregulation of these mechaisms may lead to cancer. Normal homeostasis involves a careful balance between cell loss and cell renewal. Stem and progenitor cells perform these biologic processes as the functional units of regeneration during both tissue homeostasis and repair. The concept of tissue stem cells capable of giving rise to all differentiated cells within a given tissue led to the concept of a cellulr hierarchy in tissues and in tumors. Thus, only a few cells may be necessary and sufficient for tissue repair or tumor regeneration. This is known as the hierarchical model of tumorigenesis. This report will compare this model with the stochastic model of tumorigenesis. Under normal circumstances, the processes of tissue regeneration or homeostasis are tightly regulated by several morphogen pathways to prevent excessive or inappropriate cell growth. This review presents the recent evidence that dysregulation of these processes may provide opportunities for carcinogenesis for the long-lived, highly proliferative tissue stem cell population. New findings of cancer initiating tissue stem cells identified in several solid and circulating cancers including breast, brain hematopoietic tumors will also be reviewed. Finally, this report reviews the cellular biology of cancer and its relevance to the development of more effective cancer treatment protocols.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott V Perryman
- Department of Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine & Lucile Packard Children's Hospital StanfordCA, USA
| | - Karl G Sylvester
- Department of Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine & Lucile Packard Children's Hospital StanfordCA, USA
- *Correspondence to : Karl G. SYLVESTER, MD Pediatric Surgery Research Laboratory, 257 Campus Drive, Stanford, CA 94305-5148, USA. Tel: (650) 723-6439, Fax: (650) 725-5577, E-mail:
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Lee HS, Lee DC, Park MH, Yang SJ, Lee JJ, Kim DM, Jang Y, Lee JH, Choi JY, Kang YK, Kim DI, Park KC, Kim SY, Yoo HS, Choi EJ, Yeom YI. STMN2 is a novel target of beta-catenin/TCF-mediated transcription in human hepatoma cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2006; 345:1059-67. [PMID: 16712787 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2006.05.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2006] [Accepted: 05/04/2006] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The activity of beta-catenin/TCF, the key component of Wnt signaling pathway, is frequently deregulated in human cancers, resulting in the activation of genes whose dysregulation has significant consequences on tumor development. Therefore, identifying the target genes of Wnt signaling is important for understanding beta-catenin-mediated carcinogenesis. Here, we report STMN2, a gene implicated in the regulation of microtubule dynamics, as a novel target of beta-catenin-mediated transcription. STMN2 was up-regulated in hepatoma and cirrhotic liver tissues compared to normal liver and also in cell lines where beta-catenin/TCF is constitutively activated. Transient activation of beta-catenin/TCF either by transfection of a constitutively active form of beta-catenin or by LiCl treatment induced the STMN2 mRNA expression in PLC/PRF/5 cells. Of the four members of STMN gene family, only STMN2 showed a Wnt-dependent expression pattern. Through promoter mapping and chromatin immunoprecipitation assays, we found that STMN2 is a direct target of beta-catenin/TCF-mediated transcription and that the TCF binding site at -1713 of STMN2 promoter is critical for beta-catenin/TCF-dependent expression regulation. siRNA-mediated knock-down of STMN2 expression indicated that STMN2 is required for maintaining the anchorage-independent growth state of beta-catenin/TCF-activated hepatoma cells. Our results suggest that STMN2 might be a novel player of beta-catenin/TCF-mediated carcinogenesis in the liver.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heun-Sik Lee
- Functional Genomics Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon 305-600, Republic of Korea
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Wang QM, Zhang Y, Yang KM, Zhou HY, Yang HJ. Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway is active in pancreatic development of rat embryo. World J Gastroenterol 2006; 12:2615-9. [PMID: 16688812 PMCID: PMC4087999 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v12.i16.2615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM: To elucidate the role of Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway in pancreatic development of rat embryo.
METHODS: The mRNAs of β-catenin, APC, cyclin D1 genes were amplified by means of semiquantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) from embryonic pancreas in different periods and normal pancreas of rat, respectively. Protein expression of these genes in embryonic pancreas of E14.5-E18.5 was examined by immunohistochemical method.
RESULTS: In embryonic pancreas of E14.5, the transcript amplification of β-catenin and cyclinD1 genes was detected. In embryonic pancreas of E18.5, the transcription levels of β-catenin and cyclinD1 genes became much higher than in other periods. But in adult rat pancreas the transcription of cyclinD1 gene could not be observed. Only until E18.5, the transcript amplification of mRNA of APC gene could be detected. Surprisingly, the transcription level of APC gene became much higher in adult rat pancreas than in embryonic pancreas. By means of immunohistochemical staining, identical results were obtained to the above by RP-PCR, except for β-catenin protein in adult rat pancreas.
CONCLUSION: Active Wnt/β-catenin signaling occurs in rat embryonic pancreas and is probably important for pancreatic development and organ formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi-Ming Wang
- Department of Anatomy, School of Preclinical and Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.
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