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Clinical Implication and the Hereditary Factors of NM23 in Hepatocellular Carcinoma Based on Bioinformatics Analysis and Genome-Wide Association Study. JOURNAL OF ONCOLOGY 2018; 2018:6594169. [PMID: 30662464 PMCID: PMC6312618 DOI: 10.1155/2018/6594169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2018] [Revised: 11/08/2018] [Accepted: 11/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
NM23 expression is closely associated with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) recurrence, but the hereditary factors influencing NM23 levels are unknown. Using public database, the diagnostic value of NM23 in HCC was investigated. A total of 424 hepatitis B virus- (HBV-) related HCC patients were enrolled to perform a genome–wide association study for identifying candidate variants associated with NM23 expression level. Additionally, a logistic regression model, haplotypes, and survival analysis were performed in the subsequent analysis. We identified high NM23 expression levels that have a diagnostic accuracy in HCC tissues and had a poor recurrence-free survival in HBV-related HCC patients. Variants near Psoriasis susceptibility 1 candidate 1 (PSORS1C1) and StAR related lipid transdomain containing 3 (STARD3) are associated with NM23 expression. The PSORS1C1 haplotype TGCACA and the STARD3 haplotype GG have favorable cumulative effects on NM23 expression. Further, variants in PSORS1C1 were associated with either overall survival (rs556285588, rs3095301, and rs3131003) only or overall survival and recurrence-free survival (rs560052000 and rs541820233) both in HCC patients. Our findings suggested that variants at the PSORS1C1 and STARD3 loci play an important role in NM23 regulation. Moreover, variants in PSORS1C1 are potential biomarkers for the prediction of postoperative clinical outcomes in HBV-related HCC patients. Thus, variants in PSORS1C1 and STARD3 are associated with NM23 expression and clinical outcomes of HBV-related HCC patients, which may be regarded as potential biomarkers for this disease.
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NDPKA is not just a metastasis suppressor - be aware of its metastasis-promoting role in neuroblastoma. J Transl Med 2018; 98:219-227. [PMID: 28991262 DOI: 10.1038/labinvest.2017.105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2017] [Revised: 07/22/2017] [Accepted: 07/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
NDPK-A, encoded by nm23-H1 (also known as NME1) was the first metastasis suppressor discovered. Much of the attention has been focused on the metastasis-suppressing role of NDPK-A in human tumors, including breast carcinoma and melanoma. However, compelling evidence points to a metastasis-promoting role of NDPK-A in certain tumors such as neuroblastoma and lymphoma. To balance attention on this contrariety of NDPK-A in different cancer types, this review addresses the metastasis-promoting role of NDPK-A in neuroblastoma. Neuroblastoma is an embryonic tumor, arising from neural crest cells that fail to differentiate into the sympathetic nervous system. We summarize and discuss nm23-H1 genetics and the prognosis of neuroblastoma, structural and functional changes associated with the S120G mutation of NDPK-A, as well as the evidence supporting the role of NDPK-A as a metastasis promoter. Also discussed are the NDPK-A relevant molecular determinants of neuroblastoma metastasis, and metastasis-relevant neural crest development. Because of NDPK-A's dichotomous role in tumor metastasis as both a suppressor and a promoter, tumor genome/exome profiles are necessary to identify the molecular drivers of metastasis in the NDPK-A network for developing tumor-specific therapies.
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Khera L, Paul C, Kaul R. Hepatitis C Virus E1 protein promotes cell migration and invasion by modulating cellular metastasis suppressor Nm23-H1. Virology 2017; 506:110-120. [PMID: 28376369 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2017.03.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2017] [Revised: 03/26/2017] [Accepted: 03/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the most prevalent primary liver cancer and its incidence is on the rise largely attributed to Hepatitis C virus (HCV) related liver cancer. A distinct feature of HCV associated HCC is the substantially increased incidence of metastasis compared to non-viral or HBV associated HCC. Nm23-H1 is the first reported human metastasis suppressor down-regulated in many human metastatic cancers. Nm23-H1 functions are modulated in several virus associated cancers. Our study now shows that HCV E1 protein expression as well as HCV infection induces pro-metastatic effect on cancer cells which is simultaneous to Nm23-H1 transcriptional down-regulation and Nm23-H1 protein degradation. Moreover, Nm23-H1 intracellular localization is significantly altered in cells expressing HCV E1 protein. Importantly, overexpression of Nm23-H1 can rescue the cancer cells from pro-metastatic effects of HCV E1 and HCV infection. Our limited study provides evidence for role for Nm23-H1 in HCV mediated cancer metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lohit Khera
- Department of Microbiology, University of Delhi, South Campus, New Delhi, India
| | - Catherine Paul
- Department of Microbiology, University of Delhi, South Campus, New Delhi, India
| | - Rajeev Kaul
- Department of Microbiology, University of Delhi, South Campus, New Delhi, India.
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Luo Y, Ren F, Liu Y, Shi Z, Tan Z, Xiong H, Dang Y, Chen G. Clinicopathological and prognostic significance of high Ki-67 labeling index in hepatocellular carcinoma patients: a meta-analysis. Int J Clin Exp Med 2015; 8:10235-10247. [PMID: 26379815 PMCID: PMC4565198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2015] [Accepted: 06/30/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The relationship between Ki-67 labeling index (LI) and clinical outcome in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) has been investigated by various studies, but no consistent result has been concluded. To define the prognostic significance of Ki-67 LI in patients with HCC, we performed a meta-analysis. METHODS We searched for literatures in the following databases: PubMed, ISI Web of Science, EMBASE, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, Science Direct, Wiley Online Library, Google Scholar, China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI), Chinese VIP and WanFang Databases. Our search ended on April 6th, 2015. Data were extracted from eligible studies and the correlation between Ki-67 LI and clinicopathological features of HCC was analyzed and pooled hazard ratios (HRs) for eligible studies were calculated by STATA 11.0 (STATA Corp., College, TX). RESULTS In total, 54 studies involving 4996 patients were included in the current meta-analysis. The meta-analysis provided evidence that high Ki-67 LI was closely associated with histological grade, tumor size, number of tumor nodes, the status of metastasis, cirrhosis and vein invasion in HCC patients. The pooled HRs showed that high Ki-67 LI had an unfavorable impact on disease-free survival (DFS) (HR=1.626, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.364-1.939, P<0.001), relapse-free survival (RFS) (HR=1.820, 95% CI: 1.215-2.725, P=0.004) and overall survival (OS) (HR=1.170, 95% CI: 1.102-1.243, P<0.001), respectively. Additionally, subgroup analysis indicated that high Ki-67 LI was related to poorer DFS, RFS and OS independent of regions, treatment strategies or statistical methods, except that no statistical significance was found on RFS (HR=2.413, 95% CI: 0.523-11.142, P=0.259) and OS (HR=1.998, 95% CI: 0.797-5.009, P=0.14) in patients with liver transplantation. CONCLUSIONS Our meta-analysis suggests that higher Ki-67 LI confers a fast progression and poor prognosis for HCC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yihuan Luo
- Department of Pathology, First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University 6 Shuangyong Road, Nanning 530021, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, P. R. China
| | - Fanghui Ren
- Department of Pathology, First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University 6 Shuangyong Road, Nanning 530021, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, P. R. China
| | - Yongru Liu
- Department of Pathology, First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University 6 Shuangyong Road, Nanning 530021, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, P. R. China
| | - Zhenhong Shi
- Department of Pathology, First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University 6 Shuangyong Road, Nanning 530021, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, P. R. China
| | - Zhong Tan
- Department of Pathology, First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University 6 Shuangyong Road, Nanning 530021, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, P. R. China
| | - Huojie Xiong
- Department of Pathology, First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University 6 Shuangyong Road, Nanning 530021, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, P. R. China
| | - Yiwu Dang
- Department of Pathology, First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University 6 Shuangyong Road, Nanning 530021, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, P. R. China
| | - Gang Chen
- Department of Pathology, First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University 6 Shuangyong Road, Nanning 530021, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, P. R. China
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Grech G, Zhan X, Yoo BC, Bubnov R, Hagan S, Danesi R, Vittadini G, Desiderio DM. EPMA position paper in cancer: current overview and future perspectives. EPMA J 2015; 6:9. [PMID: 25908947 PMCID: PMC4407842 DOI: 10.1186/s13167-015-0030-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2015] [Accepted: 02/26/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
At present, a radical shift in cancer treatment is occurring in terms of predictive, preventive, and personalized medicine (PPPM). Individual patients will participate in more aspects of their healthcare. During the development of PPPM, many rapid, specific, and sensitive new methods for earlier detection of cancer will result in more efficient management of the patient and hence a better quality of life. Coordination of the various activities among different healthcare professionals in primary, secondary, and tertiary care requires well-defined competencies, implementation of training and educational programs, sharing of data, and harmonized guidelines. In this position paper, the current knowledge to understand cancer predisposition and risk factors, the cellular biology of cancer, predictive markers and treatment outcome, the improvement in technologies in screening and diagnosis, and provision of better drug development solutions are discussed in the context of a better implementation of personalized medicine. Recognition of the major risk factors for cancer initiation is the key for preventive strategies (EPMA J. 4(1):6, 2013). Of interest, cancer predisposing syndromes in particular the monogenic subtypes that lead to cancer progression are well defined and one should focus on implementation strategies to identify individuals at risk to allow preventive measures and early screening/diagnosis. Implementation of such measures is disturbed by improper use of the data, with breach of data protection as one of the risks to be heavily controlled. Population screening requires in depth cost-benefit analysis to justify healthcare costs, and the parameters screened should provide information that allow an actionable and deliverable solution, for better healthcare provision.
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Affiliation(s)
- Godfrey Grech
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine and Surgery, University of Malta, Msida, Malta
| | - Xianquan Zhan
- Key Laboratory of Cancer Proteomics of Chinese Ministry of Health, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Byong Chul Yoo
- Colorectal Cancer Branch, Division of Translational and Clinical Research I, Research Institute, National Cancer Center, Gyeonggi, 410-769 Republic of Korea
| | - Rostyslav Bubnov
- Clinical Hospital 'Pheophania' of State Management of Affairs Department, Kyiv, Ukraine ; Zabolotny Institute of Microbiology and Virology, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Kyiv, Ukraine
| | - Suzanne Hagan
- Dept of Life Sciences, School of Health and Life Sciences, Glasgow Caledonian University, Glasgow, UK
| | - Romano Danesi
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | | | - Dominic M Desiderio
- Department of Neurology, University of Tennessee Center for Health Science, Memphis, USA
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Chen JD, Xiong YQ, Dong K, Luo J, Yue LX, Chen Q. Clinical Significance of Joint Detection of Serum VEGF, SIL-2R and HGF in Patients with Primary Hepatocellular Carcinoma before and after Percutaneous Microwave Coagulation Therapy. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2014; 15:4545-8. [DOI: 10.7314/apjcp.2014.15.11.4545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
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Asmal M, Seaman M, Lin W, Chung RT, Letvin NL, Geiben-Lynn R. Inhibition of HCV by the serpin antithrombin III. Virol J 2012; 9:226. [PMID: 23031791 PMCID: PMC3519617 DOI: 10.1186/1743-422x-9-226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2012] [Accepted: 09/27/2012] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Although there have been dramatic strides made recently in the treatment of chronic hepatitis C virus infection, interferon-α based therapy remains challenging for certain populations, including those with unfavorable IL28B genotypes, psychiatric co-morbidity, HIV co-infection, and decompensated liver disease. We have recently shown that ATIII, a serine protease inhibitor (serpin), has broad antiviral properties. Results We now show that ATIII is capable of inhibiting HCV in the OR6 replicon model at micromolar concentrations. At a mechanistic level using gene-expression arrays, we found that ATIII treatment down-regulated multiple host cell signal transduction factors involved in the pathogenesis of cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma, including Jun, Myc and BMP2. Using a protein interactive network analysis we found that changes in gene-expression caused by ATIII were dependent on three nodes previously implicated in HCV disease progression or HCV replication: NFκB, P38 MAPK, and ERK1/2. Conclusions Our findings suggest that ATIII stimulates a novel innate antiviral host cell defense different from current treatment options.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed Asmal
- Division of Viral Pathogenesis, BIDMC, Boston, MA 02215, USA.
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Molecular and serum markers in hepatocellular carcinoma: Predictive tools for prognosis and recurrence. Crit Rev Oncol Hematol 2012; 82:116-40. [DOI: 10.1016/j.critrevonc.2011.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2010] [Revised: 04/08/2011] [Accepted: 05/18/2011] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
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Molecular markers as a prognostic system for hepatocellular carcinoma. J Adv Res 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jare.2011.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
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10
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The FUSE binding protein is a cellular factor required for efficient replication of hepatitis C virus. J Virol 2008; 82:5761-73. [PMID: 18400844 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00064-08] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection is the leading cause of liver cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma and one of the primary indications for liver transplantation. The molecular mechanisms underlying the actions of host factors in HCV replication remain poorly defined. FUSE (far upstream element of the c-myc proto-oncogene) binding protein (FBP) is a cellular factor that we have identified as a binder of HCV 3' nontranslated region (3'NTR). Mapping of the binding site showed that FBP specifically interacts with the poly(U) tract within the poly(U/UC) region of the 3'NTR. Silencing of FBP expression by small interfering RNA in cells carrying HCV subgenomic replicons severely reduced viral replication, while overexpression of FBP significantly enhanced viral replication. We confirmed these observations by an in vitro HCV replication assay in the cell-free replicative lysate, which suggested that there is a direct correlation between the cellular FBP level and HCV replication. FBP immunoprecipitation coprecipitated HCV nonstructural protein 5A (NS5A), indicating that FBP interacts with HCV NS5A, which is known to function as a link between HCV translation and replication. Although FBP is mainly localized in the nucleus, we found that in MH14 cells a significant level of this protein is colocalized with NS5A in the cytosol, a site of HCV replication. While the mechanism of FBP involvement in HCV replication is yet to be delineated, our findings suggest that it may be an important regulatory component that is essential for efficient replication of HCV.
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Abstract
One of the most aggressive cancers is hepatocellular carcinoma, which is associated with a very poor patient outcome due to a high recurrence rate and metastatic spread. NM23, the first metastasis suppressor gene to be identified, has been widely studied in human cancers. However, conflicting results have been obtained depending on the tumor type and the evaluation protocol. The current knowledge of NM23 as a diagnostic and/or prognostic marker in hepatocellular carcinoma is reviewed herein. Most studies demonstrate an inverse association between the expression of NM23-H1 and the metastatic potential, which is not observed with the closely related NM23-H2 isoform. Transfection of metastatic hepatoma cells with NM23 reduced their metastatic potential, as for other tumor cell lines. The demonstration of a causative role of NM23 in metastatic dissemination in a mouse model of hepatocarcinoma suggests that hepatocarcinoma-derived cells could be good models for the analysis of the molecular mechanisms involved in NM23 action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathieu Boissan
- INSERM U680, Faculté de Médecine, Université P. et M. Curie (UPMC-Paris 6), 27 rue Chaligny, Paris, F-75012, France
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Mann CD, Neal CP, Garcea G, Manson MM, Dennison AR, Berry DP. Prognostic molecular markers in hepatocellular carcinoma: a systematic review. Eur J Cancer 2007; 43:979-92. [PMID: 17291746 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejca.2007.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 183] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2006] [Revised: 12/22/2006] [Accepted: 01/04/2007] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the fifth commonest malignancy worldwide and its incidence is rising. Surgery, including transplantation, remains the only potentially curative modality for HCC, yet recurrence rates are high and long-term survival poor. The ability to predict individual recurrence risk and subsequently prognosis would help guide surgical and chemotherapeutic treatment. As understanding of hepatocarcinogenesis has increased, the myriad of genetic and molecular events that drive the hepatocarcinogenic disease process, including angiogenesis, invasion and metastasis, have been identified. This systematic review examines the evidence from published manuscripts reporting the prognostic potential of molecular biomarkers in hepatocellular carcinoma. In summary, a number of molecular biomarkers with prognostic significance have been identified in hepatocellular carcinoma. Not only might these molecules allow more accurate prediction of prognosis for patients with HCC, but they may also provide targets for potential therapeutic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher D Mann
- Cancer Biomarkers and Prevention Group, Department of Cancer Studies and Molecular Medicine, Biocentre, University of Leicester, University Road, Leicester LE1 7RH, United Kingdom.
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Schmitz V, Raskopf E, Gonzalez-Carmona MA, Vogt A, Rabe C, Leifeld L, Kornek M, Sauerbruch T, Caselmann WH. Plasminogen fragment K1-5 improves survival in a murine hepatocellular carcinoma model. Gut 2007; 56:271-8. [PMID: 16809420 PMCID: PMC1856779 DOI: 10.1136/gut.2005.088583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The prognosis of patients with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) remains poor, and new alternative treatments are needed. AIMS To comparatively test the angiostatic and antitumour effects of adenoviral gene transfer of angiostatin (PlgK1-4, amino acids 1-440) and full kringles 1-5 (PlgK1-5, amino acids 1-546) in a model of subcutaneously transferred HCC in mice. METHODS PlgK1-4 and PlgK1-5 were generated from human WtPlg cDNA and used for adenovirus construction. Vector function and angiostatic effects were confirmed in vitro and in vivo. Antitumoral efficacies of intratumoral vector injections were studied in a model of subcutaneously transferred HCC model. RESULTS Cell supernatants containing PlgK1-4 and PlgK1-5 reduced endothelial tube formation in vitro by about 30%, whereas WtPlg exerted no inhibitory effect. Endothelial cell infiltration in vivo was decreased by about 60%, but not in AdWtPlg-treated animals. Intratumoral treatment of subcutaneous HCC tumours inhibited growth by 40% for AdPlgK1-4 and 63% for AdPlgK1-5 in surviving mice 12 days after initiation of treatment, whereas treatment with AdWtPlg even led to accelerated growth. Although PlgK1-4 and PlgK1-5 have similar inhibitory effects on intratumoral microvessels, PlgK1-5 markedly improved the survival time compared with PlgK1-4. CONCLUSION PlgK1-5 and PlgK1-4 effectively inhibited HCC growth. As PlgK1-5 could also prolong the survival time, inducing complete tumour elimination in half of the AdPlgK1-5-treated mice, PlgK1-5 might be the most potential plasminogen fragment for treatment of experimental HCC.
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MESH Headings
- Angiogenesis Inhibitors/genetics
- Angiostatins/genetics
- Animals
- Antimetabolites, Antineoplastic/analysis
- Antineoplastic Agents
- Apoptosis/genetics
- Bromodeoxyuridine/analysis
- Carcinoma, Hepatocellular/genetics
- Carcinoma, Hepatocellular/mortality
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Disease Models, Animal
- Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic/genetics
- Gene Transfer Techniques
- Genes, Transgenic, Suicide/genetics
- Genetic Vectors/genetics
- Humans
- Liver Neoplasms/genetics
- Liver Neoplasms/mortality
- Male
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C3H
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Peptide Fragments/genetics
- Plasminogen/genetics
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Affiliation(s)
- Volker Schmitz
- Department of Internal Medicine I, University Hospital Bonn, Sigmund-Freud-Strasse 25, 53105 Bonn, Germany.
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Sun ZH, Ma WL, Zhang B, Peng YF, Zheng WL. Application of restriction display PCR technique in the preparation of cDNA microarray probes. World J Gastroenterol 2005; 11:7579-84. [PMID: 16437681 PMCID: PMC4727234 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v11.i48.7579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2005] [Revised: 07/10/2005] [Accepted: 07/15/2005] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM To develop a simplified and efficient method for the preparation of hepatitis C virus (HCV) cDNA microarray probes. METHODS With the technique of restriction display PCR (RD-PCR), restriction enzyme Sau3A I was chosen to digest the full-length HCV cDNAs. The products were classified and re-amplified by RD-PCR. We separated the differential genes by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and silver staining. Single bands cut out from the polyacrylamide gel were isolated. The third-round PCR was performed using the single bands as PCR template. The RD-PCR fragments were purified and cloned into the pMD18-T vector. The recombinant plasmids were extracted from positive clones, and the target gene fragments were sequenced. The cDNA microarray was prepared by spotting RD-PCR products to the surface of amino-modified glass slides using a robot. We validated the detection of microarray by hybridization and sequence analysis. RESULTS A total of 24 different cDNA fragments ranging from 200 to 800 bp were isolated and sequenced, which were the specific gene fragments of HCV. These fragments could be further used as probes in microarray preparation. The diagnostic capability of the microarray was evaluated after the washing and scanning steps. The results of hybridization and sequence analysis showed that the specificity, sensitivity, accuracy, reproducibility, and linearity in detecting HCV RNA were satisfactory. CONCLUSION The RD-PCR technique is of great value in obtaining a large number of size-comparable gene probes, which provides a speedy protocol in generating probes for the preparation of microarrays. Microarray prepared as such could be further optimized and applied in the clinical diagnosis of HCV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhao-Hui Sun
- Institute of Genetic Engineering, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, Guangdong Province, China
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