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Ma J, Huo H, Zhang H, Wang L, Meng Y, Jin F, Wang X, Zhao Y, Zhao Y, Tu P, Song Y, Zheng J, Li J. 2-(2-phenylethyl)chromone-enriched extract of the resinous heartwood of Chinese agarwood (Aquilaria sinensis) protects against taurocholic acid-induced gastric epithelial cells apoptosis through Perk/eIF2α/CHOP pathway. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2022; 98:153935. [PMID: 35104763 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2022.153935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2021] [Revised: 01/07/2022] [Accepted: 01/08/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Injury of gastric epithelial cells is one of the most important pathological features of bile reflux gastritis. Chinese agarwood (the resinous heartwood of Aquilaria sinensis) has been used to treat stomach problems for thousands of years in China. However, the pathological mechanism of epithelial cells death induced by bile acids and the therapeutic target of Chinese agarwood for improving bile reflux gastritis have not yet been fully clarified. PURPOSE This study aimed to investigate the pro-apoptotic effect of taurocholic acid (TCA) by regulating the ER stress pathway. Moreover, the role of Chinese agarwood 2-(2-phenylethyl)chromone-enriched extract (CPE) to inhibit gastric epithelial cell death induced by TCA was also been demonstrated. METHODS We adopted human gastric epithelial GES-1 cells to explore the mechanism of TCA-induced cell death in vitro. Then the cell viability, apoptosis rate, and protein expressions were evaluated to explore the protective effects of CPE on GES-1 cells by TCA injury. The therapeutic effect of CPE on bile reflux gastritis was further confirmed by the bile reflux mice in vivo. RESULTS Our results demonstrated that TCA activated GES-1 cell apoptosis by increased cleavage of caspase-7 and PARP. Further experiments showed that TCA up-regulated endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, subsequently triggered the apoptosis of the epithelial cells. Our research explored that CPE is the main effective fraction in Chinese agarwood by preventing the TCA-induced gastric epithelial cell injury. CPE effectively suppressed GES-1 cell apoptosis activated by TCA through inhibiting Perk/eIF2α/CHOP pathway. The anti-apoptotic effect of CPE on gastric mucosa had also been confirmed in vivo. Moreover, the main effective components in CPE corresponding to the protection of epithelial cells were also been identified. CONCLUSION Our finding suggested that CPE recovered the TCA-induced epithelial cell apoptosis by mediating the activation of ER stress, which explored potential medicine to treat bile reflux gastritis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiale Ma
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Huixia Huo
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Hang Zhang
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Lingxiao Wang
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Yingxin Meng
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Fengyu Jin
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Xinyu Wang
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Yimu Zhao
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Yunfang Zhao
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Pengfei Tu
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Yuelin Song
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, China.
| | - Jiao Zheng
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, China.
| | - Jun Li
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, China.
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Kim KJ, Kim E, Kang WS, Jeon M, Choi H, Lee KH, Kim MH, Kim JS, Na CS, Kim S. SR-5, the specific ratio of Korean multi-herbal formula: An evaluation of antiulcerogenic effects on experimentally induced gastric ulcers in mice. Dose Response 2021; 19:15593258211044329. [PMID: 34690616 PMCID: PMC8532236 DOI: 10.1177/15593258211044329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2021] [Revised: 08/17/2021] [Accepted: 08/17/2021] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose Previously, we demonstrated that the specific ratio of Korean multi-herbal formula (SR-5) exhibits hepatoprotective properties against ethanol-induced hepatic damage in rats. Chronic and excessive alcohol consumption is a major etiological factor involved in gastric disease and ulcer development induced by the inflammatory response and oxidative stress. Methods The present study evaluated the gastroprotective effects of SR-5 (100, 150, and 200 mg/kg) against hydrochloride acid/ethanol (HCl/EtOH)-induced and indomethacin/hydrochloride acid (INDO/HCl)-induced gastritis in a mouse model and the mechanisms involved. Results All the tested doses of SR-5 significantly inhibited gastric lesions in the HCl/EtOH-induced ulcer model mice. Similarly, all the tested doses of SR-5 significantly inhibited gastric lesions in the INDO/HCl-induced ulcer model mice. Furthermore, mice pretreated with SR-5 had significantly increased gastric levels of enzymatic and nonenzymatic antioxidants, namely, catalase (CAT) and glutathione (GSH), with concomitant reductions in malondialdehyde (MDA) and reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels compared with those in the HCl/EtOH or INDO/HCl group. SR-5 suppressed the expression of nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB)/p65, inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) to their normal values. Conclusion These findings are the first to demonstrate the powerful protective effect of SR-5 against gastric injury development and provide hope for clinical application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyeong Jo Kim
- Central R&D Center, B&Tech Co., Ltd, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun Kim
- Central R&D Center, B&Tech Co., Ltd, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| | - Wan Seok Kang
- Central R&D Center, B&Tech Co., Ltd, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| | - Mijin Jeon
- Central R&D Center, B&Tech Co., Ltd, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| | - Hakjoon Choi
- Central R&D Center, B&Tech Co., Ltd, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| | - Ki Hoon Lee
- Central R&D Center, B&Tech Co., Ltd, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| | - Mi-Hyeon Kim
- Central R&D Center, B&Tech Co., Ltd, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin Seok Kim
- Central R&D Center, B&Tech Co., Ltd, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| | - Chang-Su Na
- College of Korean Medicine, Dongshin University, Naju, Republic of Korea
| | - Sunoh Kim
- Central R&D Center, B&Tech Co., Ltd, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
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Lim JM, Song CH, Park SJ, Park DC, Jung GW, Cho HR, Bashir KMI, Ku SK, Choi JS. Protective effects of triple fermented barley extract (FBe) on indomethacin-induced gastric mucosal damage in rats. BMC COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2019; 19:49. [PMID: 30786935 PMCID: PMC6383278 DOI: 10.1186/s12906-019-2457-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2018] [Accepted: 02/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hordeum vulgare L (barley) contains numerous phenolic substances with proven anticancer, antioxidant and gastroprotective activities. Saccharification increases the functionality and bioavailability of these compounds thus can aid in the development of a natural product based medicine. This study aimed to investigate the possible gastroprotective effects of saccharification on the indomethacin (IND)-induced gastric ulcers in rats using Weissella cibaria- and Saccharomyces cerevisiae-triple fermented H. vulgare extract (FBe). METHODS In total, 60 healthy male 6-week old Sprague-Dawley SD (SPF/VAF Outbred CrljOri:CD1) rats were commercially purchased. The FBe extract (100, 200, and 300 mg kg- 1) was orally administered 30 min before an oral treatment of IND (25 mg kg- 1). Six hours after IND treatment, variations in the histopathology, myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity, gross lesion scores, lipid peroxidation, and antioxidant defense system component (superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), and glutathione (GSH)) levels were measured. RESULTS FBe treatment showed significant (p < 0.01 or p < 0.05) and dose-dependent decrease in gastric mucosal damage. In the present study hemorrhagic gross lesions, gastric MPO activity, and histopathological gastric ulcerative lesions were observed in IND-treated rats compared to the IND control rats. In particular, FBe, in a dose-dependent manner, strengthened the antioxidant defense systems, decreased lipid peroxidation and CAT activity by increasing the GSH levels and SOD activity, respectively. The 200 mg kg- 1 dose of FBe was similarly gastroprotective as the 10 mg kg- 1 dose of omeprazole in rats with IND-induced gastric mucosal damage. CONCLUSIONS The findings of the present study show that an oral administration of FBe had positive gastroprotective effects through strengthening the body antioxidant defense system and anti-inflammatory effects.
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Ahuja A, Yi YS, Kim MY, Cho JY. Ethnopharmacological properties of Artemisia asiatica: A comprehensive review. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2018; 220:117-128. [PMID: 29604379 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2018.03.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2017] [Revised: 03/24/2018] [Accepted: 03/24/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Artemisia asiatica Nakai (Compositae) has a long history as a traditional remedy. Preparation from various parts of the plant (aerial parts and leaves) are used to treat a wide range of diseases including gastric trouble, liver dysfunction, and skin inflammation. AIMS OF THIS REVIEW The aims of this review were: 1) to provide an overview of recent studies and progress on A. asiatica-derived ethnopharmacological compounds and their pharmacological activities; and 2) to summarize existing evidence and provide insight for future studies. MATERIALS AND METHODS This investigation was carried out by analyzing published books and research papers via scientific databases, namely Science Direct, PubMed ACS Publication, Wiley Online Library, CNKI and information obtained online. The keywords "Artemisia asiatica traditional uses," "Compounds isolated and studied in Artemisia asiatica," and "Pharmacological advances in Artemisia asiatica" were used and articles published between 1995 and 2017 were considered. In total, 500 works related to biological activities of A. asiatica were identified, and only materials published in English were included in the review. RESULTS Comparative analysis of literature searched through sources available confirmed that the ethnopharmacological use of A. asiatica was recorded in Korea, China, and Japan. Phytochemical studies revealed the presence of flavonoids, sesquiterpene lactones, monoterpenes, and steroids in A. asiatica. Of these, flavonoids have been shown to exhibit significant pharmacological effects such as gastroprotective, anti-inflammatory, anti-tumor, and anti-microbial actions. CONCLUSIONS Phytochemical and pharmacological studies of Artemisia asiatica have proven that this plant is one of valuable medicinal sources with neuroprotective, gastroprotective, anti-oxidative, anti-inflammatory, and anti-cancer effects. Although ethanol extract of this plant is now being prescribed as gastroprotective and anti-ulcerative medicine, it is now time to expand its application to other human inflammatory diseases such as pancreatitis and hepatitis and further extensive study on toxicity in human. Therefore, the present review will encourage further studies of A. asiatica in the pursuit of wide range of therapeutic remedy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akash Ahuja
- Department of Genetic Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Su Yi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Cheongju University, Cheongju 28503, Republic of Korea
| | - Mi-Yeon Kim
- School of Systems Biomedical Science, Soongsil University, Seoul 06978, Republic of Korea.
| | - Jae Youl Cho
- Department of Genetic Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea.
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Luo XJ, Liu B, Dai Z, Li TB, Li NS, Zhang XJ, Yang ZC, Li YJ, Peng J. Expression of apoptosis-associated microRNAs in ethanol-induced acute gastric mucosal injury via JNK pathway. Alcohol 2013; 47:481-93. [PMID: 23830200 DOI: 10.1016/j.alcohol.2013.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2013] [Revised: 05/26/2013] [Accepted: 05/30/2013] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) have been shown to be closely associated with cellular apoptosis, but their involvement in response to ethanol-induced gastric mucosal epithelial cell apoptosis remains largely unknown. The purpose of this study was to investigate the expression profile of apoptosis-associated miRNAs in ethanol-induced acute gastric mucosal injury and the mechanisms underlying injury. Gastric mucosal injury was induced in rats by oral administration of ethanol, and gastric tissues were collected for analysis of gastric ulcer index, apoptosis ratio, caspase-3 activity, and miRNAs expression. Cell cultures of human gastric mucosal epithelial cells (GES-1) were incubated with ethanol to induce apoptosis. Mimics or inhibitors of miRNAs or c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) inhibitor were added to the cell culture medium. GES-1 cells were collected for analysis of apoptosis ratio, caspase-3 activity, miRNAs expression, and protein phosphorylation levels of JNK, p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (p38MAPK), or extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK). In the animal experiments, gastric ulcer index, cellular apoptosis, and caspase-3 activity were significantly increased, accompanied by up-regulation of miR-145 and down-regulation of the microRNAs miR-17, miR-19a, miR-21, miR-181a, and miR-200c. In the human cell culture experiments, the anti-apoptotic effects of miR-19a and miR-21 or pro-apoptotic effect of miR-145 were confirmed by their corresponding mimics or inhibitor; the ethanol-induced GES-1 apoptosis as well as the changes in miRNAs expression were significantly attenuated in the presence of JNK inhibitor. These results demonstrated that miR-145, miR-19a, and miR-21 were the apoptosis-associated miRNAs in gastric mucosal epithelial cells. The regulation of expression of these 3 miRNAs in ethanol-induced GES-1 apoptosis involved the JNK pathway.
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Kim JH, Jung SH, Yang YI, Ahn JH, Cho JG, Lee KT, Baek NI, Choi JH. Artemisia leaf extract induces apoptosis in human endometriotic cells through regulation of the p38 and NFκB pathways. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2013; 145:767-775. [PMID: 23228915 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2012.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2012] [Revised: 11/16/2012] [Accepted: 12/01/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Artemisia leaves have long been used for the treatment of gynecological disorders, including infertility and dysmenorrhea, which can be commonly caused by endometriosis. In the present study, we investigated the effect of Artemisia princeps extract (APE) on the cell growth and apoptosis of human endometriotic cells. MATERIALS AND METHODS MTT assays and FACS analysis using PI and Annexin staining were performed to study cell viability, cell cycle progression, and apoptosis. We also explored the mechanism of APE-induced effects by evaluating the activation of caspases, Akt, p38, and NFκB. The expressions of XIAP, Bcl-2, and Bcl-xL were measured by real-time RT-PCR and Western blot analyses. RESULTS APE significantly inhibited the cell viability of 11Z and 12Z human endometriotic epithelial cells. Interestingly, endometriotic cells were more sensitive to APE treatment than immortalized endometrial cells (HES). Treatment with APE induced apoptosis of 11Z cells in a time-dependent manner, as shown by accumulation of sub G1 and apoptotic cell populations. In addition, treatment with APE stimulated the activation of caspase -3, -8, and -9 in a dose- and time-dependent manner. Furthermore, p38 was activated by APE treatment, and the p38 inhibitor SB203580 markedly inhibited APE-induced cell death in 11Z cells. Moreover, treatment with APE suppressed the activation of NFκB and the expressions of anti-apoptotic factors such as XIAP, Bcl-2, and Bcl-xL. CONCLUSION These results indicate that APE is a potential anti-endometriotic agent, acting to induce apoptosis of endometrial cells through the modulation of the p38 and NFκB pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji-Hyun Kim
- Department of Life and Nanopharmaceutical Science, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 130-701, Republic of Korea
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Young Oh T, Ok Ahn B, Jung Jang E, Sang Park J, Jong Park S, Wook Baik H, Hahm KB. Accelerated Ulcer Healing and Resistance to Ulcer Recurrence with Gastroprotectants in Rat Model of Acetic Acid-induced Gastric Ulcer. J Clin Biochem Nutr 2011; 42:204-14. [PMID: 18545642 PMCID: PMC2386523 DOI: 10.3164/jcbn.2008030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2006] [Accepted: 10/26/2006] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Quality of ulcer healing (QOUH) is defined as ideal ulcer healing featuring with the fine granular ulcer scar, high functional restoration and the resistance to recurrence. This study was designed to compare the rates of QOUH achievement in rat gastric ulcer model between acid suppressant treated group and gastroprotectant treated group accompanied with elucidations of molecular mechanisms. Serosal injection of acetic acids for generating gastric ulcer and intraperitoneal (ip) injection of recombinant interleukin 1-beta (IL-1β) for recurring healed ulcer was done in SD rats. The 72 rats were divided into three groups according to treatment as follows; Group I, no further treatment, Group II, 8 weeks treatment of omeprazole, and Group III, 8 weeks of gastroprotectant treatment. IL-1β was administered for ulcer recurrence after 28 weeks of acetic acid injection. At four weeks after gastric ulcerogenesis, 58.3% (7/12) of active gastric ulcer were converted to healing stage in Group III, but 16.7% (2/12) in Group II and none in Group I, for which significant levels of epidermal growth factor, mucin, and pS2/trefoil peptide1 were contributive to these accelerated healings of Group III. ip injections of rIL-1β (200 µg/kg) at 28 weeks after acetic acid injection led to 100% of ulcer recurrence in Group I and 75.0% in Group II, but only 16.7% of Group III rats showed ulcer recurrence. Significantly attenuated levels of inflammatory cytokines including IL-2, transforming growth factor-alpha (TNF-α), cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), nitrotyrosine were responsible for the resistance to ulcer recurrence in Group III. Conclusively, gastroprotectant might be prerequisite in order to achieve ideal QOUH through significant inductions of remodeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tae Young Oh
- Dong A Pharmaceutical Research Institute, Yongin 130-708, Korea
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Baek YH, Lee KN, Jun DW, Yoon BC, Kim JM, Oh TY, Lee OY. Augmenting Effect of DA-9601 on Ghrelin in an Acute Gastric Injury Model. Gut Liver 2011; 5:52-6. [PMID: 21461072 DOI: 10.5009/gnl.2011.5.1.52] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2010] [Accepted: 12/22/2010] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIMS Acute gastric injury by alcohol or indomethacin has been reported to be prevented by DA-9601, an extract of the herb Artemisia asiatica. Ghrelin, an endogenously produced gastrointestinal peptide hormone, has also been demonstrated to play a role in gastric mucosal defense. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of DA-9601 on ghrelin in an acute gastric injury model induced by alcohol or indomethacin. METHODS A total of 140 Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into two groups, a placebo group and a DA-9601-pretreated group. Thirty minutes later, half of the rats in each group received ethanol injury and the other half received indomethacin injury. Levels of serum ghrelin and gastric mucosal ghrelin mRNA were measured by ELISA and RT-PCR, respectively. RESULTS Immediately after ethanol administration, ghrelin increased in both groups pretreated with DA-9601 and placebo. However, the increase occurred more rapidly and was higher in the DA-9601-pretreated rats than in the controls that did not receive DA-9601-pretreatment. Similarly, from 30 minutes to 2 hours after indomethacin administration, the DA-9601-pretreated rats showed a significant increase in serum and gastric mucosal ghrelin concentrations, whereas placebo-pretreated rats showed only a mild increase. CONCLUSIONS DA-9601 potentiates the endogenous production and secretion of ghrelin in acute gastric injury models induced by ethanol or indomethacin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoo Hum Baek
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hanyang University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
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Hyun Kim S, Park JH, Ram Kim B, Ju Kim E, Kim HJ, Cho Y, Yong Lee K, Hyun Sung S. Optimized Conditions for the Extraction of Eupatilin inArtemisia asiaticaby Pressurized Liquid Extraction. SEP SCI TECHNOL 2009. [DOI: 10.1080/01496390902775794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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Hofseth LJ. Nitric oxide as a target of complementary and alternative medicines to prevent and treat inflammation and cancer. Cancer Lett 2008; 268:10-30. [PMID: 18440130 PMCID: PMC2680023 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2008.03.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2008] [Revised: 03/14/2008] [Accepted: 03/19/2008] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Nitric oxide (NO) and associated reactive nitrogen species (RNS) are involved in many physiological functions. There has been an ongoing debate to whether RNS can inhibit or perpetuate chronic inflammation and associated carcinogenesis. Although the final outcome depends on the genetic make-up of its target, the surrounding microenvironment, the activity and localization of nitric oxide synthase (NOS) isoforms, and overall levels of NO/RNS, evidence is accumulating that in general, RNS drive inflammation and cancers associated with inflammation. To this end, many complementary and alternative medicines (CAMs) that work in chemoprevention associated with chronic inflammation, are inhibitors of excessive NO observed in inflammatory conditions. Here, we review recent literature outlining a role of NO/RNS in chronic inflammation and cancer, and point toward NO as one of several targets for the success of CAMs in treating chronic inflammation and cancer associated with this inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorne J Hofseth
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, South Carolina College of Pharmacy, University of South Carolina, 770 Sumter Street, Coker Life Sciences, Room 513C, Columbia, SC 29208, USA.
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