1
|
Wu BC, Hsu ATW, Abadchi SN, Johnson CR, Bengali S, Lay F, Melinosky K, Shao C, Chang KH, Born LJ, Abraham J, Evans D, Ha JS, Harmon JW. Potential Role of Silencing Ribonucleic Acid for Esophageal Cancer Treatment. J Surg Res 2022; 278:433-444. [PMID: 35667884 DOI: 10.1016/j.jss.2022.04.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2021] [Revised: 03/30/2022] [Accepted: 04/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Esophageal cancer is an aggressive malignancy with high mortality. Optimal treatment of esophageal cancer remains an elusive goal. Ribonucleic acid (RNA) interference is a novel potential targeted approach to treat esophageal cancer. Targeting oncogenes that can alter critical cellular functions with silencing RNA molecules is a promising approach. The silencing of specific oncogenes in esophageal cancer cells in the experimental setting has been shown to decrease the expression of oncogenic proteins. This has resulted in cell apoptosis, reduction in cell proliferation, reduced invasion, migration, epithelial-mesenchymal transition, decrease in tumor angiogenesis and metastasis, and overcoming drug resistance. The Hedgehog (Hh) signaling pathway has been shown to be involved in esophageal adenocarcinoma formation in a reflux animal model. In addition to Hh, we will focus on other targets with clinical potential in the treatment of esophageal cancer. MATERIALS AND METHODS We searched for articles published from 2005 to August 2020 that studied the siRNA effects on inhibiting esophageal cancer formation in experimental settings. We used combinations of the following terms for searching: "esophageal cancer," "RNA interference," "small interfering RNA," "siRNA," "silencing RNA," "Smoothened (Smo)," "Gli," "Bcl-2," "Bcl-XL," "Bcl-W,″ "Mcl-1," "Bfl-1," "STAT3,"and "Hypoxia inducible factor (HIF)". A total of 21 relevant articles were found. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS Several proto-oncogenes/oncogenes including Hh pathway mediators, glioma-associated oncogene homolog 1 (Gli-1), Smoothened (Smo), and antiapoptotic Bcl-2 have potential as targets for silencing RNA in the treatment of esophageal cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bo-Chang Wu
- Bayview Surgical Research Laboratory, Department of Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Angela Ting-Wei Hsu
- Bayview Surgical Research Laboratory, Department of Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Sanaz Nourmohammadi Abadchi
- Bayview Surgical Research Laboratory, Department of Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Christopher R Johnson
- Bayview Surgical Research Laboratory, Department of Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland; Division of Thoracic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Sameer Bengali
- Bayview Surgical Research Laboratory, Department of Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Frank Lay
- Bayview Surgical Research Laboratory, Department of Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Kelsey Melinosky
- Bayview Surgical Research Laboratory, Department of Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | | | - Kai-Hua Chang
- Bayview Surgical Research Laboratory, Department of Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Louis J Born
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Maryland, College Park, College Park, Maryland
| | - John Abraham
- Bayview Surgical Research Laboratory, Department of Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | | | - Jinny S Ha
- Division of Thoracic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland; The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - John W Harmon
- Bayview Surgical Research Laboratory, Department of Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Zhang J, Meng L, Yu P, Li J, Yu J. MiR-155 promotes the migration and invasion of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma via downregulating PTEN. Minerva Med 2019; 112:155-157. [PMID: 31282135 DOI: 10.23736/s0026-4806.19.06182-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jing Zhang
- Department of Cardiothoracic Vascular Surgery, People's Hospital of Rizhao, Rizhao, China
| | - Lingxin Meng
- Department of Oncology, People's Hospital of Rizhao, Rizhao, China
| | - Peng Yu
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, People's Hospital of Chiping, Liaocheng, China -
| | - Jun Li
- Department of Cardiothoracic Vascular Surgery, People's Hospital of Rizhao, Rizhao, China
| | - Jiadong Yu
- Department of Personnel Section, the People's Hospital of Zhangqiu Area, Jinan, China
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Tang JC, An R, Jiang YQ, Yang J. Effects and Mechanisms of Metformin on the Proliferation of Esophageal Cancer Cells In Vitro and In Vivo. Cancer Res Treat 2017; 49:778-789. [PMID: 27857021 PMCID: PMC5512357 DOI: 10.4143/crt.2015.485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2015] [Accepted: 10/21/2016] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE The purpose of this study was to observe the effects of metformin on human esophageal cancer cell and to investigate its possible mechanisms. MATERIALS AND METHODS Cell viability was detected by using a Cell Counting Kit-8, while cell cycle and apoptosis were assessed by flow cytometry and western blot was used to measure the expression of the related proteins. RNAi was used to knockout pyruvate kinase muscle isozyme 2 (PKM2). An Eca109 tumor model was established to evaluate the antitumor effect in vivo. Immunohistochemistry was determined based on the expression of PKM2 and Bim in tumor tissues. Tunnel was used to assess tumor cell apoptosis. RESULTS Esophageal cancer cells viability was reduced after metformin treatment. The cell cycle was arrested in the G0/G1 phase, apoptosis was induced, caspase 3 was activated, caspase 9 was downregulated, and the pro-apoptotic protein Bim increased. Further study revealed that metformin could suppress the expression of insulin-like growth factor 1 receptor and its downstream proteins, phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K), protein kinase B (AKT/PKB), phosphorylation of AKT (pAKT), mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR), p70S6K, and PKM2. Insulin-like growth factor 1 partly reversed metfromin-induced apoptosis and attenuated the repression effect of metfomin to PI3K, pAKT, and PKM2. Knockout PKM2 resulted in the activation of caspase 3, down-regulation of caspase 9, and increased expression of Bim. In the Eca109 xenograft model, metformin significantly reduced tumor growth. Furthermore, we found that metformin treatment increased the rate of apoptosis, down-regulation of PKM2, and up-regulation of Bim in tumor tissues. CONCLUSION Metformin restrained esophageal cancer cell proliferation partly by suppressing the PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jian-Cai Tang
- Department of Biochemistry, North of Sichuan Medical University, Nanchong, China
| | - Rui An
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, North of Sichuan Medical University, Nanchong, China
| | - Yi-Qing Jiang
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, North of Sichuan Medical University, Nanchong, China
| | - Jian Yang
- Pathogenic Biology and Immunology Experiment Teaching Center, North of Sichuan Medical University, Nanchong, China
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
MicroRNA-20b (miR-20b) Promotes the Proliferation, Migration, Invasion, and Tumorigenicity in Esophageal Cancer Cells via the Regulation of Phosphatase and Tensin Homologue Expression. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0164105. [PMID: 27701465 PMCID: PMC5049758 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0164105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2016] [Accepted: 09/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Increasing evidence has indicated that many microRNAs participate in the development and progression of esophageal cancer and gene expression regulation. MicroRNA-20b (miR-20b) has been reported to be aberrantly expressed in various cancers, but its exact role in esophageal cancer cells remains unclear so far. Therefore, we detected the levels of miR-20b in esophageal tumor tissues and their adjacent normal tissues, and various esophageal cancer cell lines by qRT-PCR. We also explored the effects of miR-20b on cell proliferation, migration, invasion and tumorigenicity of esophageal carcinoma cells through transfection with miR-20b mimics or inhibitor to upregulate or downregulate miR-20b expression in the esophageal cancer cells Eca-109 and KYSE-150, respectively. Additionally, the 3'-untranslated region (3'-UTR) of phosphatase and tensin homologue (PTEN) binding with miR-20b was analyzed by dual-luciferase reporter assays. The results indicated that miR-20b expression level in esophageal tumor tissues was significantly increased compared with their neighboring normal tissues, but its expression was inverse with PTEN protein expression. Luciferase assays confirmed that the 3'-UTR of PTEN was a target of miR-20b in esophageal cancer cells. MiR-20b upregulation promoted cell proliferation, migration, invasiveness, and tumor growth, and decreased apoptosis, and reduced PTEN protein level but not mRNA expression in Eca-109 cells. Conversely, downregulation of miR-20b suppressed these processes in KYSE-150 cells, and enhanced PTEN protein expression. These data indicate that miR-20b plays important roles in tumorigenesis of esophageal cancer possibly via regulation of PTEN expression, and it may be a potential therapeutic target for esophageal cancer treatment.
Collapse
|
5
|
Mokhtarzadeh A, Parhiz H, Hashemi M, Abnous K, Ramezani M. P53-Derived peptides conjugation to PEI: an approach to producing versatile and highly efficient targeted gene delivery carriers into cancer cells. Expert Opin Drug Deliv 2016; 13:477-91. [DOI: 10.1517/17425247.2016.1126245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
|
6
|
Xia L, Wu Y, Kang S, Ma J, Yang J, Zhang F. CecropinXJ, a silkworm antimicrobial peptide, induces cytoskeleton disruption in esophageal carcinoma cells. Acta Biochim Biophys Sin (Shanghai) 2014; 46:867-76. [PMID: 25122621 DOI: 10.1093/abbs/gmu070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Antimicrobial peptides exist in the non-specific immune system of organism and participate in the innate host defense of each species. CecropinXJ, a cationic antimicrobial peptide, possesses potent anticancer activity and acts preferentially on cancer cells instead of normal cells, but the mechanism of cancer cell death induced by cecropinXJ remains largely unknown. This study was performed to investigate the cytoskeleton-disrupting effects of cecropinXJ on human esophageal carcinoma cell line Eca109 using scanning electron microscopy observation, fluorescence imaging, cell migration and invasion assays, western blotting, and quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) analysis. The electronic microscope and fluorescence imaging observation suggested that cecropinXJ could result in morphological changes and induce damage to microtubules and actin of Eca109 cells in a dose-dependent manner. The cell migration and invasion assays demonstrated that cecropinXJ could inhibit migration and invasion of tumor cells. Western blot and qRT-PCR analysis showed that there was obvious correlation between microtubule depolymerization and actin polymerization induced by cecropinXJ. Moreover, cecropinXJ might also cause decreased expression of α-actin, β-actin, γ-actin, α-tubulin, and β-tubulin genes in concentration- and time-dependent manners. In summary, this study indicates that cecropinXJ triggers cytotoxicity in Eca109 cells through inducing the cytoskeleton destruction and regulating the expression of cytoskeleton proteins. This cecropinXJ-mediated cytoskeleton-destruction effect is instrumental in our understanding of the detailed action of antimicrobial peptides in human cancer cells and cecropinXJ might be a potential therapeutic agent for the treatment of cancer in the future.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lijie Xia
- Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Biological Resources and Genetic Engineering, College of Life Science and Technology, Xinjiang University, Urumqi 830046, China
| | - Yanling Wu
- Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Biological Resources and Genetic Engineering, College of Life Science and Technology, Xinjiang University, Urumqi 830046, China
| | - Su Kang
- Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Biological Resources and Genetic Engineering, College of Life Science and Technology, Xinjiang University, Urumqi 830046, China
| | - Ji Ma
- Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Biological Resources and Genetic Engineering, College of Life Science and Technology, Xinjiang University, Urumqi 830046, China
| | - Jianhua Yang
- Department of Pediatrics, Section of Hematology/Oncology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Fuchun Zhang
- Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Biological Resources and Genetic Engineering, College of Life Science and Technology, Xinjiang University, Urumqi 830046, China
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Islamian JP, Mohammadi M, Baradaran B. Inhibition of human esophageal squamous cell carcinomas by targeted silencing of tumor enhancer genes: an overview. Cancer Biol Med 2014; 11:78-85. [PMID: 25009749 PMCID: PMC4069799 DOI: 10.7497/j.issn.2095-3941.2014.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2013] [Accepted: 04/08/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Esophageal cancer has been reported as the ninth most common malignancy and ranks as the sixth most frequent cause of death worldwide. Esophageal cancer treatment involves surgery, chemotherapy, radiation therapy, or combination therapy. Novel strategies are needed to boost the oncologic outcome. Recent advances in the molecular biology of esophageal cancer have documented the role of genetic alterations in tumorigenesis. Oncogenes serve a pivotal function in tumorigenesis. Targeted therapies are directed at the unique molecular signature of cancer cells for enhanced efficacy with low toxicity. RNA interference (RNAi) technology is a powerful tool for silencing endogenous or exogenous genes in mammalian cells. Related results have shown that targeting oncogenes with siRNAs, specifically the mRNA, effectively reduces tumor cell proliferation and induces apoptotic cell death. This article will briefly review studies on silencing tumor enhancer genes related to the induction of esophageal cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jalil Pirayesh Islamian
- 1 Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, Tabriz, East Asarbeidjan, Iran ; 2 Department of Radiation, School of Paramedicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran ; 3 Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Mohsen Mohammadi
- 1 Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, Tabriz, East Asarbeidjan, Iran ; 2 Department of Radiation, School of Paramedicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran ; 3 Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Behzad Baradaran
- 1 Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, Tabriz, East Asarbeidjan, Iran ; 2 Department of Radiation, School of Paramedicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran ; 3 Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Zhang Y, Zhang Y, Yun H, Lai R, Su M. Correlation of STAT1 with apoptosis and cell-cycle markers in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma. PLoS One 2014; 9:e113928. [PMID: 25438156 PMCID: PMC4250046 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0113928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2014] [Accepted: 11/03/2014] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
We recently found evidence that STAT1 in esophageal squamous carcinoma (ESCC) cells exerts tumor suppressor function, and it regulates five key regulators of apoptosis or cell-cycle progression, including Bcl-2, Bcl-xL, survivin, cyclin D1 and p21. In this study, we confirmed these findings in four ESCC cell lines. Using immunohistochemistry, we also assessed the expression of these proteins in 62 primary tumors. The expression of these markers was heterogeneous, ranging 39 to 69% of the cohort. Significant correlation was found between STAT1 and three proteins (p21, Bcl-xL and survivin), whereas only a trend was identified for cyclin D1 and Bcl-2. We then correlated the expression of these proteins with several clinicopathologic parameters including lymph node metastasis, depth of invasion, clinical stage and overall survival. Significant correlations were found between Bcl-2 and deep invasion (p = 0.033), survivin and lymph node metastasis (p = 0.006), as well as cyclin D1 and clinical stage (p = 0.014). Patients with p21-positive tumors had a significantly longer survival compared to those with p21-negative tumors (p = 0.031). To conclude, our findings support the concept that STAT1 exerts its tumor suppressor effects in ESCC via modulating the expression of key regulators of apoptosis and cell-cycle progression.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ying Zhang
- Department of Pathology, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong Province, China
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Yaozhong Zhang
- Department of Pathology, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Hailong Yun
- Department of Pathology, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Raymond Lai
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
- Department of Oncology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
- * E-mail: (RL); (MS)
| | - Min Su
- Department of Pathology, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong Province, China
- * E-mail: (RL); (MS)
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
You OH, Kim SH, Kim B, Sohn EJ, Lee HJ, Shim BS, Yun M, Kwon BM, Kim SH. Ginkgetin induces apoptosis via activation of caspase and inhibition of survival genes in PC-3 prostate cancer cells. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2013; 23:2692-5. [PMID: 23523142 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2013.02.080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2013] [Revised: 02/14/2013] [Accepted: 02/18/2013] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Ginkgetin is a natural biflavonoid isolated from leaves of Ginkgo biloba L. Though it was known to have anti-inflammatory, anti-influenza virus, anti-fungal activity, osteoblast differentiation stimulating activity and neuro-protective effects, the underlying antitumor mechanism of ginkgetin still remains unclear. Thus, in the present study, anti-cancer mechanism of ginkgetin was elucidated in human prostate cancer PC-3 cells. Ginkgetin suppressed the viability of PC-3 cells in a concentration-dependent manner and also significantly increased the sub-G1 DNA contents of cell cycle in PC-3 cells. Ginkgetin activated caspase-3 and attenuated the expression of survival genes such as Bcl-2, Bcl-xL, survivin and Cyclin D1 at protein and mRNA levels. Consistently, pan-caspase inhibitor Z-DEVD-fmk blocked sub G1 accumulation and cleavages of PRAP and caspase 3 induced by ginkgetin in PC-3 cells. Overall, these findings suggest that ginkgetin induces apoptosis in PC-3 cells via activation of caspase 3 and inhibition of survival genes as a potent chemotherapeutic agent for prostate cancer treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ok Heui You
- College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 130-701, Republic of Korea
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
10
|
Mengxi D, Hong Y, Nan W, Shijun L, Yanmei J. Effect of short hairpin RNA of Bcl-xL gene on biological behaviors of HepG-2 cells. Med Oncol 2011; 29:1000-4. [PMID: 21533603 DOI: 10.1007/s12032-011-9949-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2011] [Accepted: 04/06/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
To investigate the inhibitory effect of short hairpin RNA (shRNA) targeting the Bcl-xL gene on the apoptosis and proliferation of hepatocellular carcinoma HepG-2 cells. We constructed Bcl-xL shRNA, and transfected it into HepG-2 cells, then detected Bcl-xL gene expression on mRNA and protein levels by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and flow cytometry, respectively. Cell proliferation was detected by MTT assay. Cell apoptosis and Bcl-2 and Bax expression were detected by flow cytometry. The expression of Bcl-xL was obviously inhibited by RNA interference. The inhibition rates of Bcl-xL mRNA and protein were 86.6 and 70.2%, respectively. Bcl-xL shRNA inhibited cell proliferation (P < 0.05), whereas promoted apoptosis (P < 0.01). After transfection of Bcl-xL shRNA in HepG-2 cells, the expression of Bcl-2 did not change, but Bax increased significantly. Bcl-xL shRNA effectively inhibits Bcl-xL gene expression and proliferation of HepG-2 cells and promotes apoptosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Duan Mengxi
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116011, China
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
11
|
Hu WM, Li L, Jing BQ, Zhao YS, Wang CL, Feng L, Xie YE. Effect of S1P5 on proliferation and migration of human esophageal cancer cells. World J Gastroenterol 2010; 16:1859-66. [PMID: 20397263 PMCID: PMC2856826 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v16.i15.1859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM: To investigate the sphingosine 1-phosphate (S1P) receptor expression profile in human esophageal cancer cells and the effects of S1P5 on proliferation and migration of human esophageal cancer cells.
METHODS: S1P receptor expression profile in human esophageal squamous cell carcinoma cell line Eca109 was detected by semi-quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction. Eca109 cells were stably transfected with S1P5-EGFP or control-EGFP constructs. The relation between the responses of cell proliferation and migration to S1P and S1P5 expression was evaluated by 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide and migration assay, respectively.
RESULTS: Both normal human esophageal mucosal epithelium and Eca109 cells expressed S1P1, S1P2, S1P3 and S1P5, respectively. Esophageal mucosal epithelium expressed S1P5 at a higher level than Eca109 cell line. S1P5 over-expressing Eca109 cells displayed spindle cell morphology with elongated and extended filopodia-like projections. The proliferation response of S1P5-transfected Eca109 cells was lower than that of control vector-transfected cells with or without S1P stimulation (P < 0.05 or 0.01). S1P significantly inhibited the migration of S1P5-transfected Eca109 cells (P < 0.001). However, without S1P in transwell lower chamber, the number of migrated S1P5-transfected Eca109 cells was greater than that of control vector-transfected Eca109 cells (P < 0.001).
CONCLUSION: S1P binding to S1P5 inhibits the proliferation and migration of S1P5-transfected Eca109 cells. Esophageal cancer cells may down-regulate the expression of S1P5 to escape the inhibitory effect.
Collapse
|
12
|
Brotin E, Meryet-Figuière M, Simonin K, Duval RE, Villedieu M, Leroy-Dudal J, Saison-Behmoaras E, Gauduchon P, Denoyelle C, Poulain L. Bcl-XL and MCL-1 constitute pertinent targets in ovarian carcinoma and their concomitant inhibition is sufficient to induce apoptosis. Int J Cancer 2010; 126:885-95. [PMID: 19634140 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.24787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
In ovarian carcinomas, recurrence and acquired chemoresistance are the first leading causes of therapeutic failure and are responsible for the poor overall survival rate. Cisplatin exposure of sensitive cells has been previously associated with a down-regulation of Bcl-X(L) expression and apoptosis, whereas recurrence was systematically observed when Bcl-X(L) expression was maintained. Bcl-X(L) down-regulation could thus constitute an interesting chemosensitizing strategy. We showed that a Bcl-X(L)targeted RNA interference strategy efficiently sensitized chemoresistant ovarian carcinoma cells to cisplatin, but some of them were still able to re-proliferate. Considering the possible cooperation between Bcl-X(L)and MCL-1, we investigated the possibility to avoid recurrence in vitro using a multi-targeted RNAi strategy directed against these two anti-apoptotic proteins. We showed that their concomitant inhibition lead to massive apoptosis in absence of cisplatin, this multi-targeted RNAi approach being much more efficient than conventional chemotherapy. We thus demonstrated that Bcl-X(L) and MCL-1 cooperate to constitute together a strong molecular "bolt", which elimination could be sufficient to allow chemoresistant ovarian carcinoma cells apoptosis. Moreover, we demonstrated that in presence of a low concentration of cisplatin, the concomitant down-regulation of Bcl-X(L) and MCL-1 allowed a complete annihilation of tumour cells population thus avoiding subsequent recurrence in vitro in cell lines highly refractory to any type of conventional chemotherapy. Therefore, Bcl-X(L) and MCL-1 targeted strategies could constitute an efficient therapeutic tool for the treatment of chemoresistant ovarian carcinoma, in association with conventional chemotherapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Emilie Brotin
- Groupe Régional d'Etudes sur le Cancer (EA 1772, Université de Caen), Unité Biologie et Thérapies Innovantes des Cancers Localement Agressifs, Centre de Lutte Contre le Cancer F. Baclesse, Caen, France
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
13
|
Pellish RS, Nasir A, Ramratnam B, Moss SF. Review article: RNA interference--potential therapeutic applications for the gastroenterologist. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2008; 27:715-23. [PMID: 18248657 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2036.2008.03634.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND A new technique of gene regulation, termed RNA interference, has emerged recently. RNA interference utilizes short double-stranded RNA to inhibit selectively gene expression of complementary RNA nucleotide sequences after transcription, but prior to translation. Gastrointestinal and hepatic disorders may be particularly amenable to therapeutic RNA interference intervention because of the relative ease of delivery of drugs to the gastrointestinal tract and liver. AIM To examine the published literature for potential clinical uses of RNA interference in gastroenterology and speculate on future therapies for luminal disease. METHODS Reports were identified using PubMed and the search term 'RNA interference', focusing on therapeutic uses related to gastrointestinal and liver disease. RESULTS Cellular and animal models demonstrate the potential application of short-interfering RNA-based therapies for viral hepatitis and inflammatory bowel disease. With validation of specific targets and better in vivo delivery of short-interfering RNA, RNA interference may represent a new frontier for molecular-targeted therapy in gastroenterology and hepatology. CONCLUSIONS Short-interfering RNA provides a novel and specific means to inhibit gene expression. Translation to the clinical arena will require further definition of side-effects, off-target effects and delivery systems. Ultimately, mucosally applied or endoscopically delivered short-interfering RNA could be one of the earliest clinical uses of short-interfering RNA therapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- R S Pellish
- Division of Gastroenterology, Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Rhode Island Hospital, Providence, RI 02903, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
14
|
Emetine regulates the alternative splicing of Bcl-x through a protein phosphatase 1-dependent mechanism. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008; 14:1386-92. [PMID: 18096507 DOI: 10.1016/j.chembiol.2007.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2007] [Revised: 10/18/2007] [Accepted: 11/02/2007] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Exon 2 of the Bcl-x gene undergoes alternative splicing in which the Bcl-xS splice variant promotes apoptosis in contrast to the anti-apoptotic splice variant Bcl-xL. In this study, the regulation of the alternative splicing of pre-mRNA of Bcl-x was examined in response to emetine. Treatment of different types of cancer cells with emetine dihydrochloride downregulated the level of Bcl-xL mRNA with a concomitant increase in the mRNA level of Bcl-xS in a dose- and time-dependent manner. Pretreatment with calyculin A, an inhibitor of protein phosphatase 1 (PP1) and protein phosphatase 2A (PP2A), blocked emetine-induced alternative splicing in contrast to okadaic acid, a specific inhibitor of PP2A in cells, demonstrating a PP1-mediated mechanism. Our finding on the regulation of RNA splicing of members of the Bcl-2 family in response to emetine presents a potential target for cancer treatment.
Collapse
|
15
|
Rochette PJ, Brash DE. Progressive apoptosis resistance prior to senescence and control by the anti-apoptotic protein BCL-xL. Mech Ageing Dev 2008; 129:207-14. [PMID: 18262222 DOI: 10.1016/j.mad.2007.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2007] [Revised: 12/09/2007] [Accepted: 12/18/2007] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Senescent cells are known to be resistant to apoptosis induced by genotoxic stress. Here we examine apoptosis in human diploid fibroblasts that are old but not yet senescent. We found that as cells aged, they became progressively more resistant to UV-induced apoptosis with an eventual apoptosis reduction of 10-20-fold. This behavior tracked a progressive disruption of the normal balance between pro- and anti-apoptotic proteins. In young cells, the level of anti-apoptotic protein BCL-xL quickly fell after UV irradiation while pro-apoptotic protein BAX rose. The increase in BAX tracked the level of P53, a transcriptional regulator of BAX. In older cells, the scenario was quite different. Instead of decreasing, the level of BCL-xL increased dramatically after UV stress so that the ratio of pro-apoptotic BAX to anti-apoptotic BCL-xL remained low. RNAi against BCL-xL restored the UV-sensitivity of old cells, indicating that BCL-xL is itself responsible for the pre-senescence decline in the ability of a genotoxic stress to induce apoptosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Patrick J Rochette
- Department of Therapeutic Radiology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520-8040, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
16
|
Abstract
Abstract
Primary myelofibrosis (PMF) is a chronic myeloproliferative disorder associated with an average survival of less than 5 years. Therapy for PMF has used chemotherapeutic agents, immunomodulatory drugs, or biological-response modifiers that have not always been directed at the biological processes that underlie the origins of PMF. Such strategies are palliative and have an uncertain effect on survival. At present, allogeneic stem cell transplantation (ASCT) is the only means of altering the natural history of patients with PMF and provides the only hope for cure of this disorder. Enthusiasm for ASCT in PMF has been muted due to an unacceptable transplantation-related morbidity and mortality in patients receiving fully myeloablative conditioning regimens. Recently, a variety of reduced-intensity conditioning regimens have been utilized in older patients with PMF with significant comorbidities with promising results. Greater understanding of the cellular and molecular events that lead to the development of PMF have provided the opportunity for targeted therapies for PMF. Such therapies must be first evaluated in phase 1/2 trials using a variety of endpoints to assess their efficacy and their potential associated toxicities. The performance of randomized clinical trials comparing these agents to the present standard of care would permit for the first time evidence-based therapeutic decisions to be made for patients with PMF.
Collapse
|