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Avdoshina DV, Kondrashova AS, Belikova MG, Bayurova EO. Murine Models of Chronic Viral Infections and Associated Cancers. Mol Biol 2022; 56:649-667. [PMID: 36217336 PMCID: PMC9534466 DOI: 10.1134/s0026893322050028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2022] [Revised: 04/12/2022] [Accepted: 04/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Viruses are now recognized as bona fide etiologic factors of human cancer. Carcinogenic viruses include Epstein– Barr virus (EBV), high-risk human papillomaviruses (HPVs), hepatitis B virus (HBV), hepatitis C virus (HCV), human T-cell leukemia virus type 1 (HTLV-1), human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1, indirectly), and several candidate human cancer viruses. It is estimated that 15% of all human tumors worldwide are caused by viruses. Tumor viruses establish long-term persistent infections in humans, and cancer is an accidental side effect of viral replication strategies. Viruses are usually not complete carcinogens, supporting the concept that cancer results from the accumulation of multiple cooperating events, in which human cancer viruses display different, often opposing roles. The laboratory mouse Mus musculus is one of the best in vivo experimental systems for modeling human pathology, including viral infections and cancer. However, mice are unsusceptible to infection with the known carcinogenic viruses. Many murine models were developed to overcome this limitation and to address various aspects of virus-associated carcinogenesis, from tumors resulting from xenografts of human tissues and cells, including cancerous and virus infected, to genetically engineered mice susceptible to viral infections and associated cancer. The review considers the main existing models, analyzes their advantages and drawbacks, describes their applications, outlines the prospects of their further development.
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Affiliation(s)
- D. V. Avdoshina
- Chumakov Federal Scientific Center for Research and Development of Immunobiological Products, Russian Academy of Sciences (Polio Institute), 108819 Moscow, Russia
| | - A. S. Kondrashova
- Chumakov Federal Scientific Center for Research and Development of Immunobiological Products, Russian Academy of Sciences (Polio Institute), 108819 Moscow, Russia
| | - M. G. Belikova
- Chumakov Federal Scientific Center for Research and Development of Immunobiological Products, Russian Academy of Sciences (Polio Institute), 108819 Moscow, Russia ,Gamaleya National Research Center of Epidemiology and Microbiology, Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, 123098 Moscow, Russia ,Peoples’ Friendship University of Russia, 117198 Moscow, Russia
| | - E. O. Bayurova
- Chumakov Federal Scientific Center for Research and Development of Immunobiological Products, Russian Academy of Sciences (Polio Institute), 108819 Moscow, Russia ,Gamaleya National Research Center of Epidemiology and Microbiology, Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, 123098 Moscow, Russia
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Lisowski L, Dane AP, Chu K, Zhang Y, Cunningham SC, Wilson EM, Nygaard S, Grompe M, Alexander IE, Kay MA. Selection and evaluation of clinically relevant AAV variants in a xenograft liver model. Nature 2014; 506:382-6. [PMID: 24390344 PMCID: PMC3939040 DOI: 10.1038/nature12875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 338] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2013] [Accepted: 11/11/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Recombinant adeno-associated viral (rAAV) vectors have shown early promise in clinical trials. The therapeutic transgene cassette can be packaged in different AAV capsid pseudotypes, each having a unique transduction profile. At present, rAAV capsid serotype selection for a specific clinical trial is based on effectiveness in animal models. However, preclinical animal studies are not always predictive of human outcome. Here, in an attempt to further our understanding of these discrepancies, we used a chimaeric human-murine liver model to compare directly the relative efficiency of rAAV transduction in human versus mouse hepatocytes in vivo. As predicted from preclinical and clinical studies, rAAV2 vectors functionally transduced mouse and human hepatocytes at equivalent but relatively low levels. However, rAAV8 vectors, which are very effective in many animal models, transduced human hepatocytes rather poorly-approximately 20 times less efficiently than mouse hepatocytes. In light of the limitations of the rAAV vectors currently used in clinical studies, we used the same murine chimaeric liver model to perform serial selection using a human-specific replication-competent viral library composed of DNA-shuffled AAV capsids. One chimaeric capsid composed of five different parental AAV capsids was found to transduce human primary hepatocytes at high efficiency in vitro and in vivo, and provided species-selected transduction in primary liver, cultured cells and a hepatocellular carcinoma xenograft model. This vector is an ideal clinical candidate and a reagent for gene modification of human xenotransplants in mouse models of human diseases. More importantly, our results suggest that humanized murine models may represent a more precise approach for both selecting and evaluating clinically relevant rAAV serotypes for gene therapeutic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leszek Lisowski
- Stanford University, School of Medicine, Departments of Pediatrics and Genetics, 269 Campus Drive, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Allison P. Dane
- Gene Therapy Research Unit, The Children's Hospital at Westmead and Children’s Medical Research Institute, Locked Bag 4001, Westmead, NSW, Australia
| | - Kirk Chu
- Stanford University, School of Medicine, Departments of Pediatrics and Genetics, 269 Campus Drive, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Yue Zhang
- Stanford University, School of Medicine, Departments of Pediatrics and Genetics, 269 Campus Drive, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Sharon C. Cunningham
- Gene Therapy Research Unit, The Children's Hospital at Westmead and Children’s Medical Research Institute, Locked Bag 4001, Westmead, NSW, Australia
| | | | - Sean Nygaard
- Oregon Stem Cell Center, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Markus Grompe
- Oregon Stem Cell Center, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Ian E. Alexander
- Gene Therapy Research Unit, The Children's Hospital at Westmead and Children’s Medical Research Institute, Locked Bag 4001, Westmead, NSW, Australia
- Discipline of Paediatrics and Child Health, The University of Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Mark A. Kay
- Stanford University, School of Medicine, Departments of Pediatrics and Genetics, 269 Campus Drive, Stanford, CA, USA
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Development of murine models to study Hepatitis C virus induced liver pathogenesis. INDIAN JOURNAL OF VIROLOGY : AN OFFICIAL ORGAN OF INDIAN VIROLOGICAL SOCIETY 2014; 24:151-6. [PMID: 24426270 DOI: 10.1007/s13337-013-0152-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2012] [Accepted: 07/26/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Hepatitis C virus (HCV) is involved in different liver pathologies worldwide. In contemporary scenario, HCV treatment is lagging behind owing to absence of vaccines against virus. The only consideration for HCV treatment is pegylated interferon-alpha and ribavirin that results in sustained virological response in 50 % of patients. Two feasible hosts for HCV infection are chimpanzee and humans. For decades, chimpanzees are sole host to study HCV pathogenesis, but their use is limited due to ethical issues. The dilemma behind HCV therapy is the need of sustainable animal models that can help simulate in vivo conditions. We have assembled recent advances in animal models to study liver diseases for targeted therapy.
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Chandra PK, Kundu AK, Hazari S, Chandra S, Bao L, Ooms T, Morris GF, Wu T, Mandal TK, Dash S. Inhibition of hepatitis C virus replication by intracellular delivery of multiple siRNAs by nanosomes. Mol Ther 2012; 20:1724-36. [PMID: 22617108 PMCID: PMC3437587 DOI: 10.1038/mt.2012.107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2011] [Accepted: 04/23/2012] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Sustained antiviral responses of chronic hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection have improved recently by the use of direct-acting antiviral agents along with interferon (IFN)-α and ribavirin. However, the emergence of drug-resistant variants is expected to be a major problem. We describe here a novel combinatorial small interfering RNA (siRNA) nanosome-based antiviral approach to clear HCV infection. Multiple siRNAs targeted to the highly conserved 5'-untranslated region (UTR) of the HCV genome were synthesized and encapsulated into lipid nanoparticles called nanosomes. We show that siRNA can be repeatedly delivered to 100% of cells in culture using nanosomes without toxicity. Six siRNAs dramatically reduced HCV replication in both the replicon and infectious cell culture model. Repeated treatments with two siRNAs were better than a single siRNA treatment in minimizing the development of an escape mutant, resulting in rapid inhibition of viral replication. Systemic administration of combinatorial siRNA-nanosomes is well tolerated in BALB/c mice without liver injury or histological toxicity. As a proof-of-principle, we showed that systemic injections of siRNA nanosomes significantly reduced HCV replication in a liver tumor-xenotransplant mouse model of HCV. Our results indicate that systemic delivery of combinatorial siRNA nanosomes can be used to minimize the development of escape mutants and inhibition of HCV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Partha K Chandra
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Tulane University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA
| | - Anup K Kundu
- Center for Nanomedicine and Drug Delivery, College of Pharmacy, Xavier University of Louisiana, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA
| | - Sidhartha Hazari
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Tulane University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA
| | - Sruti Chandra
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Tulane University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA
| | - Lili Bao
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Tulane University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA
| | - Tara Ooms
- Department of Comparative Medicine, Tulane University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA
| | - Gilbert F Morris
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Tulane University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA
| | - Tong Wu
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Tulane University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA
| | - Tarun K Mandal
- Center for Nanomedicine and Drug Delivery, College of Pharmacy, Xavier University of Louisiana, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA
| | - Srikanta Dash
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Tulane University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA
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