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Yutani R, Venketaraman V, Sheren N. Treatment of Acute and Long-COVID, Diabetes, Myocardial Infarction, and Alzheimer's Disease: The Potential Role of a Novel Nano-Compound-The Transdermal Glutathione-Cyclodextrin Complex. Antioxidants (Basel) 2024; 13:1106. [PMID: 39334765 PMCID: PMC11429141 DOI: 10.3390/antiox13091106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2024] [Revised: 08/21/2024] [Accepted: 08/26/2024] [Indexed: 09/30/2024] Open
Abstract
Oxidative stress (OS) occurs from excessive reactive oxygen species or a deficiency of antioxidants-primarily endogenous glutathione (GSH). There are many illnesses, from acute and post-COVID-19, diabetes, myocardial infarction to Alzheimer's disease, that are associated with OS. These dissimilar illnesses are, in order, viral infections, metabolic disorders, ischemic events, and neurodegenerative disorders. Evidence is presented that in many illnesses, (1) OS is an early initiator and significant promotor of their progressive pathophysiologic processes, (2) early reduction of OS may prevent later serious and irreversible complications, (3) GSH deficiency is associated with OS, (4) GSH can likely reduce OS and restore adaptive physiology, (5) effective administration of GSH can be accomplished with a novel nano-product, the GSH/cyclodextrin (GC) complex. OS is an overlooked pathological process of many illnesses. Significantly, with the GSH/cyclodextrin (GC) complex, therapeutic administration of GSH is now available to reduce OS. Finally, rigorous prospective studies are needed to confirm the efficacy of this therapeutic approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ray Yutani
- Department of Family Medicine, College of Osteopathic Medicine of the Pacific, Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona, CA 91766, USA
| | - Vishwanath Venketaraman
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Osteopathic Medicine of the Pacific, Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona, CA 91766, USA
| | - Nisar Sheren
- College of Osteopathic Medicine of the Pacific, Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona, CA 91766, USA
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2
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Sinha S, Hassan N, Schwartz RE. Organelle stress and alterations in interorganelle crosstalk during liver fibrosis. Hepatology 2024; 79:482-501. [PMID: 36626634 DOI: 10.1097/hep.0000000000000012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2022] [Accepted: 10/03/2022] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
The synchronous functioning and quality control of organelles ensure cell survival and function and are essential for maintaining homeostasis. Prolonged exposure to stressors (viruses, bacteria, parasitic infections, alcohol, drugs) or genetic mutations often disrupt the functional integrity of organelles which plays a critical role in the initiation and progression of several diseases including chronic liver diseases. One of the most important pathologic consequences of chronic liver diseases is liver fibrosis, characterized by tissue scarring due to the progressive accumulation of extracellular matrix components. Left untreated, fibrosis may advance to life-threatening complications such as cirrhosis, hepatic decompensation, and HCC, which collectively accounts for ∼1 million deaths per year worldwide. Owing to the lack of treatment options that can regress or reverse cirrhosis, liver transplantation is currently the only available treatment for end-stage liver disease. However, the limited supply of usable donor organs, adverse effects of lifelong immunosuppressive regimes, and financial considerations pose major challenges and limit its application. Hence, effective therapeutic strategies are urgently needed. An improved understanding of the organelle-level regulation of fibrosis can help devise effective antifibrotic therapies focused on reducing organelle stress, limiting organelle damage, improving interorganelle crosstalk, and restoring organelle homeostasis; and could be a potential clinical option to avoid transplantation. This review provides a timely update on the recent findings and mechanisms covering organelle-specific dysfunctions in liver fibrosis, highlights how correction of organelle functions opens new treatment avenues and discusses the potential challenges to clinical application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saloni Sinha
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York, USA
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Alhareth DY, Alanazi A, Alanazi WA, Ansari MA, Nagi MN, Ahmad SF, Attia MSM, Nadeem A, Bakheet SA, Attia SM. Carfilzomib Mitigates Lipopolysaccharide/D-Galactosamine/Dimethylsulfoxide-Induced Acute Liver Failure in Mice. Biomedicines 2023; 11:3098. [PMID: 38002097 PMCID: PMC10669466 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines11113098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2023] [Revised: 11/14/2023] [Accepted: 11/18/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Acute liver failure (ALF) is a disease accompanied by severe liver inflammation. No effective therapy is available yet apart from liver transplantation; therefore, developing novel treatments for ALF is urgently required. Inflammatory mediators released by NF-кB activation play an essential role in ALF. Proteasome inhibitors have many medical uses, such as reducing inflammation and NF-кB inhibition, which are believed to account for most of their repurposing effects. This study was undertaken to explore the possible protective effects and the underlying mechanisms of carfilzomib, a proteasome inhibitor, in a mouse model of ALF induced by lipopolysaccharide/D-galactosamine/dimethylsulfoxide (LPS/GalN/DMSO). Carfilzomib dose-dependently protected mice from LPS/GalN/DMSO-induced liver injury, as indicated by the decrease in serum alanine aminotransferase and aspartate aminotransferase levels. LPS/GalN/DMSO increased TNF-α, NF-кB, lipid peroxidation, NO, iNOS, cyclooxygenase-II, myeloperoxidase, and caspase-3 levels. Carfilzomib administration mitigated LPS/GalN/DMSO-induced liver damage by decreasing the elevated levels of TNF-α, NF-кB, lipid peroxidation, nitric oxide, iNOS, cyclooxygenase-II, myeloperoxidase, caspase-3, and histopathological changes. A restored glutathione level was also observed in the carfilzomib-treated LPS/GalN/DMSO mice. Our results demonstrate that carfilzomib protects against LPS/GalN/DMSO-induced ALF by inhibiting NF-кB, decreasing inflammatory mediators, oxidative/nitrosative stress, neutrophil recruitment, and apoptosis, suggesting that carfilzomib may be a potential therapeutic agent for ALF.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Sabry M. Attia
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia (S.A.B.)
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Crosstalk of TNF-α, IFN-γ, NF-kB, STAT1 and redox signaling in lipopolysaccharide/D-galactosamine/dimethylsulfoxide-induced fulminant hepatic failure in mice. Saudi Pharm J 2023; 31:370-381. [PMID: 37026046 PMCID: PMC10071328 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsps.2023.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2022] [Accepted: 01/19/2023] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose The clinical study of fulminant hepatic failure is challenging due to its high mortality and relative rarity, necessitating reliance on pre-clinical models to gain insight into its pathophysiology and develop potential therapies. Methods and Results In our study, the combination of the commonly used solvent dimethyl sulfoxide to the current-day model of lipopolysaccharide/d-galactosamine-caused fulminant hepatic failure was found to cause significantly greater hepatic damage, as indicated by alanine aminotransferase level. The effect was dose-dependent, with the maximum increase in alanine aminotransferase observed following 200 μl/kg dimethyl sulfoxide co-administration. Co-administration of 200 μl/kg dimethyl sulfoxide also remarkably increased histopathological changes induced by lipopolysaccharide/d-galactosamine. Importantly, alanine aminotransferase levels and survival rate in the 200 μl/kg dimethyl sulfoxide co-administration groups were both greater than those in the classical lipopolysaccharide/d-galactosamine model. We found that dimethyl sulfoxide co-administration aggravated lipopolysaccharide/d-galactosamine-caused liver damage by stimulating inflammatory signaling, as indicated by tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), interferon gamma (IFN-γ), inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) levels. Further, nuclear factor kappa B (NF-kB) and transcription factor activator 1 (STAT1) were upregulated, as was neutrophil recruitment, indicated by myeloperoxidase activity. Hepatocyte apoptosis was also increased, and greater nitro-oxidative stress was noted, as determined based on nitric oxide, malondialdehyde, and glutathione levels. Conclusion Co-treatment with low doses of dimethyl sulfoxide enhanced the lipopolysaccharide/d-galactosamine-caused hepatic failure in animals, with higher toxicity and greater survival rates. The current findings also highlight the potential danger of using dimethyl sulfoxide as a solvent in experiments involving the hepatic immune system, suggesting that the new lipopolysaccharide/d-galactosamine/dimethyl sulfoxide model described herein could be used for pharmacological screening with the goal to better understand hepatic failure and evaluate treatment approaches.
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5
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Role of Oxidative Stress in Liver Disorders. LIVERS 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/livers2040023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Oxygen is vital for life as it is required for many different enzymatic reactions involved in intermediate metabolism and xenobiotic biotransformation. Moreover, oxygen consumption in the electron transport chain of mitochondria is used to drive the synthesis of ATP to meet the energetic demands of cells. However, toxic free radicals are generated as byproducts of molecular oxygen consumption. Oxidative stress ensues not only when the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) exceeds the endogenous antioxidant defense mechanism of cells, but it can also occur as a consequence of an unbalance between antioxidant strategies. Given the important role of hepatocytes in the biotransformation and metabolism of xenobiotics, ROS production represents a critical event in liver physiology, and increasing evidence suggests that oxidative stress contributes to the development of many liver diseases. The present review, which is part of the special issue “Oxidant stress in Liver Diseases”, aims to provide an overview of the sources and targets of ROS in different liver diseases and highlights the pivotal role of oxidative stress in cell death. In addition, current antioxidant therapies as treatment options for such disorders and their limitations for future trial design are discussed.
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Drygalski K, Siewko K, Chomentowski A, Odrzygóźdź C, Zalewska A, Krętowski A, Maciejczyk M. Phloroglucinol Strengthens the Antioxidant Barrier and Reduces Oxidative/Nitrosative Stress in Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease (NAFLD). OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2021; 2021:8872702. [PMID: 33510844 PMCID: PMC7822696 DOI: 10.1155/2021/8872702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2020] [Revised: 12/12/2020] [Accepted: 12/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is one of the most commonly occurring diseases within western dietary patterns. Usually untreated, it may lead to type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), steatohepatitis (NASH), and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Besides its severe aftermath, up to now, there is no known therapeutic approach to this disease in everyday clinical practice. Most NAFLD patients are encouraged to do physical activities or diet change and remain without pharmacological treatment. In this study, we present phloroglucinol (PHG) as a novel and promising compound in NAFLD treatment. PHG significantly increased the level of enzymatic and nonenzymatic antioxidants both in palmitate and hydrogen peroxide-induced oxidative stress models. Strengthened antioxidative defense reduced the oxidative/nitrosative damage to cell proteins, lipids, and carbohydrates. Furthermore, PHG treatment reduced hepatic steatosis; lowered inflammatory markers, such as NF-κB or HIF-1α; and inhibited cell apoptosis. Moreover, PHG had a more comprehensive effect than other commonly used antioxidants: N-acetylcysteine (NAC) and α-lipoic acid (ALA), suggesting its clinical usability. Therefore, our paper supports the benefits of natural compounds as a therapeutical approach to NAFLD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krzysztof Drygalski
- Clinical Research Center, Medical University of Bialystok, Poland
- Department of Endocrinology, Diabetology and Internal Medicine, Medical University of Bialystok, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Siewko
- Department of Endocrinology, Diabetology and Internal Medicine, Medical University of Bialystok, Poland
| | | | - Cezary Odrzygóźdź
- Department of Molecular and Systems Biology, Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Poznań, Poland
| | - Anna Zalewska
- Experimental Dentistry Laboratory, Medical University of Bialystok, Poland
| | - Adam Krętowski
- Clinical Research Center, Medical University of Bialystok, Poland
- Department of Endocrinology, Diabetology and Internal Medicine, Medical University of Bialystok, Poland
| | - Mateusz Maciejczyk
- Department of Hygiene, Epidemiology and Ergonomics, Medical University of Bialystok, Poland
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Thuy LTT, Hai H, Kawada N. Role of cytoglobin, a novel radical scavenger, in stellate cell activation and hepatic fibrosis. Clin Mol Hepatol 2020; 26:280-293. [PMID: 32492766 PMCID: PMC7364355 DOI: 10.3350/cmh.2020.0037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2020] [Revised: 03/09/2020] [Accepted: 03/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Cytoglobin (Cygb), a stellate cell-specific globin, has recently drawn attention due to its association with liver fibrosis. In the livers of both humans and rodents, Cygb is expressed only in stellate cells and can be utilized as a marker to distinguish stellate cells from hepatic fibroblast-derived myofibroblasts. Loss of Cygb accelerates liver fibrosis and cancer development in mouse models of chronic liver injury including diethylnitrosamine-induced hepatocellular carcinoma, bile duct ligation-induced cholestasis, thioacetamide-induced hepatic fibrosis, and choline-deficient L-amino acid-defined diet-induced non-alcoholic steatohepatitis. This review focuses on the history of research into the role of reactive oxygen species and nitrogen species in liver fibrosis and discusses the current perception of Cygb as a novel radical scavenger with an emphasis on its role in hepatic stellate cell activation and fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Le Thi Thanh Thuy
- Department of Hepatology, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka City University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Hoang Hai
- Department of Hepatology, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka City University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Norifumi Kawada
- Department of Hepatology, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka City University, Osaka, Japan
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Effects of Pristine C 60 Fullerenes on Liver and Pancreas in α-Naphthylisothiocyanate-Induced Cholangitis. Dig Dis Sci 2020; 65:215-224. [PMID: 31312992 DOI: 10.1007/s10620-019-05730-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2019] [Accepted: 07/09/2019] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND A significant role in pathogenesis of cholangitis is attributed to excessive reactive oxygen species production and oxidative stress. Therefore, antioxidants could be promising therapeutics. AIMS The effects of powerful free radical scavenger C60 fullerene on hepatic and pancreatic manifestations of acute and chronic cholangitis in rats were aimed to be discovered. METHODS Acute (AC, 3 days) and chronic (CC, 28 days) cholangitis models were simulated by single (AC) and 4 weekly (CC) α-naphthylisothiocyanate per os administrations. Pristine C60 fullerene aqueous colloid solution (C60FAS, 0.15 mg/ml, size of aggregates 1.2-100 nm) was administered either per os or intraperitoneally at a dose of 0.5 mg/kg C60 fullerene daily (AC) and every other day (CC). Prednisolone was used as a reference. Liver and pancreas autopsies were analyzed, and blood serum biochemical markers were measured. Pan-cytokeratin expression in HepG2 cells was assessed after 48-h incubation with C60FAS. RESULTS On AC, C60FAS normalized elevated bilirubin, alkaline phosphatase, and triglycerides, diminished fibrotic alterations in liver, and improved pancreas state when applied by both ways. Additionally, C60FAS per os significantly reduced the signs of inflammation in liver and pancreas. On CC, C60FAS also mitigated liver fibrosis and inflammation, improved pancreas state, and normalized alkaline phosphatase and triglycerides. The remedy effect of C60FAS was more expressed compared to that of prednisolone on both models. Furthermore, C60FAS inhibited pan-cytokeratin expression in HepG2 cells in a dose-dependent manner. CONCLUSION Pristine C60 fullerene inhibits liver inflammation and fibrogenesis and partially improved liver and pancreas state under acute and chronic cholangitis.
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Ommati MM, Farshad O, Niknahad H, Arabnezhad MR, Azarpira N, Mohammadi HR, Haghnegahdar M, Mousavi K, Akrami S, Jamshidzadeh A, Heidari R. Cholestasis-associated reproductive toxicity in male and female rats: The fundamental role of mitochondrial impairment and oxidative stress. Toxicol Lett 2019; 316:60-72. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2019.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2019] [Revised: 08/01/2019] [Accepted: 09/09/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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10
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Shearn CT, Fennimore B, Orlicky DJ, Gao YR, Saba LM, Battista KD, Aivazidis S, Assiri M, Harris PS, Michel C, Merrill GF, Schmidt EE, Colgan SP, Petersen DR. Cholestatic liver disease results increased production of reactive aldehydes and an atypical periportal hepatic antioxidant response. Free Radic Biol Med 2019; 143:101-114. [PMID: 31377417 PMCID: PMC6848778 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2019.07.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2019] [Revised: 06/30/2019] [Accepted: 07/31/2019] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Cholangiopathies such as primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC) are chronic liver diseases characterized by increased cholestasis, biliary inflammation and oxidative stress. The objective of this study was to elucidate the impact of cholestatic injury on oxidative stress-related factors. Using hepatic tissue and whole cell liver extracts (LE) isolated from 11-week old C57BL/6J (WT) and Mdr2KO mice, inflammation and oxidative stress was assessed. Concurrently, specific targets of carbonylation were assessed in LE prepared from murine groups as well as from normal and human patients with end-stage PSC. Identified carbonylated proteins were further evaluated using bioinformatics analyses. Picrosirius red staining revealed extensive fibrosis in Mdr2KO liver, and fibrosis colocalized with increased periportal inflammatory cells and both acrolein and 4-HNE staining. Western blot analysis revealed elevated periportal expression of antioxidant proteins Cbr3, GSTμ, Prdx5, TrxR1 and HO-1 but not GCLC, GSTπ or catalase in the Mdr2KO group when compared to WT. From immunohistochemical analysis, increased periportal reactive aldehyde production colocalized with elevated staining of Cbr3, GSTμ and TrxR1 but surprisingly not with Nrf2. Mass spectrometric analysis revealed an increase in carbonylated proteins in the Mdr2KO and PSC groups compared to respective controls. Gene ontology and KEGG pathway analysis of carbonylated proteins revealed a propensity for increased carbonylation of proteins broadly involved in metabolic processes as well more specifically in Rab-mediated signal transduction, lysosomes and the large ribosomal subunit in human PSC. Western blot analysis of Rab-GTPase expression revealed no significant differences in Mdr2KO mice when compared to WT livers. In contrast, PSC tissue exhibited decreased levels of Rabs 4, 5 and increased abundance of Rabs 6 and 9a protein. Results herein reveal that cholestasis induces stage-dependent increases in periportal oxidative stress responses and protein carbonylation, potentially contributing to pathogenesis in Mdr2KO. Furthermore, during early stage cholestasis, there is cell-specific upregulation of some but not all, antioxidant proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Colin T Shearn
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, 80045, United States.
| | - Blair Fennimore
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, 80045, United States
| | - David J Orlicky
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, 80045, United States
| | - Yue R Gao
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, 80045, United States
| | - Laura M Saba
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, 80045, United States
| | - Kayla D Battista
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, 80045, United States
| | - Stefanos Aivazidis
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, 80045, United States
| | - Mohammed Assiri
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, 80045, United States
| | - Peter S Harris
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, 80045, United States
| | - Cole Michel
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, 80045, United States
| | - Gary F Merrill
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Oregon State University, Corvalis, OR, 97331, United States
| | - Edward E Schmidt
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT, 59717, United States
| | - Sean P Colgan
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, 80045, United States
| | - Dennis R Petersen
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, 80045, United States
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Heidari R, Niknahad H. The Role and Study of Mitochondrial Impairment and Oxidative Stress in Cholestasis. Methods Mol Biol 2019; 1981:117-132. [PMID: 31016651 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-9420-5_8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The blockage of bile flow, cholestasis, could lead to serious clinical outcomes, including severe liver injury. Accumulation of the cytotoxic molecules, such as bile acids, during cholestasis, not only impairs liver function, but also affects other organs, including the kidneys. Although the precise mechanisms of cytotoxicity and organ injury in cholestasis are far from clear, oxidative stress and its subsequent events seem to play a central role in this complication. Oxidative stress acts as a signaling path which could finally lead to cell death and organ injury. At the cellular level, mitochondria are major targets affected by cytotoxic molecules. Mitochondrial impairment could lead to severe outcomes, including cellular energy crisis and release of cell death mediators from this organelle. Therefore, targeting oxidative stress and mitochondrial dysfunction might serve as a therapeutic point of intervention against cholestasis-associated organ injury. In this protocol, an animal model of cholestasis is described, and the techniques for liver mitochondria isolation, evaluating mitochondrial indices of functionality, and assessing biomarkers of oxidative stress in the liver tissue are outlined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reza Heidari
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Hossein Niknahad
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.
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12
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Yang J, Yan B, Yang L, Li H, Fan Y, Zhu F, Zheng J, Ma X. Macrocytic anemia is associated with the severity of liver impairment in patients with hepatitis B virus-related decompensated cirrhosis: a retrospective cross-sectional study. BMC Gastroenterol 2018; 18:161. [PMID: 30384828 PMCID: PMC6211489 DOI: 10.1186/s12876-018-0893-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2018] [Accepted: 10/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Macrocytic anemia is common in liver disease. However, its role in hepatitis B virus (HBV)-related decompensated cirrhosis remains unknown. The aim of the present study was to determine the association between macrocytic anemia and the severity of liver impairment in patients with HBV-related decompensated cirrhosis according to the Model for End Stage Liver Disease (MELD) score. Methods A total of 463 participants who fulfilled our criteria were enrolled in this cross-sectional study. Patients were classified into three groups according to anemia types, diagnosed based on their mean corpuscular volume level. Multivariate linear regression analyses were used to determine the association between macrocytic anemia and the MELD score for patients with HBV-related decompensated cirrhosis. Results Patients with macrocytic anemia had evidently higher MELD scores (10.8 ± 6.6) than those with normocytic anemia (8.0 ± 5.5) or microcytic anemia (6.3 ± 5.1). The association remained robust after adjusting for age, gender, smoking, drinking, and total cholesterol (β = 1.94, CI: 0.81–3.07, P < 0.001). Conclusions Macrocytic anemia was found to be associated with the severity of liver impairment and might be a predictor for short-term mortality in patients with HBV-related decompensated cirrhosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Yang
- Clinical Research Center, the First Affiliated Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710061, People's Republic of China
| | - Bin Yan
- Clinical Research Center, the First Affiliated Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710061, People's Republic of China
| | - Lihong Yang
- Clinical Research Center, the First Affiliated Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710061, People's Republic of China
| | - Huimin Li
- Department of Psychiatry, the First Affiliated Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University, No.277 Yanta West Road, Yanta District, Xi'an, 710061, People's Republic of China
| | - Yajuan Fan
- Department of Psychiatry, the First Affiliated Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University, No.277 Yanta West Road, Yanta District, Xi'an, 710061, People's Republic of China
| | - Feng Zhu
- Center for Translational Medicine, the First Affiliated Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710061, People's Republic of China
| | - Jie Zheng
- Clinical Research Center, the First Affiliated Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710061, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiancang Ma
- Department of Psychiatry, the First Affiliated Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University, No.277 Yanta West Road, Yanta District, Xi'an, 710061, People's Republic of China.
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Virani S, Akers A, Stephenson K, Smith S, Kennedy L, Alpini G, Francis H. Comprehensive Review of Molecular Mechanisms during Cholestatic Liver Injury and Cholangiocarcinoma. JOURNAL OF LIVER 2018; 7:231. [PMID: 30613437 PMCID: PMC6319937 DOI: 10.4172/2167-0889.1000231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Cholestatic liver injury is characterized by damage induced on the biliary tree and cholangiocytes, the cells lining the biliary tree, thus they are termed "cholangiopathies". Cholangiopathies include diseases such as Primary Biliary Cholangitis, Primary Sclerosing Cholangitis, Biliary Atresia and Cholangiocarcinoma. These pathologies lack viable therapies and most patients are diagnosed during late stage disease progression (with the exception of Biliary Atresia, which is found shortly after birth). The lack of therapies for these diseases has put a significant burden on the need for liver transplantation as this is the only indicative "cure" for cholangiopathies. The molecular mechanisms for cholangiopathies have been extensively studied; however, and unfortunately, the lack of effective biomarkers and therapeutics remains. In this review article we highlight the latest studies to investigate the molecular mechanisms regulating cholangiopathies and the potential therapeutics that might be discovered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shohaib Virani
- Department of Medical Physiology, College of Medicine Texas A&M Health Science Center, Temple, Texas, USA
| | - Austin Akers
- Department of Internal Medicine, Baylor Scott & White Health, Texas, USA
| | - Kristen Stephenson
- Department of Internal Medicine, Baylor Scott & White Health, Texas, USA
| | - Steven Smith
- Department of Internal Medicine, Baylor Scott & White Health, Texas, USA
| | - Lindsey Kennedy
- Department of Medical Physiology, College of Medicine Texas A&M Health Science Center, Temple, Texas, USA
| | - Gianfranco Alpini
- Research, Central Texas Veterans Health Care System, Texas, USA
- Department of Medical Physiology, College of Medicine Texas A&M Health Science Center, Temple, Texas, USA
| | - Heather Francis
- Research, Central Texas Veterans Health Care System, Texas, USA
- Department of Medical Physiology, College of Medicine Texas A&M Health Science Center, Temple, Texas, USA
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Petersen DR, Orlicky DJ, Roede JR, Shearn CT. Aberrant expression of redox regulatory proteins in patients with concomitant primary Sclerosing cholangitis/inflammatory bowel disease. Exp Mol Pathol 2018; 105:32-36. [PMID: 29852184 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexmp.2018.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2018] [Accepted: 05/26/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Primary Sclerosing Cholangitis (PSC) is a severe cholestatic liver disease characterized by progressive peri-biliary tract inflammation, elevated oxidative stress and hepatocellular injury. A hallmark of PSC patients is the concurrent diagnosis of Inflammatory Bowel Disease occurring in approximately 70%-80% of PSC patients (PSC/IBD). We previously reported dysregulation of key anti-oxidant pathways in PSC/IBD. The objective of this study was to expand previous data by examining the abundance of thioredoxins (Trx) in PSC/IBD. METHODS Using hepatic tissue and whole cell extracts isolated from age-matched healthy humans and patients diagnosed with end stage PSC/IBD, the protein abundance of thioredoxin, thioredoxin reductase (TrxR1), and their downstream substrates peroxiredoxins was assessed. RESULTS Western blot analyses of thioredoxin and peroxiredoxin abundance revealed significant increases in abundance of Trx1 and TrxR1 whereas expression of thioredoxin-interacting protein was significantly decreased in PSC/IBD. Concurrently, abundance of cytosolic peroxiredoxins was not significantly impacted. The abundance of mitochondrial Trx2, along with peroxiredoxins 3, 5 and 6 were significantly decreased by concurrent PSC/IBD. Histological staining of Trx1/TrxR1 revealed elevated nuclear Trx1 and TrxR1 staining within cholangiocytes as well as an overall periportal increase in expression in PSC/IBD. An examination of additional anti-oxidant responses reveal suppression of gamma-glutamylcysteine synthetase and heme oxygenase (HO-1) whereas expression of the protein chaperone glucose regulated protein 78 increased suggesting elevated cellular stress in PSC/IBD. CONCLUSIONS Results herein suggest that in addition to severe dysregulation of anti-oxidant responses, cholestasis impacts both cytosolic/nuclear (Trx1) as well as mitochondrial (Trx2) redox signaling and control pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dennis R Petersen
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, United States
| | - David J Orlicky
- Pathology, School of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, United States
| | - James R Roede
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, United States
| | - Colin T Shearn
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, United States.
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Aquaporin Membrane Channels in Oxidative Stress, Cell Signaling, and Aging: Recent Advances and Research Trends. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2018; 2018:1501847. [PMID: 29770164 PMCID: PMC5892239 DOI: 10.1155/2018/1501847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2017] [Revised: 01/29/2018] [Accepted: 02/20/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are produced as a result of aerobic metabolism and as by-products through numerous physiological and biochemical processes. While ROS-dependent modifications are fundamental in transducing intracellular signals controlling pleiotropic functions, imbalanced ROS can cause oxidative damage, eventually leading to many chronic diseases. Moreover, increased ROS and reduced nitric oxide (NO) bioavailability are main key factors in dysfunctions underlying aging, frailty, hypertension, and atherosclerosis. Extensive investigation aims to elucidate the beneficial effects of ROS and NO, providing novel insights into the current medical treatment of oxidative stress-related diseases of high epidemiological impact. This review focuses on emerging topics encompassing the functional involvement of aquaporin channel proteins (AQPs) and membrane transport systems, also allowing permeation of NO and hydrogen peroxide, a major ROS, in oxidative stress physiology and pathophysiology. The most recent advances regarding the modulation exerted by food phytocompounds with antioxidant action on AQPs are also reviewed.
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Protection against oxidative stress mediated by the Nrf2/Keap1 axis is impaired in Primary Biliary Cholangitis. Sci Rep 2017; 7:44769. [PMID: 28333129 PMCID: PMC5363061 DOI: 10.1038/srep44769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2016] [Accepted: 02/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
In response to oxidative stress, nuclear factor (erythroid-derived 2)-like2 (Nrf2) induces expression of cytoprotective genes. The Nrf2 pathway is controlled by microRNAs and Kelch-like ECH-associated protein1 (Keap1). Nrf2 is stabilized when Keap1 is degraded through the autophagy pathway in a p62-dependent manner. The inhibition of autophagy causes protein accumulation, and Keap1 is inactivated by binding to p62. We investigated the role of the Nrf2/Keap1 axis in the amelioration of oxidative stress in primary biliary cholangitis (PBC). Liver specimens from patients with PBC, with (n = 24) or without cirrhosis (n = 14), and from controls (n = 16) were used for molecular analyses. We found that Nrf2 protein levels were elevated in PBC compared to controls, but Nrf2 gene expression was significantly reduced in cirrhotic PBC. Nrf2 target gene products, HO-1 and GCLC proteins, were reduced compared to controls and reduction of Nrf2 gene expression was associated with elevated levels of microRNA-132 and microRNA-34a. Both Keap1 and p62 protein levels were substantially increased in PBC compared to controls. PBC was associated with reduced Nrf2 expression and autophagy deterioration and these impairments were more advanced in patients with cirrhosis. Aberrant Nrf2/Keap1 system integrity may affect self-defence mechanisms against oxidative stress in PBC.
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Abstract
Hepatic fibrosis develops or progresses in 25 % of patients with autoimmune hepatitis despite corticosteroid therapy. Current management regimens lack reliable noninvasive methods to assess changes in hepatic fibrosis and interventions that disrupt fibrotic pathways. The goals of this review are to indicate promising noninvasive methods to monitor hepatic fibrosis in autoimmune hepatitis and identify anti-fibrotic interventions that warrant evaluation. Laboratory methods can differentiate cirrhosis from non-cirrhosis, but their accuracy in distinguishing changes in histological stage is uncertain. Radiological methods include transient elastography, acoustic radiation force impulse imaging, and magnetic resonance elastography. Methods based on ultrasonography are comparable in detecting advanced fibrosis and cirrhosis, but their performances may be compromised by hepatic inflammation and obesity. Magnetic resonance elastography has excellent performance parameters for all histological stages in diverse liver diseases, is uninfluenced by inflammatory activity or body habitus, has been superior to other radiological methods in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, and may emerge as the preferred instrument to evaluate fibrosis in autoimmune hepatitis. Promising anti-fibrotic interventions are site- and organelle-specific agents, especially inhibitors of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate oxidases, transforming growth factor beta, inducible nitric oxide synthase, lysyl oxidases, and C-C chemokine receptors types 2 and 5. Autoimmune hepatitis has a pro-fibrotic propensity, and noninvasive radiological methods, especially magnetic resonance elastography, and site- and organelle-specific interventions, especially selective antioxidants and inhibitors of collagen cross-linkage, may emerge to strengthen current management strategies.
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Czaja AJ. Nature and Implications of Oxidative and Nitrosative Stresses in Autoimmune Hepatitis. Dig Dis Sci 2016; 61:2784-2803. [PMID: 27411555 DOI: 10.1007/s10620-016-4247-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2016] [Accepted: 07/04/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Oxidative and nitrosative stresses can damage cellular membranes, disrupt mitochondrial function, alter gene expression, promote the apoptosis and necrosis of hepatocytes, and increase fibrosis in diverse acute and chronic liver diseases, including autoimmune hepatitis. The objectives of this review are to describe the mechanisms of oxidative and nitrosative stresses in inflammatory liver disease, indicate the pathogenic implications of these stresses in autoimmune hepatitis, and suggest investigational opportunities to develop interventions that counter them. The principal antioxidant defenses, including glutathione production, the activities of antioxidant enzymes, and the release of the nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2, may be inadequate or suppressed by transforming growth factor beta. The generation of reactive oxygen species can intensify nitrosative stress, and this stress may not be adequately modulated by the thioredoxin-thioredoxin reductase system and induce post-translational modifications of proteins that further disrupt hepatocyte function. The unfolded protein response and autophagy may be unable to restore redox stability, meet metabolic demands, and maintain hepatocyte survival. Emerging interventions with highly selective site- and organelle-specific actions may improve outcomes, and they include inhibitors of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate oxidase, nitric oxide synthase, and transforming growth factor beta. Pharmacological manipulation of nuclear transcription factors may favor expression of antioxidant genes, and stimulation of chaperone proteins within the endoplasmic reticulum and modulation of autophagy may prevent hepatic fibrosis and enhance cell survival. These interventions constitute investigational opportunities to improve the management of autoimmune hepatitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Albert J Czaja
- Professor Emeritus of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, 200 First Street S.W., Rochester, MN, 55905, USA.
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Mitochondrial gene expression profiles are associated with intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy. Placenta 2016; 45:16-23. [DOI: 10.1016/j.placenta.2016.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2016] [Revised: 07/01/2016] [Accepted: 07/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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Anti-tuberculosis treatments and risk of hepatocellular carcinoma in tuberculosis patients with liver cirrhosis: a population-based case-control study. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 2014; 34:479-85. [PMID: 25260789 DOI: 10.1007/s10096-014-2251-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2014] [Accepted: 09/15/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to evaluate the association between the use of anti-tuberculosis (anti-TB) agents, isoniazid (INH), rifampicin (RIF), and their combination (INH + RIF), and the risk of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) in cirrhotic patients. This population-based case-control study was conducted using a research database of Taiwan's National Health Insurance program. Cirrhotic patients first diagnosed with HCC between 1996 and 2011 (n = 50,351), among whom 4,738 were anti-TB medication users, were evaluated. Cirrhotic patients who did not develop HCC within the same period, frequency-matched according to age, sex, and index year, were evaluated as the control group (n = 47,488). The adjusted odds ratio (OR) of HCC was 1.34 [95 % confidence interval (CI), 1.20-1.50] in INH + RIF users compared with non-INH + RIF users. Long-term (>12 months) use of INH, RIF, and INH + RIF was significantly associated with increased risk of HCC, with an adjusted OR of 3.51 (95 % CI, 2.11-5.84), 4.17 (95 % CI, 2.76-4.31), and 7.17 (95 % CI, 4.08-12.6), respectively, after adjusting for age, sex, and comorbidities. An average dose of INH + RIF >16,050 mg/year was associated with increased risk of HCC in cirrhotic patients, with an adjusted OR of 1.48 (95 % CI, 1.27-1.73). Our results indicate that cirrhotic patients with long-term or high-dose INH and RIF treatment, particularly their combination, are associated with increased risk of HCC development.
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