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Shao G, Liu Y, Lu L, Wang L, Ji G, Xu H. Therapeutic potential of traditional Chinese medicine in the prevention and treatment of digestive inflammatory cancer transformation: Portulaca oleracea L. as a promising drug. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2024; 327:117999. [PMID: 38447616 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2024.117999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2024] [Revised: 02/19/2024] [Accepted: 02/28/2024] [Indexed: 03/08/2024]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) has been used for centuries to treat various types of inflammation and tumors of the digestive system. Portulaca oleracea L. (POL), has been used in TCM for thousands of years. The chemical composition of POL is variable and includes flavonoids, alkaloids, terpenoids and organic acids and other classes of natural compounds. Many of these compounds exhibit powerful anti-inflammatory and anti-cancer-transforming effects in the digestive system. AIM OF STUDY In this review, we focus on the potential therapeutic role of POL in NASH, gastritis and colitis and their associated cancers, with a focus on the pharmacological properties and potential mechanisms of action of the main natural active compounds in POL. METHODS The information and data on Portulaca oleracea L. and its main active ingredients were collated from various resources like ethnobotanical textbooks and literature databases such as CNKI, VIP (Chinese literature), PubMed, Science Direct, Elsevier and Google Scholar (English literatures), Wiley, Springer, Tailor and Francis, Scopus, Inflibnet. RESULTS Kaempferol, luteolin, myricetin, quercetin, genistein, EPA, DHA, and melatonin were found to improve NASH and NASH-HCC, while kaempferol, apigenin, luteolin, and quercetin played a therapeutic role in gastritis and gastric cancer. Apigenin, luteolin, myricetin, quercetin, genistein, lupeol, vitamin C and melatonin were found to have therapeutic effects in the treatment of colitis and its associated cancers. The discovery of the beneficial effects of these natural active compounds in POL supports the idea that POL could be a promising novel candidate for the treatment and prevention of inflammation-related cancers of the digestive system. CONCLUSION The discovery of the beneficial effects of these natural active compounds in POL supports the idea that POL could be a promising novel candidate for the treatment and prevention of inflammation-related cancers of the digestive system. However, clinical data describing the mode of action of the naturally active compounds of POL are still lacking. In addition, pharmacokinetic data for POL compounds, such as changes in drug dose and absorption rates, cannot be extrapolated from animal models and need to be measured in patients in clinical trials. On the one hand, a systematic meta-analysis of the existing publications on TCM containing POL still needs to be carried out. On the other hand, studies on the hepatic and renal toxicity of POL are also needed. Additionally, well-designed preclinical and clinical studies to validate the therapeutic effects of TCM need to be performed, thus hopefully providing a basis for the validation of the clinical benefits of POL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaoxuan Shao
- Institute of Digestive Diseases, Longhua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 200032, China; Shanghai Frontiers Science Center of Disease and Syndrome Biology of Inflammatory Cancer Transformation, China
| | - Ying Liu
- Institute of Digestive Diseases, Longhua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 200032, China; Shanghai Frontiers Science Center of Disease and Syndrome Biology of Inflammatory Cancer Transformation, China
| | - Lu Lu
- Institute of Digestive Diseases, Longhua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 200032, China; Shanghai Frontiers Science Center of Disease and Syndrome Biology of Inflammatory Cancer Transformation, China
| | - Lei Wang
- Department of Hepatology, Longhua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Guang Ji
- Institute of Digestive Diseases, Longhua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 200032, China; Shanghai Frontiers Science Center of Disease and Syndrome Biology of Inflammatory Cancer Transformation, China.
| | - Hanchen Xu
- Institute of Digestive Diseases, Longhua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 200032, China; Shanghai Frontiers Science Center of Disease and Syndrome Biology of Inflammatory Cancer Transformation, China.
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Wang Z, Li X, Tian L, Sha D, Sun Q, Wang J. Application of Bioinformatics in Predicting the Efficacy of Digestive Tumour Immunotherapy Target TIM-3 and its Inhibitors. J Cancer 2024; 15:1954-1965. [PMID: 38434966 PMCID: PMC10905402 DOI: 10.7150/jca.92446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2023] [Accepted: 01/17/2024] [Indexed: 03/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Background: Our main objective is to apply bioinformatics in predicting the efficacy of digestive tumour immunotherapy target TIM-3 and its inhibitors. Methods: Our study used the gene expression omnibus (GEO) database to identify datasets associated with digestive tumours and the action of TIM-3. The GSE427729 dataset based on the GPL10192 platform. The dataset consisted of six samples of total RNA derived from TIM-3 control and knockdown RAW 264.7 cells. We used GEO2R tool to identify DEGs before performing Gene Ontology and identifying the kyoto encyclopedia of genes and genomes (KEGG) pathways. Lastly, we determined the PPI networks to identify hub genes. Results: Our study identified 57 differentially expressed genes based on an adjusted p-value of less than 0.05 and a log2 fold change of 2.0. There were 26 down-regulated genes with 31 up-regulated genes while 22, 404 genes were non-significant. The DEGs were enriched in biological pathways such as activating leukocytes, cells, and development of the immune system. Additionally, we identified four significant KEGG pathways that were implicated in digestive tumour immunotherapy and TIM-3; pathways of pancreatic cancer, NF-Kappa B signalling pathway, Toll-like receptor signalling pathway and C-type lectin receptor signalling pathway. The PPI networks identified 10 hub genes that were implicated in digestive tumour immunotherapy target TIM-3 (Myd88, Traf6, Irf7, Cdk4, Ccnd2, Mapkap1, Prr5, Mpp3, Serpinb6b and Pvrl3). Conclusion: Targeting these biological pathways, KEGG pathways, molecular functions and cellular processes can lead to novel therapeutic treatment and management in digestive tumours based on TIM-3 immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zexin Wang
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, Shandong 250021
| | - Xibin Li
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, Shandong 250021
| | - Litao Tian
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, Shandong 250021
| | - Dan Sha
- Department of Minimally Invasive Treatment of Cancer, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, Shandong 250021
| | - Qinhui Sun
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, Shandong 250021
| | - Jinshen Wang
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, Shandong 250021
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Lynch E, Duffy AG, Kelly RJ. Role of Immunotherapy in Gastroesophageal Cancers-Advances, Challenges and Future Strategies. Cancers (Basel) 2023; 15:5401. [PMID: 38001661 PMCID: PMC10670173 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15225401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2023] [Revised: 11/05/2023] [Accepted: 11/08/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Gastroesophageal cancers (GECs) carry considerable morbidity and mortality, and demonstrate geographical histological variances in addition to molecular heterogeneity. Consequently, the immunogenicity of the different subtypes, which can predict the likelihood of immunotherapy response, can vary. Immune checkpoint inhibitor (ICI) therapy has transformed the treatment of many cancer types over the past decade but has been slower to gain a foothold in the treatment paradigm of GECs. METHODS This article reviews the existing evidence and use approvals for immunotherapies and immune-based treatments in GECs, in the neoadjuvant, adjuvant and metastatic disease settings. The challenges of and limitations to ICI application in current clinical practice are examined. Ongoing clinical trials and future directions of research are also considered. CONCLUSION ICI therapy has become an established treatment option within GECs, both perioperatively and in advanced disease. However, nuances in terms of its use are not yet fully understood. Ongoing research proposes to broaden the application of immunotherapies in GECs with the potential to continue to improve outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emer Lynch
- Department of Medical Oncology, The Mater Hospital, D07 R2WY Dublin, Ireland; (E.L.); (A.G.D.)
| | - Austin G. Duffy
- Department of Medical Oncology, The Mater Hospital, D07 R2WY Dublin, Ireland; (E.L.); (A.G.D.)
| | - Ronan J. Kelly
- The Charles A. Sammons Cancer Center, Baylor University Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75246, USA
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Majewski M, Torres K, Mertowska P, Mertowski S, Korona-Głowniak I, Korulczyk J, Zgodziński W, Grywalska E. Could Toll-like Receptor 2 Serve as Biomarker to Detect Advanced Gastric Cancer? Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24065824. [PMID: 36982898 PMCID: PMC10056638 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24065824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2023] [Revised: 02/28/2023] [Accepted: 03/14/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Gastric cancer is one of the five most common types of cancer worldwide. Due to the heterogeneous course and the involvement of many risk factors, its treatment and diagnosis is an important challenge for modern medicine. Recent studies have emphasized the i role of Toll-like receptors (TLRs) expressed on selected cells of the immune system in the pathogenesis of gastric cancer. The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of TLR2 on T lymphocytes, B lymphocytes, monocytes, and dendritic cells in patients diagnosed with gastric cancer, with particular emphasis on the stage of the disease. Based on the obtained results, we have shown that patients with gastric cancer are characterized by a higher percentage of all tested populations of peripheral blood immune cells expressing TLR2 in relation to patients from the control group. Moreover, a detailed analysis of the collected results showed a significant link between TLR2 and the stage of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marek Majewski
- 2nd Department of General, Gastrointestinal Surgery and Surgical Oncology of the Alimentary Tract, Medical University of Lublin, 20-081 Lublin, Poland
| | - Kamil Torres
- Chair and Department of Didactics and Medical Simulation, Medical University of Lublin, 20-093 Lublin, Poland
| | - Paulina Mertowska
- Department of Experimental Immunology, Medical University of Lublin, 20-093 Lublin, Poland
| | - Sebastian Mertowski
- Department of Experimental Immunology, Medical University of Lublin, 20-093 Lublin, Poland
| | - Izabela Korona-Głowniak
- Department of Pharmaceutical Microbiology, Medical University of Lublin, 20-093 Lublin, Poland
| | - Jan Korulczyk
- Chair and Department of Didactics and Medical Simulation, Medical University of Lublin, 20-093 Lublin, Poland
| | - Witold Zgodziński
- 1st Department of General and Transplant Surgery and Clinical Nutrition, Medical University of Lublin, 20-090 Lublin, Poland
| | - Ewelina Grywalska
- Department of Experimental Immunology, Medical University of Lublin, 20-093 Lublin, Poland
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Bi Y, Li S, Tang H, Wang Q, Wang Q, Yang Y, Zhang X, Shu Z, Duan Z, Chen Y, Hong F. A novel xenograft model of human hepatocellular carcinoma in immunocompetent mice based on the microcarrier-6. Transpl Immunol 2023; 76:101738. [PMID: 36368468 DOI: 10.1016/j.trim.2022.101738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2022] [Revised: 08/25/2022] [Accepted: 11/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is one of the most common malignant tumors that threaten human health; thus, the establishment of an animal model with clinical features similar to human hepatocellular carcinoma is of important practical significance. METHODS Taking advantage of the novel microcarrier-6, human HCC cells were injected into immunocompetent mice to establish a novel human HCC patient-derived xenograft (PDX) model. Primary HCC cells were isolated from fresh hepatocellular carcinoma tissues, which were subsequently co-cultured with microcarrier-6 to construct a three-dimensional tumor cell culture model in vitro. The HCC-microcarrier complex was implanted into mice by subcutaneous inoculation, and the tumor formation time, tumor formation rate, and pathological manifestation were recorded. Changes of immune parameters in mice were detected by flow cytometry. RESULTS The success rate was 60% (6/10) in the establishment of hepatocellular carcinoma PDX mouse model, and the total tumor formation rate of the tumor-forming model is 90-100%. H&E staining and immunohistochemical experiments indicate that the model well retained the characteristics of the primary tumor. Interestingly, M2 macrophages in tumor-bearing mice increased significantly, and the levels of CD4+ T cells were significantly reduced. CONCLUSIONS Through the application of the microcarrier-6 in immunocompetent mice, we successfully established a novel human HCC PDX model, which can be used to better study and further elucidate the occurrence and pathogenic mechanism of HCC, improve the predictability of toxicity and drug sensitivity in HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanzhen Bi
- Department of Infectious Disease, Qingdao Municipal Hospital, Qingdao, Shandong, PR China
| | - Shanshan Li
- The Fourth Liver Disease Center, Beijing Youan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, PR China; Beijing Municipal Key Laboratory of Liver Failure and Artificial Liver Treatment Research, Beijing, PR China
| | - Huixin Tang
- The Fourth Liver Disease Center, Beijing Youan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, PR China; Beijing Municipal Key Laboratory of Liver Failure and Artificial Liver Treatment Research, Beijing, PR China
| | - Quanquan Wang
- Department of Neurology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University (Qingdao), Qingdao, Shandong, PR China
| | - Quanyi Wang
- Institute of Liver Diseases, Affiliated Hospital of Jining Medical University, Shandong, PR China
| | - Yonghong Yang
- Institute of Liver Diseases, Affiliated Hospital of Jining Medical University, Shandong, PR China
| | - Xiaobei Zhang
- Institute of Liver Diseases, Affiliated Hospital of Jining Medical University, Shandong, PR China
| | - Zhenfeng Shu
- Shanghai Meifeng Biotechnology Co., Ltd, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Zhongping Duan
- The Fourth Liver Disease Center, Beijing Youan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, PR China; Beijing Municipal Key Laboratory of Liver Failure and Artificial Liver Treatment Research, Beijing, PR China
| | - Yu Chen
- The Fourth Liver Disease Center, Beijing Youan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, PR China; Beijing Municipal Key Laboratory of Liver Failure and Artificial Liver Treatment Research, Beijing, PR China.
| | - Feng Hong
- Institute of Liver Diseases, Affiliated Hospital of Jining Medical University, Shandong, PR China.
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Xue C, Du Y, Li Y, Xu H, Zhu Z. Tumor budding as a predictor for prognosis and therapeutic response in gastric cancer: A mini review. Front Oncol 2023; 12:1003959. [PMID: 36755859 PMCID: PMC9900096 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.1003959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2022] [Accepted: 12/30/2022] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
In recent years, the role of tumor budding in gastric cancer has received increased attention across a number of disciplines. Several studies have found associations between tumor budding and the prediction of lymph node metastasis in early gastric cancer, prognosis of advanced gastric cancer, predictors of therapeutic response to immune checkpoint inhibitors, such as microsatellite instability (MSI), and therapeutic targets of molecular targeted therapy, such as human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER-2). Therefore, tumor budding is a major element in the formulation of risk stratification and precision medicine strategies for patients with gastric cancer.
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A novel inflammatory response-related signature predicts the prognosis of cutaneous melanoma and the effect of antitumor drugs. World J Surg Oncol 2022; 20:263. [PMID: 35982458 PMCID: PMC9389732 DOI: 10.1186/s12957-022-02726-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2022] [Accepted: 08/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Cutaneous melanoma (CM) is a skin cancer that is highly metastatic and aggressive, with a dismal prognosis. This is the first study to use inflammatory response-related genes to build a model and evaluate their predictive significance in CM. This study used public databases to download CM patients' mRNA expression profiles and clinical data to create multigene prognostic markers in the UCSC cohort. We compared overall survival (OS) between high- and low-risk groups using the Kaplan-Meier curve and determined independent predictors using Cox analysis. We also used enrichment analysis to assess immune cell infiltration fraction and immune pathway-related activity using KEGG enrichment analysis. Furthermore, we detected prognostic genes' mRNA and protein expression in CM and normal skin tissues using qRT-PCR and immunohistochemistry. Finally, we developed a 5-gene predictive model that showed that patients in the high-risk group had a considerably shorter OS than those in the low-risk group. The analysis of the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve proved the model's predictive ability. We also conducted a drug sensitivity analysis and discovered that the expression levels of prognostic genes were substantially linked with cancer cell sensitivity to antitumor medicines. The findings show that the model we developed, which consists of five inflammatory response-related genes, can be used to forecast the prognosis and immunological state of CM, giving personalized and precision medicine a new goal and direction.
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Cancer Stem Cells in Tumor Microenvironment of Adenocarcinoma of the Stomach, Colon, and Rectum. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14163948. [PMID: 36010940 PMCID: PMC9405851 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14163948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2022] [Revised: 07/29/2022] [Accepted: 08/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Gastrointestinal cancers have a high mortality rate worldwide, and the progression of the disease is related to cancer stem cells. Until now, its relationship with the microenvironment has been poorly understood. We describe the molecules and different pathways activated during this interaction and the new targeting therapies for cancer cells and microenvironment modulation. This approach could impact the way gastrointestinal cancers are managed. Abstract Gastrointestinal adenocarcinomas are one of the world’s deadliest cancers. Cancer stem cells and the tissue microenvironment are highly regulated by cell and molecular mechanisms. Cancer stem cells are essential for maintenance and progression and are associated with resistance to conventional treatments. This article reviews the current knowledge of the role of the microenvironment during the primary establishment of gastrointestinal adenocarcinomas in the stomach, colon, and rectum and its relationship with cancer stem cells. We also describe novel developments in cancer therapeutics, such as targeted therapy, and discuss the advantages and disadvantages of different treatments for improving gastrointestinal cancer prognosis.
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Majewski M, Mertowska P, Mertowski S, Smolak K, Grywalska E, Torres K. Microbiota and the Immune System-Actors in the Gastric Cancer Story. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14153832. [PMID: 35954495 PMCID: PMC9367521 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14153832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2022] [Revised: 08/04/2022] [Accepted: 08/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Stomach cancer is one of the most commonly diagnosed cancers in the world. Although the number of new cases is decreasing year by year, the death rate for this type of cancer is still high. The heterogeneous course and the lack of symptoms in the early stages of the disease mean that the diagnosis is made late, which translates into a worse prognosis for such patients. That is why it is so important to analyze potential risk factors that may increase the risk of developing gastric cancer and to search for new effective methods of treatment. These requirements are met by the analysis of the composition of the gastric microbiota and its relationship with the immune system, which is a key element in the human anti-cancer fight. This publication was created to systematize the current knowledge on the impact of dysbiosis of human microbiota on the development and progression of gastric cancer. Particular emphasis was placed on taking into account the role of the immune system in this process. Abstract Gastric cancer remains one of the most commonly diagnosed cancers in the world, with a relatively high mortality rate. Due to the heterogeneous course of the disease, its diagnosis and treatment are limited and difficult, and it is associated with a reduced prognosis for patients. That is why it is so important to understand the mechanisms underlying the development and progression of this cancer, with particular emphasis on the role of risk factors. According to the literature data, risk factors include: changes in the composition of the stomach and intestinal microbiota (microbiological dysbiosis and the participation of Helicobacter pylori), improper diet, environmental and genetic factors, and disorders of the body’s immune homeostasis. Therefore, the aim of this review is to systematize the knowledge on the influence of human microbiota dysbiosis on the development and progression of gastric cancer, with particular emphasis on the role of the immune system in this process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marek Majewski
- 2nd Department of General, Gastrointestinal Surgery and Surgical Oncology of the Alimentary Tract, Medical University of Lublin, 20-081 Lublin, Poland
| | - Paulina Mertowska
- Department of Experimental Immunology, Medical University of Lublin, 20-093 Lublin, Poland
- Correspondence:
| | - Sebastian Mertowski
- Department of Experimental Immunology, Medical University of Lublin, 20-093 Lublin, Poland
| | - Konrad Smolak
- Department of Experimental Immunology, Medical University of Lublin, 20-093 Lublin, Poland
| | - Ewelina Grywalska
- Department of Experimental Immunology, Medical University of Lublin, 20-093 Lublin, Poland
| | - Kamil Torres
- Chair and Department of Didactics and Medical Simulation, Medical University of Lublin, 20-093 Lublin, Poland
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Hsieh HL, Yu MC, Cheng LC, Chu MY, Huang TH, Yeh TS, Tsai MM. Quercetin exerts anti-inflammatory effects via inhibiting tumor necrosis factor-α-induced matrix metalloproteinase-9 expression in normal human gastric epithelial cells. World J Gastroenterol 2022; 28:1139-1158. [PMID: 35431500 PMCID: PMC8985486 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v28.i11.1139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2021] [Revised: 12/23/2021] [Accepted: 02/13/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Gastric injury is the most common digestive system disease worldwide and involves inflammation, which can lead to gastric ulcer or gastric cancer (GC). Matrix metallopeptidase-9 [MMP-9 (gelatinase-B)] plays an important role in inflammation and GC progression. Quercetin and quercetin-rich diets represent potential food supplements and a source of medications for treating gastric injury given their anti-inflammatory activities. However, the effects and mechanisms of action of quercetin on human chronic gastritis and whether quercetin can relieve symptoms remain unclear.
AIM To assess whether tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α)-induced MMP-9 expression mediates the anti-inflammatory effects of quercetin in normal human gastric mucosal epithelial cells.
METHODS The normal human gastric mucosa epithelial cell line GES-1 was used to establish a normal human gastric epithelial cell model of TNF-α-induced MMP-9 protein overexpression to evaluate the anti-inflammatory effects of quercetin. The cell counting Kit-8 assay was used to evaluate the effects of varying quercetin doses on cell viability in the normal GES-1 cell line. Cell migration was measured using Transwell assay. The expression of proto-oncogene tyrosine-protein kinase Src (c-Src), phospho (p)-c-Src, extracellular-signal-regulated kinase 2 (ERK2), p-ERK1/2, c-Fos, p-c-Fos, nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB/p65), and p-p65 and the effects of their inhibitors were examined using Western blot analysis and measurement of luciferase activity. p65 expression was detected by immunofluorescence. MMP-9 mRNA and protein levels were measured by quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (qRT–PCR) and gelatin zymography, respectively.
RESULTS qRT-PCR and gelatin zymography showed that TNF-α induced MMP-9 mRNA and protein expression in a dose- and time-dependent manner. These effects were reduced by the pretreatment of GES-1 cells with quercetin or a TNF-α antagonist (TNFR inhibitor) in a dose- and time-dependent manner. Quercetin and TNF-α antagonists decreased the TNF-α-induced phosphorylation of c-Src, ERK1/2, c-Fos, and p65 in a dose- and time-dependent manner. Quercetin, TNF-α antagonist, PP1, U0126, and tanshinone IIA (TSIIA) reduced TNF-α-induced c-Fos phosphorylation and AP-1–Luciferase (Luc) activity in a dose- and time-dependent manner. Pretreatment with quercetin, TNF-α antagonist, PP1, U0126, or Bay 11-7082 reduced TNF-α-induced p65 phosphorylation and translocation and p65–Luc activity in a dose- and time-dependent manner. TNF-α significantly increased GES-1 cell migration, and these results were reduced by pretreatment with quercetin or a TNF-α antagonist.
CONCLUSION Quercetin significantly downregulates TNF-α-induced MMP-9 expression in GES-1 cells via the TNFR-c-Src–ERK1/2 and c-Fos or NF-κB pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hsi-Lung Hsieh
- Department of Nursing, Division of Basic Medical Sciences, Chang-Gung University of Science and Technology, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan
- Research Center for Chinese Herbal Medicine, College of Human Ecology, Chang Gung University of Science and Technology, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan
- Department of Neurology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Chin Yu
- Department of General Surgery, New Taipei Municipal TuCheng Hospital, New Taipei 236, Taiwan
- College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan
- Department of General Surgery, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan
| | - Li-Ching Cheng
- Department of Nursing, Division of Basic Medical Sciences, Chang-Gung University of Science and Technology, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan
- Department of General Surgery, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan
| | - Mei-Yi Chu
- Research Center for Chinese Herbal Medicine, College of Human Ecology, Chang Gung University of Science and Technology, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan
| | - Tzu-Hao Huang
- Department of Nursing, Division of Basic Medical Sciences, Chang-Gung University of Science and Technology, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan
| | - Ta-Sen Yeh
- College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan
- Department of General Surgery, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Ming Tsai
- Department of Nursing, Division of Basic Medical Sciences, Chang-Gung University of Science and Technology, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan
- Research Center for Chinese Herbal Medicine, College of Human Ecology, Chang Gung University of Science and Technology, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan
- Department of General Surgery, New Taipei Municipal TuCheng Hospital, New Taipei 236, Taiwan
- Department of General Surgery, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan
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NF-κB in Gastric Cancer Development and Therapy. Biomedicines 2021; 9:biomedicines9080870. [PMID: 34440074 PMCID: PMC8389569 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines9080870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2021] [Revised: 07/09/2021] [Accepted: 07/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Gastric cancer is considered one of the most common causes of cancer-related death worldwide and, thus, a major health problem. A variety of environmental factors including physical and chemical noxae, as well as pathogen infections could contribute to the development of gastric cancer. The transcription factor nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) and its dysregulation has a major impact on gastric carcinogenesis due to the regulation of cytokines/chemokines, growth factors, anti-apoptotic factors, cell cycle regulators, and metalloproteinases. Changes in NF-κB signaling are directed by genetic alterations in the transcription factors themselves, but also in NF-κB signaling molecules. NF-κB actively participates in the crosstalk of the cells in the tumor micromilieu with divergent effects on the heterogeneous tumor cell and immune cell populations. Thus, the benefits/consequences of therapeutic targeting of NF-κB have to be carefully evaluated. In this review, we address recent knowledge about the mechanisms and consequences of NF-κB dysregulation in gastric cancer development and therapy.
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Jin Y, Tao L, Jin S, Cai W. Patterns of immune infiltration in gastric cancer and their clinical significance. Jpn J Clin Oncol 2021; 51:1067-1079. [PMID: 33890063 DOI: 10.1093/jjco/hyab054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2020] [Revised: 01/15/2020] [Accepted: 03/29/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The malignant phenotypes of cancer are defined not only by its intrinsic tumor cells but also by the tumor-infiltrating immune cells activated and recruited to the cancer microenvironment. However, a comprehensive introduction of gastric cancer immune cell infiltration has not been identified so far. METHODS In this study, we comprehensively analyzed the tumor-infiltrating immune cells abundance in gastric cancer for the first time by CIBERSORT. The meta-analysis, single-sample gene set enrichment analysis and hierarchical agglomerative clustering were used to measure and evaluate the respective proportions of 22 cell types of immune infiltration using normalized gene expression data. The fraction of tumor-infiltrating immune cells subpopulations was also evaluated to determine the associations with clinical features and molecular subtypes. RESULTS Tumor-infiltrating immune cells are extensively involved in the pathogenesis and development of the gastric cancer. We discovered Tfh and activated CD4+ memory T cells were associated with poorer overall survival and Progression-free survival (PFS), but that naïve B cells were opposite for PFS. Unsupervised clustering analysis revealed there existed three tumor-infiltrating immune cells subgroups with distinct survival patterns. Specially, cluster 1 showed significantly better clinical outcome than other two clusters. CONCLUSIONS Collectively, our data explored the differences of tumor-infiltrating immune cells in gastric cancer, and these variations were likely to be important clues for prognosis and management of its future clinical implementation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yin Jin
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Liping Tao
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Shuqing Jin
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Weiyang Cai
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
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Lv Q, Xia Q, Li A, Wang Z. The Potential Role of IL1RAP on Tumor Microenvironment-Related Inflammatory Factors in Stomach Adenocarcinoma. Technol Cancer Res Treat 2021; 20:1533033821995282. [PMID: 33602046 PMCID: PMC7897808 DOI: 10.1177/1533033821995282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
This study was performed to investigate the role of interleukin-1 receptor accessory protein (IL1RAP) in stomach carcinoma in vitro and in vivo, determine whether IL1RAP knockdown could regulate the development of stomach carcinoma, and elucidate the relationship between IL1RAP knockdown and inflammation by tumor microenvironment-related inflammatory factors in stomach carcinoma. We first used TCGA and GEPIA systems to predict the potential function of IL1RAP. Second, western blot and RT-PCR were used to analyze the expression, or mRNA level, of IL1RAP at different tissue or cell lines. Third, the occurrence and development of stomach carcinoma in vitro and in vivo were observed by using IL1RAP knockdown lentivirus. Finally, the inflammation of stomach carcinoma in vitro and in vivo was observed. Results show that in GEPIA and TCGA systems, IL1RAP expression in STAD tumor tissue was higher than normal, and high expression of IL1RAP in STAD patients had a worse prognostic outcome. Besides, GSEA shown IL1RAP was negative correlation of apopopsis, TLR4 and NF-κB signaling pathway. We also predicted that IL1RAP may related to IL-1 s, IL-33, and IL-36 s in STAD. The IL1RAP expression and mRNA level in tumor, or MGC803, cells were increased. Furthermore, IL1RAP knockdown by lentivirus could inhibit stomach carcinoma development in vitro and in vivo through weakening tumor cell proliferation, migration, invasion, therefore reducing tumor volume, weight, and biomarker levels, and increasing apoptotic level. Finally, we found IL1RAP knockdown could increase inflammation of tumor microenvironment-related inflammatory factors of stomach carcinoma, in vitro and in vivo. Our study demonstrates that IL1RAP is possibly able to regulate inflammation and apoptosis in stomach carcinoma. Furthermore, TLR4, NF-κB, IL-1 s, IL-33, and IL-36 s maybe the downstream target factor of IL1RAP in inflammation. These results may provide a new strategy for stomach carcinoma development by regulating inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing Lv
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Wuhan Union Hospital, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Qinghua Xia
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Wuhan Union Hospital, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Anshu Li
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Wuhan Union Hospital, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Zhiyong Wang
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Wuhan Union Hospital, Wuhan, Hubei, China
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Buttura JR, Provisor Santos MN, Valieris R, Drummond RD, Defelicibus A, Lima JP, Calsavara VF, Freitas HC, Cordeiro de Lima VC, Fernanda Bartelli T, Wiedner M, Rosales R, Gollob KJ, Loizou J, Dias-Neto E, Nunes DN, da Silva IT. Mutational Signatures Driven by Epigenetic Determinants Enable the Stratification of Patients with Gastric Cancer for Therapeutic Intervention. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:490. [PMID: 33513945 PMCID: PMC7866019 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13030490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2020] [Accepted: 12/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
DNA mismatch repair deficiency (dMMR) is associated with the microsatellite instability (MSI) phenotype and leads to increased mutation load, which in turn may impact anti-tumor immune responses and treatment effectiveness. Various mutational signatures directly linked to dMMR have been described for primary cancers. To investigate which mutational signatures are associated with prognosis in gastric cancer, we performed a de novo extraction of mutational signatures in a cohort of 787 patients. We detected three dMMR-related signatures, one of which clearly discriminates tumors with MLH1 gene silencing caused by promoter hypermethylation (area under the curve = 98%). We then demonstrated that samples with the highest exposure of this signature share features related to better prognosis, encompassing clinical and molecular aspects and altered immune infiltrate composition. Overall, the assessment of the prognostic value and of the impact of modifications in MMR-related genes on shaping specific dMMR mutational signatures provides evidence that classification based on mutational signature exposure enables prognosis stratification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaqueline Ramalho Buttura
- Laboratory of Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, A.C. Camargo Cancer Center, São Paulo 01508-010, Brazil; (J.R.B.); (M.N.P.S.); (R.V.); (R.D.D.); (A.D.); (J.P.L.)
| | - Monize Nakamoto Provisor Santos
- Laboratory of Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, A.C. Camargo Cancer Center, São Paulo 01508-010, Brazil; (J.R.B.); (M.N.P.S.); (R.V.); (R.D.D.); (A.D.); (J.P.L.)
- Department of Genomics, Fleury Group, São Paulo 04344-070, Brazil
| | - Renan Valieris
- Laboratory of Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, A.C. Camargo Cancer Center, São Paulo 01508-010, Brazil; (J.R.B.); (M.N.P.S.); (R.V.); (R.D.D.); (A.D.); (J.P.L.)
| | - Rodrigo Duarte Drummond
- Laboratory of Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, A.C. Camargo Cancer Center, São Paulo 01508-010, Brazil; (J.R.B.); (M.N.P.S.); (R.V.); (R.D.D.); (A.D.); (J.P.L.)
| | - Alexandre Defelicibus
- Laboratory of Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, A.C. Camargo Cancer Center, São Paulo 01508-010, Brazil; (J.R.B.); (M.N.P.S.); (R.V.); (R.D.D.); (A.D.); (J.P.L.)
| | - João Paulo Lima
- Laboratory of Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, A.C. Camargo Cancer Center, São Paulo 01508-010, Brazil; (J.R.B.); (M.N.P.S.); (R.V.); (R.D.D.); (A.D.); (J.P.L.)
| | | | - Helano Carioca Freitas
- Medical Oncology Department, A.C. Camargo Cancer Center, São Paulo 01508-010, Brazil; (H.C.F.); (V.C.C.d.L.)
- Laboratory of Medical Genomics, A.C. Camargo Cancer Center, São Paulo 01508-010, Brazil; (T.F.B.); (E.D.-N.); (D.N.N.)
| | - Vladmir C. Cordeiro de Lima
- Medical Oncology Department, A.C. Camargo Cancer Center, São Paulo 01508-010, Brazil; (H.C.F.); (V.C.C.d.L.)
- Translational Immuno-Oncology Group, A.C. Camargo Cancer Center, São Paulo 01508-010, Brazil;
| | - Thais Fernanda Bartelli
- Laboratory of Medical Genomics, A.C. Camargo Cancer Center, São Paulo 01508-010, Brazil; (T.F.B.); (E.D.-N.); (D.N.N.)
| | - Marc Wiedner
- CeMM Research Center for Molecular Medicine of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, 1090 Vienna, Austria; (M.W.); (J.L.)
| | - Rafael Rosales
- Department of Mathematics and Computer Science, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto 14049-900, Brazil;
| | - Kenneth John Gollob
- Translational Immuno-Oncology Group, A.C. Camargo Cancer Center, São Paulo 01508-010, Brazil;
| | - Joanna Loizou
- CeMM Research Center for Molecular Medicine of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, 1090 Vienna, Austria; (M.W.); (J.L.)
- Department of Medicine, Institute of Cancer Research, Medical University of Vienna and Comprehensive Cancer Center, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Emmanuel Dias-Neto
- Laboratory of Medical Genomics, A.C. Camargo Cancer Center, São Paulo 01508-010, Brazil; (T.F.B.); (E.D.-N.); (D.N.N.)
- Laboratory of Neurosciences, Institute of Psychiatry, University of São Paulo, São Paulo 05403-903, Brazil
| | - Diana Noronha Nunes
- Laboratory of Medical Genomics, A.C. Camargo Cancer Center, São Paulo 01508-010, Brazil; (T.F.B.); (E.D.-N.); (D.N.N.)
| | - Israel Tojal da Silva
- Laboratory of Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, A.C. Camargo Cancer Center, São Paulo 01508-010, Brazil; (J.R.B.); (M.N.P.S.); (R.V.); (R.D.D.); (A.D.); (J.P.L.)
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Xie J, Fu L, Jin L. Immunotherapy of gastric cancer: Past, future perspective and challenges. Pathol Res Pract 2020; 218:153322. [PMID: 33422778 DOI: 10.1016/j.prp.2020.153322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2020] [Revised: 12/08/2020] [Accepted: 12/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Gastric cancer is considered as the third leading cause of deaths and the fifth most common cancers worldwide. Common treatment approaches include chemotherapy, radiation, gastric resection and targeted therapies. The emergence of gastric cancer immunotherapy has already shown some promising results and have altered the therapeutic procedures. Now, different combination therapies as well as novel immunotherapies targeting new molecules have been proposed. Despite ongoing investigations on the therapeutic options and significant advancements in this regard, the disease is poorly prognosed. In fact, limited therapeutic options and delayed diagnosis lead to the progression, dissemination and metastasis of the disease. Current immunotherapies are mostly based on cytotoxic immunocytes, monoclonal antibodies and gene transferred vaccines. The use of Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) have grown rapidly. In this review, we aimed to explore perspective and progression of different approaches of immunotherapy in the treatment of GC and the clinical outcomes reported so far. We also summarized the tumor immunosurveillance and tumor immunoescape.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Xie
- Department of Gastroenterology Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Shaoxing University, Shaoxing 312000, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Liping Fu
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital, People's Hospital of Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou 310014, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Li Jin
- Department of Pathology, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital, People's Hospital of Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou 310014, Zhejiang Province, China.
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Lin H, Cao X, Wang Y, Wang M, Liang L, Sun Z, Zhang J. Mutual activation between cancer-associated fibroblasts and cancer cells facilitates growth and progression of gastric cancer. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF CLINICAL AND EXPERIMENTAL PATHOLOGY 2020; 13:2691-2700. [PMID: 33165335 PMCID: PMC7642703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2020] [Accepted: 09/03/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The study aimed to investigate the mutual interaction between cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) and gastric cancer cells. METHODS Cell proliferation was determined using MTT assay. The characteristic proteins of CAFs were examined by immunohistochemistry assay, western blot, and real time-quantitative polymerase chain reaction. The effect of CAFs in promotion of tumor growth and progression was evaluated in gastric tumor-bearing mice. RESULTS We confirmed that CAFs promote proliferation and migration of gastric cancer cells (MKN-45). Co-incubation of normal human fibroblast cells (BJ cells) with MKN-45-conditioned medium resulted in overexpression of biomarkers of CAFs, such as FAP, α-SMA, MMP, GAL-1, PDGFRβ, and VIM. Furthermore, the mice co-implanted with MKN-45 cells and CAFs exhibited the rapidest tumor growth rate and shortest survival time when compared with others. Tumors of mice injected with MKN-45 cells and BJ cells progressed faster than those of mice injected only with MKN-45 cells. Further immunohistochemical assay revealed that tumor tissues of the MKN-45 + CAF group displayed the most obvious vasculature formation, which facilitates tumor progression and metastasis. CONCLUSION Normal fibroblasts in a tumor microenvironment can be induced into CAFs and in turn promote tumor growth and progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Lin
- Medical College, Anhui University of Science and TechnologyHuainan, Anhui, China
| | - Xiyou Cao
- Shanghai Putuo District Liqun HospitalShanghai, China
| | - Yan Wang
- Shanghai Putuo District Liqun HospitalShanghai, China
| | - Man Wang
- Fengxian Hospital Affiliated to Anhui University of Science and TechnologyShanghai, China
| | - Lin Liang
- Fengxian Hospital Affiliated to Anhui University of Science and TechnologyShanghai, China
| | - Zhenliang Sun
- Fengxian Hospital Affiliated to Anhui University of Science and TechnologyShanghai, China
| | - Jifa Zhang
- Fengxian Hospital Affiliated to Anhui University of Science and TechnologyShanghai, China
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17
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Low JT, Christie M, Ernst M, Dumoutier L, Preaudet A, Ni Y, Griffin MDW, Mielke LA, Strasser A, Putoczki TL, O'Reilly LA. Loss of NFKB1 Results in Expression of Tumor Necrosis Factor and Activation of Signal Transducer and Activator of Transcription 1 to Promote Gastric Tumorigenesis in Mice. Gastroenterology 2020; 159:1444-1458.e15. [PMID: 32569771 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2020.06.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2020] [Revised: 06/11/2020] [Accepted: 06/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Activity of nuclear factor κB transcription factors and signaling via signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT) are frequently altered in gastric cancer cells. Mice lacking NFKB1 (Nfkb1-/- mice) develop invasive gastric cancer, and their gastric tissues have increased levels of cytokines, such as interleukin (IL) 6, IL22, IL11, and tumor necrosis factor (TNF), as well as increased activation of STAT1. We investigated whether these cytokines were required for STAT1 activation in gastric tissues of mice and critical for gastric tumorigenesis. METHODS We crossed Nfkb1-/- mice with Il6-/-, Il22-/-, Il11Rα-/-, and Tnf-/- mice. Stomach tissues from compound mutant mice were analyzed by histology, immunoblotting, and RNA sequencing. Lymphoid, myeloid, and epithelial cells were isolated from stomachs, and the levels of cytokines were determined by flow cytometric analysis. RESULTS Nfkb1-/- mice developed gastritis, oxyntic atrophy, gastric dysplasia, and invasive tumors, whereas Nfkb1-/-Stat1-/- mice did not, even when followed for as long as 2 years. The levels of Il6, Il11, Il22, and Tnf messenger RNA were increased in the body and antrum of the stomachs from Nfkb1-/- mice, from 3-6 months of age. However, Nfkb1-/-Il6-/-, Nfkb1-/-Il22-/-, and Nfkb1-/-Il11Rα-/- mice still developed gastric tumors, although the absence of IL11 receptor (IL11R) significantly reduced development of invasive gastric tumors. Stomachs from Nfkb1-/-Tnf-/- mice exhibited significantly less gastritis and oxyntic atrophy and fewer tumors than Nfkb1-/- mice. This correlated with reduced activation of STAT1 and STAT3 and fewer numbers of T cells and B cells infiltrating the gastric body. Loss of STAT1 or TNF significantly reduced expression of PD-L1 on epithelial and myeloid (CD11b+) cells in the gastric mucosa of Nfkb1-/- mice-indeed, to the levels observed on the corresponding cells from wild-type mice. CONCLUSIONS In studies of gastric tumor development in knockout mice, we found that loss of NFKB1 causes increased expression of TNF in the stomach and thereby drives activation of STAT1, resulting in an inflammatory immune response and the development of gastric cancer. IL11R appears to be required for the progression of gastric tumors to the invasive stage. These findings suggest that inhibitors of TNF, and possibly also inhibitors of IL11/IL11Rα, might be useful in the treatment of gastric cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun T Low
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Victoria, Australia; Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Michael Christie
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Victoria, Australia; Department of Pathology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Matthias Ernst
- Olivia Newton-John Cancer Research Institute and La Trobe University School of Cancer Medicine, Heidelberg, Victoria, Australia
| | | | - Adele Preaudet
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Yanhong Ni
- Visiting scientist from Central Laboratory, Nanjing Stomatological Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, China to The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Michael D W Griffin
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia; Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Lisa A Mielke
- Olivia Newton-John Cancer Research Institute and La Trobe University School of Cancer Medicine, Heidelberg, Victoria, Australia
| | - Andreas Strasser
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Victoria, Australia; Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Tracy L Putoczki
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Victoria, Australia; Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia; Department of Surgery, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Lorraine A O'Reilly
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Victoria, Australia; Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.
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Immunophenotype based on inflammatory cells, PD-1/PD-L1 signalling pathway and M2 macrophages predicts survival in gastric cancer. Br J Cancer 2020; 123:1625-1632. [PMID: 32943749 PMCID: PMC7687887 DOI: 10.1038/s41416-020-01053-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2019] [Revised: 08/14/2020] [Accepted: 08/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Immune response against cancer has prognostic impact but its role in gastric cancer is poorly known. The aim of the study was to assess the prognostic significance of immune cell score (CD3+, CD8+), tumour immune escape (PD-L1, PD-1) and immune tolerance (Clever-1). Methods After exclusion of Epstein-Barr virus positive (n = 4) and microsatellite instable (n = 6) tumours, the study included 122 patients with GC undergoing D2 gastrectomy. CD3+ and CD8+ based ICS, PD-L1, PD-1 and Clever-1 expressions were evaluated. Differences in survival were examined using Cox regression adjusted for confounders. The primary outcome was 5-year survival. Results The 5-year overall survival rate was 43.4%. High ICS was associated with improved overall survival (adjusted HR 0.48 (95% CI 0.26–0.87)) compared to low ICS. In the high ICS group, patients with PD-L1 expression (5-year survival 69.2 vs. 53.1%, p = 0.317), high PD-1 (5-year survival 70.6 vs. 55.3% p = 0.312) and high Clever-1 (5-year survival 72.0% vs. 45.5% (p = 0.070) had poor prognosis. Conclusions High ICS was associated with improved survival. In the high ICS group, patients with high PD-L1, PD-1 and Clever-1 had poor prognosis highlighting the importance of immune escape and immune tolerance in GC.
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Establishment of a Human Gastric Cancer Xenograft Model in Immunocompetent Mice Using the Microcarrier-6. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2020; 2020:1893434. [PMID: 32337226 PMCID: PMC7165317 DOI: 10.1155/2020/1893434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2019] [Revised: 03/02/2020] [Accepted: 03/04/2020] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Gastric cancer is among the most common malignant tumors of the digestive tract. Establishing a robust and reliable animal model is the foundation for studying the pathogenesis of cancer. The present study established a mouse model of gastric carcinoma by inoculating immunocompetent mice with MKN45 cells using microcarrier. Sixty male C57BL/6 mice were randomly divided into three groups: a 2D group, an empty carrier group, and a 3D group, according to the coculture system of MKN45 and the microcarrier. The mouse models were established by hypodermic injection. Time to develop tumor, rate of tumor formation, and pathological features were observed in each group. In the 3D group, the tumorigenesis time was short, while the rate of tumor formation was high (75%). There was no detectable tumor formation in either the 2D or the empty carrier group. Both H&E and immunohistochemical staining of the tumor xenograft showed characteristic evidence of human gastric neoplasms. The present study successfully established a human gastric carcinoma model in immunocompetent mice, which provides a novel and valuable animal model for the cancer research and development of anticancer drugs.
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Li R, Zhang H, Cao Y, Liu X, Chen Y, Qi Y, Wang J, Yu K, Lin C, Liu H, He H, Li H, Chen L, Shen Z, Qin J, Zhang W, Sun Y, Xu J. Lauren classification identifies distinct prognostic value and functional status of intratumoral CD8 + T cells in gastric cancer. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2020; 69:1327-1336. [PMID: 32200421 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-020-02550-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2019] [Accepted: 03/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
With dichotomous etiology and pathogenesis, intestinal type and diffuse type gastric cancers vary in their clinical and molecular features to the point of representing distinct entities. However, the differences of tumor-infiltrating immune cells within the two types of gastric cancer have not been well researched. This study was aimed to evaluate the functional impact of Lauren classification on immune contexture in gastric cancer patients. Tumor tissues of gastric cancer patients from Zhongshan Hospital and gastric cancer data from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) cohort were analyzed. By immunohistochemistry and flow cytometry, we found that intratumoral CD8+ T cells were more abundant but less functional in diffuse type as compared with those in intestinal type tumor tissues. Survival analysis indicated that CD8+ T cells yielded favorable prognosis only in intestinal type patients other than diffuse type cancer patients. Moreover, such diffuse type-associated CD8+ T cell dysfunction was featured by elevated expression of immunosuppressive factors including interleukin-10 (IL-10), transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1) and indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase 1 (IDO1). In summary, we found that the density, prognostic significance and functional status of intratumoral CD8+ T cells varied with Lauren subtypes in gastric cancer. These results further indicated Lauren classification might be a potential therapeutic marker, and should be considered in therapeutic decisions, especially immunotherapeutic eligibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruochen Li
- Department of General Surgery, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Heng Zhang
- Department of General Surgery, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Yifan Cao
- Department of General Surgery, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Xin Liu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Yifan Chen
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yangyang Qi
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jieti Wang
- Department of Gastric Surgery, Shanghai Cancer Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Kuan Yu
- Department of General Surgery, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Chao Lin
- Department of General Surgery, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Hao Liu
- Department of General Surgery, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Hongyong He
- Department of General Surgery, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - He Li
- Department of General Surgery, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Lingli Chen
- Department of Pathology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhenbin Shen
- Department of General Surgery, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Jing Qin
- Department of General Surgery, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Weijuan Zhang
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yihong Sun
- Department of General Surgery, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China.
| | - Jiejie Xu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China.
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Identification of different gene expressions between diffuse- and intestinal-type spheroid-forming gastric cancer cells. Gastric Cancer 2019; 22:967-979. [PMID: 30726523 DOI: 10.1007/s10120-019-00935-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2018] [Accepted: 02/01/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Three-dimensional in vitro spheroid models are unique because they are considered for enrichment of specific cell populations with self-renewal ability. In this study, we explored the different mechanisms of gastric cancer spheroid-forming cells according to the Lauren classification. METHODS We isolated and enriched cells with self-renewal ability using spheroid-forming methods from gastric cancer cell lines. The expression of candidate target genes was investigated using western blot and qRT-PCR analysis. Lentiviral shRNA knockdown of target gene expression was performed and the effects on spheroid, colony forming, and tumorigenic ability were analyzed. RESULTS The SNU-638, SNU-484, MKN-28, and NCI-N87 successfully formed spheroid from single cell and enriched for self-renewal ability from 11 gastric cancer cell lines, including diffuse and intestinal types. The expression of SOX2 and E-cadherin increased in spheroid-forming cells in a diffuse-type cell line (SNU-638 and SNU-484), but not in the intestinal type (MKN-28 and NCI-N87). In contrast, ERBB3 expression was only increased in intestinal-type spheroid cells. The depletion of each candidate target gene expression suppressed self-renewal ability to grow as spheroids and colonies in a soft agar assay. In particular, down-regulated ERBB3 in the intestinal-type cell lines inhibited tumor growth in a mouse xenograft model. We found that high ERBB3 gene expression correlates with decreased survival in the intestinal type of gastric cancer. CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest that diffuse- and intestinal-type spheroid-forming cells express genes differently. Our data suggest that these candidate genes from spheroid-forming cells can be used in applications in targeted therapy.
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Mehta R, Shah A, Almhanna K. Pembrolizumab for the treatment of patients with recurrent locally advanced or metastatic gastric or gastroesophageal junction cancer: an evidence-based review of place in therapy. Onco Targets Ther 2018; 11:6525-6537. [PMID: 30323626 PMCID: PMC6177372 DOI: 10.2147/ott.s152513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Gastric and esopahgeal cancers account for the six most common causes of cancer death worldwide. Locally advanced resectable cancers have a 5-year life expectancy of 30%. Despite use of chemotherapy, median overall survival for stage IV cancer rarely exceeds 1 year. A subset of gastric cancers such as microsatellite-instable tumor and Epstein–Barr virus-positive tumors have a rich immune infiltrate that makes them more responsive to immune-directed therapies. Tumors can evade T-cell-mediated “immune surveillance” by activating the programmed cell death receptor 1 (PD-1)/programmed death ligand 1 (PD-L1) pathway. Targeting PD-1 and thus de-engaging them from its ligands can help restore immunogenicity. Pembrolizumab is the first immunotherapy to be approved by US FDA for PD-L1 expressing gastric and gastroesopahgeal junction (GEJ) cancers after they have progressed on at least two prior lines of treatment. While PD-L1 positivity does not define tumor’s responsiveness to pembrolizumab, PD-L1-positive tumors have better overall response rates. The treatment is usually well tolerated and has a favorable adverse events profile. The exact setting for use of pembrolizumab remains to be determined. Pembrolizumab failed to improve overall survival when administered as second-line treatment for advanced, metastatic gastric and GEJ cancers. There are several ongoing studies with various combinations and different settings not only with pembrolizumab but also with other checkpoint inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rutika Mehta
- Department of Gastrointestinal Oncology, Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, FL 33612, USA
| | - Anand Shah
- Department of Pharmacy, Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, FL 33612, USA
| | - Khaldoun Almhanna
- Department of Hematology/Oncology, Lifespan Cancer Institute, Providence, RI, USA,
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23
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Miller JS, Morishima C, McNeel DG, Patel MR, Kohrt HEK, Thompson JA, Sondel PM, Wakelee HA, Disis ML, Kaiser JC, Cheever MA, Streicher H, Creekmore SP, Waldmann TA, Conlon KC. A First-in-Human Phase I Study of Subcutaneous Outpatient Recombinant Human IL15 (rhIL15) in Adults with Advanced Solid Tumors. Clin Cancer Res 2017; 24:1525-1535. [PMID: 29203590 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-17-2451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2017] [Revised: 10/22/2017] [Accepted: 11/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Purpose: Preclinical data established IL15 as a homeostatic factor and powerful stimulator of NK and CD8+ T-cell function, the basis for clinical testing.Experimental Design: A first-in-human outpatient phase I dose escalation trial of subcutaneous (SC) rhIL15 was conducted in refractory solid tumor cancer patients. Therapy consisted of daily (Monday-Friday) subcutaneous injections of rhIL15 for two consecutive weeks (10 total doses/cycle). Clinical response was assessed by RECIST. Pharmacokinetics of rhIL15 and immune biomarkers were evaluated.Results: Nineteen patients were treated with rhIL15 at dose levels of 0.25, 0.5, 1, 2, and 3 mcg/kg/day. Fourteen patients completed ≥ 2 cycles of therapy that was well tolerated. One serious adverse event (SAE), grade 2 pancreatitis, required overnight hospitalization. Enrollment was halted after a patient receiving 3 mcg/kg/day developed a dose-limiting SAE of grade 3 cardiac chest pain associated with hypotension and increased troponin. No objective responses were observed; however, several patients had disease stabilization including a renal cell carcinoma patient who continued protocol treatment for 2 years. The treatment induced profound expansion of circulating NK cells, especially among the CD56bright subset. A proportional but less dramatic increase was found among circulating CD8+ T cells with maximal 3-fold expansion for the 2 and 3 mcg/kg patients.Conclusions: SC rhIL15 treatment was well tolerated, producing substantial increases in circulating NK and CD8+ T cells. This protocol establishes a safe outpatient SC rhIL15 regimen of 2 mcg/kg/day dosing amenable to self-injection and with potential as a combination immunotherapeutic agent. Clin Cancer Res; 24(7); 1525-35. ©2017 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - John A Thompson
- Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington.,National Cancer Institute/NIH, Bethesda, Maryland
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Howard Streicher
- Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington.,National Cancer Institute/NIH, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Steven P Creekmore
- Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington.,National Cancer Institute/NIH, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Thomas A Waldmann
- Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington.,National Cancer Institute/NIH, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Kevin C Conlon
- Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington.,National Cancer Institute/NIH, Bethesda, Maryland
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24
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Hendry S, Salgado R, Gevaert T, Russell PA, John T, Thapa B, Christie M, van de Vijver K, Estrada MV, Gonzalez-Ericsson PI, Sanders M, Solomon B, Solinas C, Van den Eynden GGGM, Allory Y, Preusser M, Hainfellner J, Pruneri G, Vingiani A, Demaria S, Symmans F, Nuciforo P, Comerma L, Thompson EA, Lakhani S, Kim SR, Schnitt S, Colpaert C, Sotiriou C, Scherer SJ, Ignatiadis M, Badve S, Pierce RH, Viale G, Sirtaine N, Penault-Llorca F, Sugie T, Fineberg S, Paik S, Srinivasan A, Richardson A, Wang Y, Chmielik E, Brock J, Johnson DB, Balko J, Wienert S, Bossuyt V, Michiels S, Ternes N, Burchardi N, Luen SJ, Savas P, Klauschen F, Watson PH, Nelson BH, Criscitiello C, O’Toole S, Larsimont D, de Wind R, Curigliano G, André F, Lacroix-Triki M, van de Vijver M, Rojo F, Floris G, Bedri S, Sparano J, Rimm D, Nielsen T, Kos Z, Hewitt S, Singh B, Farshid G, Loibl S, Allison KH, Tung N, Adams S, Willard-Gallo K, Horlings HM, Gandhi L, Moreira A, Hirsch F, Dieci MV, Urbanowicz M, Brcic I, Korski K, Gaire F, Koeppen H, Lo A, Giltnane J, Ziai J, Rebelatto MC, Steele KE, Zha J, Emancipator K, Juco JW, Denkert C, Reis-Filho J, Loi S, Fox SB. Assessing Tumor-Infiltrating Lymphocytes in Solid Tumors: A Practical Review for Pathologists and Proposal for a Standardized Method from the International Immuno-Oncology Biomarkers Working Group: Part 2: TILs in Melanoma, Gastrointestinal Tract Carcinomas, Non-Small Cell Lung Carcinoma and Mesothelioma, Endometrial and Ovarian Carcinomas, Squamous Cell Carcinoma of the Head and Neck, Genitourinary Carcinomas, and Primary Brain Tumors. Adv Anat Pathol 2017; 24:311-335. [PMID: 28777143 PMCID: PMC5638696 DOI: 10.1097/pap.0000000000000161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 470] [Impact Index Per Article: 67.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Assessment of the immune response to tumors is growing in importance as the prognostic implications of this response are increasingly recognized, and as immunotherapies are evaluated and implemented in different tumor types. However, many different approaches can be used to assess and describe the immune response, which limits efforts at implementation as a routine clinical biomarker. In part 1 of this review, we have proposed a standardized methodology to assess tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) in solid tumors, based on the International Immuno-Oncology Biomarkers Working Group guidelines for invasive breast carcinoma. In part 2 of this review, we discuss the available evidence for the prognostic and predictive value of TILs in common solid tumors, including carcinomas of the lung, gastrointestinal tract, genitourinary system, gynecologic system, and head and neck, as well as primary brain tumors, mesothelioma and melanoma. The particularities and different emphases in TIL assessment in different tumor types are discussed. The standardized methodology we propose can be adapted to different tumor types and may be used as a standard against which other approaches can be compared. Standardization of TIL assessment will help clinicians, researchers and pathologists to conclusively evaluate the utility of this simple biomarker in the current era of immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shona Hendry
- Department of Pathology, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Australia
- The Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
| | - Roberto Salgado
- Breast Cancer Translational Research Laboratory/Breast International Group, Institut Jules Bordet, Brussels, Belgium
- Department of Pathology and TCRU, GZA, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Thomas Gevaert
- Department of Development and Regeneration, Laboratory of Experimental Urology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Department of Pathology, AZ Klina, Brasschaat, Belgium
| | - Prudence A. Russell
- Department of Anatomical Pathology, St Vincent’s Hospital Melbourne, Fitzroy, Australia
- Department of Pathology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
| | - Tom John
- Department of Medical Oncology, Austin Health, Heidelberg, Australia
- Olivia Newton-John Cancer Research Institute, Heidelberg, Australia
- School of Cancer Medicine, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Australia
| | - Bibhusal Thapa
- Olivia Newton-John Cancer Research Institute, Heidelberg, Australia
- Department of Medicine, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
| | - Michael Christie
- Department of Anatomical Pathology, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Parkville, Australia
| | - Koen van de Vijver
- Divisions of Diagnostic Oncology & Molecular Pathology, Netherlands Cancer Institute-Antoni van Leeuwenhoek, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - M. Valeria Estrada
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, USA
| | | | - Melinda Sanders
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, USA
| | - Benjamin Solomon
- Department of Medical Oncology, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Cinzia Solinas
- Molecular Immunology Unit, Institut Jules Bordet, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Gert GGM Van den Eynden
- Molecular Immunology Unit, Institut Jules Bordet, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
- Department of Pathology, GZA Ziekenhuizen, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Yves Allory
- Université Paris-Est, Créteil, France
- INSERM, UMR 955, Créteil, France
- Département de pathologie, APHP, Hôpital Henri-Mondor, Créteil, France
| | - Matthias Preusser
- Department of Medicine, Clinical Division of Oncology, Comprehensive Cancer Centre Vienna, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Johannes Hainfellner
- Institute of Neurology, Comprehensive Cancer Centre Vienna, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Giancarlo Pruneri
- European Institute of Oncology, Milan, Italy
- University of Milan, School of Medicine, Milan, Italy
| | - Andrea Vingiani
- European Institute of Oncology, Milan, Italy
- University of Milan, School of Medicine, Milan, Italy
| | - Sandra Demaria
- New York University Medical School, New York, USA
- Perlmutter Cancer Center, New York, USA
| | - Fraser Symmans
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, USA
| | - Paolo Nuciforo
- Molecular Oncology Group, Vall d’Hebron Institute of Oncology, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Laura Comerma
- Molecular Oncology Group, Vall d’Hebron Institute of Oncology, Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - Sunil Lakhani
- Centre for Clinical Research and School of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
- Pathology Queensland, Royal Brisbane and Women’s Hospital, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Seong-Rim Kim
- National Surgical Adjuvant Breast and Bowel Project Operations Center/NRG Oncology, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Stuart Schnitt
- Cancer Research Institute and Department of Pathology, Beth Israel Deaconess Cancer Center, Boston, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, USA
| | - Cecile Colpaert
- Department of Pathology, GZA Ziekenhuizen, Sint-Augustinus, Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Christos Sotiriou
- Department of Medical Oncology, Institut Jules Bordet, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Stefan J. Scherer
- Academic Medical Innovation, Novartis Pharmaceuticals Corporation, East Hanover, USA
| | - Michail Ignatiadis
- Department of Medical Oncology, Institut Jules Bordet, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Sunil Badve
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Indiana University, Indianapolis, USA
| | - Robert H. Pierce
- Cancer Immunotherapy Trials Network, Central Laboratory and Program in Immunology, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, USA
| | - Giuseppe Viale
- Department of Pathology, Istituto Europeo di Oncologia, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Nicolas Sirtaine
- Department of Pathology, Institut Jules Bordet, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Frederique Penault-Llorca
- Department of Surgical Pathology and Biopathology, Jean Perrin Comprehensive Cancer Centre, Clermont-Ferrand, France
- University of Auvergne UMR1240, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Tomohagu Sugie
- Department of Surgery, Kansai Medical School, Hirakata, Japan
| | - Susan Fineberg
- Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, New York, USA
- The Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, USA
| | - Soonmyung Paik
- National Surgical Adjuvant Breast and Bowel Project Operations Center/NRG Oncology, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
- Severance Biomedical Science Institute and Department of Medical Oncology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Ashok Srinivasan
- National Surgical Adjuvant Breast and Bowel Project Operations Center/NRG Oncology, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Andrea Richardson
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, USA
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, USA
- Department of Cancer Biology, Dana Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, USA
| | - Yihong Wang
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Rhode Island Hospital and Lifespan Medical Center, Providence, USA
- Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, USA
| | - Ewa Chmielik
- Tumor Pathology Department, Maria Sklodowska-Curie Memorial Cancer Center, Gliwice, Poland
- Institute of Oncology, Gliwice Branch, Gliwice, Poland
| | - Jane Brock
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, USA
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, USA
| | - Douglas B. Johnson
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Centre, Nashville, USA
- Vanderbilt Ingram Cancer Center, Nashville, USA
| | - Justin Balko
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Centre, Nashville, USA
- Vanderbilt Ingram Cancer Center, Nashville, USA
| | - Stephan Wienert
- Institute of Pathology, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- VMscope GmbH, Berlin, Germany
| | - Veerle Bossuyt
- Department of Pathology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, USA
| | - Stefan Michiels
- Service de Biostatistique et d’Epidémiologie, Gustave Roussy, CESP, Inserm U1018, Université-Paris Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, Villejuif, France
| | - Nils Ternes
- Service de Biostatistique et d’Epidémiologie, Gustave Roussy, CESP, Inserm U1018, Université-Paris Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, Villejuif, France
| | | | - Stephen J. Luen
- The Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
- Department of Medical Oncology, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Peter Savas
- The Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
- Department of Medical Oncology, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Australia
| | | | - Peter H. Watson
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
- Trev & Joyce Deeley Research Centre, British Columbia Cancer Agency, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Brad H. Nelson
- Trev & Joyce Deeley Research Centre, British Columbia Cancer Agency, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Victoria, Victoria, Canada
- Medical Genetics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | | | - Sandra O’Toole
- The Cancer Research Program, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, Australia
- Australian Clinical Labs, Bella Vista, Australia
| | - Denis Larsimont
- Department of Pathology, Institut Jules Bordet, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Roland de Wind
- Department of Pathology, Institut Jules Bordet, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | | | - Fabrice André
- INSERM Unit U981, and Department of Medical Oncology, Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France
- Faculté de Médecine, Université Paris Sud, Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
| | - Magali Lacroix-Triki
- INSERM Unit U981, and Department of Medical Oncology, Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France
| | - Mark van de Vijver
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Federico Rojo
- Pathology Department, IIS-Fundacion Jimenez Diaz, UAM, Madrid, Spain
| | - Giuseppe Floris
- Department of Pathology, University Hospital Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Shahinaz Bedri
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, Doha, Qatar
| | - Joseph Sparano
- Department of Oncology, Montefiore Medical Centre, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, USA
| | - David Rimm
- Department of Pathology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, USA
| | - Torsten Nielsen
- Genetic Pathology Evaluation Centre, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Zuzana Kos
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada
| | - Stephen Hewitt
- Laboratory of Pathology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Baljit Singh
- Department of Pathology, New York University Langone Medical Centre, New York, USA
| | - Gelareh Farshid
- Directorate of Surgical Pathology, SA Pathology, Adelaide, Australia
- Discipline of Medicine, Adelaide University, Adelaide, Australia
| | | | | | - Nadine Tung
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, USA
| | - Sylvia Adams
- New York University Medical School, New York, USA
- Perlmutter Cancer Center, New York, USA
| | - Karen Willard-Gallo
- Molecular Immunology Unit, Institut Jules Bordet, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Hugo M. Horlings
- Department of Pathology, Netherlands Cancer Institute-Antoni van Leeuwenhoek, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Leena Gandhi
- Perlmutter Cancer Center, New York, USA
- Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, USA
| | - Andre Moreira
- Pulmonary Pathology, New York University Center for Biospecimen Research and Development, New York University, New York, USA
| | - Fred Hirsch
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, USA
| | - Maria Vittoria Dieci
- Department of Surgery, Oncology and Gastroenterology, University of Padova, Padua, Italy
- Medical Oncology 2, Veneto Institute of Oncology IOV-IRCCS, Padua, Italy
| | - Maria Urbanowicz
- European Organisation for Research and Treatment of Cancer (EORTC) Headquarters, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Iva Brcic
- Institute of Pathology, Medical University of Graz, Austria
| | - Konstanty Korski
- Pathology and Tissue Analytics, Roche Innovation Centre Munich, Penzberg, Germany
| | - Fabien Gaire
- Pathology and Tissue Analytics, Roche Innovation Centre Munich, Penzberg, Germany
| | - Hartmut Koeppen
- Research Pathology, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, USA
| | - Amy Lo
- Research Pathology, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, USA
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University, Palo Alto, USA
| | | | - James Ziai
- Research Pathology, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, USA
| | | | | | - Jiping Zha
- Translational Sciences, MedImmune, Gaithersberg, USA
| | | | | | - Carsten Denkert
- Institute of Pathology, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Jorge Reis-Filho
- Department of Pathology, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, USA
| | - Sherene Loi
- Department of Medical Oncology, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Stephen B. Fox
- Department of Pathology, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Australia
- The Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
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Asghari MH, Moloudizargari M, Ghobadi E, Fallah M, Abdollahi M. Melatonin as a multifunctional anti-cancer molecule: Implications in gastric cancer. Life Sci 2017; 185:38-45. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2017.07.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2017] [Revised: 07/14/2017] [Accepted: 07/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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26
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Bonotto M, Garattini SK, Basile D, Ongaro E, Fanotto V, Cattaneo M, Cortiula F, Iacono D, Cardellino GG, Pella N, Fasola G, Antonuzzo L, Silvestris N, Aprile G. Immunotherapy for gastric cancers: emerging role and future perspectives. Expert Rev Clin Pharmacol 2017; 10:609-619. [PMID: 28349740 DOI: 10.1080/17512433.2017.1313113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The broad use of immunotherapy is revolutionizing the treatment paradigms of many solid tumors. Although chemotherapy remains the treatment backbone for advanced gastric cancer, improvements in its molecular characterization and progresses in understanding its underpinning biology have supported clinical development of novel immunotherapies. However, the results of recent trials testing these new agents raise the question on how to identify the patients that could greatly benefit. Areas covered: This article summarizes the current understanding on the biology and the mechanisms underlying different clinical features of gastric cancers. Particularly, after a comprehensive literature search, we speculate whether specific molecular subsets of patients could derive more benefit from immunotherapy. Expert commentary: Most cancers may evade the immune response, which is normally regulated by a delicate balance between activating and inhibitory signals. For example, both CTLA-4 and PD-1, once linked to PD-L1/2, may inhibit T-cell signaling. The use of agent to harness the power of the immune system appears to be the ultimate frontier in gastric cancer treatment. While anti-CTLA-4 antibodies are minimally active, there is growing evidence for the efficacy of PD1/-L1 inhibitors. The search of predictive factors for immunotherapy will provide key hints towards the optimal use of these agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Bonotto
- a Department Oncology , University Hospital of Udine , Udine , Italy.,b Department of Medical Area , University of Udine , Udine , Italy
| | - Silvio Ken Garattini
- a Department Oncology , University Hospital of Udine , Udine , Italy.,b Department of Medical Area , University of Udine , Udine , Italy
| | - Debora Basile
- a Department Oncology , University Hospital of Udine , Udine , Italy.,b Department of Medical Area , University of Udine , Udine , Italy
| | - Elena Ongaro
- a Department Oncology , University Hospital of Udine , Udine , Italy.,b Department of Medical Area , University of Udine , Udine , Italy
| | - Valentina Fanotto
- a Department Oncology , University Hospital of Udine , Udine , Italy.,b Department of Medical Area , University of Udine , Udine , Italy
| | - Monica Cattaneo
- a Department Oncology , University Hospital of Udine , Udine , Italy.,b Department of Medical Area , University of Udine , Udine , Italy
| | - Francesco Cortiula
- a Department Oncology , University Hospital of Udine , Udine , Italy.,b Department of Medical Area , University of Udine , Udine , Italy
| | - Donatella Iacono
- a Department Oncology , University Hospital of Udine , Udine , Italy
| | | | - Nicoletta Pella
- a Department Oncology , University Hospital of Udine , Udine , Italy
| | - Gianpiero Fasola
- a Department Oncology , University Hospital of Udine , Udine , Italy
| | | | - Nicola Silvestris
- d Medical Oncology Unit , National Cancer Institute IRCCS "Giovanni Paolo II" , Bari , Italy
| | - Giuseppe Aprile
- a Department Oncology , University Hospital of Udine , Udine , Italy.,e Department of Oncology , General Hospital San Bortolo, ULSS8 Berica , Vicenza , Italy
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Zavros Y. Initiation and Maintenance of Gastric Cancer: A Focus on CD44 Variant Isoforms and Cancer Stem Cells. Cell Mol Gastroenterol Hepatol 2017; 4:55-63. [PMID: 28560289 PMCID: PMC5439237 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcmgh.2017.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2017] [Accepted: 03/01/2017] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Gastric cancer is the third most common cause of cancer-related death. Although the incidence of gastric cancer in the United States is relatively low, it remains significantly higher in some countries, including Japan and Korea. Interactions between cancer stem cells and the tumor microenvironment can have a substantial impact on tumor characteristics and contribute to heterogeneity. The mechanisms responsible for maintaining malignant cancer stem cells within the tumor microenvironment in human gastric cancer are largely unknown. Tumor cell and genetic heterogeneity contribute to either de novo intrinsic or the therapy-induced emergence of drug-resistant clones and eventual tumor recurrence. Although chemotherapy often is capable of inducing cell death in tumors, many cancer patients experience recurrence because of failure to effectively target the cancer stem cells, which are believed to be key tumor-initiating cells. Among the population of stem cells within the stomach that may be targeted during chronic Helicobacter pylori infection and altered into tumor-initiating cells are those cells marked by the cluster-of-differentiation (CD)44 cell surface receptor. CD44 variable isoforms (CD44v) have been implicated as key players in malignant transformation whereby their expression is highly restricted and specific, unlike the canonical CD44 standard isoform. Overall, CD44v, in particular CD44v9, are believed to mark the gastric cancer cells that contribute to increased resistance for chemotherapy- or radiation-induced cell death. This review focuses on the following: the alteration of the gastric stem cell during bacterial infection, and the role of CD44v in the initiation, maintenance, and growth of tumors associated with gastric cancer.
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Key Words
- CD, cluster-of-differentiation
- CD44v6
- CD44v9
- CD44v9, CD44 variant isoform containing exon v9
- CSC, cancer stem cell
- Cag, cytotoxin-associated gene
- Helicobacter pylori
- Inflammation
- Lgr5, leucine-rich, repeat-containing, G-protein–coupled receptor 5
- MDSC, myeloid-derived suppressor cell
- PDL1, programmed cell death 1 ligand
- PDTX, patient-derived tumor xenograft
- ROS, reactive oxygen species
- SPEM, spasmolytic polypeptide expressing metaplasia
- xCT, SLC7A11
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Affiliation(s)
- Yana Zavros
- Correspondence Address correspondence to: Yana Zavros, PhD, Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, 231 Albert B. Sabin Way, Room 4255 MSB, Cincinnati, Ohio 45267-0576. fax: (513) 558-5738.Department of Molecular and Cellular PhysiologyUniversity of Cincinnati College of Medicine231 Albert B. Sabin WayRoom 4255 MSBCincinnatiOhio 45267-0576
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