Interventions of natural and synthetic agents in inflammatory bowel disease, modulation of nitric oxide pathways

Protective effect of freeze-dried extract of Persicaria bistorta Samp. on acetic acid-induced colitis model in rats: Involvement of nitric oxide and opioid system

Inflammatory bowel disease is a chronic inflammatory disorder accompanied by occasional flare-ups, abdominal pain, and rectal bleeding. Persicaria bistorta Samp. is a medicinal plant repeatedly mentioned in traditional Persian medicine for the treatment of bleeding and tissue damage in different organs, including the intestines. The current study aimed to evaluate the effect of bistort root in an animal model of colitis. Freeze-dried aqueous extract of the plant (PB) was prepared and analyzed using liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry and high-performance liquid chromatography. The anti-inflammatory effect of oral PB (300, 500, and 700 mg/kg) was evaluated in acetic acid-induced colitis in Wistar rats compared with negative control and positive control (dexamethasone). The role of nitric oxide (NO), opioid receptors, Toll-like receptors (TLR-4), interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6, TNF-α, NF-κB, myeloperoxidase, and intestinal tissue damage using immunohistochemistry staining for cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) were also assessed. A total of 29 compounds were identified in the extract. The gallic acid content of the extract was 4.973 ± 1.102 mg/g. PB significantly ameliorated the gross morphological damage from 4.66 ± 0.577 in negative control to 1.33 ± 0.56 in PB 700 (p < 0.001). Also, PB 700 lowered the levels of TNF-α (p < 0.01), TLR-4 (p < 0.001), NF-κB (p < 0.0001), IL-1β (p < 0.0001), and IL-6 (p < 0.0001) compared to the negative control. Additionally, while blocking NO and opioid pathways, the therapeutic effect of the extract was not significant, compared to the negative control, suggesting that PB 700 has exerted its therapeutic effect via these two pathways. However, further mechanistic and clinical studies are recommended to confirm PB as a natural treatment for colitis.

Fast-Responsive HClO-Activated Near-Infrared Fluorescent Probe for In Vivo Diagnosis of Inflammatory Bowel Disease and Ex Vivo Optical Fecal Analysis

Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is an idiopathic intestinal inflammatory disease, whose etiology is intimately related to the overproduction of hypochlorous acid (HClO). Optical monitoring of HClO in the living body favors real-time diagnosis of inflammatory diseases. However, HClO-activated near-infrared (NIR) fluorescent probes with rapid response and high inflammatory cell uptake are still lacking. Herein, we report an activatable acceptor-π-acceptor (A-π-A)-type NIR fluorescent probe (Cy-DM) bearing two d-mannosamine groups for the sensitive detection of HClO in early IBD and stool testing. Once reacted with HClO, nonfluorescent Cy-DM could be turned on within 2 s by generating a donor-π-acceptor (D-π-A) structure due to the enhanced intramolecular charge transfer mechanism, showing intense NIR fluorescence emission at 700 nm and a large Stokes shift of 115 nm. Moreover, it was able to sensitively and selectively image exogenous and endogenous HClO in the lysosomes of living cells with a detection limit of 0.84 μM. More importantly, because of the d-mannosamine modification, Cy-DM was efficiently taken up by inflammatory cells in the intestine after intravenous administration, allowing noninvasive visualization of endogenous HClO in a lipopolysaccharide-induced IBD mouse model with a high fluorescence contrast of 6.8/1. In addition, water-soluble Cy-DM has also been successfully applied in ex vivo optical fecal analysis, exhibiting a 3.4-fold higher fluorescence intensity in the feces excreted by IBD mice. We believe that Cy-DM is promising as an invaluable tool for rapid diagnosis of HClO-related diseases as well as stool testing.

Celecoxib alleviates the DSS-induced ulcerative colitis in mice by enhancing intestinal barrier function, inhibiting ferroptosis and suppressing apoptosis

INTRODUCTION

Ulcerative colitis (UC) is an inflammatory intestine disease characterized by dysfunction of the intestinal mucosal barrier, ferroptosis, and apoptosis. Previous researches suggest that celecoxib, a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug, holds promise in alleviating inflammation in UC. Therefore, this study aims to investigate the effects and mechanisms of celecoxib in UC.

METHODS

To identify ferroptosis-related drugs and genes associated with UC, we utilized the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO), FerrDb databases, and DGIdb database. Subsequently, we established a 2.5% DSS (Dextran sulfate sodium)-induced colitis model in mice and treated them with 10 mg/kg of celecoxib to validate the bioinformatics results. We evaluated histological pathologies, inflammatory response, intestinal barrier function, ferroptosis markers, and apoptosis regulators.

RESULTS

Celecoxib treatment significantly ameliorated DSS-induced UC in mice, as evidenced by the body weight change curve, colon length change curve, disease activity index (DAI) score, and histological index score. Celecoxib treatment reduced the level of pro-inflammatory factors and promoted the expressions of intestinal tight junction proteins such as Claudin-1 and Occludin, thereby restoring the integrity of the intestinal mucosal barrier. Furthermore, celecoxib treatment reversed the ferroptosis characteristics in DSS-induced mice by increasing glutathione (GSH), decreasing malondialdehyde (MDA), and increasing the expression of GPX-4 and xCT. Additionally, apoptosis was induced in mice with UC, as evidenced by increased Caspase3, BAD, P53, BAX, Caspase9 and Aifm1 production, and decreased expression of BCL-XL and BCL2. Celecoxib treatment significantly reversed the apoptotic changes in DSS-induced mice.

CONCLUSION

Our findings suggest that celecoxib effectively treats DSS-induced UC in mice by inhibiting ferroptosis and apoptosis.

Gilaburu (Viburnum opulus L.) fruit extract has potential therapeutic and prophylactic role in a rat model of acetic acid-induced oxidant colonic damage

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE

Ulcerative colitis (UC) which has a global impact on the health care system with its recurrent and incompletely curable characteristics, affects the patients' quality of life. Gilaburu (GB; Viburnum opulus L.) is a fruit with rich polyphenol ingredient which is used ethnobotanically in Türkiye for medicinal purposes (for example, to pass kidney stones, to treat stomach, heart, and liver diseases, hemorrhages, hypertension, ulcers, common cold, tuberculosis, rheumatic and menstrual pain, and diabetes). On the other hand, the effects of GB in the experimental UC model have not been studied.

AIM OF THE STUDY

This study aimed to explore the potential antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects of GB fruit extract in improving acetic acid (AA)-induced UC.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Starting immediately after (AA + GB group) or 1 week before (GB + AA + GB group) the colitis induced by intrarectal AA (5%; v/v) administration, the rats orally received GB (100 mg/kg) once per day for 3 days. The control and AA groups were administered orally saline (1 ml), while the AA + SS group were administered sulfasalazine (SS; 100 mg/kg; orally) as a positive control once per day for 3 days. Distal colonic tissue specimens were obtained for the histological and biochemical [myeloperoxidase (MPO), malondialdehyde (MDA), glutathione (GSH), chemiluminescence (CL), caspase-3, 8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG), matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-9, transforming growth factor (TGF)-β1, smad-3 and cytokine (tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6, IL-8, interferon (IFN)-γ), measurements] evaluations on the 3rd day.

RESULTS

Elevated macroscopic and microscopic damage scores, high tissue wet weight values, increased tissue-associated MPO, MDA, CL, caspase-3, 8-OHdG, cytokines (TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8), MMP-9, TGF-β1, smad-3 levels, and decreased GSH values of the AA group were all reversed by GB treatments (AA + GB and GB + AA + GB groups) (p < 0.05-0.001). However, sulfasalazine treatment (AA + SS group) did not change the IL-8, 8-OHdG, MMP-9, and TGF-β1 measurements significantly.

CONCLUSIONS

Gilaburu shows both anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects against AA-induced colonic damage by suppressing neutrophil infiltration, regulating inflammatory mediators, inhibiting reactive species production, lipid peroxidation, and apoptosis, conserving endogenous antioxidant glutathione, and ameliorating oxidative DNA damage. Since the current ulcerative colitis drugs display limited benefits and adverse side effects, potential therapeutic and/or prophylactic role of gilaburu can be evaluated in ulcerative colitis.

Anti-ulcerative colitis effects of chemically characterized extracts from Calliandra haematocephala in acetic acid-induced ulcerative colitis

Background: Ulcerative colitis is a chronic immune-mediated inflammatory bowel disease that involves inflammation and ulcers of the colon and rectum. To date, no definite cure for this disease is available. Objective: The objective of the current study was to assess the effect of Calliandra haematocephala on inflammatory mediators and oxidative stress markers for the exploration of its anti-ulcerative colitis activity in rat models of acetic acid-induced ulcerative colitis. Methods: Methanolic and n-hexane extracts of areal parts of the plant were prepared by cold extraction method. Phytochemical analysis of both extracts was performed by qualitative analysis, quantitative methods, and high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Prednisone at 2 mg/kg dose and plant extracts at 250, 500, and 750 mg/kg doses were given to Wistar rats for 11 days, which were given acetic acid on 8th day through the trans-rectal route for the induction of ulcerative colitis. A comparison of treatment groups was done with a normal control group and a colitis control group. To evaluate the anti-ulcerative colitis activity of Calliandra haematocephala, different parameters such as colon macroscopic damage, ulcer index, oxidative stress markers, histopathological examination, and mRNA expression of pro and anti-inflammatory mediators were evaluated. mRNA expression analysis was carried out by reverse transcription quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR). Results: The phytochemical evaluation revealed polyphenols, flavonoids, tannins, alkaloids, and sterols in both extracts of the plant. Results of the present study exhibited that both extracts attenuated the large bowel inflammation and prevented colon ulceration at all tested doses. Macroscopic damage and ulcer scoreswere significantly decreased by both extracts. Malondialdehyde (MDA) levels and nitrite/nitrate concentrations in colon tissues were returned to normal levels while superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity was significantly improved by all doses. Histopathological examination exhibited that both extracts prevented the inflammatory changes, cellular infiltration, and colon thickening. Gene expression analysis by RT-qPCR revealed the downregulation of pro-inflammatory markers such as tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) whereas the anti-inflammatory cytokines including Interleukin-4 (IL-4) and Interleukin-10 (IL-10) were found to be upregulated in treated rats. Conclusion: It was concluded based on study outcomes that methanolic and n-hexane extracts of Calliandra haematocephala exhibited anti-ulcerative colitis activity through modulation of antioxidant defense mechanisms and the immune system. In this context, C. haematocephala can be considered as a potential therapeutic approach for cure of ulcerative colitis after bioassay-directed isolation of bioactive phytochemicals and clinical evaluation.

Empagliflozin attenuates intestinal inflammation through suppression of nitric oxide synthesis and myeloperoxidase activity in in vitro and in vivo models of colitis

Inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD) are characterized by chronic and relapsing inflammation affecting the gastrointestinal (GI) tract. The incidence and prevalence of IBD are relatively high and still increasing. Additionally, current therapeutic strategies for IBD are not optimal. These facts urge todays' medicine to find a novel way to treat IBD. Here, we focused on the group of anti-diabetic drugs called gliflozins, which inhibit sodium glucose co-transporter type 2 (SGLT-2). Numerous studies demonstrated that gliflozins exhibit pleiotropic effect, including anti-inflammatory properties. In this study, we tested the effect of three gliflozins; empagliflozin (EMPA), dapagliflozin (DAPA), and canagliflozin (CANA) in in vitro and in vivo models of intestinal inflammation. Our in vitro experiments revealed that EMPA and DAPA suppress the production of nitric oxide in LPS-treated murine RAW264.7 macrophages. In in vivo part of our study, we showed that EMPA alleviates acute DSS-induced colitis in mice. Treatment with EMPA reduced macro- and microscopic colonic damage, as well as partially prevented from decrease in tight junction gene expression. Moreover, EMPA attenuated biochemical inflammatory parameters including reduced activity of myeloperoxidase. We showed that SGLT-2 inhibitors act as anti-inflammatory agents independently from their hypoglycemic effects. Our observations suggest that gliflozins alleviate inflammation through their potent effects on innate immune cells.

Overcoming cancer risk in inflammatory bowel disease: new insights into preventive strategies and pathogenesis mechanisms including interactions of immune cells, cancer signaling pathways, and gut microbiota

Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), characterized primarily by gastrointestinal inflammation, predominantly manifests as Crohn's disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis (UC). It is acknowledged that Inflammation plays a significant role in cancer development and patients with IBD have an increased risk of various cancers. The progression from inflammation to carcinogenesis in IBD is a result of the interplay between immune cells, gut microbiota, and carcinogenic signaling pathways in epithelial cells. Long-term chronic inflammation can lead to the accumulation of mutations in epithelial cells and the abnormal activation of carcinogenic signaling pathways. Furthermore, Immune cells play a pivotal role in both the acute and chronic phases of IBD, contributing to the transformation from inflammation to tumorigenesis. And patients with IBD frequently exhibit dysbiosis of the intestinal microbiome. Disruption of the gut microbiota and subsequent immune dysregulation are central to the pathogenesis of both IBD and colitis associated colorectal cancer (CAC). The proactive management of inflammation combined with regular endoscopic and tumor screenings represents the most direct and effective strategy to prevent the IBD-associated cancer.

Microalgae polysaccharides exert antioxidant and anti-inflammatory protective effects on human intestinal epithelial cells in vitro and dextran sodium sulfate-induced mouse colitis in vivo

Microalgae polysaccharides (MAPS) have emerged as novel prebiotics, but their direct effects on intestinal epithelial barrier are largely unknown. Here, MAPS isolated from Chlorella pyrenoidosa, Spirulina platensis, and Synechococcus sp. PCC 7002 were characterized as mainly branched heteropolysaccharides, and were bioavailable to Caco-2 cells based on fluorescein isothiocyanate labeling and flow cytometry analysis. These MAPS were equally effective to scavenge hydroxyl and superoxide radicals in vitro and to attenuate the H2O2-, dextran sodium sulfate-, tumor necrosis factor α-, and interleukin 1β-induced burst of intracellular reactive oxygen species and mitochondrial superoxide radicals, interleukin-8 production, cyclooxygenase-2 and inducible nitric oxide synthase expression, and/or tight junction disruption in polarized Caco-2 cells. MAPS and a positive drug Mesalazine were intragastrically administered to C57BL/6 mice daily for 7 d during and after 4-d dextran sodium sulfate exposure. Clinical signs and colon histopathology revealed equivalent anti-colitis efficacies of MAPS and Mesalazine, and based on biochemical analysis of colonic tight junction proteins, goblet cells, mucin 2 and trefoil factor 3 transcription, and colonic and peripheral pro-inflammatory cytokines, MAPS alleviated dextran sodium sulfate-induced intestinal epithelial barrier dysfunction, and their activities were even superior than Mesalazine. Overall, MAPS confer direct antioxidant and anti-inflammatory protection to intestinal epithelial barrier function.

Therapeutic potentials of iridoids derived from Rubiaceae against in vitro and in vivo inflammation: A scoping review

Acute inflammation may develop into chronic, life-threatening inflammation-related diseases if left untreated or if there are persistent triggering factors. Cancer, diabetes mellitus, stroke, cardiovascular diseases, and neurodegenerative disorders are some of the inflammation-related diseases affecting millions of people worldwide. Despite that, conventional medical therapy such as non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) is associated with serious adverse effects; hence, there is an urgent need for a newer and safer therapeutic alternative from natural sources. Iridoids are naturally occurring heterocyclic monoterpenoids commonly found in Rubiaceae plants. Plant extracts from the Rubiaceae family were demonstrated to have medicinal benefits against neurodegeneration, inflammation, oxidative stress, hyperglycaemia, and cancer. However, the therapeutic effects of natural iridoids derived from Rubiaceae as well as their prospective impacts on inflammation in vitro and in vivo have not been thoroughly explored. The databases of PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science were searched for pertinent articles in accordance with PRISMA-ScR guidelines. A total of 31 pertinent articles from in vitro and in vivo studies on the anti-inflammatory potentials of iridoids from Rubiaceae were identified. According to current research, genipin, geniposide, and monotropein are the most researched iridoids from Rubiaceae that reduce inflammation. These iridoids primarily act by attenuating inflammatory cytokines and mediators via inhibition of the NF-κB signalling pathway in various disease models. A comprehensive overview of the current research on the anti-inflammatory properties of iridoids from the Rubiaceae family is presented in this review, highlighting the characteristics of the experimental models used as well as the mechanisms of action of these iridoids. To develop an alternative therapeutic agent from iridoids, more studies are needed to elucidate the effects and mechanism of action of iridoids in a wide variety of experimental models as well as in clinical studies pertaining to inflammation-related diseases.

Toll-like receptors in inflammatory bowel disease: A review of the role of phytochemicals

BACKGROUND

Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a chronic inflammation within the gastrointestinal tract with a remarkable impact on patients' quality of life. Toll-like receptors (TLR), as a key contributor of immune system in inflammation, has a critical role in the pathogenesis of IBD and thus, can be a suitable target of therapeutic agents. Medicinal plants have long been considered as a source of bioactive agents for different diseases, including IBD.

PURPOSE

This review discusses current state of the art on the role of plant-derived compounds for the management of IBD with a focus on TLRs.

METHODS

Electronic database including PubMed, Web of Science, and Scopus were searched up to January 2023 and all studies in which anticolitis effects of a phytochemical was assessed via modulation of TLRs were considered.

RESULTS

Different categories of phytochemicals, including flavonoids, lignans, alkaloids, terpenes, saccharides, and saponins have demonstrated modulatory effects on TLR in different animal and cell models of bowel inflammation. Flavonoids were the most studied phytochemicals amongst others. Also, TLR4 was the most important type of TLRs which were modulated by phytochemicals. Other mechanisms such as inhibition of pro-inflammatory cytokines, nuclear factor-κB pathway, nitric oxide synthesis pathway, cyclooxygenase-2, lipid peroxidation, as well as induction of endogenous antioxidant defense mechanisms were also reported for phytochemicals in various IBD models.

CONCLUSION

Taken together, a growing body of pre-clinical evidence support the efficacy of herbal compounds for the treatment of IBD via modulation of TLRs. Future clinical studies are recommended to assess the safety and efficacy of these compounds in human.

Anti-Neuroinflammatory Effect of the Ethanolic Extract of Black Ginseng through TLR4-MyD88-Regulated Inhibition of NF-κB and MAPK Signaling Pathways in LPS-Induced BV2 Microglial Cells

Korean ginseng (Panax ginseng) contains various ginsenosides as active ingredients, and they show diverse biological activities. Black ginseng is manufactured by repeated steaming and drying of white ginseng, which alters the polarity of ginsenosides and improves biological activities. The aim of the present investigation was to examine the anti-neuroinflammatory effects of the ethanolic extract of black ginseng (BGE) in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced BV2 microglial cells. Pre-treatment with BGE inhibited the overproduction of pro-inflammatory mediators including nitric oxide (NO), prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), interleukin-6 (IL-6), and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) in LPS-induced BV2 cells. In addition, BGE reduced the activation of nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (NF-κB), p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK), and c-jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) MAPK signaling pathways induced by LPS. These anti-neuroinflammatory effects were mediated through the negative regulation of the toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4)/myeloid differentiation primary response 88 (MyD88) signaling pathway. Among the four ginsenosides contained in BGE, ginsenosides Rd and Rg3 inhibited the production of inflammatory mediators. Taken together, this investigation suggests that BGE represents potential anti-neuroinflammatory candidates for the prevention and treatment of neurodegenerative diseases.

The Protective Effect of Pumpkin and Fermented Whey Mixture against AFB1 and OTA Immune Toxicity In Vitro. A Transcriptomic Approach

SCOPE

The aim of the study is to investigate in Jurkat cells the possible beneficial effect of pumpkin (P) and fermented milk whey (FW) mixture against aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) and ochratoxin A (OTA) induced alterations in gene expression profile.

METHODS AND RESULTS

Human T cells are exposed for 7 days to digested bread extracts containing P-FW mixture along with AFB1 and OTA, individually and in combination. The results of RNA sequencing show that AFB1 P-FW exposure resulted in 34 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) while 3450 DEGs are found in OTA P-FW exposure and 3264 DEGs in AFB1-OTA P-FW treatment. Gene ontology analysis reveals biological processes and molecular functions related to immune system and inflammatory response. Moreover, PathVisio analysis points to eicosanoid signaling via lipoxygenase as the main pathway altered by AFB1 P-FW exposure whereas interferon signaling is the most affected pathway after OTA P-FW and AFB1-OTA P-FW treatments.

CONCLUSIONS

The mitigation of genes and inherent pathways typically associated with the inflammatory response suggest not only the anti-inflammatory and protective role of P-FW mixture but also their possible application in food industry to counteract AFB1 and OTA toxic effects on human and animal health.

The effects of sodium butyrate (NaB) combination with soy saponin dietary supplementation on the growth parameters, intestinal performance and immune-related genes expression of hybrid grouper (Epinephelus fuscoguttatus♀ × E. lanceolatus♂)

Soy saponins are generally known to have negative effects on growth and the intestines of aquatic animals, and appropriate levels of sodium butyrate (NaB) may provide some mitigating effects. We investigated the effects of low and high levels of soy saponin and the protective effects of NaB (based on high level of soy saponin) on growth, serum cytokines, distal intestinal histopathology, and inflammation in hybrid grouper (Epinephelus fuscoguttatus ♀ × E. lanceolatus ♂). The experiment included four groups: fishmeal group (FM, 0.00% saponin and 0.00% NaB), low saponin group (SL, 0.30% saponin and 0.00% NaB), high saponin group (SH, 1.50% saponin and 0.00% NaB) and high saponin with NaB group (SH-NaB, 1.50% saponin and 0.13% NaB). The results showed compared to FM, the final body weight (FBW) and weight gain (WG) were significantly higher and lower in SL and SH, respectively (P < 0.05). Compared to SH, the FBW and WG were significant higher in SH-NaB (P < 0.05). In the serum, compared to FM, the interferon γ (IFN-γ) and interleukin-1β (IL-1β) levels in SH were significantly increased (P < 0.05). Compared to SH, the IFN-γ level was significantly decreased in SH-NaB (P < 0.05). In the distal intestine, based on Alcian Blue-Periodic Acid-Schiff (AB-PAS) observation, the goblet cell/μm was significantly increased and decreased in the SL and SH, respectively, compared to FM. The intestinal diameter/plica height ratio in the SH was significantly higher than those in the FM, SL and SH-NaB (P < 0.05). The NO and ONOO- levels in the SH were significantly higher than that in FM and SL (P < 0.05). At the transcriptional level in the distal intestine, compared to FM, the mRNA levels of tumor necrosis factor (tnfα), il1β, interleukin-8 (il8) and ifnγ were significantly up-regulated in the SH (P < 0.05). Compared to the SH, tnfα, il8 and ifnγ were significantly down-regulated in the SH-NaB (P < 0.05). Compared to the FM, the mRNA levels of claudin3, claudin15, zo2 and zo3 were significantly up-regulated in the SL (P < 0.05). The mRNA levels of occludin, claudin3, claudin12, claudin15, zo1, zo2 and zo3 were significantly down-regulated in the SH compared to the FM (P < 0.05). Additionally, compared to the SH, the mRNA levels of occludin, claudin3, claudin12, claudin15, zo1, zo2 and zo3 were significantly up-regulated in the SH-NaB (P < 0.05). After the 7-day Vibrio parahaemolyticus challenge test, the survival was significantly higher and lower in the SL and SH, respectively, compared to FM (P < 0.05). Overall, low and high levels of soy saponins had positive and negative effects on growth, disease resistance, serum cytokines, and distal intestinal development and anti-inflammation, respectively, in hybrid grouper. NaB effectively increased disease resistance and improved distal intestinal inflammation in hybrid grouper, but the effects of NaB were mainly observed in improving distal intestinal tight junctions.

Sitagliptin attenuates Porphyromonas gingivalis virulence and inflammatory response in macrophage on titanium

BACKGROUND

In peri-implantitis, Porphyromonas gingivalis and macrophage play important roles. The aim of this study was to detect the attenuating effect of an anti-diabetic drug sitagliptin on Porphyromonas gingivalis virulence and inflammatory response in macrophage on titanium discs.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Porphyromonas gingivalis and macrophage were cultured on titanium discs. Antibacterial and antibiofilm activities of sitagliptin were assessed and the morphology of Porphyromonas gingivalis was observed by SEM. Bacterial early adhesion, aggregation, hemolysis and Porphyromonas gingivalis virulence factors mRNA expression were assessed to preliminarily investigate the mechanisms of action. Flow cytometry assay, qRT-PCR assay and ELISA were used to assess the anti-inflammatory effect of sitagliptin on Porphyromonas gingivalis lipopolysaccharide-stimulated macrophage.

RESULTS

The present study demonstrated the inhibiting effect of sitagliptin on the growth, biofilm and virulence factors of Porphyromonas gingivalis and the protective effect on the Porphyromonas gingivalis lipopolysaccharide-induced polarization in macrophage. And we also confirmed the anti-inflammatory effect of sitagliptin on the secretion of inflammation-related factors in macrophage.

CONCLUSIONS

Sitagliptin possesses the attenuating effect on Porphyromonas gingivalis virulence and inflammatory response in Porphyromonas gingivalis lipopolysaccharide-stimulated macrophage on titanium.

Colon-specific delivery of methotrexate using hyaluronic acid modified pH-responsive nanocarrier for the therapy of colitis in mice

Oral immunosuppressant methotrexate (MTX) is an effective method for the treatment of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). To overcome the defects of clinical application of MTX, poly (lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA), Eudragits® S100 (ES100), chitosan (CS) and hyaluronic acid (HA) were used to structure the MTX-loaded HA-CS/ES100/PLGA nanoparticles (MTX@hCEP). MTX@hCEP had a hydrodynamic particle size of approximately 202.5 nm, narrow size distribution, negative zeta potential (-18.7 mV), and smooth surface morphology. In vitro drug release experiments under simulated gastrointestinal conditions indicated that MTX@hCEP exhibited colonic pH-sensitive drug release properties. The cellular uptake capacity of hCEP nanoparticles was significantly enhanced in RAW 264.7 macrophages. Moreover, we further found that the MTX@hCEP also inhibited the proliferation and the secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines in the LPS-stimulated macrophages. In vivo imaging results not only demonstrated that the accumulated in the colon of colitis mice, but also indicated the extended retention time of MTX in the colon. Additionally, MTX@hCEP alleviated inflammatory symptoms via decreasing the activities of myeloperoxidase and pro-inflammatory factors, promoting mucosal repair in vivo. Collectively, these results clearly demonstrated that MTX@hCEP with properties of colon-specific and macrophages targeting can be exploited as an efficient nanotherapeutic for IBD therapy.

A ratiometric near-infrared fluorescence/photoacoustic dual-modal probe with strong donor dithienopyrrole for in vivo nitric oxide detection

Integrating the imaging techniques of near-infrared fluorescence (NIRF) and photoacoustic (PA) can make up for each other and provide more useful medical information. Ratiometric imaging activated by disease-associated biomarkers can further augment imaging specificity. However, very few studies have employed the NIRF/PA dual-modal ratiometric imaging to improve the accuracy and specificity of disease diagnosis to date. In this paper, we present the synthesis of a nitric oxide (NO)-activated ratiometric NIRF/PA dual-modal nanoprobe RAPNP for in vivo NO imaging. The ratiometric imaging function was achieved jointly by a NO/acidity-responsive molecule DTP-BTDA and a nonresponsive fluorophore DTP-BBTD. In these fluorophores, the dithienopyrrole (DTP) moiety had strong electron-donating ability and imparted strong intramolecular charge transfer and relatively long emission wavelengths. The BTDA moiety in DTP-BTDA could be rapidly oxidized by NO under weak acidic environments, achieving the NIRF and PA signal activation. By using RAPNP as a contrast agent, we achieved the ratiometric detection of the endogenous NO in inflammatory bowel disease by NIRF/PA dual-modal imaging. This work provides the first case of the NIRF/PA dual-signal ratiometric probe for the real-time detection of NO in vivo.

Thiophene and diaminobenzo- (1,2,5-thiadiazol)- based DAD-type near-infrared fluorescent probe for nitric oxide: A theoretical research

A near-infrared fluorescent probe (LS-NO) for the real-time detection of nitric oxide (NO) in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) was developed recently. The probe used oligoglycol morpholine-functionalized thiophene as strong electron donors and diaminobenzene (1,2,5-thiadiazole) as a weak electron acceptor and NO trapping group. It could detect exogenous and endogenous NO in the lysosomes of living cells with high sensitivity and specificity. To further understand the fluorescent mechanism and character of the probes LS-NO and LS-TZ (after the reaction of the probe LS-NO with NO), the electron transfer in the excitation and emitting process within the model molecules DAD-NO and DAD-TZ was analyzed in detail under the density functional theory. The calculation results indicated the transformation from diaminobenzene (1,2,5-thiadiazole) as a weak electron acceptor to triazolo-benzo-(1,2,5-thiadiazole) as a strong electron acceptor made LS-NO an effective "off-on" near-infrared NO fluorescent probe.

Elafibranor modulates ileal macrophage polarization to restore intestinal integrity in NASH: Potential crosstalk between ileal IL-10/STAT3 and hepatic TLR4/NF-κB axes

Experimental and clinical evidence implicate disrupted gut barrier integrity in provoking innate immune responses, specifically macrophages, towards the progression of non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH). Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs), a subset of the nuclear receptor superfamily, act to fine-tune several metabolic and inflammatory processes implicated in NASH. As such, the current study was carried out to decipher the potential role of dual PPAR α/δ activation using elafibranor (ELA) on ileal macrophage polarization (MP) and its likely impact on the liver in a NASH setting. To achieve this aim, an in vitro NASH model using fat-laden HepG2 cells was first used to validate the impact of ELA on hepatic fat accumulation. Afterwards, ELA was used in a combined model of dietary NASH and chronic colitis analogous to the clinical presentation of NASH parallel with intestinal barrier dysfunction. ELA mitigated fat accumulation in vitro as evidenced by Oil Red-O staining and curbed triglyceride levels. Additionally, ELA restored the expression of tight junctional proteins, claudin-1 and occludin, along with decreasing intestinal permeability and inflammation skewing ileal macrophages towards the M2 phenotype, as indicated by boosted arginase-1 (Arg1) and curtailed inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) expression levels. These changes were aligned with a modulation in hepatic toll-like receptor-4 (TLR4)/nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) along with ileal interleukin-10 (IL-10)/signal transducer and activator of transcription-3 (STAT3) axes. Overall, the present findings suggest that the dual PPAR α/δ agonist, ELA, may drive MP in the ileum towards the M2 phenotype improving intestinal integrity towards alleviating NASH.

Preclinical evidence for quercetin against inflammatory bowel disease: a meta-analysis and systematic review

BACKGROUND

Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a chronic, potentially cancerous disease with limited treatment options. Quercetin may be a novel treatment for IBD. However, its efficacy and safety are unknown. Our goal was to conduct a systematic evaluation to summarize the preclinical effects of quercetin, which may help guide future studies.

METHODS

The literature was drawn from three English databases (PubMed, Embase, and Web of Science), and the quality of the included literature was assessed using the SYRCLE list (10 items). The meta-analysis was performed using STATA 15.1 software.

RESULTS

A total of 11 animal studies with 199 animals were involved. The current meta-analysis showed that quercetin could reduce histological score (HS), Disease Activity Index (DAI), interleukin-1β (IL-1β), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), nitric oxide(NO), malondialdehyde (MDA), myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity and increase colon length (CL), weight change degree (WCD), interleukin-10 (IL-10), glutathione (GSH), superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity and catalase (CAT) activity, which may involve anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidative stress, cytoprotective, barrier protection, flora regulation.

CONCLUSIONS

In conclusion, preclinical evidence suggests that quercetin is an ideal agent for IBD treatment. However, the validity of the findings may be compromised by the low methodological quality and the small number of studies included. There may be some discrepancies between the results of the current analysis and the real situation. More rigorous experimental designs and more comprehensive studies are needed to test the protection of quercetin against IBD.

Antioxidant and anti-inflammatory protective effects of yellowtail (Seriola quinqueradiata) milt hydrolysates on human intestinal epithelial cells in vitro and dextran sodium sulphate-induced mouse colitis in vivo

Milt is an underutilized fish processing by-product containing valuable nutrients for human health. Here, a gastrointestinal hydrolysate of degreased yellowtail (Seriola quinqueradiata) milt contained 70.6% arginine-rich protein, 20% nucleic acids, 7.1% minerals and 2.3% carbohydrates. Yellowtail milt hydrolysates (YMH) effectively attenuated the H₂O₂-induced burst of intracellular reactive oxygen species, plasma membrane impairment, loss of cell viability, interleukin 8 production and the expression of claudin-4 and occludin in Caco-2 cells with its protein fraction playing a greater antioxidant role than its nucleic acid fraction. YMH also significantly counteracted the tumor necrosis factor α- and interleukin 1β-stimulated interleukin 8 production and cyclooxygenase-2 and inducible nitric oxide synthase expression in Caco-2 cells and inhibited the production of nitric oxide and proinflammatory mediators in lipopolysaccharide-stimulated RAW 264.7 cells depending on its protein fraction, rather than its nucleic acid fraction. YMH and a positive drug 5-aminosalicylic acid were intragastrically administered to C57BL/6 mice daily for 7 days during and after 4-day dextran sodium sulphate exposure. Based on clinical signs, colon histopathology and biochemical analysis of colonic tight junction proteins, mucus compositions and goblet cells, YMH ameliorated mouse colitis symptoms and intestinal epithelial barrier dysfunction more effectively than 5-aminosalicylic acid. According to myeloperoxidase activity, proinflammatory cytokines and NF-κB, YMH and 5-aminosalicylic acid exerted equivalent inhibitory effects on colonic and systemic inflammation. Overall, YMH have considerable antioxidant and anti-inflammatory efficacies to maintain gut health.

Peroxisome Proliferator–Activated Receptor-α: A Pivotal Regulator of the Gastrointestinal Tract

Peroxisome proliferator–activated receptor (PPAR)-α is a ligand-activated transcription factor distributed in various tissues and cells. It regulates lipid metabolism and plays vital roles in the pathology of the cardiovascular system. However, its roles in the gastrointestinal tract (GIT) are relatively less known. In this review, after summarizing the expression profile of PPAR-α in the GIT, we analyzed its functions in the GIT, including physiological control of the lipid metabolism and pathologic mediation in the progress of inflammation. The mechanism of this regulation could be achieved via interactions with gut microbes and further impact the maintenance of body circadian rhythms and the secretion of nitric oxide. These are also targets of PPAR-α and are well-described in this review. In addition, we also highlighted the potential use of PPAR-α in treating GIT diseases and the inadequacy of clinical trials in this field.

Optimization of the Synthesis of Natural Polymeric Nanoparticles of Inulin Loaded with Quercetin: Characterization and Cytotoxicity Effect

Quercetin is a bioactive component that is capable of having therapeutic potential in the prevention of different noncommunicable chronic diseases (NCDs). However, it presents instability in the gastrointestinal tract in addition to low bioavailability. One way to overcome the limitations of quercetin lies in using nanotechnology for the development of nanoparticles, based on biopolymers, that are capable of being ingestible. Inulin, a fructan-type polysaccharide, acts as a delivery system for the release of quercetin in a target cell, guaranteeing the stability of the molecule. Inulin-coated quercetin nanoparticles were synthesized by the spray dryer method, and four variables were evaluated, namely inulin concentration (5–10% w/v), feed temperature (40–60 °C), inlet temperature (100–200 °C) and outlet temperature (60–100 °C). The optimal conditions were obtained at 10% w/v inulin concentration, with 45 °C feed temperature, 120 °C inlet temperature and 60 °C outlet temperature, and the nanoparticle size was 289.75 ± 16.3 nm in water. Fluorescence microscopy indicated quercetin loading in the inulin nanoparticles, with an encapsulation efficiency of approximately 73.33 ± 7.86%. Inulin-coated quercetin nanoparticles presented effects of inhibition in Caco-2 and HepG2 cells, but not in HDFa cells. The experimental data showed the potential of inulin nanoparticles as transport materials for unstable molecules, in oral administration systems, for the encapsulation, protection and release of quercetin.

Melatonin as an antioxidant agent in disease prevention: A biochemical focus

Abstract:

In the recent years, free radicals and oxidative stress have been found to be associated with aging, cancer, atherosclerosis, neurodegenerative disorders, diabetes, and inflammatory diseases. Confirming the role of oxidants in numerous pathological situations including cancer, developing antioxidants as therapeutic platforms is needed. It has been well established that melatonin and its derived metabolites function as endogenous free-radical scavengers and broad spectrum antioxidants. To achieve this function, melatonin can directly detoxify reactive oxygen and reactive nitrogen species and indirectly overexpress antioxidant enzymes while suppressing the activity of pro-oxidant enzymes. Many investigations have also confirmed the role of melatonin and its derivatives in different physiological processes and therapeutic functions such as controlling the circadian rhythm and immune functions. This review aimed to focus on melatonin as a beneficial agent for the stimulation of antioxidant enzymes and inhibition of lipid peroxidation and to evaluate its contribution to protection against oxidative damages. In addition, the clinical application of melatonin in several diseases is discussed. Finally, the safety and efficacy of melatonin in clinical backgrounds is also reviewed.

The significant role of nutraceutical compounds in ulcerative colitis treatment

Ulcerative colitis (UC) is a type of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) mainly affecting the colon and the rectum. Its main characters are represented by relapsing and remitting mucosal inflammation, starting in the rectum and typically extending continuously proximally through part or the entire colon. UC pathogenesis depends on multiple factors, such as genetic predisposition, defects in the epithelial barrier, dysregulated immune responses, and environmental causes. The most frequent symptoms are abdominal pain, weight loss, mucus discharge, bloody diarrhoea, incontinence, nocturnal defecations, fever, and anemia. Existing therapies for UC include 5-aminosalicylic acid (5-ASA) and its derivatives, steroids, immunosuppressants and biological drugs. However, limited efficacy and unwanted adverse effects hardly limit these strategies of treatment. In the last decades, research studies have been driven towards complementary and alternative medicines for the treatment of UC. Various nutraceuticals have exhibited promising results in modulating intestinal inflammation meanwhile improving symptoms. These compounds possess a wide spectrum of positive health effects evidenced by in vitro studies, characterized by their involvement in antioxidant defenses, cell proliferation, and gene expression. The present review analyzes the available data about the different types of nutraceuticals and their potential effectiveness as adjuvant therapy of IBD, with particular emphasis to UC.

Post-inflammatory Abdominal Pain in Patients with Inflammatory Bowel Disease During Remission: A Comprehensive Review

Patients with inflammatory bowel disease often experience ongoing pain even after achieving mucosal healing (i.e., post-inflammatory pain). Factors related to the brain-gut axis, such as peripheral and central sensitization, altered sympatho-vagal balance, hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis activation, and psychosocial factors, play a significant role in the development of post-inflammatory pain. A comprehensive study investigating the interaction between multiple predisposing factors, including clinical psycho-physiological phenotypes, molecular mechanisms, and multi-omics data, is still needed to fully understand the complex mechanism of post-inflammatory pain. Furthermore, current treatment options are limited and new treatments consistent with the underlying pathophysiology are needed to improve clinical outcomes.

Nitric Oxide: From Gastric Motility to Gastric Dysmotility

It is known that nitric oxide (NO) plays a key physiological role in the control of gastrointestinal (GI) motor phenomena. In this respect, NO is considered as the main non-adrenergic, non-cholinergic (NANC) inhibitory neurotransmitter responsible for smooth muscle relaxation. Moreover, many substances (including hormones) have been reported to modulate NO production leading to changes in motor responses, further underlying the importance of this molecule in the control of GI motility. An impaired NO production/release has indeed been reported to be implicated in some GI dysmotility. In this article we wanted to focus on the influence of NO on gastric motility by summarizing knowledge regarding its role in both physiological and pathological conditions. The main role of NO on regulating gastric smooth muscle motor responses, with particular reference to NO synthases expression and signaling pathways, is discussed. A deeper knowledge of nitrergic mechanisms is important for a better understanding of their involvement in gastric pathophysiological conditions of hypo- or hyper-motility states and for future therapeutic approaches. A possible role of substances which, by interfering with NO production, could prove useful in managing such motor disorders has been advanced.

In vivo visualization and characterization of inflamed intestinal wall: the exploration of targeted microbubbles in assessing NF-κB expression

NF‐κB, a critical cytokine of inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD), is a viable marker to reflect the inflammatory activity of the intestine. We aimed to develop NF‐κB‐targeted microbubbles (MBs) and perform molecular contrast‐enhanced ultrasound (CEUS) to quantify NF‐κB expressions on the intestinal wall in IBD mice in vivo. In this study, NF‐κB‐targeted MBs were fabricated by connecting biotin‐loaded NF‐κB antibodies and avidin‐loaded MBs. NF‐κB‐targeted MBs presented as transparent and round bubbles with an average diameter of 1.03/μm±0.01. The specific binding of targeted MBs and inflammatory cells was validated by in vitro experiments, including flow cytometry, Western blot and immunofluorescence, which revealed the specific binding of targeted MBs and inflammatory cells. Subsequently, NF‐κB‐targeted CEUS imaging was performed on mice with chemical‐induced colitis, and the peak intensity (PI) and time‐to‐peak (TTP) were quantified. Pathological and immunohistochemical (IHC) examinations were further implemented. For the target CEUS group, fast enhancement followed by slow subsiding was observed. The PI of target CEUS of the IBD mice was significantly higher than that of non‐target CEUS of the IBD mice, healthy controls and target CEUS of the treated IBD mice (34835%[13379–73492%] VS 437%[236–901%], 130%[79–231%], 528%[274–779%], p<0.0001), in accordance with the IHC results of NF‐κB expressions. The TTP of target CEUS of the treated mice was significantly higher than that of untreated mice (35.7s [18.1–49.5s] VS 8.3s [4.2–12.5s], p<0.0001). Therefore, we suggested that NF‐κB‐targeted CEUS could accurately detect and quantify NF‐κB expressions on the intestinal walls of IBD, enabling the evaluation of intestinal inflammation.

Silk fibroin nanoparticles enhance quercetin immunomodulatory properties in DSS-induced mouse colitis

Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a chronic and idiopathic inflammatory disorder affecting the gastrointestinal tract. The pharmacological treatments used currently for its treatment lack efficacy, so new therapeutic strategies should be developed. In this context, flavonoids loaded in biopolymeric nanoparticles can be considered as novel promising candidates. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the intestinal anti-inflammatory effects of quercetin when is administered loaded in silk fibroin nanoparticles (QSFN) in the dextran sulphate sodium experimental model of mouse colitis, which displays some similarities to human IBD. Previously characterized quercetin-loaded silk fibroin nanoparticles (QSFN). QSFN showed a reversible aggregation profile induced by the acidification of the solution but did not affect the loaded quercetin. Daily administration of QSFN significantly reduced disease activity index values compared to the control colitic group. This beneficial effect was not only corroborated by the histological examination of the colonic specimens but also the improvement of the colonic expression of the different proinflammatory cytokines (Tnf-α, Il-1β, Il-6, Mcp-1, Icam-1, Nlrp3 and iNOS). Therefore, these data suggest that QSFN could be a promising alternative to current treatments as a drug delivery system for IBD treatment.

AeMOPE-1, a Novel Salivary Peptide From Aedes aegypti, Selectively Modulates Activation of Murine Macrophages and Ameliorates Experimental Colitis

The sialotranscriptomes of Aedes aegypti revealed a transcript overexpressed in female salivary glands that codes a mature 7.8 kDa peptide. The peptide, specific to the Aedes genus, has a unique sequence, presents a putative secretory nature and its function is unknown. Here, we confirmed that the peptide is highly expressed in the salivary glands of female mosquitoes when compared to the salivary glands of males, and its secretion in mosquito saliva is able to sensitize the vertebrate host by inducing the production of specific antibodies. The synthetic version of the peptide downmodulated nitric oxide production by activated peritoneal murine macrophages. The fractionation of a Ae. aegypti salivary preparation revealed that the fractions containing the naturally secreted peptide reproduced the nitric oxide downmodulation. The synthetic peptide also selectively interfered with cytokine production by murine macrophages, inhibiting the production of IL-6, IL-12p40 and CCL2 without affecting TNF-α or IL-10 production. Likewise, intracellular proteins associated with macrophage activation were also distinctively modulated: while iNOS and NF-κB p65 expression were diminished, IκBα and p38 MAPK expression did not change in the presence of the peptide. The anti-inflammatory properties of the synthetic peptide were tested in vivo on a dextran sulfate sodium-induced colitis model. The therapeutic administration of the Ae. aegypti peptide reduced the leukocytosis, macrophage activity and nitric oxide levels in the gut, as well as the expression of cytokines associated with the disease, resulting in amelioration of its clinical signs. Given its biological properties in vitro and in vivo, the molecule was termed Aedes-specific MOdulatory PEptide (AeMOPE-1). Thus, AeMOPE-1 is a novel mosquito-derived immunobiologic with potential to treat immune-mediated disorders.

Protective Effect of Red Okra (Abelmoschus esculentus (L.) Moench) Pods against Sodium Nitrite-Induced Liver Injury in Mice

Vegetables, drinking water, and preserved meats may contain sodium nitrite (NaNO₂), which causes liver disease by inducing oxidative stress. Phytochemicals are highly recommended as an alternative to synthetic drugs and affordable medicines to treat liver disease because they have fewer or no side effects. Therefore, this study aims to determine the antioxidant and hepatoprotective potential of red okra fruit ethanol extract against NaNO₂-induced liver damage. Thirty-six male mice were separated into six groups. The normal control group (WA) was given distilled water only, and the NaNO₂ (SN) group was given only 50 mg/kg BW NaNO₂. The other four groups (P1, P2, P3, and P4) were given NaNO₂ and red okra ethanol extract at doses of 25, 50, 75, and 100 mg/kg BW, respectively. Gavage was administered orally for 21 consecutive days. Commercial kits define all biochemical parameters according to the manufacturer's instructions. Liver tissue staining followed standard protocols using hematoxylin and eosin. The study revealed that NaNO₂ induction causes oxidative stress and damages the liver. The activity of antioxidant enzymes (superoxide dismutase and catalase) significantly increased in the groups treated (P2-P4) with ethanol extract of red okra (p < 0.05). Besides, the oxidants (malondialdehyde, F2-isoprostanes, and nitric oxide) in the liver homogenate significantly decreased in the P4 group, which were given red okra ethanol extract (p < 0.05). Likewise, red okra pods decreased significantly for the serum biochemical parameters of liver damage (aspartate aminotransferase, alkaline phosphatase, and alanine aminotransferase) in the P3 and P4 groups (p < 0.05). Then, it led to a restoration of the histological structure compared to exposed mice (SN), as the pathological scores decreased significantly in the P3 and P4 groups (p < 0.05), as well as the number of the necrotic and swollen liver cells was reduced. Hepatocytes returned to normal. The results showed that the ethanol extract of red okra fruit could be helpful as an affordable medicine. It is an antioxidant and hepatoprotective agent to protect the liver from damage caused by NaNO₂.

Highly Sensitive D-A-D-Type Near-Infrared Fluorescent Probe for Nitric Oxide Real-Time Imaging in Inflammatory Bowel Disease

Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a common gastrointestinal inflammatory disease, affecting a huge number of people worldwide with increasing morbidity each year. Although the etiology of IBD has not been fully elucidated, it is understood to be closely related to upregulation of the production of NO. Herein, we first report a donor-acceptor-donor (D-A-D)-type near-infrared (NIR) fluorescent probe LS-NO for real-time detection of NO in IBD by harnessing the enhanced intramolecular charge transfer mechanism. LS-NO exhibited good water solubility, high photostability, and excellent NIR absorbance and emission at 700 and 750/800 nm, respectively. Moreover, it was able to sensitively and specifically detect exogenous and endogenous NO in the lysosomes of living cells. Notably, LS-NO enabled to noninvasively visualize NO generation in a lipopolysaccharide-induced IBD mouse model for 30 h, showing a two- to threefold higher NIR fluorescence intensity in the intestines and feces of IBD mice than normal mice. This work demonstrates that LS-NO is promising as a diagnosis agent for real-time detection of NO in IBD and may promote inflammatory stool examination simultaneously.

Glochidion ellipticum Wight extracts ameliorate dextran sulfate sodium-induced colitis in mice by modulating nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells signalling pathway

OBJECTIVES

Glochidion ellipticum Wight is a medicinal plant, rich in polyphenols, frequently used by the indigenous communities of Bangladesh and possess with multiple health benefits. It exerts anti-inflammatory and antidiarrheal properties, but the detailed chemical constituents are yet to be elucidated.

METHODS

Glochidion ellipticum extracts were analyzed using ultra-high performance liquid chromatography/quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry and then tested by both lipopolysaccharide (LPS) induced inflammation of Raw 264.7 macrophage cells and dextran sulfate sodium (DSS) induced acute colitis model. Blood serum was taken for fluorescein isothiocyanate-dextran (FITC-dextran) measurement and tissue samples were used to perform histology, RT-PCR and Western blotting.

KEY FINDINGS

The extracts could lower the levels of nitric oxide (NO), reactive oxygen species (ROS) and pro-inflammatory cytokines significantly in LPS induced macrophage cells. The extracts could also reduce disease activity index (DAI) score, restore antioxidants and pro-oxidants and improve macroscopic and microscopic features of colonic tissues in DSS induced mice. Expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) in protein level was markedly diminished (up to 51.21% and 71.11%, respectively) in the treatment groups compared to the model group of colitic mice.

CONCLUSIONS

Our findings suggested that G. ellipticum extracts ameliorate DSS colitis via blocking nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (NF-κB) signaling pathway, which make them to be potential candidates for further research against inflammation and colitis.