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Kiseleva YV, Zharikova TS, Maslennikov RV, Temirbekov SM, Olsufieva AV, Polyakova OL, Pontes-Silva A, Zharikov YO. Gut Microbiota and Liver Regeneration: A Synthesis of Evidence on Structural Changes and Physiological Mechanisms. J Clin Exp Hepatol 2024; 14:101455. [PMID: 39035190 PMCID: PMC11259939 DOI: 10.1016/j.jceh.2024.101455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2024] [Accepted: 06/05/2024] [Indexed: 07/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Liver regeneration (LR) is a unique biological process with the ability to restore up to 70% of the organ. This allows for the preservation of liver resections for various liver tumors and for living donor liver transplantation (LDLT). However, in some cases, LR is insufficient and interventions that can improve LR are urgently needed. Gut microbiota (GM) is one of the factors influencing LR, as the liver and intestine are intimately connected through the gut-liver axis. Thus, healthy GM facilitates normal LR, whereas dysbiosis leads to impaired LR due to imbalance of bile acids, inflammatory cytokines, microbial metabolites, signaling pathways, etc. Therefore, GM can be considered as a new possible therapeutic target to improve LR. In this review, we critically observe the current knowledge about the influence of gut microbiota (GM) on liver regeneration (LR) and the possibility to improve this process, which may reduce complication and mortality rates after liver surgery. Although much research has been done on this topic, more clinical trials and systemic reviews are urgently needed to move this type of intervention from the experimental phase to the clinical field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yana V. Kiseleva
- Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University (RNRMU), Moscow, Russia
| | - Tatiana S. Zharikova
- I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), Moscow, Russia
| | - Roman V. Maslennikov
- I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), Moscow, Russia
| | | | - Anna V. Olsufieva
- Moscow University for Industry and Finance “Synergy”, Moscow, Russia
| | - Olga L. Polyakova
- I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), Moscow, Russia
| | - André Pontes-Silva
- Postgraduate Program in Physical Therapy, Department of Physical Therapy, Universidade Federal de São Carlos, São Carlos (SP), Brazil
| | - Yury O. Zharikov
- I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), Moscow, Russia
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Mozaffari S, Aliari M, Emamgholipour S, Hosseini H, Amirkiasar PR, Zare M, Katsiki N, Panahi G, Sahebkar A. The effect of probiotic consumption on lipid profile, glycemic index, inflammatory markers, and liver function in NAFLD patients: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. J Diabetes Complications 2024; 38:108780. [PMID: 38968867 DOI: 10.1016/j.jdiacomp.2024.108780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2023] [Revised: 05/06/2024] [Accepted: 05/28/2024] [Indexed: 07/07/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND-AIM Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD1) is the most frequent chronic liver disorder worldwide. Currently, no pharmacological treatment has been approved for NAFLD. Probiotics have been suggested as a potential therapy for NAFLD. The aim of this systematic review and meta-analysis was to assess the impact of probiotic intake on liver tests, lipids, glycemic parameters and inflammatory markers in NAFLD patients. METHODS We searched electronic databases using related terms. Meta-analysis was performed using random-effects models. Clinical outcomes were presented as standard mean difference (SMD2) with a 95 % confidence interval (CI3). Publication bias and heterogeneity were evaluated in eligible studies. RESULTS Fifteen randomized clinical trials comprising 899 participants were included in our meta-analysis. Probiotic supplementation improved alanine transaminase [SMD -0.796; 95 % CI (-1.419, -0.172); p = 0.012], Homeostatic Model Assessment for Insulin Resistance (HOMA-IR4) [SMD -0.596; 95 % CI (-1.071, -0.121); p = 0.01] and insulin levels [SMD -1.10; 95 % CI (-2.121, -0.087); p = 0.03]. No significant effects were observed on fasting glucose, hemoglobin A1c, aspartate transaminase, lipid profile, interleukin-6 and tumor necrosis factor-α. CONCLUSIONS Probiotic intake may improve insulin sensitivity and alanine transaminase in NAFLD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sadegh Mozaffari
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mahdeyeh Aliari
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Solaleh Emamgholipour
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hossein Hosseini
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Pedram Rezaei Amirkiasar
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mina Zare
- Biochemistry Department, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Niki Katsiki
- Department of Nutritional Sciences and Dietetics, International Hellenic University, 57400 Thessaloniki, Greece; School of Medicine, European University Cyprus, Nicosia 2404, Cyprus.
| | - Ghodratollah Panahi
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Amirhossein Sahebkar
- Biotechnology Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran; Applied Biomedical Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
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Klag KA, Bell R, Jia X, Seguin A, Maschek JA, Bronner M, Cox JE, Round JL, Ward DM. Low-Iron Diet-Induced Fatty Liver Development Is Microbiota Dependent and Exacerbated by Loss of the Mitochondrial Iron Importer Mitoferrin2. Nutrients 2024; 16:1804. [PMID: 38931165 PMCID: PMC11206261 DOI: 10.3390/nu16121804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2024] [Revised: 06/03/2024] [Accepted: 06/04/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Iron deficiency is the number one nutritional problem worldwide. Iron uptake is regulated at the intestine and is highly influenced by the gut microbiome. Blood from the intestines drains directly into the liver, informing iron status and gut microbiota status. Changes in either iron or the microbiome are tightly correlated with the development of metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD). To investigate the underlying mechanisms of the development of MASLD that connect altered iron metabolism and gut microbiota, we compared specific pathogen free (SPF) or germ-free (GF) mice, fed a normal or low-iron diet. SPF mice on a low-iron diet showed reduced serum triglycerides and MASLD. In contrast, GF low-iron diet-fed mice showed increased serum triglycerides and did not develop hepatic steatosis. SPF mice showed significant changes in liver lipid metabolism and increased insulin resistance that was dependent upon the presence of the gut microbiota. We report that total body loss of mitochondrial iron importer Mitoferrin2 (Mfrn2-/-) exacerbated the development of MASLD on a low-iron diet with significant lipid metabolism alterations. Our study demonstrates a clear contribution of the gut microbiome, dietary iron, and Mfrn2 in the development of MASLD and metabolic syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kendra A. Klag
- Department of Pathology, Division of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT 84132, USA; (K.A.K.); (R.B.); (X.J.); (A.S.); (M.B.); (J.L.R.)
| | - Rickesha Bell
- Department of Pathology, Division of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT 84132, USA; (K.A.K.); (R.B.); (X.J.); (A.S.); (M.B.); (J.L.R.)
| | - Xuan Jia
- Department of Pathology, Division of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT 84132, USA; (K.A.K.); (R.B.); (X.J.); (A.S.); (M.B.); (J.L.R.)
| | - Alexandra Seguin
- Department of Pathology, Division of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT 84132, USA; (K.A.K.); (R.B.); (X.J.); (A.S.); (M.B.); (J.L.R.)
| | - J. Alan Maschek
- Metabolomics Core Research Facility, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA; (J.A.M.); (J.E.C.)
| | - Mary Bronner
- Department of Pathology, Division of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT 84132, USA; (K.A.K.); (R.B.); (X.J.); (A.S.); (M.B.); (J.L.R.)
- Huntsman Cancer Institute, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
| | - James E. Cox
- Metabolomics Core Research Facility, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA; (J.A.M.); (J.E.C.)
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT 84132, USA
| | - June L. Round
- Department of Pathology, Division of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT 84132, USA; (K.A.K.); (R.B.); (X.J.); (A.S.); (M.B.); (J.L.R.)
| | - Diane M. Ward
- Department of Pathology, Division of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT 84132, USA; (K.A.K.); (R.B.); (X.J.); (A.S.); (M.B.); (J.L.R.)
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Tian Y, Xie Y, Hong X, Guo Z, Yu Q. 17β-Estradiol protects female rats from bilateral oophorectomy-induced nonalcoholic fatty liver disease induced by improving linoleic acid metabolism alteration and gut microbiota disturbance. Heliyon 2024; 10:e29013. [PMID: 38601573 PMCID: PMC11004821 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e29013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2023] [Revised: 03/22/2024] [Accepted: 03/28/2024] [Indexed: 04/12/2024] Open
Abstract
After surgical or natural menopause, women face a high risk of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), which can be diminished by hormone replacement therapy (HRT). The gut microbiota is subject to modulation by various physiological changes and the progression of diseases. This microbial ecosystem coexists symbiotically with the host, playing pivotal roles in immune maturation, microbial defense mechanisms, and metabolic functions essential for nutritional and hormone homeostasis. E2 supplementation effectively prevented the development of NAFLD after bilateral oophorectomy (OVX) in female rats. The changes in the gut microbiota such as abnormal biosynthetic metabolism of fatty acids caused by OVX were partially restored by E2 supplementation. The combination of liver transcriptomics and metabolomics analysis revealed that linoleic acid (LA) metabolism, a pivotal pathway in fatty acids metabolism was mainly manipulated during the induction and treatment of NAFLD. Further correlation analysis indicated that the gut microbes were associated with abnormal serum indicators and different LA metabolites. These metabolites are also closely related to serum indicators of NAFLD. An in vitro study verified that LA is an inducer of hepatic steatosis. The changes in transcription in the LA metabolism pathway could be normalized by E2 treatment. The metabolic perturbations of LA may directly and secondhand impact the development of NAFLD in postmenopausal individuals. This research focused on the sex-specific pathophysiology and treatment of NAFLD, providing more evidence for HRT and calling for the multitiered management of NAFLD.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Xinyu Hong
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, National Clinical Research Center for Obstetric & Gynecologic Diseases, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Peking Union Medical College Hospital (Dongdan campus), No.1 Shuaifuyuan Wangfujing Dongcheng District, Beijing, 100730, China
| | - Zaixin Guo
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, National Clinical Research Center for Obstetric & Gynecologic Diseases, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Peking Union Medical College Hospital (Dongdan campus), No.1 Shuaifuyuan Wangfujing Dongcheng District, Beijing, 100730, China
| | - Qi Yu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, National Clinical Research Center for Obstetric & Gynecologic Diseases, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Peking Union Medical College Hospital (Dongdan campus), No.1 Shuaifuyuan Wangfujing Dongcheng District, Beijing, 100730, China
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Tarnawski AS. Editor-in-Chief articles of choice and comments at the year-end of 2023. World J Gastroenterol 2024; 30:1-8. [PMID: 38293322 PMCID: PMC10823905 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v30.i1.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2023] [Revised: 01/03/2024] [Accepted: 01/03/2024] [Indexed: 01/06/2024] Open
Abstract
As the Editor-in-Chief of World Journal of Gastroenterology, every week prior to a new issue's online publication, I perform a careful review of all encompassed articles, including the title, clinical and/or research importance, originality, novelty, and ratings by the peer reviewers. Based on this review, I select the papers of choice and suggest pertinent changes (e.g., in the title) to the Company Editors responsible for publication. This process, while time-consuming, is very important for assuring the quality of publications and highlighting important articles that Readers may revisit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrzej S Tarnawski
- Department of Gastroenterology Research, University of California Irvine and the Veterans Administration Long Beach Healthcare System, Long Beach, CA 90822, United States
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Yang Y, Lv L, Shi S, Cai G, Yu L, Xu S, Zhu T, Su X, Mao N, Zhang Y, Peng S, He J, Liu Z, Wang D. Polysaccharide from walnut green husk alleviates liver inflammation and gluconeogenesis dysfunction by altering gut microbiota in ochratoxin A-induced mice. Carbohydr Polym 2023; 322:121362. [PMID: 37839834 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2023.121362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2023] [Revised: 08/29/2023] [Accepted: 08/31/2023] [Indexed: 10/17/2023]
Abstract
Walnut green husk polysaccharides (WGP) are isolated from the walnut green husk with a mean molecular weight of 12.77 kDa. The structural characterization revealed by methylation and NMR analysis indicated that WGP might consist of →4-α-D-Galp-(1→, α-D-Galp (1→, and →2)-α-L-Rhap-(1→. Previous studies have been demonstrated that WGP effectively prevented liver injury and modulated gut microbiota in high fructose-treated mice and high fat diet-treated rats. In this study, we found for the first time that WGP presenting outstanding protective effects on liver inflammation and gluconeogenesis dysfunction induced by ochratoxin A (OTA) in mice. Firstly, WGP decreased oxidative stress, down-regulated the expression of inflammatory factors and inhibited the TLR4/p65/IκBα pathway in the liver. Then, WGP reversed OTA-induced lower phosphoenolpyruvate carboxyl kinase (PEPCK), and glucose 6-phosphatase (G6PC) activities in the liver. Furthermore, WGP increased the diversity of gut microbiota and the abundance of beneficial bacteria, especially Lactobacillus and Akkermansia. Importantly, the results of fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) experiment further confirmed that gut microbiota involved in the protective effects of WGP on liver damage induced by OTA. Our results indicated that the protective effect of WGP on liver inflammation and gluconeogenesis dysfunction caused by OTA may be due to the regulation of gut microbiota.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Yang
- Institute of Traditional Chinese Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, PR China; MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health & Food Safety, Institute of Immunology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, PR China
| | - Linjie Lv
- Institute of Traditional Chinese Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, PR China; MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health & Food Safety, Institute of Immunology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, PR China
| | - Shanshan Shi
- Institute of Traditional Chinese Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, PR China; MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health & Food Safety, Institute of Immunology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, PR China
| | - Gaofeng Cai
- Institute of Traditional Chinese Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, PR China; MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health & Food Safety, Institute of Immunology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, PR China
| | - Lin Yu
- Institute of Traditional Chinese Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, PR China; MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health & Food Safety, Institute of Immunology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, PR China
| | - Shuwen Xu
- Institute of Traditional Chinese Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, PR China; MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health & Food Safety, Institute of Immunology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, PR China
| | - Tianyu Zhu
- Institute of Traditional Chinese Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, PR China; MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health & Food Safety, Institute of Immunology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, PR China
| | - Xinyue Su
- Institute of Traditional Chinese Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, PR China; MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health & Food Safety, Institute of Immunology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, PR China
| | - Ningning Mao
- Institute of Traditional Chinese Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, PR China; MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health & Food Safety, Institute of Immunology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, PR China
| | - Yue Zhang
- Institute of Traditional Chinese Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, PR China; MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health & Food Safety, Institute of Immunology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, PR China
| | - Song Peng
- Institute of Traditional Chinese Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, PR China; MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health & Food Safety, Institute of Immunology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, PR China
| | - Jin He
- Institute of Traditional Chinese Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, PR China; MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health & Food Safety, Institute of Immunology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, PR China
| | - Zhenguang Liu
- Institute of Traditional Chinese Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, PR China; MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health & Food Safety, Institute of Immunology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, PR China
| | - Deyun Wang
- Institute of Traditional Chinese Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, PR China; MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health & Food Safety, Institute of Immunology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, PR China.
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7
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Liu M, Cho WC, Flynn RJ, Jin X, Song H, Zheng Y. microRNAs in parasite-induced liver fibrosis: from mechanisms to diagnostics and therapeutics. Trends Parasitol 2023; 39:859-872. [PMID: 37516634 DOI: 10.1016/j.pt.2023.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2023] [Revised: 07/01/2023] [Accepted: 07/02/2023] [Indexed: 07/31/2023]
Abstract
Chronic parasite infections in the liver pose a global threat to human and animal health, often occurring with liver fibrosis that leads to cirrhosis, liver failure, and even cancer. Hepatic fibrogenesis is a complex yet reversible process of tissue repair and is associated with various factors, including immune cells, microenvironment, gut microbiome, and interactions of the different liver cells. As a profibrogenic or antifibrogenic driver, microRNAs (miRNAs) are closely involved in parasite-induced hepatic fibrosis. This article updates the current understanding of the roles of miRNAs in hepatic fibrogenesis by parasite infections and discusses the strategies using miRNAs as candidates for diagnostics and therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengqi Liu
- Key Laboratory of Applied Technology on Green-Eco-Healthy Animal Husbandry of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Provincial Engineering Laboratory for Animal Health Inspection & Internet Technology, Zhejiang International Science and Technology Cooperation Base for Veterinary Medicine and Health Management, China-Australia Joint Laboratory for Animal Health Big Data Analytics, College of Animal Science and Technology & College of Veterinary Medicine of Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou 311300, China
| | - William C Cho
- Department of Clinical Oncology, Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Hong Kong, SAR, China
| | - Robin J Flynn
- Dept. Infection Biology, Institute of Infection and Global Health, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L3 5RF, UK; Graduate Studies Office, Department of Research, Innovation and Graduate Studies, Waterford Institute of Technology, X91 K0EK, Ireland
| | - Xiaoliang Jin
- Department of Ophthalmology, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Houhui Song
- Key Laboratory of Applied Technology on Green-Eco-Healthy Animal Husbandry of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Provincial Engineering Laboratory for Animal Health Inspection & Internet Technology, Zhejiang International Science and Technology Cooperation Base for Veterinary Medicine and Health Management, China-Australia Joint Laboratory for Animal Health Big Data Analytics, College of Animal Science and Technology & College of Veterinary Medicine of Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou 311300, China.
| | - Yadong Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Applied Technology on Green-Eco-Healthy Animal Husbandry of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Provincial Engineering Laboratory for Animal Health Inspection & Internet Technology, Zhejiang International Science and Technology Cooperation Base for Veterinary Medicine and Health Management, China-Australia Joint Laboratory for Animal Health Big Data Analytics, College of Animal Science and Technology & College of Veterinary Medicine of Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou 311300, China.
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