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Wu JT, Yang GW, Qi CH, Zhou L, Hu JG, Wang MS. ANTI-INFLAMMATORY ACTIVITY OF PLATYCODIN D ON ALCOHOL-INDUCED FATTY LIVER RATS VIA TLR4-MYD88-NF-κB SIGNAL PATH. AFRICAN JOURNAL OF TRADITIONAL, COMPLEMENTARY, AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINES 2016; 13:176-183. [PMID: 28852734 PMCID: PMC5566142 DOI: 10.21010/ajtcam.v13i4.23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The current study was designed to evaluate the effect of Platycodin D (PD), triterpenoid saponins extracted from the roots of Platycodon grandiflorum (PG) on alcohol-induced fatty liver (AFL) and investigate the possible mechanism. METHODS AND MATERIALS A rat model was set up by feeding ethanol and fish oil to experimental rats, which then were treated with PD of 10, 20, 30 mg/kg body weight/day for 4 weeks, respectively, whereafter, liver function enzymes, endotoxin of serum and liver lipid were assayed by biochemical methods, cytokines, histochemistry of hepatic tissue, the protein expression of CD14 and TLR4, the mRNA expression of MD-2, MyD 88 and TRAF-6 were assayed. RESULTS Treatment with PD on AFL rats significantly decreased the levels of serum ALT, AST and TBIL, coefficient of liver index and the hepatic tissue contents of TG, additionally and dramatically decreased serum endotoxin levels, down-regulated MD-2 and CD14 levels, as well as the mRNA expression of TLR4, MyD88 and TRAF-6, accordingly suppressed NF-κB: p65 as well as endotoxin-mediated inflammatory factors such as TNF-α and IL-6. CONCLUSIONS Treatment with PD effectively protects against AFL through anti-inflammatory and anti-endotoxic process, and the confirmed mechanism is that PD treatment ameliorate alcoholic-induced liver injury mainly via TLR4-MyD88-NF-K: B signal path in AFL rat. List of Abbreviations: AFL: alcoholic-induced fatty liver, CD14: cluster of differentiation 14, LPS: lipopolysaccharide, LBP: lipopolysaccharide-binding protein, TLR4: toll-like receptor 4, MD-2: molecule myeloid differential protein-2, MyD 88: myeloid differentiation primary response protein 88, TRAF-6: TNF-receptor associated factor-6, NF-κB: nuclear transcription factor kappa B, IL-6: interleukin-6, TNF-α: tumor necrosis factor-α, PG: Platycodon grandiflorum, PD: Platycodin D.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Gui-Wen Yang
- College of life science, Shandong normal university, Jinan 250014, China
| | - Cui-Hua Qi
- Department of food science and nutrition, University of Jinan, Jinan 250022, China
| | - Lei Zhou
- College of biological science and technology, University of Jinan, Jinan 250022, China
| | - Jian-Guo Hu
- Department of food science and nutrition, University of Jinan, Jinan 250022, China
| | - Mao-Shan Wang
- Department of food science and nutrition, University of Jinan, Jinan 250022, China
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Lipopolysaccharide differentially modulates expression of cytokines and cyclooxygenases in dorsal root ganglion cells via Toll-like receptor-4 dependent pathways. Neuroscience 2014; 267:241-51. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2014.02.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2014] [Revised: 02/24/2014] [Accepted: 02/25/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Chou MH, Chuang JH, Eng HL, Chen CM, Wang CH, Chen CL, Lin TM. Endotoxin and CD14 in the progression of biliary atresia. J Transl Med 2010; 8:138. [PMID: 21172039 PMCID: PMC3019188 DOI: 10.1186/1479-5876-8-138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2010] [Accepted: 12/21/2010] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Biliary atresia (BA) is a typical cholestatic neonatal disease, characterized by obliteration of intra- and/or extra-hepatic bile ducts. However, the mechanisms contributing to the pathogenesis of BA remain uncertain. Because of decreased bile flow, infectious complications and damaging endotoxemia occur frequently in patients with BA. The aim of this study was to investigate endotoxin levels in patients with BA and the relation of these levels with the expression of the endotoxin receptor, CD14. Methods The plasma levels of endotoxin and soluble CD14 were measured with a pyrochrome Limulus amebocyte lysate assay and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay in patients with early-stage BA when they received the Kasai procedure (KP), in patients who were jaundice-free post-KP and followed-up at the outpatient department, in patients with late-stage BA when they received liver transplantation, and in patients with choledochal cysts. The correlation of CD14 expression with endotoxin levels in rats following common bile duct ligation was investigated. Results The results demonstrated a significantly higher hepatic CD14 mRNA and soluble CD14 plasma levels in patients with early-stage BA relative to those with late-stage BA. However, plasma endotoxin levels were significantly higher in both the early and late stages of BA relative to controls. In rat model, the results demonstrated that both endotoxin and CD14 levels were significantly increased in liver tissues of rats following bile duct ligation. Conclusions The significant increase in plasma endotoxin and soluble CD14 levels during BA implies a possible involvement of endotoxin stimulated CD14 production by hepatocytes in the early stage of BA for removal of endotoxin; whereas, endotoxin signaling likely induced liver injury and impaired soluble CD14 synthesis in the late stages of BA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming-Huei Chou
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, National Chang Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
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Shi QZ, Wang LW, Zhang W, Gong ZJ. Betaine inhibits Toll-like receptor 4 expression in rats with ethanol-induced liver injury. World J Gastroenterol 2010; 16:897-903. [PMID: 20143470 PMCID: PMC2825338 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v16.i7.897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM: To test whether ethanol feeding could induce Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) responses, assess the hepatoprotective effect of betaine and its inhibitive effect on TLR4 in animal models of alcoholic liver injury.
METHODS: Forty-eight female Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into four groups as control, model, low and high dose betaine groups. Except control group, all rats were fed with high fat-containing diet plus ethanol and fish oil gavages for 8 wk. Betaine was administered intragastrically after exposure of ethanol for 4 wk. The changes of liver histology were examined. The expression of TLR4 mRNA and protein was detected by RT-PCR and Western blotting, respectively. The serum aminotransferase activity [alanine transarninase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST)], serum endotoxin, and liver inflammatory factors [tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interferon-γ (IFN-γ), interleukin-18 (IL-18)] were also assayed.
RESULTS: Compared with control group, rats of model group developed marked liver injury, accompanied by an increase of ALT (159.41 ± 7.74 U/L vs 59.47 ± 2.34 U/L, P < 0.0001), AST (248.25 ± 1.40 U/L vs 116.89 ± 3.48 U/L, P < 0.0001), endotoxin (135.37 ± 30.17 ng/L vs 44.15 ± 7.54 ng/L, P < 0.0001), TNF-α (20.81 ± 8.58 pg/mL vs 9.34 ± 2.57 pg/mL, P = 0.0003), IFN-γ (30.18 ± 7.60 pg/mL vs 16.86 ± 9.49 pg/mL, P = 0.0039) and IL-18 (40.99 ± 8.25 pg/mL vs 19.73 ± 9.31 pg/mL, P = 0.0001). At the same time, the expression of TLR4 mRNA and protein was markedly induced in the liver after chronic ethanol consumption (1.45 ± 0.07 vs 0.44 ± 0.04, P < 0.0001; 1.83 ± 0.13 vs 0.56 ± 0.08, P < 0.0001). Compared with model group, betaine feeding resulted in significant decreases of ALT (64.93 ± 6.06 U/L vs 159.41 ± 7.74 U/L, P < 0.0001), AST (188.73 ± 1.11 U/L vs 248.25 ± 1.40 U/L, P < 0.0001), endotoxin (61.80 ± 12.56 ng/L vs 135.37 ± 30.17 ng/L, P < 0.0001), TNF-α (9.79 ± 1.32 pg/mL vs 20.81 ± 8.58 pg/mL, P = 0.0003), IFN-γ (18.02 ± 5.96 pg/mL vs 30.18 ± 7.60 pg/mL, P = 0.0008) and IL-18 (18.23 ± 7.01 pg/mL vs 40.99 ± 8.25 pg/mL, P < 0.0001). Betaine also improved liver steatosis. The expression levels of TLR4 mRNA or protein in liver tissues were significantly lowered (0.62 ± 0.04 vs 1.45 ± 0.07, P < 0.0001; and 0.65 ± 0.06 vs 1.83 ± 0.13, P < 0.0001). There was a statistical difference of TLR4 mRNA and protein expression between high- and low-dose betaine groups (0.62 ± 0.04 vs 0.73 ± 0.05, P < 0.0001, and 0.65 ± 0.06 vs 0.81 ± 0.09, P < 0.0001).
CONCLUSION: Betaine can prevent the alcohol-induced liver injury effectively and improve the liver function. The expression of TLR4 increases significantly in ethanol-fed rats and betaine administration can inhibit TLR4 expression.
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Vollmar B, Menger MD. The hepatic microcirculation: mechanistic contributions and therapeutic targets in liver injury and repair. Physiol Rev 2009; 89:1269-339. [PMID: 19789382 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00027.2008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 352] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The complex functions of the liver in biosynthesis, metabolism, clearance, and host defense are tightly dependent on an adequate microcirculation. To guarantee hepatic homeostasis, this requires not only a sufficient nutritive perfusion and oxygen supply, but also a balanced vasomotor control and an appropriate cell-cell communication. Deteriorations of the hepatic homeostasis, as observed in ischemia/reperfusion, cold preservation and transplantation, septic organ failure, and hepatic resection-induced hyperperfusion, are associated with a high morbidity and mortality. During the last two decades, experimental studies have demonstrated that microcirculatory disorders are determinants for organ failure in these disease states. Disorders include 1) a dysregulation of the vasomotor control with a deterioration of the endothelin-nitric oxide balance, an arterial and sinusoidal constriction, and a shutdown of the microcirculation as well as 2) an overwhelming inflammatory response with microvascular leukocyte accumulation, platelet adherence, and Kupffer cell activation. Within the sequelae of events, proinflammatory mediators, such as reactive oxygen species and tumor necrosis factor-alpha, are the key players, causing the microvascular dysfunction and perfusion failure. This review covers the morphological and functional characterization of the hepatic microcirculation, the mechanistic contributions in surgical disease states, and the therapeutic targets to attenuate tissue injury and organ dysfunction. It also indicates future directions to translate the knowledge achieved from experimental studies into clinical practice. By this, the use of the recently introduced techniques to monitor the hepatic microcirculation in humans, such as near-infrared spectroscopy or orthogonal polarized spectral imaging, may allow an early initiation of treatment, which should benefit the final outcome of these critically ill patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brigitte Vollmar
- Institute for Experimental Surgery, University of Rostock, Rostock, Germany.
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Qin L, He J, Hanes RN, Pluzarev O, Hong JS, Crews FT. Increased systemic and brain cytokine production and neuroinflammation by endotoxin following ethanol treatment. J Neuroinflammation 2008; 5:10. [PMID: 18348728 PMCID: PMC2373291 DOI: 10.1186/1742-2094-5-10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 397] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2008] [Accepted: 03/18/2008] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cytokines and alcohol share a common modulation of inflammation and hormones as well as being implicated in multiple diseases, but the mechanisms are poorly understood. The purpose of this study was to investigate the interaction of liver, serum and brain cytokines as well as whether ethanol would potentiate endotoxin (Lipopolysaccharide, LPS) responses once ethanol had cleared. METHODS Male C57BL/6J mice were treated intragastrically with water (control) or ethanol (5 g/kg, i.g., 25% ethanol, w/v), with volumes matched, for 1 day or daily for 10 days. Mice were then injected intraperitoneally with saline (control) or LPS (3 mg/kg, i.p.) in saline 24 hrs after the last dose of ethanol. Gene expression and protein synthesis of proinflammatory cytokines and anti-inflammatory cytokine, oxidative enzymes, microglial activation and inhibition of neurogenesis were examined using real-time PCR, ELISA, and immunohistochemistry. RESULTS LPS increased proinflammatory cytokines (TNFalpha, MCP-1, IL-1beta) several fold in liver, brain and serum at 1 hr. Ethanol is known to increase liver cytokines and alter the risk of multiple chronic diseases. Ten daily doses of ethanol increased brain and liver TNFalpha, and pretreatment with ethanol potentiated LPS-induced increases in TNFalpha, MCP-1, IL-1beta in liver, serum and brain. Proinflammatory cytokine levels in liver and serum returned to basal levels within a day, whereas brain proinflammatory cytokines remained elevated for long periods. IL-10, an anti-inflammatory cytokine, is reduced in brain by ethanol and LPS, while brain proinflammatory cytokines remain increased, whereas liver IL-10 is increased when proinflammatory cytokines have returned to control levels. Activation of brain microglia indicated by morphological changes, reduced neurogenesis and increased brain expression of COX-2 and gp91phox NADPH oxidase subunit mRNA were found in the 10 daily doses of ethanol-pretreated LPS group. CONCLUSION Acute increases in serum cytokines induce long lasting increases in brain proinflammatory cytokines. Ten daily doses of ethanol exposure results in persistent alterations of cytokines and significantly increases the magnitude and duration of central and peripheral proinflammatory cytokines and microglial activation. Ethanol induced differential anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10 responses in liver and brain could cause long lasting disruption of cytokine cascades that could contribute to protection or increased risk of multiple chronic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liya Qin
- Bowles Center for Alcohol Studies, School of Medicine, CB#7178 UNC-CH, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA.
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Bykov I, Junnikkala S, Pekna M, Lindros KO, Meri S. Effect of chronic ethanol consumption on the expression of complement components and acute-phase proteins in liver. Clin Immunol 2007; 124:213-20. [PMID: 17586095 DOI: 10.1016/j.clim.2007.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2007] [Revised: 04/27/2007] [Accepted: 05/14/2007] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
The complement system can provoke but also participate in the repair of liver injury. Here we investigated by microarray analysis the effect of chronic ethanol consumption on hepatic mRNA expression of complement components and acute-phase proteins in complement C3-deficient (C3(-/-)) and wild-type (C3(+/+)) mice. Up-regulation by ethanol of factor B, C1qA-chain and clusterin but down-regulation of factor H, Masp-2, factor D and the terminal components C6, C8alpha and C9 was seen in both strains. Ethanol up-regulated C2 and down-regulated C4bp only in C3(+/+) mice, while in C3(-/-) mice up-regulation of C1qB-chain and vitronectin was observed. The expression of factor B, C6, C1qB and factor I was lower but that of factor D higher in C3(-/-) than in C3(+/+) mice. Ethanol induced mRNA synthesis of many acute-phase proteins including SPARC and lipocalin-2, but reduced the expression of SAP. The induction of early classical and alternative pathway components and suppression of terminal pathway components and soluble regulators may thus contribute to alcohol-induced liver injury. Lipocalin-2 and SPARC emerge as new candidate markers for early detection of liver damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Igor Bykov
- National Public Health Institute, Departments of Mental Health and Alcohol Research, POB 33, 00250 Helsinki, Finland
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Thirunavukkarasu C, Uemura T, Wang LF, Watkins SC, Gandhi CR. Normal rat hepatic stellate cells respond to endotoxin in LBP-independent manner to produce inhibitor(s) of DNA synthesis in hepatocytes. J Cell Physiol 2005; 204:654-65. [PMID: 15828022 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.20366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Endotoxin is implicated in the pathology of acute liver failure. The mechanisms of its actions on quiescent hepatic stellate cells (qHSCs) and their implications in hepatocyte injury are incompletely understood. We investigated effects of endotoxin (bacterial lipopolysaccharide; LPS) on qHSCs and subsequently on hepatocytes. After overnight culture following their isolation, qHSCs were incubated with or without endotoxin for 24 h. The cells and the culture supernatant were analyzed for cytokines and nitric oxide (NO) synthesis. The effects of qHSC-conditioned media on hepatocytes were then determined. LPS increased inducible NO synthase expression, stimulated NO synthesis, and inhibited DNA synthesis in qHSCs. qHSC-conditioned medium inhibited DNA synthesis in hepatocytes without affecting NO synthesis, while LPS (1-1,000 ng/ml)-conditioned qHSC medium stimulated NO synthesis and caused further inhibition of DNA synthesis and apoptosis. These effects of LPS were more pronounced when qHSCs were incubated with serum, but not with LPS-binding protein (LBP) although CD14 (a receptor for LPS-LBP complex) was found in qHSCs. LPS stimulated the synthesis of TNF-alpha, interleukin (IL)-6, and IL-1beta but not of TGF-beta in qHSCs. Individually or together, L-N(G)-monomethylarginine and antibodies to IL-1beta, IL-6, and TNF-alpha only partly reversed qHSC + LPS-conditioned medium-induced inhibition of DNA synthesis in hepatocytes. These results suggest that the effects of LPS on qHSCs are novel, occurring without the aid of LBP/CD14. They also indicate that other factors, in addition to NO, TGF-beta, TNF-alpha, IL-1beta, and IL-6 are involved in the mechanisms of the growth inhibitory effects of qHSCs on hepatocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chinnasamy Thirunavukkarasu
- Department of Surgery, Thomas E. Starzl Transplantation Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
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Tian DA, Hong JM, Liu NZ, Wang JL. Effects of L-arginine on expression of nitric oxide synthase and oxidative stress in rat liver tissues with alcoholic hepatic steatosis. Shijie Huaren Xiaohua Zazhi 2004; 12:702-705. [DOI: 10.11569/wcjd.v12.i3.702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM: To study the effects of L-arginine on the expression of nitric oxide synthase and oxidative stress in rat liver tissues with alcoholic hepatic steatosis.
METHODS: The rat alcoholic hepatic steatosis models were made with ethanol supplied in the drinking water.32 SD rats were randomly divided into four groups (n = 8 in each group). Rats were fed with 400 mL/L ethanol for up to 16 (group A) or 20 (group B) wks. Rats in group C were fed with ethanol as rats in group B and administered with L-arginine by intraperitoneal injection from the 17th wk. Group D was the normal control. Rats in groups B and D were administered normal saline by intraperitoneal injection from the 17th wk. The expression of protein and mRNA of NOS in the liver was detected with immunohistochemistry and reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction. Meanwhile, NO, MDA, GSH,SOD contents were measured and histopathological changes were observed in the liver tissues.
RESULTS: In groups A and B, different degrees of steatosis could be seen. Steatosis was more significant in group B than in group A (t = 76.5, P < 0.05). Compared to group D, NO and MDA contents and the expression of iNOS were significantly increased (P < 0.01). However, GSH and SOD contents and the expression of eNOS were significantly decreased (P < 0.05) in groups A and B. In comparison to group B, steatosis in the liver was reversed or significantly lessened (t = 62.5, P < 0.05), NO contents were unchanged, MDA contents and the expression of iNOS were significantly decreased (P<0.05), GSH and SOD contents and the expression of eNOS were markedly increased in the group C (P < 0.05).
CONCLUSION: The therapeutic effects of L-arginine on alcoholic hepatic steatosis are probably involved in decreased iNOS expression, increased eNOS expression and alleviated oxidative stress.
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Seth D, Leo MA, McGuinness PH, Lieber CS, Brennan Y, Williams R, Wang XM, McCaughan GW, Gorrell MD, Haber PS. Gene expression profiling of alcoholic liver disease in the baboon (Papio hamadryas) and human liver. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2003; 163:2303-17. [PMID: 14633604 PMCID: PMC1892389 DOI: 10.1016/s0002-9440(10)63587-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/18/2003] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The molecular pathogenesis of alcoholic liver disease (ALD) is not well understood. Gene expression profiling has the potential to identify new pathways and altered molecules in ALD. Gene expression profiles of ALD in a baboon model and humans were compared using DNA arrays. Reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction and immunohistochemistry were used for downstream analysis of array results. cDNA array analysis revealed differential expression of several novel genes and pathways in addition to genes known to be involved in ALD pathogenesis. Overall gene expression profiles were similar in both species, with a majority of genes involved with fibrogenesis and xenobiotic metabolism, as well as inflammation, oxidant stress, and cell signaling. Genes associated with stellate cell activation (collagens, matrix metalloproteinases, tissue inhibitors of matrix metalloproteinase) were up-regulated in humans. Decreased expression of several metallothioneins was unexpected. Fourteen molecules related to the annexin family were up-regulated, including annexin A1 and A2. Immunofluorescence revealed a marked overexpression of annexin A2 in proliferating bile duct cells, hepatocyte cell surface, and selective co-localization with CD14-positive cells in human ALD. The gene expression profile of ALD is dominated by alcohol metabolism and inflammation and differs from other liver diseases. Annexins may play a role in the progression of fibrosis in ALD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Devanshi Seth
- Drug Health Services, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Camperdown, New South Wales, Australia.
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Li JM, Zhou H, Cai Q, Xiao GX. Role of mitochondrial dysfunction in hydrogen peroxide-induced apoptosis of intestinal epithelial cells. World J Gastroenterol 2003; 9:562-7. [PMID: 12632519 PMCID: PMC4621583 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v9.i3.562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM: To study the role of mitochondrial dysfunction in hydrogen peroxide-induced apoptosis of intestinal epithelial cells.
METHODS: Hydrogen peroxide-induced apoptosis of human intestinal epithelial cell line SW-480 was established. Cell apoptosis was determined by Annexin-V and PI double-stained flow cytometry and DNA gel electrophoresis. Morphological changes were examined with light and electron microscopy. For other observations, mitochondrial function, cytochrome c release, mitochondrial translocation and membrane potential were determined simultaneously.
RESULTS: Percentage of apoptotic cells induced with 400 μmol/L hydrogen peroxide increased significantly at l h or 3 h after stimulation and recovered rapidly. Meanwhile percentage of apoptotic cells induced with 4 mmol/L hydrogen peroxide increased with time. In accordance with these changes, we observed decreased mitochondrial function in 400 μmol/L H2O2-stimualted cells at 1 h or 3 h and in 4 mmol/L H2O2-stimualted cells at times examined. Correspondingly, swelling cristae and vacuole-like mitochondria were noted. Release of cytochrome c, decreased mitochondrial membrane potential and mitochondrial translocation were also found to be the early signs of apoptosis.
CONCLUSION: Dysfunctional mitochondria play a role in the apoptosis of SW-480 cell line induced by hydrogen peroxide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian-Ming Li
- Institute of Burn Research, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China
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Dai LL, Gong JP, Zuo GQ, Wu CX, Shi YJ, Li XH, Peng Y, Deng W, Li SW, Liu CA. Synthesis of endotoxin receptor CD14 protein in Kupffer cells and its role in alcohol-induced liver disease. World J Gastroenterol 2003; 9:622-6. [PMID: 12632533 PMCID: PMC4621597 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v9.i3.622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM: To observe the synthesis of endotoxin receptor CD14 protein and its mRNA expression in Kupffer cells (KCs), and evaluate the role of CD14 in the pathogenesis of liver injury in rats with alcohol-induced liver disease (ALD).
METHODS: Twenty-eight Wistar rats were divided into two groups: ethanol-fed group and control group. Ethanol-fed group was fed ethanol (dose of 5-12g·kg·d-1) and control group received dextrose instead of ethanol. Two groups were sacrificed at 4 wk and 8 wk, respectively. KCs were isolated and the synthesis of CD14 protein and its mRNA expression in KCs were determined by flow cytometric analysis (FCM) or the reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) analysis. The levels of plasma endotoxin and alanine transaminase (ALT) were measured by Limulus Amebocyte Lysate assay and standard enzymatic procedures respectively, and the levels of plasma tumor necosis factor (TNF)-α and interleukin (IL)-6 were both determined by ELISA. The liver pathology change was observed under light and electric microscopy.
RESULTS: In ethanol-fed group, the percentages of FITC-CD14 positive cells were 76.23% and 89.42% at 4 wk and 8 wk, respectively. Compared with control group (4.45% and 5.38%), the difference was significant (P < 0.05). The expressions of CD14 mRNA were 7.56 ± 1.02 and 8.74 ± 1.37 at 4 wk and 8 wk, respectively, which were significantly higher compared with the control group (1.77 ± 0.21 and 1.98 ± 0.23) (P < 0.05). Plasma endotoxin levels at 4 wk and 8 wk increased significantly in ethanol-fed group (129 ± 21 ng·L-1 and 187 ± 35 ng·L-1) than those in control rats (48 ± 9 ng·L-1 and 53 ± 11 ng·L-1)(P < 0.05). Mean values of plasma ALT levels increased dramatically in ethanol-fed rats (112 ± 15 IU/L and 147 ± 22 IU/L) than those in the control animals (31 ± 12 IU/L and 33 ± 9 IU/L) (P < 0.05). In ethanol-fed rats, the levels of TNF-α were 326 ± 42 ng·L-1 and 402 ± 51 ng·l-1 at 4 wk and 8 wk, respectively which were significantly higher than those in control group (86 ± 12 ng·L-1 and 97 ± 13 ng·L-1) (P < 0.05). The levels of IL-6 were 387 ± 46 ng·L- 1 and 413 ± 51 ng·L-1, which were also higher than control group (78 ± 11 ng·L-1 and 73 ± 10 ng·L-1) (P < 0.05). In liver section from ethanol-fed rats, there were marked pathological changes including steatosis, cell infiltration and necrosis. No marked pathological changes were seen in control group.
CONCLUSION: Ethanol administration led to a significant synthesis of endotoxin receptor CD14 protein and its gene expression in KCs, which maybe result in the pathological changes of liver tissue and hepatic functional damages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Li Dai
- Department of Digestive Disease, the Second College of Clinical Medicine & the Second Affiliated Hospistal of Chongqing University of Medical Science, 74 Linjiang Road, Chongqing 400010, China
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Tu B, Gong JP, Feng HY, Wu CX, Shi YJ, Li XH, Peng Y, Liu CA, Li SW. Role of NF-κB in multiple organ dysfunction during acute obstructive cholangitis. World J Gastroenterol 2003; 9:179-83. [PMID: 12508378 PMCID: PMC4728238 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v9.i1.179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM: To elucidate the role of NF-κB activation in the development of multiple organ dysfunction (MOD) during acute obstructive cholangitis (AOC) in rats.
METHODS: Forty-two Wistar rats were divided into three groups: the AOC group, the group of bile duct ligation (BDL group), and the sham operation group (SO group). All the animals in the three groups were killed in the 6th and 48th hour after operation. Morphological changes of vital organs were observed under light and electron microscopy. NF-κB activation was determined with Electrophoretic Mobility Shift Assay (EMSA). Arterial blood gas analyses and the serum levels of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), blood urea nitrogen (BUN) and creatinine were performed. The concentrations of TNF-α and IL-6 in plasma were also measured.
RESULTS: The significant changes of histology and ultrastructure of vital organs were observed in AOC group. By contrast, in BDL group, all the features of organs damage were greatly reduced. Expression of NF-κB activation in various tissues increased in AOC group when compared to other two groups. At 6 h, the arterial pH in three groups was 7.52 ± 0.01, 7.46 ± 0.02, and 7.45 ± 0.02, and the blood pCO2 was 33.9 ± 0.95 mmHg, 38.1 ± 0.89 mmHg, 38.9 ± 0.94 mmHg, there was difference in three groups (P < 0.05). At 48 h, the blood pHvalues in three groups was 7.33 ± 0.07, 7.67 ± 0.04, and 7.46 ± 0.03, and blood HCO3- was 20.1 ± 1.29 mmol·L-1, 26.7 ± 1.45 mmol·L-1 and 27.4 ± 0.35 mmol·L-1, there was also difference in three groups (P < 0.05). In AOC group, Levels of LDH, ALT, BUN and creatinine were 16359.9 ± 2278.8 nkat·L-1, 5796.2 ± 941.9 nkat·L-1, 55.7 ± 15.3 mg/dl, and 0.72 ± 0.06 mg/dl, which were higher than in SO group (3739.1 ± 570.1 nkat·L-1, 288.4 ± 71.7 nkat·L-1, 12.5 ± 2.14 mg/dl, and 0.47 ± 0.03 mg/dl) (P < 0.05). Levels of plasma TNF-α and IL-6 in AOC at 48 h were 429 ± 56.62 ng·L-1 and 562 ± 57 ng·L-1, which increased greatly when compared to BDL group (139 ± 16 ng·L-1, 227 ± 43 ng·L-1) and SO group (74 ± 10 ng·L-1, 113 ± 19 ng·L-1) (P < 0.05).
CONCLUSION: The pathological damages and the NF-κB activation of many vital organs exised during AOC. These findings have an important implication for the role of NF-κB activation in MOD during AOC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Tu
- Department of General Surgery, the Second College of Clinical Medicine and the Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing University of Medical Science, 74 Linjiang Road, Chongqing 400010, China
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Li JM, Cai Q, Zhou H, Xiao GX. Effects of hydrogen peroxide on mitochondrial gene expression of intestinal epithelial cells. World J Gastroenterol 2002; 8:1117-22. [PMID: 12439937 PMCID: PMC4656392 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v8.i6.1117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM: To study the effects of hydrogen peroxide on mitochondrial gene expression of intestinal epithelial cells in in vitro model of hydrogen peroxide-stimulated SW-480 cells.
METHODS: RNA of hydrogen peroxide-induced SW-480 cells was isolated, and reverse-transcriptional polymerase chain reaction was performed to study gene expression of ATPase subunit 6, ATPase subunit 8, cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COI), cytochrome coxidase subuit II (COII) and cytochrome c oxidase subunit III (COIII). Mitochondria were isolated and activities of mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase and ATPase were also measured simultaneously.
RESULTS: Hydrogen peroxide led to differential expression of mitochondrial genes with some genes up-regulated or down-regulated in a dose dependent manner. Differences were very obvious in expressions of mitochondrial genes of cells treated with hydrogen peroxide in a concentration of 400 μmol/L or 4 mmol/L. In general, differential expression of mitochondrial genes was characterized by up-regulation of mitochondrial genes in the concentration of 400 μmol/L and down-regulation in the concentration of 4 mmol/L. In consistence with changes in mitochondrial gene expressions, hydrogen peroxide resulted in decreased activities of cytochrome c oxidase and ATPase.
CONCLUSION: The differential expression of mitochondrial genes encoding cytochrome c oxidase and ATPase is involved in apoptosis of intestinal epithelial cells by affecting activities of cytochorme c oxidase and ATPase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian-Ming Li
- Institute of Burn Research, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China
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Gong JP, Wu CX, Liu CA, Li SW, Shi YJ, Yang K, Li Y, Li XH. Intestinal damage mediated by Kupffer cells in rats with endotoxemia. World J Gastroenterol 2002; 8:923-7. [PMID: 12378643 PMCID: PMC4656588 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v8.i5.923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM: To determine the in vivo effects of phagocytic blockade of Kupffer cell (KC) on the release of proinflammatory cytokines in small intestinal lesion and on the integrity of intestinal tract by using gadolinium chloride (GdCl3) during early endotoxemia.
METHODS: Wistar rats were divided into three groups: Group A, rats were injected with endotoxin (E. coli O111:B4, a dose of 12 mg•kg⁻¹) only; Group B, rats were pretreated intravenously with 25 mg of GdCl3 per kg 24 h are given endotoxin; and Group C, sham operation only. All animals were sacrificed 4 h after endotoxin injection. In portion of the rats of three groups, bile duct was cannulated, which the bile was collected externally. Morphological changes of ileum were observed under light microscopy and electronic microscopy. The KC were isolated from rats by collagenase perfusion and in KC, expression of TNF-α and IL-6 mRNA were determined by RT-PCR analysis. Plasma and bile TNF-α and IL-6 Levels were determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA).
RESULTS: In group A, there were neutrophil infiltration and superficial epithelial necrosis of the ileal villi, sloughing of mucosal epithelium, and disappearance of some villi. In group B, the ileal mucosal damage was much reduced. Which in group C, no significant morphological changes were seen. GdCl3 pretreatment decreased significantly the expression of TNF-α and IL-6 mRNA in group B (4.32 ± 0.47 and 4.05 ± 0.43) when compared to group A (9.46 ± 1.21 and 9.04 ± 1.09) (P < 0.05). There was no significant expression of TNF-α and IL-6 mRNA in group C (1.03 ± 0.14 and 10.4 ± 0.13). In rats of group A, the levels of TNF-α and IL-6 in bile and plasma were 207 ± 29 ng·L-1, 1032 ± 107 ng·L-1, 213 ± 33 ng·L-1, and 1185 ± 127 ng·L-1, respectively. In group B, they were 113 ± 18 ng·L-1, 521 ± 76 ng·L-1, 147 ± 22 ng·L-1, and 572 ± 54 ng·L-1, respectively. In group C, they were 67 ± 10 ng·L-1, 72 ± 13 ng·L-1, 109 ± 18 ng·L-1, and 118 ± 22 ng·L-1 respectively. There were significant difference between the three group (P < 0.05).
CONCLUSION: KC release cytokines TNF-α and IL-6 causing damage to the integrity of intestinal epithelium and play a crucial role in the initiation and progression of intestinal mucosal damage during early endotoxemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian-Ping Gong
- Department of General Surgery, The Second College of Clinical Medicine & the Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing University of Medical Science, 74 Linjiang Road, Chongqing 400010, China.
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Gong JP, Dai LL, Liu CA, Wu CX, Shi YJ, Li SW, Li XH. Expression of CD14 protein and its gene in liver sinusoidal endothelial cells during endotoxemia. World J Gastroenterol 2002; 8:551-4. [PMID: 12046090 PMCID: PMC4656441 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v8.i3.551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM: To observe expression of CD14 protein and CD14 gene in rat liver sinusoidal endothelial cells (LSECs) during endotoxemia, and the role of CD14 protein in the activation of lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced LSECs.
METHODS: Wistar rat endotoxemia model was established first by injection of a dose of LPS (5 mg/kg, Escherichia coli O111:B4) via the tail vein, then sacrificed after 0 h, 3 h, 6 h, 12 h, and 24 h, respectively. LSECs were isolated from normal and LPS-injected rats by an in situ collagenase perfusion technique. The isolated LSECs were incubated with rabbit anti-rat CD14 polyclonal antibody, then stained with goat anti rabbit IgG conjugated fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC) and flow cytometric analysis (FCM) was performed. The percentage and mean fluorescence intensity (MFI) of CD14-positive cells were taken as the indexes. LSECs were collected to measure the expression of CD14 mRNA by in situ hybridization analysis. The isolated LSECs from normal rats were incubated firstly with anti-CD14 antibody, then stimulated with different concentrations of LPS, and the supernatants of these cells were then collected for measuring the levels of tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α and Interleukin (IL)-6 with ELISA.
RESULTS: In rats with endotoxemia, LSECs displayed a strong MFI distinct from that of control rats. CD14 positive cells in rats with endotoxemia were 54.32%, 65.83%, 85.64%, and 45.65% at 3 h, 6 h, 12 h, and 24 h respectively, there was significant difference when compared to normal group of animals (4.45%) (P < 0.01). The expression of CD14 mRNA in isolated LSECs was stronger than that in control rats. In LPS group, the levels of TNF-α and IL-6 were 54 ± 6 ng·L-1, 85 ± 9 ng·L-1, 206 ± 22 ng·L-1, 350 ± 41 ng·L-1, 366 ± 42 ng. L-1 and 103 ± 11 ng·L-1, 187 ± 20 ng·L-1, 244 ± 26 ng·L-1, 290 ± 31 ng·L-1, and 299 ± 34 ng·L-1, respectively at different concentration points. In anti-CD14 group, the levels of TNF-α and IL-6 were 56 ± 5 ng·L-1, 67 ± 8 ng·L-1, 85 ± 10 ng·L-1, 113 ± 12 ng·L-1, 199 ± 22 ng·L-1 and 104 ± 12 ng·L-1, 125 ± 12 ng·L-1, 165 ± 19 ng·L-1, 185 ± 21 ng·L-1, and 222 ± 23 ng·L-1, respectively at different concentration points. There was significant difference between the two groups (P < 0.01).
CONCLUSION: LSECs can synthesize CD14 protein and express CD14 gene during endotoxemia. CD14 protein plays an important role in the activation of LPS-induced LSECs. This finding has important implications for the understanding of the mechanisms by which LPS may injure liver sinusoidal endothelial cells during sepsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian-Ping Gong
- Department of General Surgery, the Second College of Clinical Medicine & the Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing University of Medical Science, 74 Linjiang Road, Chongqing 400010, China.
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Xia PY, Zheng J, Zhou H, Pan WD, Qin XJ, Xiao GX. Relationship between lymphocyte apoptosis and endotoxin translocation after thermal injury in rats. World J Gastroenterol 2002; 8:546-50. [PMID: 12046089 PMCID: PMC4656440 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v8.i3.546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM: To investigate the relationship between lymphocyte apoptosis in peripheral blood, spleen and mesenteric lymph nodes (MLN) and endotoxin translocation after thermal injury in rats.
METHODS: In a Wistar rat model inflicted with 30% TBSA III degree scalding, serum LPS levels in portal vein and vena cava were quantified by tachypleus amebocyte lysate (TAL) technique. The analysis of peripheral blood lymphocyte was employed in in situ Cell Death Detection Kit and evaluated by flow cytometry. Apoptotic lymphocytes in paraffin-embedded spleen and MLN sections were examined by histologic analysis, in situ deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick-end labeling (TUNEL) and peroxidase (POD) staining. The imagines were taken by Cooldccd camera system, and the count and optical density value (transmission light) of apoptotic lymphocytes were analyzed with software Spot and Imagine proplus 4.10a (IPP4.10a).
RESULTS: In the period of 3 to 48 postburn hours (PBHs) serum LPS level (× 103 EU·L-1) in portal vein (2.11 ± 0.02, 5.66 ± 0.20, 3.70 ± 0.22, 2.56 ± 0.28, 0.90 ± 0.11) was higher than that in vena cava (0.63 ± 0.01, 1.53 ± 0.18, 0.83 ± 0.32, 0.52 ± 0.12, 0.23 ± 0.02, P < 0.01), but both increased sharply in postburn rats (P < 0.01) and reached a peak at 6 PBH. Analysis of apoptotic lymphocytes showed that the proportion (%) of postburn apoptotic cells was much higher than that in healthy rats (8.34 ± 1.53, 8.13 ± 1.81, 20.77 ± 3.94, 23.90 ± 3.92, 11.23 ± 1.35 and 13.26 ± 2.09 at 3, 6, 12, 24, 48 and 72 PBH, respectively, vs 3.99 ± 1.72, P < 0.01), especially after 6 PBH. The concentrations of lymphocytic apoptosis at 12 and 24 PBH were markedly higher than that at other time points. Meantime, few apoptotic lymphocytes were found in normal MLN, but increased postburn obviously (3 ± 1 vs 546 ± 83, 285 ± 39, 149 ± 30, 58 ± 10, 36 ± 11 and 33 ± 9 in turn, P < 0.01), especially at 3 PBH, whereas apoptotic lymphocytes were concentrated in splenic cortex before the burn and decreased obviously during 72 PBHs (499 ± 186 vs 12 ± 8, 19 ± 15, 12 ± 7, 100 ± 15, 123 ± 25 and 226 ± 26 in turn, P < 0.01) though a slight rise was found in the medulla after 24 PBH. Optical density of apoptotic lymphocytes was significantly reduced in spleen in the 24 PBHs and raised in MLN during 48 PBHs than that prior to the burn, respectively.
CONCLUSION: Gut-origin LPS is a major cause of endotoxemia taken place early in rats following severe thermal injury and could induce extensive lymphocyte apoptosis in blood and MLN, which suggests an immunosuppression state could follow the initial injury and favores a septic state based on apoptotic mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pei-Yuan Xia
- Department of Pharmacy and Clinical Pharmacology, Southwestern Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China.
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Gong JP, Liu CA, Wu CX, Li SW, Shi YJ, Li XH. Nuclear factor κB activity in patients with acute severe cholangitis. World J Gastroenterol 2002; 8:346-9. [PMID: 11925622 PMCID: PMC4658381 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v8.i2.346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM: To determine the NF-κB activity in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) in patients with acute cholangitis of severe type (ACST) and correlate the degree of NF-κB activation with severity of biliary tract infection and clinical outcome.
METHODS: Twenty patients with ACST were divided into survivor group (13 cases) and nonsurvivor group (7 cases). Other ten patients undergoing elective gastrectomy or inguinal hernia repair were selected as control group. Peripheral blood samples were taken 24 h postoperatively. PBMC were separated by density gradient centrifugation, then nuclear proteins were isolated from PBMC, and Electrophoretic Mobility Shift Assay (EMSA) used determined. The results were quantified by scanning densitometer of a Bio-Image Analysis System and expressed as relative optical density (ROD). The levels of TNF-α, IL-6, and IL-10 in the plasma of patients with ACST and healthy control subjects were determined by using an enzyme-linked immunoassay (ELISA).
RESULTS: The NF-κB activity was 5.02 ± 1.03 in nonsurvivor group, 2.98 ± 0.51 in survivor group and 1.06 ± 0.34 in control group. There were statistical differences in three groups (P < 0.05). The levels of TNF-α and IL-6 in plasma were (498 ± 53) ng·L-1 and (587 ± 64) ng·L-1 in nonsurvivor group, (284 ± 32) ng·L-1 and (318 ± 49) ng·L-1 in survivor group and (89 ± 11) ng·L-1 and (102 ± 13) ng·L-1 in control group. All patients with ACST had increased levels of TNF-α and IL-6, which were manyfold greater than those of control group, and there was an evidence of significantly higher levels in those of nonsurvivor group than that in survivor group (P < 0.05). The levels of IL-10 in plasma were (378 ± 32) ng·L-1, (384 ± 37) ng·L-1 and (68 ± 11) ng·L-1 in three groups, respectively. All patients had also increased levels of IL-10 when compared with control group (P < 0.05), but the IL-10 levels were not significantly higher in nonsurvivors than in survivors (P > 0.05).
CONCLUSION: NF-κB activity in PBMC in patients with ACST increases markedly and the degree of NF-κB activation is correlated with severity of biliary tract infection and clinical outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian-Ping Gong
- Department of General Surgery, The Second College of Clinical Medicine & the Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing University of Medical Science, 74 Linjiang Road, Central District, Chongqing 400010, China.
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Gong JP, Wu CX, Liu CA, Li SW, Shi YJ, Li XH, Peng Y. Liver sinusoidal endothelial cell injury by neutrophils in rats with acute obstructive cholangitis. World J Gastroenterol 2002; 8:342-5. [PMID: 11925621 PMCID: PMC4658380 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v8.i2.342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM: The objective of this study is to elucidate the potential role of poly-morphonuclear neutrophils (PMN) in the development of such a sinusoidal endothelial cell (SEC) injury during early acute obstructive cholangitis (AOC) in rats.
METHODS: Twenty one Wistar rats were divided into three groups: the AOC group, the bile duct ligated group (BDL group), and the sham operation group (SO group). The common bile duct (CBD) of rats in AOC group was dually ligated and 0.2 mL of the E. coli O111 B4 (5 × 109 cfu/mL) suspension was injected into the upper segment, in BDL group, only the CBD was ligated and in SO group, neither injection of E. coli suspension nor CBD ligation was done, but the same operative procedure. Such group consisted of seven rats, all animals were killed 6 h after the operation. Morphological changes of the liver were observed under light and electron microscope. Expression of intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) mRNA in hepatic tissue was determined with reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). The serum levels of alanine aminotransferase (ALT) were determined with anutoanalyger and cytokine-induced neutrophil chemoattractant (CINC) was determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA).
RESULTS: Neutrophils was accumulated in the hepatic sinusoids and sinusoidal endothelial cell injury existed in AOC group. In contrast, in rats of BDL group, all the features of SEC damage were greatly reduced. Expression of ICAM-1 mRNA in hepatic tissue in three groups were 7.54 ± 0.82, 2.87 ± 0.34, and 1.01 ± 0.12, respectively. There were significant differences among three groups (P < 0.05). The serum CINC levels in the three groups were 188 ± 21 ng•L⁻¹, 94 ± 11 ng•L⁻¹, and 57 ± 8 ng•L⁻¹, respectively. There were also significant differences among the three groups (P < 0.05). Activity of the serum ALT was 917 ± 167 nkat•L⁻¹, 901 ± 171 nkat•L⁻¹, and 908 ± 164 nkat•L⁻¹, respectively, (P > 0.05).
CONCLUSION: Hepatic SEC injury occurs earlier than hepatic parenchymal cells during AOC. Recruitments of circulating neutrophils in the hepatic sinusoidal space might mediate the SEC injury, and ICAM-1 in the liver may modulate the PMN of accumulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian-Ping Gong
- Department of General Surgery, The Second College of Clinical Medicine & the Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing University of Medical Science, 74 Linjiang Road, Chongqing 400010, China.
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