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Larrey EK, Pathak R. Radiation-Induced Intestinal Normal Tissue Toxicity: Implications for Altered Proteome Profile. Genes (Basel) 2022; 13:2006. [PMID: 36360243 PMCID: PMC9689954 DOI: 10.3390/genes13112006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2022] [Revised: 10/10/2022] [Accepted: 10/31/2022] [Indexed: 09/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Radiation-induced toxicity to healthy/normal intestinal tissues, especially during radiotherapy, limits the radiation dose necessary to effectively eradicate tumors of the abdomen and pelvis. Although the pathogenesis of intestinal radiation toxicity is highly complex, understanding post-irradiation alterations in protein profiles can provide crucial insights that make radiotherapy safer and more efficient and allow for increasing the radiation dose during cancer treatment. Recent preclinical and clinical studies have advanced our current understanding of the molecular changes associated with radiation-induced intestinal damage by assessing changes in protein expression with mass spectrometry-based approaches and 2-dimensional difference gel electrophoresis. Studies by various groups have demonstrated that proteins that are involved in the inflammatory response, the apoptotic pathway, reactive oxygen species scavenging, and cell proliferation can be targeted to develop effective radiation countermeasures. Moreover, altered protein profiles serve as a crucial biomarkers for intestinal radiation damage. In this review, we present alterations in protein signatures following intestinal radiation damage as detected by proteomics approaches in preclinical and clinical models with the aim of providing a better understanding of how to accomplish intestinal protection against radiation damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enoch K. Larrey
- Division of Radiation Health, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, 4301 W. Markham St., Little Rock, AR 72205, USA
- Department of Information Science, University of Arkansas at Little Rock, 2801 S University Ave, Little Rock, AR 72204, USA
| | - Rupak Pathak
- Division of Radiation Health, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, 4301 W. Markham St., Little Rock, AR 72205, USA
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Bajaj S, Alam SI, Ahmad B, Farooqi H, Gupta ML. Combination of podophyllotoxin and rutin modulate radiation-induced alterations of jejunal proteome in mice. Int J Radiat Biol 2020; 96:879-893. [PMID: 32167845 DOI: 10.1080/09553002.2020.1741721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Purpose: Gastrointestinal (GI) injuries post ionizing radiation (IR) becomes a crucial factor in survival. Thus, the current study was aimed to explore the molecular mechanisms behind IR produced GI proteome alterations and their amelioration by a safe radioprotective formulation candidate, G-003M (podophyllotoxin+rutin).Materials and method: C57BL/6 mice were administered with G-003M 1 h before 9 Gy whole body γ irradiation. 2DE-MS analysis was conducted to identify differential expression of jejunum proteins with fold change >1.5 (p < .05) at various time-points. Results: G-003M pre-administration decreased total number of differential proteins. It mediated protection to cytoskeleton, modulated stress, apoptosis and inflammatory proteins. Direct effect on eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4H (Eif4h), thioredoxin domain-containing protein 17 (Txndc17) and interferon-induced protein 35 (Ifi35) was observed. Bioinformatics depicted transcription factor-MYC, was also positively modulated by G-003M. Further, it also enhanced level of citrulline (ELISA analysis), and restored crypts and villi lengths (histological analysis) against severe damage caused by lethal irradiation.Conclusion: Current findings reveal that G-003M may be an efficient candidate in protecting key proteins of metabolic and biochemical pathways assisting in the rapid recovery of GI proteome. This fairly improved the chances of animal survival exposed to lethal doses of whole body radiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sania Bajaj
- Division of Radioprotective Drug Development Research, Institute of Nuclear Medicine and Allied Sciences, Delhi, India.,Department of Biotechnology, School of Chemical and Life Sciences, Delhi, India
| | - Syed Imteyaz Alam
- Biotechnology Division, Defence R&D Establishment (DRDE), Defence R&D Organization (DRDO), Gwalior, India
| | - Basir Ahmad
- JH-Institute of Molecular Medicine, New Delhi, India
| | - Humaira Farooqi
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Chemical and Life Sciences, Delhi, India
| | - Manju Lata Gupta
- Division of Radioprotective Drug Development Research, Institute of Nuclear Medicine and Allied Sciences, Delhi, India
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3
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Al-Harbi A, Lary S, Edwards MG, Qusti S, Cockburn A, Poulsen M, Gatehouse AMR. A proteomic-based approach to study underlying molecular responses of the small intestine of Wistar rats to genetically modified corn (MON810). Transgenic Res 2019; 28:479-498. [PMID: 31172414 PMCID: PMC6848250 DOI: 10.1007/s11248-019-00157-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2019] [Accepted: 05/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
A genetically modified (GM) commercial corn variety, MON810, resistant to European corn borer, has been shown to be non-toxic to mammals in a number of rodent feeding studies carried out in accordance with OECD Guidelines. Insect resistance results from expression of the Cry1Ab gene encoding an insecticidal Bt protein that causes lysis and cell death in susceptible insect larvae by binding to midgut epithelial cells, which is a key determinant of Cry toxin species specificity. Whilst whole animal studies are still recognised as the 'gold standard' for safety assessment, they only provide indirect evidence for changes at the cellular/organ/tissue level. In contrast, omics-based technologies enable mechanistic understanding of toxicological or nutritional events at the cellular/receptor level. To address this important knowledge-gap and to gain insights into the underlying molecular responses in rat to MON810, differential gene expression in the epithelial cells of the small intestine of rats fed formulated diets containing MON810, its near isogenic line, two conventional corn varieties, and a commercial (Purina™) corn-based control diet were investigated using comparative proteomic profiling. Pairwise and five-way comparisons showed that the majority of proteins that were differentially expressed in the small intestine epithelial cells in response to consumption of the different diets in both 7-day and 28-day studies were related to lipid and carbohydrate metabolism and protein biosynthesis. Irrespective of the diet, a limited number of stress-related proteins were shown to be differentially expressed. However these stress-related proteins differed between diets. No adverse clinical or behavioural effects, or biomarkers of adverse health, were observed in rats fed GM corn compared to the other corn diets. These findings suggest that MON810 has negligible effects on the small intestine of rats at the cellular level compared with the well-documented toxicity observed in susceptible insects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asmaa Al-Harbi
- Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, P.O. Box: 42805, Jeddah, 21551, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Sahira Lary
- Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, P.O. Box: 42805, Jeddah, 21551, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Martin G Edwards
- School of Natural and Environmental Sciences, University of Newcastle, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE1 7RU, UK
| | - Safaa Qusti
- Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, P.O. Box: 42805, Jeddah, 21551, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Andrew Cockburn
- School of Natural and Environmental Sciences, University of Newcastle, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE1 7RU, UK
| | - Morten Poulsen
- The National Food Institute, Technical University of Denmark, 2800, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Angharad M R Gatehouse
- School of Natural and Environmental Sciences, University of Newcastle, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE1 7RU, UK.
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4
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Forshaw TE, Holmila R, Nelson KJ, Lewis JE, Kemp ML, Tsang AW, Poole LB, Lowther WT, Furdui CM. Peroxiredoxins in Cancer and Response to Radiation Therapies. Antioxidants (Basel) 2019; 8:antiox8010011. [PMID: 30609657 PMCID: PMC6356878 DOI: 10.3390/antiox8010011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2018] [Revised: 12/23/2018] [Accepted: 12/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Peroxiredoxins have a long-established cellular function as regulators of redox metabolism by catalyzing the reduction of peroxides (e.g., H2O2, lipid peroxides) with high catalytic efficiency. This activity is also critical to the initiation and relay of both phosphorylation and redox signaling in a broad range of pathophysiological contexts. Under normal physiological conditions, peroxiredoxins protect normal cells from oxidative damage that could promote oncogenesis (e.g., environmental stressors). In cancer, higher expression level of peroxiredoxins has been associated with both tumor growth and resistance to radiation therapies. However, this relationship between the expression of peroxiredoxins and the response to radiation is not evident from an analysis of data in The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) or NCI60 panel of cancer cell lines. The focus of this review is to summarize the current experimental knowledge implicating this class of proteins in cancer, and to provide a perspective on the value of targeting peroxiredoxins in the management of cancer. Potential biases in the analysis of the TCGA data with respect to radiation resistance are also highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tom E Forshaw
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section on Molecular Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA.
| | - Reetta Holmila
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section on Molecular Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA.
| | - Kimberly J Nelson
- Department of Biochemistry, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA.
| | - Joshua E Lewis
- The Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA.
| | - Melissa L Kemp
- The Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA.
| | - Allen W Tsang
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section on Molecular Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA.
| | - Leslie B Poole
- Department of Biochemistry, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA.
| | - W Todd Lowther
- Department of Biochemistry, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA.
| | - Cristina M Furdui
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section on Molecular Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA.
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5
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Yamashita T, Kato T, Tunekawa M, Gu Y, Wang S, Ma N. Effect of Radiation on the Expression of Taurine Transporter in the Intestine of Mouse. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2018; 975 Pt 2:729-740. [PMID: 28849495 DOI: 10.1007/978-94-024-1079-2_57] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
There has been a growing interest on the effects of radiation since the Fukushima nuclear power plant accident of 2011. Taurine has been reported to have a radioprotective effect in irradiated mice. However, the detailed mechanism of this radioprotective effect is still awaiting clarification. The aim of this study was to investigation how radiation affects the expression of taurine and to shed light on the mechanism accounting for radioprotective and radiation mitigating effect. Six-week-old male mice were randomly divided into two groups: IR group (7 Gy irradiation) and IR + Tau group (7 Gy irradiation + taurine 3000 mg/kg/day). We examined the survival rate, the expression of taurine and taurine transporter in the small intestine and the urinary taurine concentration. In this study, no statistically significant difference was found in the survival rate between IR Group and IR + Tau Group. Three days and 7 days after irradiation, the urinary taurine concentration of IR + Tau group increased more than that of IR group. Three days and 10 days after irradiation, the expression of taurine and taurine transporter in the small intestine of IR group and IR + Tau group decreased more than that of normal small intestine. It is reported that radiation exposure increases the urinary taurine concentration. We found that the radiation exposure decreases the expression of the taurine transporter in the small intestine of mouse. This finding suggests that a decrease in the expression of the taurine transporter promotes the release of taurine from the tissue into the urine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takenori Yamashita
- Faculty of Health Science, Suzuka University of Medical Science, Suzuka, 513-8670, Mie, Japan
| | - Toshihiro Kato
- Sport Medical Center, Suzukakaisei Hospital, Suzuka, 513-0836, Mie, Japan
| | - Masahiro Tunekawa
- Graduate School of Health Science, Suzuka University of Medical Science, Suzuka, 513-8670, Mie, Japan
| | - Yeunhwa Gu
- Faculty of Health Science, Junshin Gakuen University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Shumin Wang
- Graduate School of Health Science, Suzuka University of Medical Science, Suzuka, 513-8670, Mie, Japan
| | - Ning Ma
- Graduate School of Health Science, Suzuka University of Medical Science, Suzuka, 513-8670, Mie, Japan.
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Boutaud O, Sosa IR, Amin T, Oram D, Adler D, Hwang HS, Crews BC, Milne G, Harris BK, Hoeksema M, Knollmann BC, Lammers PE, Marnett LJ, Massion PP, Oates JA. Inhibition of the Biosynthesis of Prostaglandin E2 By Low-Dose Aspirin: Implications for Adenocarcinoma Metastasis. Cancer Prev Res (Phila) 2016; 9:855-865. [PMID: 27554763 PMCID: PMC5093073 DOI: 10.1158/1940-6207.capr-16-0094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2016] [Accepted: 08/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Meta-analyses have demonstrated that low-dose aspirin reduces the risk of developing adenocarcinoma metastasis, and when colon cancer is detected during aspirin treatment, there is a remarkable 83% reduction in risk of metastasis. As platelets participate in the metastatic process, the antiplatelet action of low-dose aspirin likely contributes to its antimetastatic effect. Cycloxooxygenase-2 (COX-2)-derived prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) also contributes to metastasis, and we addressed the hypothesis that low-dose aspirin also inhibits PGE2 biosynthesis. We show that low-dose aspirin inhibits systemic PGE2 biosynthesis by 45% in healthy volunteers (P < 0.0001). Aspirin is found to be more potent in colon adenocarcinoma cells than in the platelet, and in lung adenocarcinoma cells, its inhibition is equivalent to that in the platelet. Inhibition of COX by aspirin in colon cancer cells is in the context of the metastasis of colon cancer primarily to the liver, the organ exposed to the same high concentrations of aspirin as the platelet. We find that the interaction of activated platelets with lung adenocarcinoma cells upregulates COX-2 expression and PGE2 biosynthesis, and inhibition of platelet COX-1 by aspirin inhibits PGE2 production by the platelet-tumor cell aggregates. In conclusion, low-dose aspirin has a significant effect on extraplatelet cyclooxygenase and potently inhibits COX-2 in lung and colon adenocarcinoma cells. This supports a hypothesis that the remarkable prevention of metastasis from adenocarcinomas, and particularly from colon adenocarcinomas, by low-dose aspirin results from its effect on platelet COX-1 combined with inhibition of PGE2 biosynthesis in metastasizing tumor cells. Cancer Prev Res; 9(11); 855-65. ©2016 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivier Boutaud
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee.
| | - I. Romina Sosa
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, 37232-6602,Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030
| | - Taneem Amin
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, 37232-6602
| | - Denise Oram
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, 37232-6602
| | - David Adler
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, 37232-6602
| | - Hyun S. Hwang
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, 37232-6602
| | - Brenda C. Crews
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, 37232-6602
| | - Ginger Milne
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, 37232-6602
| | - Bradford K. Harris
- Department of Cancer Biology, the Thoracic Program, Vanderbilt Ingram Cancer Center, School of Medicine, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, 37232-6602
| | - Megan Hoeksema
- Department of Cancer Biology, the Thoracic Program, Vanderbilt Ingram Cancer Center, School of Medicine, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, 37232-6602
| | - Bjorn C. Knollmann
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, 37232-6602
| | - Philip E. Lammers
- Department of Cancer Biology, the Thoracic Program, Vanderbilt Ingram Cancer Center, School of Medicine, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, 37232-6602,Department of Medicine, Meharry Medical College, Nashville, TN 37208
| | - Lawrence J. Marnett
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, 37232-6602
| | - Pierre P. Massion
- Department of Cancer Biology, the Thoracic Program, Vanderbilt Ingram Cancer Center, School of Medicine, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, 37232-6602
| | - John A. Oates
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, 37232-6602,Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, 37232-6602
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Rithidech KN, Tungjai M, Jangiam W, Honikel L, Gordon C, Lai X, Witzmann F. Proteomic Profiling of Hematopoietic Stem/Progenitor Cells after a Whole Body Exposure of CBA/CaJ Mice to Titanium ( 48Ti) Ions. Proteomes 2015; 3:132-159. [PMID: 28248266 PMCID: PMC5217378 DOI: 10.3390/proteomes3030132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2015] [Revised: 07/06/2015] [Accepted: 07/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Myeloid leukemia (ML) is one of the major health concerns from exposure to radiation. However, the risk assessment for developing ML after exposure to space radiation remains uncertain. To reduce the uncertainty in risk prediction for ML, a much increased understanding of space radiation-induced changes in the target cells, i.e., hematopoietic stem/progenitor cells (HSPCs), is critically important. We used the label-free quantitative mass spectrometry (LFQMS) proteomic approach to determine the expression of protein in HSPC-derived myeloid colonies obtained at an early time-point (one week) and a late time-point (six months) after an acute whole body exposure of CBA/CaJ mice to a total dose of 0, 0.1, 0.25, or 0.5 Gy of heavy-ion titanium (48Ti ions), which are the important component of radiation found in the space environment. Mice exposed to 0 Gy of 48Ti ions served as non-irradiated sham controls. There were five mice per treatment groups at each harvest time. The Trans-Proteomic Pipeline (TPP) was used to assign a probability of a particular protein being in the sample. A proof-of-concept based Ingenuity Pathway Analysis (IPA) was used to characterize the functions, pathways, and networks of the identified proteins. Alterations of expression levels of proteins detected in samples collected at one week (wk) post-irradiation reflects acute effects of exposure to 48Ti ions, while those detected in samples collected at six months (mos) post-irradiation represent protein expression profiles involved in the induction of late-occurring damage (normally referred to as genomic instability). Our results obtained by using the IPA analyses indicate a wide array of signaling pathways involved in response to 1 GeV/n 48Ti ions at both harvest times. Our data also demonstrate that the patterns of protein expression profiles are dose and time dependent. The majority of proteins with altered expression levels are involved in cell cycle control, cellular growth and proliferation, cell death and survival, cell-to-cell signaling and interaction. The IPA analyses indicate several important processes involved in responses to exposure to 48Ti ions. These include the proteosme/ubiquination, protein synthesis, post-translation modification, and lipid metabolism. The IPA analyses also indicate that exposure to 1 GeV/n 48Ti ions affects the development and function of hematological system, immune cell trafficking, including the cytoskeleton. Further, the IPA analyses strongly demonstrate that the NF-κB and MAPKs (ERKs, JNKs, and p38MAPK) pathways play an essential role in signal transduction after exposure to 1 GeV/n 48Ti ions. At an early time-point (1 week), the top networks identified by the IPA analyses are related to metabolic disease, lipid metabolism, small molecule biochemistry, and development disorder. In contrast, the top networks identified in samples collected at a late time-point (6 mos post-irradiation) by the IPA analyses are related to cancer, hematological disorders, and immunological diseases. In summary, the proteomic findings from our study provide a foundation to uncover compounds potentially be highly effective in radiation countermeasures.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Montree Tungjai
- Department of Pathology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA.
- Department of Radiologic Technology, Faculty of Associated Medical Sciences, Center of Excellence for Molecular Imaging, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand.
| | - Witawat Jangiam
- Department of Pathology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA.
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Burapha University, Chonburi 20131, Thailand.
| | - Louise Honikel
- Department of Pathology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA.
| | - Chris Gordon
- Department of Pathology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA.
| | - Xianyin Lai
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, 635 Barnhill Drive, Room 0044, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA.
| | - Frank Witzmann
- Department of Cellular & Integrative Physiology, Indiana University School of Medicine, 635 Barnhill Drive, Room 362A, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA.
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Sanchez CJ, Hurtgen BJ, Lizcano A, Shivshankar P, Cole GT, Orihuela CJ. Biofilm and planktonic pneumococci demonstrate disparate immunoreactivity to human convalescent sera. BMC Microbiol 2011; 11:245. [PMID: 22047041 PMCID: PMC3216281 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2180-11-245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2011] [Accepted: 11/02/2011] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Streptococcus pneumoniae (the pneumococcus) is the leading cause of otitis media, community-acquired pneumonia (CAP), sepsis, and meningitis. It is now evident that S. pneumoniae forms biofilms during nasopharyngeal colonization; the former which facilitates persistence, the latter, a prerequisite for subsequent development of invasive disease. Proteomic evaluation of S. pneumoniae suggests the antigen profile available for host-recognition is altered as a consequence of biofilm growth. This has potentially meaningful implications in regards to adaptive immunity and protection from disseminated disease. We therefore examined the antigen profile of biofilm and planktonic pneumococcal cell lysates, tested their reactivity with human convalescent sera and that generated against biofilm pneumococci, and examined whether immunization with biofilm pneumococci protected mice against infectious challenge. Results Biofilm pneumococci have dramatically altered protein profiles versus their planktonic counterparts. During invasive disease the humoral immune response is skewed towards the planktonic protein profile. Immunization with biofilm bacteria does not elicit a strong-cross-reactive humoral response against planktonic bacteria nor confer resistance against challenge with a virulent isolate from another serotype. We identified numerous proteins, including Pneumococcal serine-rich repeat protein (PsrP), which may serve as a protective antigens against both colonization and invasive disease. Conclusion Differential protein production by planktonic and biofilm pneumococci provides a potential explanation for why individuals remain susceptible to invasive disease despite previous colonization events. These findings also strongly suggest that differential protein production during colonization and disease be considered during the selection of antigens for any future protein vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos J Sanchez
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, 78229, USA
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9
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Turtoi A, Sharan RN, Srivastava A, Schneeweiss FHA. Proteomic and genomic modulations induced by γ-irradiation of human blood lymphocytes. Int J Radiat Biol 2010; 86:888-904. [PMID: 20653344 DOI: 10.3109/09553002.2010.486016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Quantitative evaluation of early response proteins (ERPRO) and early response genes (ERG) following γ-irradiation of human lymphocytes; identification of specific proteins and genes as candidate biomarkers for the development of a novel biodosimeter. MATERIALS AND METHODS Human peripheral blood lymphocytes were exposed to clinically relevant doses (1, 2 and 4 Gy) of γ-radiation ex-vivo. Analyses of protein and gene expression modulation were conducted 2 h post-irradiation. Global modulations were monitored using two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (2D-PAGE) and DNA microarray analyses of the samples originating from one human donor. On the proteome level, both phosphorylated and non-phosphorylated proteins were considered. Proteins and genes of specific interest were further targeted using Western blot (WB) and real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) techniques, employing samples from several human donors (n=3). RESULTS A set of ERPRO and ERG showing significant alterations 2 h post-γ-irradiation have been identified in human lymphocytes. The most radiation responsive genes and proteins indicated alterations of cellular structure (ß-actin, talin-1 [TLN1], talin-2, zyxin-2), immune and defence reactions (major histocompatibility complex binding protein-2 [MBP2], interleukin-17E and interferon-γ), cell cycle control (cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor-1A [CDKN1A], mouse double minute-2, annexin-A6 [ANXA6], growth arrest and DNA-damage-inducible protein-α [GADD45A], proliferating cell nuclear antigen [PCNA], dual specificity phosphatase-2 and 8 [DUSP8]) as well as detoxification processes (peroxin-1) and apoptosis (B-cell lymphoma-2 binding component-3 [BBC3]). SUMMARY The estimations of protein concentration modulation of TLN1 and CDKN1A, phosphorylation status of ANXA6 (dose range 0-2 Gy) and MBP2 as well as the alterations in the level of gene expressions of BBC3, DUSP8, GADD45A and PCNA appears to be of potential value for future biodosimetric applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrei Turtoi
- Department of Safety and Radiation Protection, Research Centre Jülich, Germany.
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10
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Zuo YH, Wang XL, Li JG, Dang XH, Wang ZW, Zhang SP, Tong J. Proteomic alterations in progeny of irradiated human liver cells. JOURNAL OF TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH. PART A 2010; 73:520-528. [PMID: 20391132 DOI: 10.1080/15287390903523501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
This study was designed to characterize the differential protein expression in the progeny of human liver cells surviving exposure to ionizing radiation. The progeny of irradiated cells were derived from a human liver cell line exposed to 0, 2, 4, or 6 Gy of (60)Co gamma-irradiation. Total protein of the cells was extracted by two-dimensional electrophoresis (2-DE) and analyzed with ImageMaster 2D Platinum software. In total, 42 differentially expressed proteins from the progeny of irradiated cells were screened, of which 17 were identified by matrix assistant laser desorption ion-top flight-mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF-MS) analysis. There were 4 upregulated and 13 downregulated proteins detected. The upregulated expression of two proteins, mitochondrial heat-shock 60-kD protein (HSP60) and globin transcription factor 1 (GATA-1), was further confirmed by immunoblotting. Database search revealed that these differentially expressed proteins may function in cell cycle regulation, cytoskeleton maintenance, stress response, and tumor metastasis, indicating an effect of radiation-induced genomic instability (RIGI) in the progeny of irradiated cells. Analysis on functional roles of the screened proteins may provide insight into further mechanistic investigations underlying molecular events induced by RIGI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya-Hui Zuo
- School of Radiation Medicine and Public Health, Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
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11
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Berglund SR, Santana AR, Li D, Rice RH, Rocke DM, Goldberg Z. Proteomic analysis of low dose arsenic and ionizing radiation exposure on keratinocytes. Proteomics 2009; 9:1925-38. [PMID: 19294697 DOI: 10.1002/pmic.200800118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Human exposure to arsenic and ionizing radiation (IR) occur environmentally at low levels. While the human health effects of arsenic and IR have been examined separately, there is little information regarding their combined effects at doses approaching environmental levels. Arsenic toxicity may be affected by concurrent IR especially given their known individual carcinogenic actions at higher doses. We found that keratinocytes responded to either low dose arsenic and/or low dose IR exposure, resulting in differential proteomic expression based on 2-DE, immunoblotting and statistical analysis. Seven proteins were identified that passed a rigorous statistical screen for differential expression in 2-DE and also passed a strict statistical screen for follow-up immunoblotting. These included: alpha-enolase, epidermal-fatty acid binding protein, heat shock protein 27, histidine triad nucleotide-binding protein 1, lactate dehydrogenase A, protein disulfide isomerase precursor, and S100A9. Four proteins had combined effects that were different than would be expected based on the response to either individual toxicant. These data demonstrate a possible reaction to the combined insult that is substantially different from that of either separate treatment. Several proteins had different responses than what has been seen from high dose exposures, adding to the growing literature suggesting that the cellular responses to low dose exposures are distinct.
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12
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Byun HO, Han NK, Lee HJ, Kim KB, Ko YG, Yoon G, Lee YS, Hong SI, Lee JS. Cathepsin D and eukaryotic translation elongation factor 1 as promising markers of cellular senescence. Cancer Res 2009; 69:4638-47. [PMID: 19487283 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-08-4042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Induction of premature senescence may be a promising strategy for cancer treatment. However, biomarkers for senescent cancer cells are lacking. To identify such biomarkers, we performed comparative proteomic analysis of MCF7 human breast cancer cells undergoing cellular senescence in response to ionizing radiation (IR). IR-induced senescence was associated with up-regulation of cathepsin D (CD) and down-regulation of eukaryotic translation elongation factor 1beta2 (eEF1B2), as confirmed by Western blot. The other elongation factor, eukaryotic translation elongation factor 1alpha1 (eEF1A1), was also down-regulated. IR-induced senescence was associated with similar changes of CD and eEF1 (eEF1A1 and eEF1B2) levels in the HCT116 colon cancer cell line and the H460 lung cancer cell line. Up-regulation of CD and down-regulation of eEF1 seemed to be specific to senescence, as they were observed during cellular senescence induced by hydrogen peroxide or anticancer drugs (camptothecin, etoposide, or 50 ng doxorubicin) but not during apoptosis induced by Taxol or 10 microg doxorubicin or autophagy induced by tamoxifen. The same alterations in CD and eEF1A1 levels were observed during replicative senescence and Ras oncogene-induced senescence. Transient cell cycle arrest did not alter levels of eEF1 or CD. Chemical inhibition of CD (pepstatin A) and small interfering RNA-mediated knockdown of CD and eEF1 revealed that these factors participate in cell proliferation. Finally, the senescence-associated alteration in CD and eEF1 levels observed in cell lines was also observed in IR-exposed xenografted tumors. These findings show that CD and eEF1 are promising markers for the detection of cellular senescence induced by a variety of treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hae-Ok Byun
- Divisions of Radiation Cancer Research, Korea Institute of Radiological and Medical Sciences, Seoul, Korea
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Turtoi A, Schneeweiss FHA. Effect of (211)At alpha-particle irradiation on expression of selected radiation responsive genes in human lymphocytes. Int J Radiat Biol 2009; 85:403-12. [PMID: 19382019 DOI: 10.1080/09553000902838541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Analysis of the relative expression of radiation responsive genes (previously shown to respond to gamma-radiations) after exposure of human lymphocytes to (211)At alpha-particles and the suitability of these genes as potential markers for alpha-biodosimetry. MATERIALS AND METHODS Lymphocytes isolated from the peripheral blood of two healthy human donors were exposed in triplicate for 30 min to different concentrations of Na(211)At at 37 degrees C (absorbed doses: 0.05-1.6 Gy). Following an incubation period (2 h), the total RNA was isolated from the irradiated lymphocytes and the relative expression of the following 18 genes was tested for change using TaqMan probes based upon the real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction. METHOD BBC3 (B-cell lymphoma 2 binding component 3), CD69 (cluster of differentiation 69), CDKN1A (cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor 1A), DUSP8 (dual specificity phosphatase 8) EGR1 (early growth response 1), EGR4 (early growth response 4), GADD45A (growth arrest and DNA-damage-inducible, alpha), GRAP (growth factor receptor-bound protein 2-related adaptor protein), LAP1B (TOR1AIP1; torsin A interacting protein 1), IFNG (interferon gamma), ISG20L1 (interferon-stimulated exonuclease gene 20kDa - like 1), c-JUN (jun oncogene), MDM2 (mouse double minute 2), PCNA (proliferating cell nuclear antigen), PLK2 (polo-like kinase 2), RND1 (rho family GTPase 1), TNFSF9 (tumour necrosis factor superfamily member 9) and TRAF4 (tumour necrosis factor receptor-associated factor 4). RESULTS The expressions of the 18 genes, except GRAP, were up-regulated following exposure to alpha-radiation. A comparison of the results of two individuals tested here showed great variability. Dependence of gene expression upon alpha-dose was observed in certain dose intervals for BBC3 (R(2) = 0.61 [individual 1] / 0.81 [individual 2], significance 0.2-1.6 Gy [1] / 0.05-0.1 Gy [2]) and MDM2 (R(2) = 0.78/0.54; 0.8-1.6 Gy [1], 0.05-0.1 Gy [2]) genes in both individuals. Additionally, for individual 1 the dose dependence was found for the following genes: ISG20L1 (R(2) = 0.69, 0.05-0.1 Gy), PCNA (R(2) = 0.59, 0.8-1.6 Gy) and IFNG (R(2) = 0.74 up to 0.4 Gy, 0.05-0.1 Gy). CONCLUSION Candidate genes for a possible role in future early-phase (2 h) alpha-biodosimetry are BBC3, ISG20L1, MDM2, PCNA and IFNG.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrei Turtoi
- Research Centre Julich, Department of Safety and Radiation Protection, Laboratory of Radiation Biology, Germany.
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Turtoi A, Brown I, Oskamp D, Schneeweiss FHA. Early gene expression in human lymphocytes aftergamma-irradiation–a genetic pattern with potential for biodosimetry. Int J Radiat Biol 2009; 84:375-87. [PMID: 18464067 DOI: 10.1080/09553000802029886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Rithidech KN, Honikel L, Rieger R, Xie W, Rithidech KN, Honikel L, Rieger R, Xie W, Fischer T, Simon SR. Protein-expression profiles in mouse blood-plasma following acute whole-body exposure to137Cs γ rays. Int J Radiat Biol 2009; 85:432-47. [DOI: 10.1080/09553000902820390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Marchetti F, Coleman MA, Jones IM, Wyrobek AJ. Candidate protein biodosimeters of human exposure to ionizing radiation. Int J Radiat Biol 2009; 82:605-39. [PMID: 17050475 DOI: 10.1080/09553000600930103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To conduct a literature review of candidate protein biomarkers for individual radiation biodosimetry of exposure to ionizing radiation. MATERIALS AND METHODS Reviewed approximately 300 publications (1973 - April 2006) that reported protein effects in mammalian systems after either in vivo or in vitro radiation exposure. RESULTS We found 261 radiation-responsive proteins including 173 human proteins. Most of the studies used high doses of ionizing radiation (>4 Gy) and had no information on dose- or time-responses. The majority of the proteins showed increased amounts or changes in phosphorylation states within 24 h after exposure (range: 1.5- to 10-fold). Of the 47 proteins that are responsive at doses of 1 Gy and below, 6 showed phosphorylation changes at doses below 10 cGy. Proteins were assigned to 9 groups based on consistency of response across species, dose- and time-response information and known role in the radiation damage response. CONCLUSIONS ATM (Ataxia telengiectasia mutated), H2AX (histone 2AX), CDKN1A (Cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor 1A), and TP53 (tumor protein 53) are top candidate radiation protein biomarkers. Furthermore, we recommend a panel of protein biomarkers, each with different dose and time optima, to improve individual radiation biodosimetry for discriminating between low-, moderate-, and high-dose exposures. Our findings have applications for early triage and follow-up medical assessments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Marchetti
- Biosciences Directorate, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California, USA
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Zhang B, Wang M, Yang Y, Wang Y, Pang X, Su Y, Wang J, Ai G, Zou Z. ERp29 is a radiation-responsive gene in IEC-6 cell. JOURNAL OF RADIATION RESEARCH 2008; 49:587-596. [PMID: 18802324 DOI: 10.1269/jrr.08014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
ERp29 is a resident protein of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) lumen, which is thought to be involved in the folding of secretory proteins. In our previous work, it was found that, when treated with ionizing radiation (IR), the ERp29 expression was increased in mouse intestinal epithelia and cultured IEC-6 cells, which suggested that ERp29 might be a radiation-induced gene. The current work is to confirm the induction of ERp29 by IR and to analyze its role in irradiated IEC-6 cells. Our results showed that ERp29 expression was elevated by IR in IEC-6 cells at mRNA and protein levels in a time-dependent manner. IEC-6 cells with different exogenous ERp29 expression were obtained by transfection with sense and antisense expression vectors of ERp29 coding region. As ERp29 expression was inhibited, these cells exhibited more serious radiation injury and more sensitivity to IR-induced apoptosis. To further elucidate the induction of ERp29, we analyzed the XBP1 expression after IR. Results showed that the spliced form of XBP1 mRNA rapidly reached a peak at 3 hours after irradiation, which indicated that UPR sensor was involved in radiation and might be a reason to induce ERp29 expression. Our results demonstrate that ERp29 is a radiation associated protein and plays an important role in protecting cells from IR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Zhang
- Institute of Combined Injury, State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
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Zou Z, Sun H, Su Y, Cheng T, Luo C. Progress in research on radiation combined injury in China. Radiat Res 2008; 169:722-9. [PMID: 18494547 DOI: 10.1667/rr1284.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2007] [Accepted: 01/31/2008] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
The significant feature of radiation combined injury is the occurrence of a combined effect. For decades our institute has focused on studying the key complications of radiation-burn injury, including shock, suppression of hematopoiesis and immunity, gastrointestinal damage and local refractory wound healing. Here we summarize recent advancements in elucidating the mechanisms of and potential treatments for radiation combined injury. Concerning the suppression and regeneration of hematopoiesis in radiation combined injury, mechanisms of megakaryocyte damage have been elucidated and a new type of fusion protein stimulating thrombopoiesis has been developed and is being tested in animals. With regard to the damage and repair of intestinal epithelium, the important molecular mechanisms of radiation combined injury have been clarified, and new measures to prevent and treat gastrointestinal tract injury are proposed. With respect to the difficulties encountered in wound healing, the underlying causes of radiation combined injury have been proposed, and some potential methods to accelerate wound closure are under study. Systemic experiments have been done to determine the appropriate time for eschar excision and skin grafting, and the results provided significant insight into clinical treatment of the injury. In the search for early therapeutic regimens for severe burns and radiation combined injury to prevent deterioration of injuries and to improve survival, cervical sympathetic ganglion block was used for the treatment of animals with radiation combined injury and had significant benefits. These research advancements have potential for application in on-site emergency rescue and in-hospital treatment of radiation combined injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhongmin Zou
- Institute of Combined Injury, State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China.
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Zhang S, Xu N, Nie J, Dong L, Li J, Tong J. Proteomic alteration in lung tissue of rats exposed to cigarette smoke. Toxicol Lett 2008; 178:191-6. [PMID: 18467043 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2008.03.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2007] [Revised: 03/14/2008] [Accepted: 03/14/2008] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Cigarette smoke has been widely investigated in terms of epidemiological and pathological studies in relation to human lung diseases. In this study, we conducted a proteomic analysis to characterize the differential protein expression in lung tissue of rats exposed to cigarette smoke. Wistar rats were exposed to cigarette smoke twice a day, 30 min each for 1, 2 and 4 months, respectively. The total protein of lung tissue was extracted for two-dimensional electrophoresis (2-DE) and analyzed with ImageMaster 2D Platinum software. A total of 28 differentially expressed proteins between the control and the smoke-exposed groups were screened and of which 18 were identified by matrix assistant laser desorption ion-top of flight-mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF-MS) or MALDI- TOF-TOF analysis, revealing 10 up-regulated and 8 down-regulated proteins. The up-regulated expression of two proteins, receptor for advanced glycation endpoints (RAGE) and thioredoxin (Trx), were validated by immunoblotting and found to be consistent with the proteomic analysis. The results presented in this study demonstrate the identification of proteomic pattern as an early indicator of lung damages induced by cigarette smoke. The differentially expressed proteins may be applied as exposure biomarkers in future experimental as well as epidemiologic investigations upon confirmation by a greater sample size and more validate study design for the proteomic research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suping Zhang
- Department of Hygiene Toxicology, School of Radiation Medicine and Public Health, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
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20
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Eleuterio E, Di Giuseppe F, Sulpizio M, di Giacomo V, Rapino M, Cataldi A, Di Ilio C, Angelucci S. Proteome analysis of X-ray irradiated human erythroleukemia cells. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-PROTEINS AND PROTEOMICS 2008; 1784:611-20. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbapap.2008.01.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2007] [Revised: 12/28/2007] [Accepted: 01/20/2008] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Zhang B, Wang Y, Liu K, Yang X, Song M, Wang Y, Bai Y. Adenovirus-mediated transfer of siRNA against peroxiredoxin I enhances the radiosensitivity of human intestinal cancer. Biochem Pharmacol 2008; 75:660-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2007.09.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2007] [Revised: 09/10/2007] [Accepted: 09/17/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Tan EL, Tan TMC, Tak Kwong Chow V, Poh CL. Inhibition of enterovirus 71 in virus-infected mice by RNA interference. Mol Ther 2007; 15:1931-8. [PMID: 17712333 DOI: 10.1038/sj.mt.6300287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Enterovirus 71 (EV71) is the main causative agent of hand, foot, and mouth disease (HFMD) in young children. It is often associated with neurological complications and has caused high mortality levels in recent outbreaks in the Asia Pacific region. Currently, there is no effective antiviral therapy against EV71 infections. In this study, we have evaluated and compared the efficacies of three different forms of small interfering RNAs (siRNAs) in inhibiting EV71 replication in a murine model. We have shown that both synthetic 19-mer siRNAs and plasmid-borne short hairpin RNAs (shRNAs) targeted at the conserved 3D(pol) region were able to inhibit EV71 infections in suckling mice when delivered with or without lipid carrier via the systemic route. The treated mice did not exhibit hind limb paralysis and weight loss, as was observed in untreated mice. EV71 replication was significantly reduced as revealed by real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and Western blot. In addition, no evidence of interferon (IFN) induction was detected in the intestinal tissues harvested from the mice as a result of siRNA administration. However, the chemically synthesized 29-mer shRNA did not protect the suckling mice from EV71 infections despite being more potent in the in vitro system. Our results indicate that RNA interference (RNAi) may be a promising therapeutic approach for fighting EV71 infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eng Lee Tan
- Department of Microbiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
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Normalization and analysis of residual variation in two-dimensional gel electrophoresis for quantitative differential proteomics. Proteomics 2005; 5:1242-9. [PMID: 15732138 DOI: 10.1002/pmic.200401003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Although two-dimensional gel electrophoresis (2-DE) has long been a favorite experimental method to screen proteomes, its reproducibility is seldom analyzed with the assistance of quantitative error models. The lack of models of residual distributions that can be used to assign likelihood to differential expression reflects the difficulty in tackling the combined effect of variability in spot intensity and uncertain recognition of the same spot in different gels. In this report we have analyzed a series of four triplicate two-dimensional gels of chicken embryo heart samples at two distinct development stages to produce such a model of residual distribution. In order to achieve this reference error model, a nonparametric procedure for consistent spot intensity normalization had to be established, and is also reported here. In addition to variability in normalized intensity due to various sources, the residual variation between replicates was observed to be compounded by failure to identify the spot itself (gel alignment). The mixed effect is reflected by variably skewed bimodal density distributions of residuals. The extraction of a global error model that accommodated such distribution was achieved empirically by machine learning, specifically by bootstrapped artificial neural networks. The model described is being used to assign confidence values to observed variations in arbitrary 2-DE gels in order to quantify the degree of over-expression and under-expression of protein spots.
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Zhang B, Su Y, Ai G, Wang Y, Wang T, Wang F. Involvement of peroxiredoxin I in protecting cells from radiation-induced death. JOURNAL OF RADIATION RESEARCH 2005; 46:305-12. [PMID: 16210786 DOI: 10.1269/jrr.46.305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Peroxiredoxin I (Prx-I), a key member of the peroxiredoxin family, reduces peroxides and equivalents through the thioredoxin system. Our previous work has shown that expression of Prx-I in mammalian cells increases following ionizing radiation (IR), indicating that Prx-I actively responds to IR-induced reactive oxygen species (ROS) and suggesting that Prx-I plays an important role in protecting cells from IR-induced death. To test this hypothesis, we suppressed the expression of Prx-I in SW480 cells by RNA interference. Our results show that IR induces the expression of Prx-I in SW480 cells in a dose- and time-dependent manner. The recombinant siRNA vector targeting Prx-I dramatically reduced the expression of Prx-I in SW480 cells. When Prx-I was knocked down in SW480 cells, the cells exhibited a decreased growth rate, a reduced antioxidant capability following IR and became more sensitive to IR-induced apoptosis. Together, our results demonstrate that Prx-I plays an important role in protecting cells from IR-induced cell death, which might be through scavenging IR-induced ROS in the cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Zhang
- Combined Injury Institute of Third Military Medical University, State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury
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