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Nortunen M, Parkkila S, Saarnio J, Huhta H, Karttunen TJ. Carbonic Anhydrases II and IX in Non-ampullary Duodenal Adenomas and Adenocarcinoma. J Histochem Cytochem 2021; 69:677-690. [PMID: 34636283 DOI: 10.1369/00221554211050133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Non-ampullary duodenal adenocarcinoma (DAC) is a rare malignancy. Little information is available concerning the histopathological prognostic factors associated with DAC. Carbonic anhydrases (CAs) are metalloenzymes catalyzing the universal reaction of CO2 hydration. Isozymes CAII, CAIX, and CAXII are associated with prognosis in various cancers. Our aim was to analyze the immunohistochemical expressions of CAII, CAIX, and CAXII in normal duodenal epithelium, duodenal adenomas, and adenocarcinoma and their associations with clinicopathological variables and survival. Our retrospective study included all 27 DACs treated in Oulu University Hospital during years 2000-2020. For comparison, samples of 42 non-ampullary adenomas were collected. CAII expression was low in duodenal adenomas and adenocarcinoma. CAIX expression in adenomas and adenocarcinoma was comparable with the high expression of normal duodenal crypts. Expression patterns in carcinomas were largely not related to clinicopathological features. However, low expression of CAII associated with poorer differentiation of the tumor (p=0.049) and low expression of CAIX showed a trend for association with nodal spread, although statistical significance was not reached (p=0.091). CAII and CAIX lost their epithelial polarization and staining intensity in adenomas. CAXII expression was not detected in the studied samples. CAs were not associated with survival. The prognostic value of CAII and CAIX downregulation should be further investigated. Both isozymes may serve as biomarkers of epithelial dysplasia in the duodenum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minna Nortunen
- Research Unit of Surgery, Anesthesia and Intensive Care, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland.,Department of Surgery, Oulu University Hospital and Medical Research Center Oulu, Oulu, Finland.,Cancer and Translational Medicine Research Unit, Medical Research Center Oulu, University of Oulu and Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland
| | - Seppo Parkkila
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University and Fimlab Ltd, Tampere University Hospital, Tampere, Finland (SP)
| | - Juha Saarnio
- Research Unit of Surgery, Anesthesia and Intensive Care, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland.,Department of Surgery, Oulu University Hospital and Medical Research Center Oulu, Oulu, Finland.,Cancer and Translational Medicine Research Unit, Medical Research Center Oulu, University of Oulu and Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland
| | - Heikki Huhta
- Research Unit of Surgery, Anesthesia and Intensive Care, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland.,Department of Surgery, Oulu University Hospital and Medical Research Center Oulu, Oulu, Finland.,Cancer and Translational Medicine Research Unit, Medical Research Center Oulu, University of Oulu and Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland
| | - Tuomo J Karttunen
- Cancer and Translational Medicine Research Unit, Medical Research Center Oulu, University of Oulu and Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland
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2
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Smirnovienė J, Smirnov A, Zakšauskas A, Zubrienė A, Petrauskas V, Mickevičiūtė A, Michailovienė V, Čapkauskaitė E, Manakova E, Gražulis S, Baranauskienė L, Chen W, Ladbury JE, Matulis D. Switching the Inhibitor-Enzyme Recognition Profile via Chimeric Carbonic Anhydrase XII. ChemistryOpen 2021; 10:567-580. [PMID: 33945229 PMCID: PMC8095314 DOI: 10.1002/open.202100042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2021] [Revised: 03/08/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
A key part of the optimization of small molecules in pharmaceutical inhibitor development is to vary the molecular design to enhance complementarity of chemical features of the compound with the positioning of amino acids in the active site of a target enzyme. Typically this involves iterations of synthesis, to modify the compound, and biophysical assay, to assess the outcomes. Selective targeting of the anti-cancer carbonic anhydrase isoform XII (CA XII), this process is challenging because the overall fold is very similar across the twelve CA isoforms. To enhance drug development for CA XII we used a reverse engineering approach where mutation of the key six amino acids in the active site of human CA XII into the CA II isoform was performed to provide a protein chimera (chCA XII) which is amenable to structure-based compound optimization. Through determination of structural detail and affinity measurement of the interaction with over 60 compounds we observed that the compounds that bound CA XII more strongly than CA II, switched their preference and bound more strongly to the engineered chimera, chCA XII, based on CA II, but containing the 6 key amino acids from CA XII, behaved as CA XII in its compound recognition profile. The structures of the compounds in the chimeric active site also resembled those determined for complexes with CA XII, hence validating this protein engineering approach in the development of new inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joana Smirnovienė
- Department of Biothermodynamics and Drug DesignInstitute of BiotechnologyLife Sciences CenterVilnius UniversitySaulėtekio 7Vilnius10257Lithuania
| | - Alexey Smirnov
- Department of Biothermodynamics and Drug DesignInstitute of BiotechnologyLife Sciences CenterVilnius UniversitySaulėtekio 7Vilnius10257Lithuania
| | - Audrius Zakšauskas
- Department of Biothermodynamics and Drug DesignInstitute of BiotechnologyLife Sciences CenterVilnius UniversitySaulėtekio 7Vilnius10257Lithuania
| | - Asta Zubrienė
- Department of Biothermodynamics and Drug DesignInstitute of BiotechnologyLife Sciences CenterVilnius UniversitySaulėtekio 7Vilnius10257Lithuania
| | - Vytautas Petrauskas
- Department of Biothermodynamics and Drug DesignInstitute of BiotechnologyLife Sciences CenterVilnius UniversitySaulėtekio 7Vilnius10257Lithuania
| | - Aurelija Mickevičiūtė
- Department of Biothermodynamics and Drug DesignInstitute of BiotechnologyLife Sciences CenterVilnius UniversitySaulėtekio 7Vilnius10257Lithuania
| | - Vilma Michailovienė
- Department of Biothermodynamics and Drug DesignInstitute of BiotechnologyLife Sciences CenterVilnius UniversitySaulėtekio 7Vilnius10257Lithuania
| | - Edita Čapkauskaitė
- Department of Biothermodynamics and Drug DesignInstitute of BiotechnologyLife Sciences CenterVilnius UniversitySaulėtekio 7Vilnius10257Lithuania
| | - Elena Manakova
- Department of Protein-DNA InteractionsInstitute of BiotechnologyLife Sciences CenterVilnius UniversitySaulėtekio 7Vilnius10257Lithuania
| | - Saulius Gražulis
- Department of Protein-DNA InteractionsInstitute of BiotechnologyLife Sciences CenterVilnius UniversitySaulėtekio 7Vilnius10257Lithuania
| | - Lina Baranauskienė
- Department of Biothermodynamics and Drug DesignInstitute of BiotechnologyLife Sciences CenterVilnius UniversitySaulėtekio 7Vilnius10257Lithuania
| | - Wen‐Yih Chen
- Department of Chemical and Materials EngineeringInstitute of Systems Biology and BioinformaticsNational Central UniversityTaiwan
| | - John E. Ladbury
- School of Molecular and Cellular BiologyUniversity of LeedsLC Miall BuildingLeedsLS2 9JTUK
| | - Daumantas Matulis
- Department of Biothermodynamics and Drug DesignInstitute of BiotechnologyLife Sciences CenterVilnius UniversitySaulėtekio 7Vilnius10257Lithuania
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3
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Wang B, Jiang H, Wan X, Wang Y, Zheng X, Li P, Guo J, Ding X, Song H. Carbonic anhydrase IV inhibits cell proliferation in gastric cancer by regulating the cell cycle. Oncol Lett 2020; 20:4. [PMID: 32774478 PMCID: PMC7405342 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2020.11865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2019] [Accepted: 04/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Carbonic anhydrase IV (CA4) is silenced in colorectal cancer. However, the effect of CA4 on the development of gastric cancer (GC) is poorly understood. The present study aimed to determine the role of CA4 in GC tumorigenesis and its underlying molecular mechanism. The levels of CA4 in GC cells and tissues were evaluated by reverse transcription-quantitative PCR and immunohistochemistry. CA4 expression was suppressed in GC cells and tissues compared with adjacent healthy tissues and normal human gastric epithelial cells, respectively. This reduced expression was significantly associated with tumor size, invasion and differentiation. Analyses with a real-time cell analyzer and clonogenic assays were conducted to validate the impact of CA4 on GC cell lines (AGS and HGC-27) and normal human gastric epithelial cell line (GES-1) proliferation. The effects of CA4 on the cell cycle in GC cells were determined by flow cytometry. The levels of CA4 and cell cycle-associated proteins were confirmed by western blotting. CA4 overexpression inhibited GC cell proliferation and reduced colony-forming ability, arrested the cell cycle in the G2/M phase, inhibited cyclin B1 and cyclin-dependent kinase 2 expression and induced p21 expression. These results indicate that CA4 may serve an important role in GC tumorigenesis by inhibiting cellular proliferation via regulating the expression of cell cycle-associated proteins. CA4 may serve as a diagnostic biomarker and a potential therapeutic target in GC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bujiang Wang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Laboratory of Digestive Diseases, Ningbo First Hospital, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315010, P.R. China
| | - Haizhong Jiang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Laboratory of Digestive Diseases, Ningbo First Hospital, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315010, P.R. China
| | - Xiangxiang Wan
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Third Hospital of Nanchang, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330002, P.R. China
| | - Yaqing Wang
- Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Ningbo First Hospital, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315010, P.R. China
| | - Xiaocao Zheng
- Department of Histopathology, Ningbo Diagnostic Pathology Center, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315010, P.R. China
| | - Peifei Li
- Department of Gastroenterology, Laboratory of Digestive Diseases, Ningbo First Hospital, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315010, P.R. China
| | - Junming Guo
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathophysiology, Ningbo University School of Medicine, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315211, P.R. China
| | - Xiaoyun Ding
- Department of Gastroenterology, Laboratory of Digestive Diseases, Ningbo First Hospital, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315010, P.R. China
| | - Haojun Song
- Department of Gastroenterology, Laboratory of Digestive Diseases, Ningbo First Hospital, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315010, P.R. China
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Nakada N, Mikami T, Horie K, Nagashio R, Sakurai Y, Sanoyama I, Yoshida T, Sada M, Kobayashi K, Sato Y, Okayasu I, Murakumo Y. Expression of CA2 and CA9 carbonic anhydrases in ulcerative colitis and ulcerative colitis-associated colorectal cancer. Pathol Int 2020; 70:523-532. [PMID: 32410301 DOI: 10.1111/pin.12949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2020] [Revised: 04/23/2020] [Accepted: 04/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Ulcerative colitis (UC) is characterized by chronic inflammation in the colonic mucosa and submucosa with repeating relapse and remission, but the pathogenesis is unknown. Patients with long-standing UC are at high risk of neoplasm development. The aim of the present study was to identify molecules whose expression is associated with UC and UC-associated colorectal cancer (UCCA). Biopsy specimens from UC and normal colonic mucosae were analyzed using a proteomics approach, in which carbonic anhydrase 2 (CA2) was identified as a molecule downregulated in UC mucosae. Immunohistochemically, CA2 expression was detected in normal and diverticulitis mucosal epithelia, and its expression decreased as UC activity increased. CA2 expression was almost undetectable in UCCA. We also analyzed the expression of another carbonic anhydrase, CA9, and its upstream molecule, hypoxia-inducible factor-1α (HIF-1α), both of which are induced under hypoxic conditions. It was revealed that CA9 expression was relatively low in normal, diverticulitis and UC mucosae, and was upregulated in UCCA. HIF-1α expression was consistently low in all tissue types examined. In conclusion, these results suggest that CA2 and CA9 may be possible indicators of UC activity and UCCA development, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Norihiro Nakada
- Department of Pathology, Kitasato University School of Medicine, Kanagawa, Japan.,Department of Pathology, Nakagami Hospital, Okinawa, Japan
| | - Tetuo Mikami
- Department of Pathology, Toho University Faculty of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kayo Horie
- Department of Bioscience and Laboratory Medicine, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Health Sciences, Aomori, Japan
| | - Ryo Nagashio
- Department of Molecular Diagnostics, Kitasato University School of Allied Health Sciences, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Yasutaka Sakurai
- Department of Pathology, Kitasato University School of Medicine, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Itaru Sanoyama
- Department of Pathology, Kitasato University School of Medicine, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Tsutomu Yoshida
- Department of Pathology, Kitasato University School of Medicine, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Miwa Sada
- Department of Gastroenterology, Kitasato University School of Medicine, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Kiyonori Kobayashi
- Research and Development Center for New Medical Frontiers, Kitasato University School of Medicine, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Yuichi Sato
- Department of Molecular Diagnostics, Kitasato University School of Allied Health Sciences, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Isao Okayasu
- Department of Pathology, Kitasato University School of Medicine, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Yoshiki Murakumo
- Department of Pathology, Kitasato University School of Medicine, Kanagawa, Japan
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5
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Teodori E, Braconi L, Bua S, Lapucci A, Bartolucci G, Manetti D, Romanelli MN, Dei S, Supuran CT, Coronnello M. Dual P-Glycoprotein and CA XII Inhibitors: A New Strategy to Reverse the P-gp Mediated Multidrug Resistance (MDR) in Cancer Cells. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25071748. [PMID: 32290281 PMCID: PMC7181201 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25071748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2020] [Revised: 04/01/2020] [Accepted: 04/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
A new series of N,N-bis(alkanol)amine aryl diesters was synthesized and studied as dual P-glycoprotein (P-gp) and carbonic anhydrase XII inhibitors (CA XII). These hybrids should be able to synergistically overcome P-gp mediated multidrug resistance (MDR) in cancer cells. It was reported that the efflux activity of P-gp could be modulated by CA XII, as the pH reduction caused by CA XII inhibition produces a significant decrease in P-gp ATPase activity. The new compounds reported here feature both P-gp and CA XII binding moieties. These hybrids contain a N,N-bis(alkanol)amine diester scaffold found in P-glycoprotein ligands and a coumarin or benzene sulfonamide moiety to target CA XII. Many compounds displayed a dual activity against P-gp and CA XII being active in the Rhd 123 uptake test on K562/DOX cells and in the hCA XII inhibition test. On LoVo/DOX cells, that overexpress both P-gp and CA XII, some coumarin derivatives showed a high MDR reversal effect in Rhd 123 uptake and doxorubicin cytotoxicity enhancement tests. In particular, compounds 7 and 8 showed higher activity than verapamil and were more potent on LoVo/DOX than on K562/DOX cells overexpressing only P-gp. They can be considered as valuable candidates for selective P-gp/CA XII inhibition in MDR cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabetta Teodori
- Department of Neuroscience, Psychology, Drug Research and Child’s Health–Section of Pharmaceutical and Nutraceutical Sciences, University of Florence, via Ugo Schiff 6, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino (FI), Italy; (E.T.); (L.B.); (S.B.); (G.B.); (D.M.); (M.N.R.); (C.T.S.)
| | - Laura Braconi
- Department of Neuroscience, Psychology, Drug Research and Child’s Health–Section of Pharmaceutical and Nutraceutical Sciences, University of Florence, via Ugo Schiff 6, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino (FI), Italy; (E.T.); (L.B.); (S.B.); (G.B.); (D.M.); (M.N.R.); (C.T.S.)
| | - Silvia Bua
- Department of Neuroscience, Psychology, Drug Research and Child’s Health–Section of Pharmaceutical and Nutraceutical Sciences, University of Florence, via Ugo Schiff 6, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino (FI), Italy; (E.T.); (L.B.); (S.B.); (G.B.); (D.M.); (M.N.R.); (C.T.S.)
| | - Andrea Lapucci
- Department of Health Sciences—Section of Clinical Pharmacology and Oncology, University of Florence, Viale Pieraccini 6, 50139 Firenze, Italy; (A.L.); (M.C.)
| | - Gianluca Bartolucci
- Department of Neuroscience, Psychology, Drug Research and Child’s Health–Section of Pharmaceutical and Nutraceutical Sciences, University of Florence, via Ugo Schiff 6, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino (FI), Italy; (E.T.); (L.B.); (S.B.); (G.B.); (D.M.); (M.N.R.); (C.T.S.)
| | - Dina Manetti
- Department of Neuroscience, Psychology, Drug Research and Child’s Health–Section of Pharmaceutical and Nutraceutical Sciences, University of Florence, via Ugo Schiff 6, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino (FI), Italy; (E.T.); (L.B.); (S.B.); (G.B.); (D.M.); (M.N.R.); (C.T.S.)
| | - Maria Novella Romanelli
- Department of Neuroscience, Psychology, Drug Research and Child’s Health–Section of Pharmaceutical and Nutraceutical Sciences, University of Florence, via Ugo Schiff 6, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino (FI), Italy; (E.T.); (L.B.); (S.B.); (G.B.); (D.M.); (M.N.R.); (C.T.S.)
| | - Silvia Dei
- Department of Neuroscience, Psychology, Drug Research and Child’s Health–Section of Pharmaceutical and Nutraceutical Sciences, University of Florence, via Ugo Schiff 6, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino (FI), Italy; (E.T.); (L.B.); (S.B.); (G.B.); (D.M.); (M.N.R.); (C.T.S.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Claudiu T. Supuran
- Department of Neuroscience, Psychology, Drug Research and Child’s Health–Section of Pharmaceutical and Nutraceutical Sciences, University of Florence, via Ugo Schiff 6, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino (FI), Italy; (E.T.); (L.B.); (S.B.); (G.B.); (D.M.); (M.N.R.); (C.T.S.)
| | - Marcella Coronnello
- Department of Health Sciences—Section of Clinical Pharmacology and Oncology, University of Florence, Viale Pieraccini 6, 50139 Firenze, Italy; (A.L.); (M.C.)
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6
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New Monoclonal Antibodies for a Selective Detection of Membrane-Associated and Soluble Forms of Carbonic Anhydrase IX in Human Cell Lines and Biological Samples. Biomolecules 2019; 9:biom9080304. [PMID: 31349673 PMCID: PMC6723738 DOI: 10.3390/biom9080304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2019] [Revised: 07/22/2019] [Accepted: 07/23/2019] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) selectively targeting tumor-associated antigens such as carbonic anhydrase IX (CA IX) can significantly contribute to research, diagnostics, and treatment of CA IX-related cancers. CA IX is overexpressed in numerous hypoxic cancers where it promotes tumor progression. Therefore, it is considered as a promising tumor biomarker. A novel collection of MAbs against recombinant CA IX was developed and evaluated in different immunoassays for studying CA IX expression. The reactivity of MAbs with native cell surface protein was confirmed by flow cytometry and the presence of hypoxia-inducible CA IX was investigated in several human cancer cell lines. In addition, the applicability of MAbs for visualization of CA IX-positive tumor cells by immunofluorescence microscopy was demonstrated. MAb H7 was identified as the most promising MAb for different immunoassays. It recognized a linear epitope covering CA IX sequence of 12 amino acid residues 55-GEDDPLGEEDLP-66 within the proteoglycan domain. The MAb H7 was the only one of the collection to immunoprecipitate CA IX protein from cell lysates and detect the denatured CA IX with near-infrared fluorescence Western blot. It was also employed in sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay to detect a soluble form of CA IX in growth medium of tumor cells and blood plasma samples. The diagnostic potential of the MAb H7 was confirmed on formalin-fixed and paraffin-embedded tissue specimen of cervical carcinoma in situ by immunohistochemistry. The generated MAbs, in particularly clone H7, have great potential in diagnostics and research of CA IX-related cancers.
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7
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Gu XF, Shi CB, Zhao W. Prognostic value of carbonic anhydrase XII (CA XII) overexpression in hepatocellular carcinoma. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF CLINICAL AND EXPERIMENTAL PATHOLOGY 2019; 12:2173-2183. [PMID: 31934040 PMCID: PMC6949632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2019] [Accepted: 04/19/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Carbonic anhydrase XII (CA XII) is a key mediator of several signaling pathways that are involved in cancer development. This study was designed to investigate the clinical significance and prognostic value of postoperative CA XII expression in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). METHODS Immunohistochemistry (IHC) was performed on HCC tissue (n = 90), and the relationships between CA XII expression in the HCC tissue, the clinicopathologic features, and survival were further evaluated. The mRNA expression of CA XII and clinicopathologic characteristics of patients with hepatocellular carcinoma were extracted from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) database. RESULTS CA XII was overexpressed in hepatocellular carcinoma tissues compared to normal liver tissues from the TCGA database. Moreover, CA XII mRNA expression was significantly associated with several clinicopathologic factors of hepatocellular carcinoma including sex (P = 0.011) and pathologic grade (P = 0.012). For HCC tissue samples in a tissue microarray (TMA), high CA XII protein expression was closely related to age (P = 0.013), tumor size (P = 0.014), and pathological grade (P = 0.015). A Kaplan-Meier analysis showed that elevated CA XII expression was associated with short disease-free survival (DFS) (P = 0.002) and overall survival (OS) (P = 0.006). In addition, a multivariate analysis showed that high CA XII expression was an independent prognostic indicator for disease-free survival (P = 0.018), but not overall survival, in HCC patients. CONCLUSION This study showed that high CA XII expression was associated with poor prognosis in HCC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue-Feng Gu
- Medical School, Southeast University87 Dingjiaqiao Street, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
- The Second Hospital of Nanjing, Medical School, Southeast University1-1 Zhongfu Street, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Chuan-Bing Shi
- Department of Pathology, Pukou District Central Hospital, Pukou Branch of Jiangsu Province Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University166 Shanghe Street, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Wei Zhao
- Medical School, Southeast University87 Dingjiaqiao Street, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
- The Second Hospital of Nanjing, Medical School, Southeast University1-1 Zhongfu Street, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
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8
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Shen Q, Polom K, Williams C, de Oliveira FMS, Guergova-Kuras M, Lisacek F, Karlsson NG, Roviello F, Kamali-Moghaddam M. A targeted proteomics approach reveals a serum protein signature as diagnostic biomarker for resectable gastric cancer. EBioMedicine 2019; 44:322-333. [PMID: 31151932 PMCID: PMC6606959 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2019.05.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2019] [Revised: 05/08/2019] [Accepted: 05/18/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Gastric cancer (GC) is the third leading cause of cancer death. Early detection is a key factor to reduce its mortality. METHODS We retrospectively collected pre- and postoperative serum samples as well as tumour tissues and adjacent normal tissues from 100 GC patients. Serum samples from non-cancerous patients were served as controls (n = 50). A high-throughput protein detection technology, multiplex proximity extension assays (PEA), was applied to measure levels of over 300 proteins. Alteration of each protein was analysed by univariate analysis. Elastic-net logistic regression was performed to select serum proteins into the diagnostic model. FINDINGS We identified 19 serum proteins (CEACAM5, CA9, MSLN, CCL20, SCF, TGF-alpha, MMP-1, MMP-10, IGF-1, CDCP1, PPIA, DDAH-1, HMOX-1, FLI1, IL-7, ZBTB-17, APBB1IP, KAZALD-1, and ADAMTS-15) that together distinguish GC cases from controls with a diagnostic sensitivity of 93%, specificity of 100%, and area under receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC) of 0·99 (95% CI: 0·98-1). Moreover, the 19-serum protein signature provided an increased diagnostic capacity in patients at TNM I-II stage (sensitivity 89%, specificity 100%, AUC 0·99) and in patients with high microsatellite instability (MSI) (91%, 98%, and 0·99) compared to individual proteins. These promising results will inspire a large-scale independent cohort study to be pursued for validating the proposed protein signature. INTERPRETATION Based on targeted proteomics and elastic-net logistic regression, we identified a 19-serum protein signature which could contribute to clinical GC diagnosis, especially for patients at early stage and those with high MSI. FUND: This study was supported by a European H2020-Marie Skłodowska-Curie Innovative Training Networks grant (316,929, GastricGlycoExplorer). Funder had no influence on trial design, data evaluation, and interpretation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiujin Shen
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Sweden.
| | - Karol Polom
- Department of General Surgery and Surgical Oncology, University of Siena, Italy; Department of Surgical Oncology, Gdansk Medical University, Gdansk, Poland.
| | | | | | | | - Frederique Lisacek
- Proteome Informatics Group, SIB Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Geneva, Switzerland; Computer Science Department and Section of Biology, University of Geneva, Switzerland.
| | - Niclas G Karlsson
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Institute of Biomedicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Sweden.
| | - Franco Roviello
- Department of General Surgery and Surgical Oncology, University of Siena, Italy.
| | - Masood Kamali-Moghaddam
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Sweden.
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9
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Yang L, Yang Z, Li D, Liu Z, Zou Q, Yuan Y, Xu H. Overexpression of FZD1 and CAIX are Associated with Invasion, Metastasis, and Poor-Prognosis of the Pancreatic Ductal Adenocarcinoma. Pathol Oncol Res 2018; 24:899-906. [PMID: 28921449 DOI: 10.1007/s12253-017-0284-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2017] [Accepted: 08/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Approximately 80% of patients with pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) have metastatic disease with poor prognosis, but clinically available biomarkers have not yet been identified. This study was to investigate the clinical significance of FZD1 and CAIX in PDACs. FZD1 and CAIX protein expression was measured using EnVision immunohistochemistry. Positive FZD1 or CAIX expression was significantly higher in PDAC than that in precursor lesions (p < 0.01). Positive FZD1 or CAIX expression was significantly lower in cases with well-differentiated adenocarcinoma, no-metastasis of the lymph node, no-invasion of regional tissues, and TNM I/II stage disease than in cases with poorly-differentiated adenocarcinoma, metastasis and invasion, and TNM stage III+ IV stage disease (p < 0.05 or p < 0.01). The expression of FZD1 positively correlated with CAIX in PDAC (P = 0.000). Univariate Kaplan-Meier analysis showed that FZD1 and/or CAIX expression (p < 0.001) was significantly associated with shorter overall survival (p < 0.05). Cox multivariate analysis showed that differentiation, tumor mass, lymph node metastasis, invasion, TNM stage, FZD1 and CAIX levels negatively correlated with overall survival. Positive FZD1 and CAIX expressions are poor prognostic factors in PDAC patients. FZD1 and CAIX might be important biological markers for the carcinogenesis, metastasis, invasion, and prognosis of PDAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liangliang Yang
- Public Health College, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410078, China
| | - Zhulin Yang
- Research Laboratory of Hepatobiliary Diseases, Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Daiqiang Li
- Department of Pathology, Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Ziru Liu
- Research Laboratory of Hepatobiliary Diseases, Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Qiong Zou
- Department of Pathology, Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Yuan Yuan
- Department of Pathology, Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Huilan Xu
- Public Health College, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410078, China.
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10
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Carbonic anhydrases II, IX, and XII in Barrett’s esophagus and adenocarcinoma. Virchows Arch 2018; 473:567-575. [DOI: 10.1007/s00428-018-2424-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2018] [Revised: 06/30/2018] [Accepted: 07/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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11
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Novel 2-(2-arylmethylthio-4-chloro-5-methylbenzenesulfonyl)-1-(1,3,5-triazin-2-ylamino)guanidine derivatives: Inhibition of human carbonic anhydrase cytosolic isozymes I and II and the transmembrane tumor-associated isozymes IX and XII, anticancer activity, and molecular modeling studies. Eur J Med Chem 2018; 143:1931-1941. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2017.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2017] [Revised: 10/26/2017] [Accepted: 11/02/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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12
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Waheed A, Sly WS. Carbonic anhydrase XII functions in health and disease. Gene 2017; 623:33-40. [PMID: 28433659 PMCID: PMC5851007 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2017.04.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2016] [Revised: 04/07/2017] [Accepted: 04/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Human CAXII was initially identified as a cancer marker in different cancers and tumors. Expression of CAXII is regulated by hypoxia and estrogen receptors. CAXII expression has been also detected in several tissues, whereas in cancer and tumor tissues its expression is several fold higher. In brain tumors, an alternatively spliced form of CAXII is expressed. Higher expression of CAXII in breast cancer is indicative of lower grade disease. CAXII plays a key role in several physiological functions. Mutation in the CAXII gene causes cystic fibrosis-like syndrome and salt wasting disease. CAXII is also seen in nuclear pulposus cells of the vertebrae. Aging dependent stiffness or degeneration of backbone correlates with CAXII expression level. This finding suggests a possible implication of CAXII as a biomarker for chronic back pain and a pharmacological target for possible treatment of chronic back pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdul Waheed
- Edward A. Doisy Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63104, USA.
| | - William S Sly
- Edward A. Doisy Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63104, USA
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Zou Q, Yang Z, Li D, Liu Z, Yuan Y. Association of chloride intracellular channel 4 and Indian hedgehog proteins with survival of patients with pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma. Int J Exp Pathol 2017; 97:422-429. [PMID: 28205343 DOI: 10.1111/iep.12213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2016] [Accepted: 10/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic cancer is the fourth most common cause of cancer-related mortality. Novel molecular biomarkers need to be identified for personalized medicine and to improve survival. The aim of this study was to examine chloride intracellular channel 4 (CLIC4) and Indian Hedgehog (Ihh) expression in benign and malignant lesions of the pancreas and to examine the eventual association between CLIC4 and Ihh expression, with clinicopathological features and prognosis of pancreatic cancer. A retrospective study of specimens collected from January 2000 to December 2011 at the Department of Pathology of the Second and Third Xiangya Hospitals, Central South University was undertaken to explore this question. Immunohistochemistry of CLIC4 and Ihh was performed with EnVision™ in 106 pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma specimens, 35 paracancer samples (2 cm away from the tumour, when possible or available), 55 benign lesions and 13 normal tissue samples. CLIC4 and Ihh expression in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma were significantly higher than in paracancer tissue and benign lesions (CLIC4: P = 0.009 and Ihh: P < 0.0001; CLIC4: P = 0.0004 and Ihh: P = 0.0001 respectively). CLIC4 and Ihh expression was negative in normal pancreatic tissues. The expression of CLIC4 and Ihh was associated significantly with tumour grade, lymph node metastasis, tumour invasion and poor overall survival. Thus CLIC4 and Ihh could serve as biological markers for the progression, metastasis and/or invasiveness of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiong Zou
- Department of Pathology, Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Zhulin Yang
- Research Laboratory of Hepatobiliary Diseases, Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Daiqiang Li
- Department of Pathology, Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Ziru Liu
- Research Laboratory of Hepatobiliary Diseases, Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Yuan Yuan
- Department of Pathology, Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
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Granja S, Tavares-Valente D, Queirós O, Baltazar F. Value of pH regulators in the diagnosis, prognosis and treatment of cancer. Semin Cancer Biol 2017; 43:17-34. [PMID: 28065864 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2016.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2016] [Revised: 12/15/2016] [Accepted: 12/29/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Altered metabolism, associated with acidification of the extracellular milieu, is one of the major features of cancer. As pH regulation is crucial for the maintenance of all biological functions, cancer cells rely on the activity of lactate exporters and proton transporters to regulate their intracellular pH. The major players in cancer pH regulation are proton pump ATPases, sodium-proton exchangers (NHEs), monocarboxylate transporters (MCTs), carbonic anhydrases (CAs) and anion exchangers (AEs), which have been shown to be upregulated in several human malignancies. Thanks to the activity of the proton pumps and transporters, tumours acidify their microenvironment, becoming more aggressive and resistant to therapy. Thus, targeting tumour pH may contribute to more effective anticancer strategies for controlling tumour progression and therapeutic resistance. In the present study, we review the role of the main pH regulators expressed in human cancer cells, including their diagnostic and prognostic value, as well as their usefulness as therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Granja
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS)/School of Medicine/University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, Braga, 4710-057, Portugal; ICVS/3B's - PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Diana Tavares-Valente
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS)/School of Medicine/University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, Braga, 4710-057, Portugal; ICVS/3B's - PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal; IINFACTS - Institute of Research and Advanced Training in Health Sciences and Technologies, Department of Sciences, University Institute of Health Sciences (IUCS), CESPU, CRL, Gandra, Portugal
| | - Odília Queirós
- IINFACTS - Institute of Research and Advanced Training in Health Sciences and Technologies, Department of Sciences, University Institute of Health Sciences (IUCS), CESPU, CRL, Gandra, Portugal; CBMA - Center of Molecular and Environmental Biology/Department of Biology/University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, Braga, 4710-057, Portugal
| | - Fátima Baltazar
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS)/School of Medicine/University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, Braga, 4710-057, Portugal; ICVS/3B's - PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal.
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Near-Infrared Fluorescence Imaging of Carbonic Anhydrase IX in Athymic Mice Bearing HT-29 Tumor Xenografts. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2016; 2016:6825712. [PMID: 27652266 PMCID: PMC5019933 DOI: 10.1155/2016/6825712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2016] [Revised: 05/25/2016] [Accepted: 07/20/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Near-infrared fluorescence (NIRF) imaging technology is a highly sensitive imaging modality and has been widely used in noninvasively studying the status of receptor expression in small animal models, with an appropriate NIRF probe targeting a specific receptor. In this report, Cy5.5-conjugated anti-CAIX monoclonal antibody (Mab-Cy5.5) was evaluated in athymic mice bearing HT-29 tumor xenografts in order to investigate the effect of conjugate on tumor targeting efficacy. In vitro binding studies showed that Mab-Cy5.5 could specifically bind to the cells which expressed CAIX. Results from in vivo imaging showed that HT-29 tumor xenografts can be clearly visualized at 48 h after injection of Mab-Cy5.5, and in the blocking experiment, free anti-CAIX antibody effectively blocked the concentration of Mab-Cy5.5 in the tumors. Western blotting and immunohistochemistry analysis of HT-29 tumor xenografts verified the expression of CAIX in HT-29 tumors. Mab-Cy5.5 could specifically bind to the tumors which expressed CAIX. These results suggested that Mab-Cy5.5 was suitable for CAIX expression imaging in the preclinical research.
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16
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Lutfiah U, Jusman SW, Sadikin M. H,K-ATPase and carbonic anhydrase response to chronic systemic rat gastric hypoxia. MEDICAL JOURNAL OF INDONESIA 2015. [DOI: 10.13181/mji.v24i3.1066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Hypoxia may induce gastric ulcer associated with excessive hidrogen chloride (HCl) secretion. Synthesis of HCl involves 2 enzymes, H,K-ATPase and carbonic anhydrase (CA). This study aimed to clarify the underlying cause of gastric ulcer in chronic hypoxic condition, by investigating the H,K-ATPase and CA9 response in rats.Methods: This study was an in vivo experiment, to know the relationship between hypoxia to expression of H,K-ATPase and CA9 mRNA, and H,K-ATPase and total CA specific activity of chronic systemic rat gastric hypoxia. The result was compared to control. Data was analyzed by SPSS. If the data distribution was normal and homogeneous, ANOVA and LSD post-hoc test were used. However, if the distribution was not normal and not homogeneous, and still as such after transformation, data was treated in non-parametric using Kruskal-Wallis and Mann Whitney test. Twenty five male Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into 5 groups: rats undergoing hypoxia for 1, 3, 5, and 7 days placed in hypoxia chamber (10% O2, 90% N2), and one control group. Following this treatment, stomach of the rats was extracted and homogenized. Expression of H,K-ATPase and CA9 mRNA was measured using real time RT-PCR. Specific activity of H,K-ATPase was measured using phosphate standard solution, and specific activity of total CA was measured using p-nitrophenol solution.Results: The expression of H,K-ATPase mRNA was higher in the first day (2.159), and drastically lowered from the third to seventh day (0.289; 0.108; 0.062). Specific activities of H,K-ATPase was slightly higher in the first day (0.765), then was lowered in the third (0.685) and fifth day (0.655), and was higher in the seventh day (0.884). The expression of CA9 mRNA was lowered progressively from the first to seventh day (0.84; 0.766; 0.736; 0.343). Specific activities of total CA was low in the first day (0.083), and was higher from the third to seventh day (0.111; 0.136; 0.144).Conclusion: In hypoxia condition, expression of H,K-ATPase and CA9 mRNA were decreased, but the specific activity of H,K-ATPase and total CA were increased.
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Huber AR, Tan D, Sun J, Dean D, Wu T, Zhou Z. High expression of carbonic anhydrase IX is significantly associated with glandular lesions in gastroesophageal junction and with tumorigenesis markers BMI1, MCM4 and MCM7. BMC Gastroenterol 2015; 15:80. [PMID: 26156831 PMCID: PMC4495619 DOI: 10.1186/s12876-015-0310-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2015] [Accepted: 06/29/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Carbonic anhydrase IX (CA9) is a transmembrane glycoprotein related to hypoxia. Increased CA9 expression has been associated with decreased survival and cancer progression and has been targeted as a potential therapy for several cancers, including esophageal cancer. The reported percentages of expression of CA9 in esophageal adenocarcinoma vary, and CA9 expression in precancerous esophageal lesions has not been well studied. Methods In this study, we investigated CA9 expression in esophageal cancers and in precancerous lesions and explored the association of CA9 expression with prognostic factors and with stem cell and tumorigenesis-related markers including BMI1, cyclin E, ki67, MCM4 and MCM7 expression. Previously constructed tissue microarrays consisting of samples of 7 tissue types (columnar cell metaplasia, Barrett esophagus, low- and high-grade dysplasia, esophageal adenocarcinoma, squamous epithelium, and squamous cell carcinoma) were used for the immunostaining of CA9, BMI1, cyclin E, Ki67, MCM4 and MCM7. Results and discussion CA9 high expression occurred more frequently in glandular mucosa with or without dysplasia than in squamous epithelium or squamous cell carcinoma. Survival duration of esophageal adenocarcinoma did not significantly differ between patients with high CA9 expression and those with low expression. High CA9 expression is significantly associated with BMI1, cyclin E, Ki67, MCM4 and MCM7 expression. Conclusions High CA9 expression may be related to the acidic environment caused by gastroesophageal reflux disease in the gastroesophageal junction and associated with tumorigenesis through BMI1, MCM4 and MCM7.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron R Huber
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, 601 Elmwood Avenue, Box 626, Rochester, NY, 14642, USA.
| | - Dongfeng Tan
- Department of Pathology, MD Anderson Cancer Institute, Houston, TX, USA.
| | - Jun Sun
- Biochemistry, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA.
| | - David Dean
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, USA.
| | - Tongtong Wu
- Department of Biostatistics and Computational Biology, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, USA.
| | - Zhongren Zhou
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, 601 Elmwood Avenue, Box 626, Rochester, NY, 14642, USA.
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18
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Wang G, Cheng Z, Liu F, Zhang H, Li J, Li F. CREB is a key negative regulator of carbonic anhydrase IX (CA9) in gastric cancer. Cell Signal 2015; 27:1369-79. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2015.03.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2015] [Revised: 03/14/2015] [Accepted: 03/29/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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19
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Yang GZ, Hu L, Cai J, Chen HY, Zhang Y, Feng D, Qi CY, Zhai YX, Gong H, Fu H, Cai QP, Gao CF. Prognostic value of carbonic anhydrase VII expression in colorectal carcinoma. BMC Cancer 2015; 15:209. [PMID: 25885898 PMCID: PMC4406128 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-015-1216-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2014] [Accepted: 03/18/2015] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Carbonic anhydrases (CAs) have been implicated in the pathogenesis of human cancers. Carbonic anhydrase VII (CA7), a member of the CA gene family, was recently demonstrated to be expressed in several human tissues including colon. Nevertheless, the expression and clinical relevance of CA7 in colorectal carcinoma (CRC) has not been investigated. METHODS Real-time PCR, western blot, and immunohistochemistry analyses were used to determine CA7 expression in CRC clinical samples. The correlation of CA7 expression with clinicopathologic features was assessed in 228 patients from Luoyang, China (training cohort) and validated in 151 patients from Shanghai, China (validation cohort). Kaplan-Meier and Cox proportional regression analyses were used to estimate the association between CA7 expression and patients' survival. RESULTS CA7 expression was frequently downregulated in CRC tissues at both the mRNA and protein levels. Reduced expression of CA7 was significantly correlated with poor differentiation, positive lymph node metastasis, advanced TNM stage and unfavorable clinical outcome not only in the training cohort but also in the validation set. Survival analysis indicated that patients with lower CA7 expression had a significantly shorter disease-specific survival (DSS) than those with higher CA7 expression. Importantly, further stage-based analyses revealed that decreased CA7 expression significantly predicted poor DSS and was an independent adverse prognostic indicator for patients with early stage tumors in both cohorts. CONCLUSIONS Our results indicate that decreased expression of CA7 correlates with disease progression and predicts poor prognosis in CRC, especially for patients with early stage tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guang-Zhen Yang
- Anal-Colorectal Surgery Institute, 150th Hospital of PLA, Luoyang, China. .,Department of Clinical Laboratory, 150th Hospital of PLA, Luoyang, China.
| | - Liang Hu
- Anal-Colorectal Surgery Institute, 150th Hospital of PLA, Luoyang, China.
| | - Jian Cai
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, 150th Hospital of PLA, Luoyang, China.
| | - Hai-Yang Chen
- Department of Oncology, 150th Hospital of PLA, Luoyang, China.
| | - Yu Zhang
- Anal-Colorectal Surgery Institute, 150th Hospital of PLA, Luoyang, China.
| | - Dan Feng
- Department of Oncology, Changhai Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China.
| | - Chen-Ye Qi
- Anal-Colorectal Surgery Institute, 150th Hospital of PLA, Luoyang, China.
| | - Yan-Xia Zhai
- Anal-Colorectal Surgery Institute, 150th Hospital of PLA, Luoyang, China.
| | - Hui Gong
- Anal-Colorectal Surgery Institute, 150th Hospital of PLA, Luoyang, China.
| | - Hao Fu
- Anal-Colorectal Surgery Institute, 150th Hospital of PLA, Luoyang, China.
| | - Qing-Ping Cai
- Department of Gastrointestine Surgery, Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China.
| | - Chun-Fang Gao
- Anal-Colorectal Surgery Institute, 150th Hospital of PLA, Luoyang, China.
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Development and characterization of new monoclonal antibodies against human recombinant CA XII. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2014; 2014:309307. [PMID: 24967350 PMCID: PMC4055155 DOI: 10.1155/2014/309307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2013] [Accepted: 04/07/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Carbonic anhydrases (CAs) are enzymes that catalyse the reversible hydration of CO2 to bicarbonate. CA XII is considered a potential biomarker of tumor cells and a promising target for specific therapies. The aim of the current study was to develop new monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) against human recombinant CA XII and evaluate their diagnostic potential. An extracellular catalytic domain of human CA XII was expressed in E. coli and used as an immunogen. Seven stable hybridoma cell lines producing high-affinity IgG antibodies against human CA XII were generated. The majority of MAbs were highly specific to CA XII and did not cross-react with human recombinant CA I, CA II, CA VII, and CA XIII. In order to demonstrate the diagnostic value of the MAbs, they were employed for the immunohistochemistry analysis of CA XII expression in tissues. Two MAbs (15A4 and 4A6) demonstrated a strong and specific immunostaining of CA XII in human tissue specimens. Flow cytometry analysis of 5 human tumor cell lines with the MAb 15A4 revealed its immunoreactivity with cellular CA XII. In conclusion, the MAbs raised against recombinant catalytic domain of CA XII recognize cellular CA XII and represent a promising diagnostic tool for the immunodetection of CA XII-expressing cells.
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Collier C, Petrovic S. Carbonic Anhydrase IX as a Target for Renal Cell Carcinoma Therapy. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014. [DOI: 10.4081/nr.2011.e5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Renal cell carcinoma (RCC) is the third leading cause of death in genitourinary cancers, with a 126% increase in incidence over the past 60 years. The most common subtype of RCC, clear cell carcinoma, occurs in 7080% of RCC cases, most often caused by mutations in the Von-Hippel Lindau tumor suppressor gene. The VHL tumor suppressor protein acts to down-regulate Hypoxia Inducible Factor-1, a heterodimeric transcription factor which transactivates genes containing the Hypoxia Response Element (HRE) DNA sequences. Inactivation of this tumor suppressor leads to the stabilization of the HIF-1α subunit, driving the constituent expression of HRE-containing genes including several growth factors, and carbonic anhydrase IX. This carbonic anhydrase isoform is normally found in the gastrointestinal tract and absent in the kidney, however; it is over-expressed in clear cell RCC. Carbonic anhydrase is a ubiquitous enzyme, which maintains the acid-base balance of the cell, facilitates secretion of acid into the stomach and excretion of acid by the kidney, bone resorption, and production of cerebrospinal fluid. However, in clear cell RCC, the upregulation of CAIX has been shown to facilitate tumor progression and tumor cell invasiveness by decreasing the pH of the extracellular environment, leading to the degradation of the extracellular matrix. The specific expression pattern of CAIX makes it a useful biomarker in the diagnosis of clear cell RCC, and a strong candidate as a chemotherapeutic target. Current progress with this approach is discussed in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cameron Collier
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Snezana Petrovic
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio
- Research Services, Veterans' Affairs Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
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Takacova M, Bullova P, Simko V, Skvarkova L, Poturnajova M, Feketeova L, Babal P, Kivela AJ, Kuopio T, Kopacek J, Pastorek J, Parkkila S, Pastorekova S. Expression pattern of carbonic anhydrase IX in Medullary thyroid carcinoma supports a role for RET-mediated activation of the HIF pathway. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2014; 184:953-965. [PMID: 24518567 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2014.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/05/2013] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Medullary thyroid carcinoma is a relatively rare tumor with poor prognosis and therapy response. Its phenotype is determined by both genetic alterations (activating RET oncoprotein) and physiological stresses, namely hypoxia [activating hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF)]. Here, we investigated the cooperation between these two mechanisms. The idea emerged from the immunohistochemical analysis of carbonic anhydrases (CA) IX and XII expression in thyroid cancer. Although CAXII was present in all types of thyroid carcinomas, CAIX, a direct HIF target implicated in tumor progression, was associated with aggressive medullary and anaplastic carcinomas, and its expression pattern in medullary thyroid carcinomas suggested contribution of both hypoxic and oncogenic signaling. Therefore, we analyzed the CA9 promoter activity in transfected tumor cells expressing RET and/or the HIF-α subunit. We showed that overexpression of both wild-type and mutant RET can increase the CA9 promoter activity induced by HIF-1 (but not HIF-2) in hypoxia. Similar results were obtained with another HIF-1-regulated promoter derived from the lactate dehydrogenase A gene. Moreover, inhibition of the major kinase pathways, which transmit signals from RET and regulate HIF-1, abrogated their cooperative effect on the CA9 promoter. Thus, we brought the first experimental evidence for the crosstalk between RET and HIF-1 that can explain the increased expression of CAIX in medullary thyroid carcinoma and provide a rationale for therapy simultaneously targeting both pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martina Takacova
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Institute of Virology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovakia; Center for Molecular Medicine, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Petra Bullova
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Institute of Virology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Veronika Simko
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Institute of Virology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Lucia Skvarkova
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Institute of Virology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Martina Poturnajova
- Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, Cancer Research Institute, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Lucia Feketeova
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Pavel Babal
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Antti J Kivela
- Department of Surgery, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Teijo Kuopio
- Department of Pathology, Jyväskylä Central Hospital, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Juraj Kopacek
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Institute of Virology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Jaromir Pastorek
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Institute of Virology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Seppo Parkkila
- Institute of Medical Technology and School of Medicine, University of Tampere, Tampere, Finland
| | - Silvia Pastorekova
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Institute of Virology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovakia.
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Dekaminaviciute D, Kairys V, Zilnyte M, Petrikaite V, Jogaite V, Matuliene J, Gudleviciene Z, Vullo D, Supuran CT, Zvirbliene A. Monoclonal antibodies raised against 167-180 aa sequence of human carbonic anhydrase XII inhibit its enzymatic activity. J Enzyme Inhib Med Chem 2014; 29:804-10. [PMID: 24400872 DOI: 10.3109/14756366.2013.856424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract Human carbonic anhydrase XII (CA XII) is a single-pass transmembrane protein with an extracellular catalytic domain. This enzyme is being recognized as a potential biomarker for different tumours. The current study was aimed to generate monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) neutralizing the enzymatic activity of CA XII. Bioinformatics analysis of CA XII structure revealed surface-exposed sequences located in a proximity of its catalytic centre. Two MAbs against the selected antigenic peptide spanning 167-180 aa sequence of CA XII were generated. The MAbs were reactive with recombinant catalytic domain of CA XII expressed either in E. coli or mammalian cells. Inhibitory activity of the MAbs was demonstrated by a stopped flow CO2 hydration assay. The study provides new data on the surface-exposed linear CA XII epitope that may serve as a target for inhibitory antibodies with a potential immunotherapeutic application.
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Carney WP. Circulating oncoproteins HER2/neu, EGFR and CAIX (MN) as novel cancer biomarkers. Expert Rev Mol Diagn 2014; 7:309-19. [PMID: 17489737 DOI: 10.1586/14737159.7.3.309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Pharmaceutical companies have developed targeted therapies such as trastuzumab and lapatinib for human epidermal growth factor receptor (HER)2/neu-positive tumors, while others have developed antiepidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) therapies, such as tarceva and erbitux for EGFR-positive tumors. A drug called rencarex is targeted to an oncoprotein designated carbonic anhydrase IX (CAIX), which is being evaluated in renal cell carcinoma patients. Based on these targeted therapeutic approaches, this review describes clinical research studies performed with enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays specific for the circulating oncoproteins, HER2/neu, EGFR and CAIX. These circulating biomarkers have the potential to be used in conjunction with the specific targeted therapies for patient selection, monitoring and management. With the variety of new therapeutic options, the major challenge ahead will be to select the appropriate therapy or combinations of therapies for each patient. Specific biomarker tests, either alone or in panels, will be needed at the appropriate time in the course of disease to ensure that patients receive the right drug at the right time. These tests will also be valuable in monitoring the efficacy of the targeted therapies. A circulating biomarker such as serum HER2/neu may be able to specifically identify patients with progressing HER2/neu-positive disease and provide the information needed by physicians to choose from the variety of HER2/neu-targeted therapies that will soon be available to cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Walter P Carney
- Oncogene Science, Siemens Medical Solutions Diagnostics, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA.
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Gondi G, Mysliwietz J, Hulikova A, Jen JP, Swietach P, Kremmer E, Zeidler R. Antitumor efficacy of a monoclonal antibody that inhibits the activity of cancer-associated carbonic anhydrase XII. Cancer Res 2013; 73:6494-503. [PMID: 24030978 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-13-1110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Carbonic anhydrase XII (CA XII) is a membrane-tethered cell surface enzyme that is highly expressed on many human tumor cells. Carbonic anhydrase members in this class of exofacial molecules facilitate tumor metabolism by facilitating CO2 venting and intracellular pH regulation. Accordingly, inhibition of exofacial CAs has been proposed as a general therapeutic strategy to target cancer. The recent characterization of 6A10, the first CA XII-specific inhibitory monoclonal antibody, offered an opportunity to evaluate this strategy with regard to CA XII-mediated catalysis. Using functional assays, we showed that 6A10 inhibited exofacial CA activity in CA XII-expressing cancer cells. 6A10 reduced spheroid growth in vitro under culture conditions where CA XII was active (i.e., alkaline pH) and where its catalytic activity was likely rate-limiting (i.e., restricted extracellular HCO3-supply). These in vitro results argued that the antibody exerted its growth-retarding effect by acting on the catalytic process, rather than on antigen binding per se. Notably, when administered in a mouse xenograft model of human cancer, 6A10 exerted a significant delay on tumor outgrowth. These results corroborate the notion that exofacial CA is critical for cancer cell physiology and they establish the immunotherapeutic efficacy of targeting CA XII using an inhibitory antibody.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabor Gondi
- Authors' Affiliations: Research Unit Gene Vectors, and Institute of Molecular Immunology, Helmholtz Zentrum München-German Research Center for Environmental Health; Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Munich, Germany; Department Of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, Oxford University, Oxford, United Kingdom; Munich, Germany
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Lounnas N, Rosilio C, Nebout M, Mary D, Griessinger E, Neffati Z, Chiche J, Spits H, Hagenbeek TJ, Asnafi V, Poulsen SA, Supuran CT, Peyron JF, Imbert V. Pharmacological inhibition of carbonic anhydrase XII interferes with cell proliferation and induces cell apoptosis in T-cell lymphomas. Cancer Lett 2013; 333:76-88. [DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2013.01.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2012] [Revised: 01/09/2013] [Accepted: 01/11/2013] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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Gieling RG, Williams KJ. Carbonic anhydrase IX as a target for metastatic disease. Bioorg Med Chem 2013; 21:1470-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2012.09.062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2012] [Revised: 09/17/2012] [Accepted: 09/22/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Kivelä AJ, Knuuttila A, Räsänen J, Sihvo E, Salmenkivi K, Saarnio J, Pastorekova S, Pastorek J, Waheed A, Sly WS, Salo JA, Parkkila S. Carbonic anhydrase IX in malignant pleural mesotheliomas: A potential target for anti-cancer therapy. Bioorg Med Chem 2013; 21:1483-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2012.09.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2012] [Revised: 09/06/2012] [Accepted: 09/11/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Li XJ, Xie HL, Lei SJ, Cao HQ, Meng TY, Hu YL. Reduction of CAII Expression in Gastric Cancer: Correlation with Invasion and Metastasis. Chin J Cancer Res 2013; 24:196-200. [PMID: 23359292 DOI: 10.1007/s11670-012-0196-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2011] [Accepted: 03/14/2012] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Human carbonic anhydrases II (CAII) gene plays an important role in different cancer. However, its relevance to gastric cancer (GC) remains unclear. In the present study, we aimed to investigate the expression of CAII in GC and explore its correlation with some clinicopathologic characteristics of GC. METHODS The expression of CAII in 20 specimens of normal gastric mucosa, 38 specimens of intraepithelial neoplasia and 112 specimens of gastric carcinoma were detected by immunohistochemical techniques. Survival in GC with CAII expression was studied. RESULTS The positive rate of CAII protein in normal gastric mucosa was significantly higher than that in intraepithelial neoplasia and gastric carcinoma (100% vs. 63.16% and 28.57%, P<0.001). The positive rate of CAII protein was significantly higher in gastric carcinoma at early stages than that at advanced stages (70.0% vs. 19.57%, P<0.001). The positive rate of CAII protein was significantly lower in gastric carcinoma with lymph node metastases than that without lymph node metastases (10.81% vs. 37.33%, P<0.05). Furthermore, the positive rate of CAII protein was significantly lower in poorly-differentiated gastric carcinoma than in moderately- or well-differentiated gastric carcinoma (15.94% vs. 31.03% or 60.00%, P<0.05). Moreover, CAII expression was not related with sex, age and tumor size. The patients with CAII-positive tumors showed a better survival rate than those with CAII-negative tumors (P=0.024, log-rank test). CONCLUSION CAII expression was related with stages and lymph node metastases in gastric carcinoma. The reduction of CAII expression in GC might promote tumor cell motility and contribute to tumor growth and metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Jie Li
- Department of Pathology, 1st People's Hospital of Chenzhou, Chenzhou 423000, China ; Institute of Cancer Research, University of South China, Hengyang 421001, China
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Hynninen P, Parkkila S, Huhtala H, Pastorekova S, Pastorek J, Waheed A, Sly WS, Tomas E. Carbonic anhydrase isozymes II, IX, and XII in uterine tumors. APMIS 2011; 120:117-29. [PMID: 22229267 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0463.2011.02820.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Histopathological diagnostics of gynecological malignancies continues to be challenging despite the well established criteria. For example, the morphological distinction of uterine leiomyosarcoma from certain variants of benign leiomyoma can be difficult. Herein, we investigated the expression of Carbonic anhydrase (CA) II, IX, and XII in the normal endometrium, leiomyomas, uterine sarcomas, and endometrial adenocarcinomas using immunohistochemistry. These isozymes are considered promising diagnostic markers and therapeutic targets. The normal endometrium showed high CA XII expression, whereas the signals were lower in endometrial adenocarcinoma (p < 0.004). Only sporadic CA IX staining was found in the normal endometrium, whereas the enzyme was overexpressed in most cases of endometrial adenocarcinoma (p < 0.005). CA II expression was slightly weaker in the normal endometrium than that in the adenocarcinomas (p < 0.008). Positive immunostaining reactions for CAs were observed in the uterine sarcomas, whereas all leiomyomas were negative for CA II and XII. A comparison between leiomyomas and sarcomas showed statistically significant differences for all studied isozymes (p < 0.001). Our study shows that CA isozymes could together serve as histopathological biomarkers for differential diagnosis between uterine leiomyosarcoma and leiomyoma. In addition to being found in leiomyosarcomas, CA II and IX were overexpressed in endometrial adenocarcinoma, where they might regulate the pH of the tumor microenvironment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Piritta Hynninen
- Departments of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Tampere, Finland.
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Pan PW, Parkkila AK, Autio S, Hilvo M, Sormunen R, Pastorekova S, Pastorek J, Haapasalo H, Parkkila S. Brain phenotype of carbonic anhydrase IX-deficient mice. Transgenic Res 2011; 21:163-76. [PMID: 21547424 DOI: 10.1007/s11248-011-9520-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2011] [Accepted: 04/26/2011] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Preliminary observations have suggested mild behavioral changes and a morphological disruption of brain histology in 1.5-year-old carbonic anhydrase IX (CA IX)-deficient (Car9 (-/-)) mice. These findings led us to design a 1-year follow-up study in which the behavior and brain histology of Car9 (-/-) and wild-type mice were monitored. Morphological analysis revealed vacuolar degenerative changes in the brains of Car9 (-/-) mice. The changes became visible at the age of eight to ten months. Behavioral tests showed that the Car9 (-/-) mice exhibited abnormal locomotor activity and poor performance in a memory test. To further identify the transcriptomic responses to CA IX deficiency in the brain, genome-wide cDNA microarray analyses were performed. Thirty-one and 37 genes were significantly up- or down-regulated, respectively, in the brain of Car9 (-/-) mice compared to the wild-type mice. Functional annotation revealed that the genes with increased expression were involved in several processes, such as RNA metabolism, and the genes with reduced expression were implicated in other important processes, including the regulation of cellular ion homeostasis. Notably, the biological processes "behavior" and "locomotory behavior" were the two prominent terms overrepresented among the down-regulated genes, which is consistent with the behavioral phenotype. These results suggest that CA IX may directly or indirectly play novel functions in brain tissue. Furthermore, the brain phenotype of Car9 (-/-) mice seems to be age-dependent. The results indicate that the functional changes precede the microscopic alterations in the brains of Car9 (-/-) mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pei-wen Pan
- Institute of Medical Technology, University of Tampere, Biokatu 6, 33520, Tampere, Finland.
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Battke C, Kremmer E, Mysliwietz J, Gondi G, Dumitru C, Brandau S, Lang S, Vullo D, Supuran C, Zeidler R. Generation and characterization of the first inhibitory antibody targeting tumour-associated carbonic anhydrase XII. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2011; 60:649-58. [PMID: 21298264 PMCID: PMC11028429 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-011-0980-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2010] [Accepted: 01/16/2011] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
The carbonic anhydrases (CAs) constitute a family of almost ubiquitous enzymes of significant importance for many physiological and pathological processes. CAs reversely catalyse the conversion of CO(2) + H(2)O to HCO(3) (-) and H(+), thereby contributing to the regulation of intracellular pH. Above all, CAs are of key importance for cells that perform glycolysis that inevitably leads to the intracellular accumulation of lactate. CA XII is a plasma membrane-associated isoform of the enzyme, which is induced by hypoxia and oestrogen and, consequently, expressed at high levels on various types of cancer and, intriguingly, on cancer stem cells. The enzyme is directly involved in tumour progression, and its inhibition has an anti-tumour effect. Apart from its role in carcinogenesis, the enzyme contributes to various other diseases like glaucoma and arteriosclerotic plaques, among others. CA XII is therefore regarded as promising target for specific therapies. We have now generated the first monoclonal antibody (6A10) that binds to the catalytic domain of CA XII on vital tumour cells and inhibits CA XII enzyme activity at nanomolar concentrations and thus much more effective than acetazolamide. In vitro results demonstrate that inhibition of CA XII by 6A10 inhibits the growth of tumour cells in 3-dimensional structures. In conclusion, we generated the first specific and efficient biological inhibitor of tumour-associated CA XII. This antibody may serve as a valuable tool for in vivo diagnosis and adjuvant treatment of different types of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina Battke
- Department of Gene Vectors, Helmholtz-Center, Marchioninistr. 25, 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Elisabeth Kremmer
- Institute of Molecular Immunology, Helmholtz-Center, Munich, Germany
| | - Josef Mysliwietz
- Institute of Molecular Immunology, Helmholtz-Center, Munich, Germany
| | - Gabor Gondi
- Department of Gene Vectors, Helmholtz-Center, Marchioninistr. 25, 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Claudia Dumitru
- ENT-Department, Universitätsklinikum Essen, Hufelandstr. 55, 45122 Essen, Germany
| | - Sven Brandau
- ENT-Department, Universitätsklinikum Essen, Hufelandstr. 55, 45122 Essen, Germany
| | - Stephan Lang
- ENT-Department, Universitätsklinikum Essen, Hufelandstr. 55, 45122 Essen, Germany
| | - Daniela Vullo
- Laboratorio di Chimica Bioinorganica, Università degli Studi di Firenze, Via della Lastruccia 3, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino (Firenze), Italy
| | - Claudiu Supuran
- Laboratorio di Chimica Bioinorganica, Università degli Studi di Firenze, Via della Lastruccia 3, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino (Firenze), Italy
| | - Reinhard Zeidler
- ENT-Department, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, c/o Helmholtz-Center, Marchioninistr. 15, D-81377 Munich, Germany
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Genega EM, Ghebremichael M, Najarian R, Fu Y, Wang Y, Argani P, Grisanzio C, Signoretti S. Carbonic anhydrase IX expression in renal neoplasms: correlation with tumor type and grade. Am J Clin Pathol 2010; 134:873-9. [PMID: 21088149 DOI: 10.1309/ajcpppr57hnjmslz] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Carbonic anhydrase IX (CAIX), a hypoxia-induced protein, is expressed in some renal tumors. We evaluated its immunohistochemical expression in 317 primary and 42 metastatic renal neoplasms (186 clear cell, 52 papillary, 35 chromophobe, 47 unclassified, and 15 Xp11.2 translocation renal cell carcinomas [RCCs]; 26 oncocytomas; 2 metanephric adenomas; 1 urothelial carcinoma; 1 mixed epithelial and stromal tumor; and 1 angiomyolipoma); 7 neoplasms were unknown as to whether they were primary or metastatic. We also correlated expression with tumor type and grade. Variable staining was seen in clear cell, papillary, unclassified, and Xp11.2 translocation carcinomas. One chromophobe carcinoma had focal expression. No staining was seen with other tumors. An association was found between high expression and clear cell vs non-clear cell carcinomas with all cases (P < .01) and primary (P < .01) cases. An association between CAIX expression and grade (P < .01) in primary clear cell carcinomas was found. CAIX expression is more common in clear cell RCC than other renal tumor types and is associated with grade.
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Kallio H, Hilvo M, Rodriguez A, Lappalainen EH, Lappalainen AM, Parkkila S. Global transcriptional response to carbonic anhydrase IX deficiency in the mouse stomach. BMC Genomics 2010; 11:397. [PMID: 20573196 PMCID: PMC2996928 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2164-11-397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2010] [Accepted: 06/23/2010] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Carbonic anhydrases (CAs) are a family of enzymes that regulate pH homeostasis in various tissues. CA IX is an exceptional member of this family because in addition to the basic CA function, it has been implicated in several other physiological and pathological processes. Functions suggested for CA IX include roles in cell adhesion and malignant cell invasion. In addition, CA IX likely regulates cell proliferation and differentiation, which was demonstrated in Car9-/- mice. These mice had gastric pit cell hyperplasia and depletion of chief cells; however, the specific molecular mechanisms behind the observed phenotypes remain unknown. Therefore, we wanted to study the effect of CA IX deficiency on whole-genome gene expression in gastric mucosa. This was done using Illumina Sentrix®Mouse-6 Expression BeadChip arrays. The expression of several genes with notable fold change values was confirmed by QRT-PCR. Results CA IX deficiency caused the induction of 86 genes and repression of 46 genes in the gastric mucosa. There was 92.9% concordance between the results obtained by microarray analysis and QRT-PCR. The differentially expressed genes included those involved in developmental processes and cell differentiation. In addition, CA IX deficiency altered the expression of genes responsible for immune responses and downregulated the expression of several digestive enzymes. Conclusions Microarray analysis identified several potential genes whose altered expression could explain the disturbed cell lineage phenotype in the Car9-/- gastric mucosa. The results also indicated a novel role for CA IX in the regulation of immunologic processes and digestion. These findings reinforce the concept that the main role of CA IX is not the regulation of pH in the stomach mucosa. Instead, it is needed for proper function of several physiological processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heini Kallio
- Institute of Medical Technology and School of Medicine, University of Tampere, Biokatu 6, FI-33520 Tampere, Finland.
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Ilie MI, Hofman V, Ortholan C, Ammadi RE, Bonnetaud C, Havet K, Venissac N, Mouroux J, Mazure NM, Pouysségur J, Hofman P. Overexpression of carbonic anhydrase XII in tissues from resectable non-small cell lung cancers is a biomarker of good prognosis. Int J Cancer 2010; 128:1614-23. [PMID: 20521252 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.25491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2010] [Accepted: 05/27/2010] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
The pattern of protein expression in tumors is under the influence of nutrient stress, hypoxia and low pH, which determines the survival of neoplastic cells and the development of tumors. Carbonic anhydrase XII (CAXII) is a transmembrane enzyme that catalyzes the reversible hydration of cell-generated carbon dioxide into protons and bicarbonate. Hypoxic conditions activate its transcription and translation and enhanced expression is often present in several types of tumors. The aim of our study was to assess the prognostic significance of CAXII tumor tissues expression in patients with NSCLC. Five hundred fifty-five tumors were immunostained for CAXII on tissue microarrays (TMA) and the results were correlated with clinicopathological parameters and outcome of patients. CAXII overexpression was present in 105/555 (19%) cases and was associated with tumors of lower grade (p = 0.015) and histological type (p < 0.001), being significantly higher in squamous cell carcinoma. High CAXII expression correlated with better overall and disease-specific survival of patients with resectable NSCLC in univariate (p < 0.001) and multivariate survival analyses (p < 0.001). In conclusion, this is the first study demonstrating that a high CAXII tumor tissue expression evaluated on TMAs is related to a better outcome in a large series of patients with resectable NSCLC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marius I Ilie
- Laboratory of Clinical and Experimental Pathology, Louis Pasteur Hospital, Nice, France
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Shao Y, Li Y, Zhang J, Liu D, Liu F, Zhao Y, Shen T, Li F. Involvement of histone deacetylation in MORC2-mediated down-regulation of carbonic anhydrase IX. Nucleic Acids Res 2010; 38:2813-24. [PMID: 20110259 PMCID: PMC2875037 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkq006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Carbonic anhydrase IX (CAIX) plays an important role in the growth and survival of tumor cells. MORC2 is a member of the MORC protein family. The MORC proteins contain a CW-type zinc finger domain and are predicted to have the function of regulating transcription, but no MORC2 target genes have been identified. Here we performed a DNA microarray hybridization and found CAIX mRNA to be down-regulated 8-fold when MORC2 was overexpressed. This result was further confirmed by northern and western blot analysis. Our results also showed that the protected region 4 (PR4) was important for the repression function of MORC2. Moreover, MORC2 decreased the acetylation level of histone H3 at the CAIX promoter. Meanwhile, trichostatin A (TSA) had an increasing effect on CAIX promoter activity. Among the six HDACs tested, histone deacetylase 4 (HDAC4) had a much more prominent effect on CAIX repression. ChIP and ChIP Re-IP assays showed that MORC2 and HDAC4 were assembled on the same region of the CAIX promoter. Importantly, we further confirmed that both proteins are simultaneously present in the PR4-binding complex. These results may contribute to understanding the molecular mechanisms of CAIX regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yangguang Shao
- Department of Cell Biology, Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Ministry of Public Health, and Key Laboratory of Medical Cell Biology, Ministry of Education, China Medical University, Shenyang 110001, China
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Chiche J, Brahimi-Horn MC, Pouysségur J. Tumour hypoxia induces a metabolic shift causing acidosis: a common feature in cancer. J Cell Mol Med 2009; 14:771-94. [PMID: 20015196 PMCID: PMC3823111 DOI: 10.1111/j.1582-4934.2009.00994.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 459] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Maintenance of cellular pH homeostasis is fundamental to life. A number of key intracellular pH (pHi) regulating systems including the Na+/H+ exchangers, the proton pump, the monocarboxylate transporters, the HCO3− transporters and exchangers and the membrane-associated and cytosolic carbonic anhydrases cooperate in maintaining a pHi that is permissive for cell survival. A common feature of tumours is acidosis caused by hypoxia (low oxygen tension). In addition to oncogene activation and transformation, hypoxia is responsible for inducing acidosis through a shift in cellular metabolism that generates a high acid load in the tumour microenvironment. However, hypoxia and oncogene activation also allow cells to adapt to the potentially toxic effects of an excess in acidosis. Hypoxia does so by inducing the activity of a transcription factor the hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF), and particularly HIF-1, that in turn enhances the expression of a number of pHi-regulating systems that cope with acidosis. In this review, we will focus on the characterization and function of some of the hypoxia-inducible pH-regulating systems and their induction by hypoxic stress. It is essential to understand the fundamentals of pH regulation to meet the challenge consisting in targeting tumour metabolism and acidosis as an anti-tumour approach. We will summarize strategies that take advantage of intracellular and extracellular pH regulation to target the primary tumour and metastatic growth, and to turn around resistance to chemotherapy and radiotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johanna Chiche
- Institute of Developmental Biology and Cancer Research, University of Nice, CNRS UMR, Centre A. Lacassagne, Nice, France
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The prognostic value of CD147/EMMPRIN is associated with monocarboxylate transporter 1 co-expression in gastric cancer. Eur J Cancer 2009; 45:2418-24. [PMID: 19628385 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejca.2009.06.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2009] [Revised: 06/07/2009] [Accepted: 06/16/2009] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The aim of the present work was to assess the role of monocarboxylate transporters (MCTs), namely MCT1 and MCT4 as well as MCT/CD147 co-expression in gastric tissues and evaluate their clinico-pathological significance in gastric carcinoma. For that, we analysed the immunohistochemical expression of MCT1, MCT4 and CD147, in a large series of gastric samples, including non-neoplastic, tumour and metastatic tissues. A significant decrease in MCT4 plasma membrane expression was observed from non-neoplastic to gastric primary malignant tissues and to lymph-node metastasis and both MCT1 and MCT4 correlated with CD147. Importantly, both MCT4 and CD147 were more frequently expressed in Lauren's intestinal-type tumours and MCT1/CD147 co-expression was associated with advanced gastric carcinoma, Lauren's intestinal type, TNM staging and lymph-node metastasis. Our results showed that the prognostic value of CD147 was associated with MCT1 co-expression in gastric cancer cells, supporting the view that CD147 plasma membrane activity is dependent on MCT co-expression.
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Diagnostic Implications of Transcription Factor Pax 2 Protein and Transmembrane Enzyme Complex Carbonic Anhydrase IX Immunoreactivity in Adult Renal Epithelial Neoplasms. Am J Surg Pathol 2009; 33:241-7. [DOI: 10.1097/pas.0b013e318181b828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Parkkila S. Significance of pH regulation and carbonic anhydrases in tumour progression and implications for diagnostic and therapeutic approaches. BJU Int 2008; 101 Suppl 4:16-21. [PMID: 18430117 DOI: 10.1111/j.1464-410x.2008.07643.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Seppo Parkkila
- Institute of Medical Technology and School of Medicine, University of Tampere and Tampere University Hospital, Tampere, Finland.
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Niemelä AM, Hynninen P, Mecklin JP, Kuopio T, Kokko A, Aaltonen L, Parkkila AK, Pastorekova S, Pastorek J, Waheed A, Sly WS, Orntoft TF, Kruhøffer M, Haapasalo H, Parkkila S, Kivelä AJ. Carbonic anhydrase IX is highly expressed in hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2007; 16:1760-6. [PMID: 17855694 DOI: 10.1158/1055-9965.epi-07-0080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Carbonic anhydrase (CA) II, CA IX, and CA XII are expressed in various neoplasias and have been linked to tumorigenesis. We examined their expression in three different groups of colorectal cancer [i.e., microsatellite stable (MSS), microsatellite instable (MSI), and hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer (HNPCC)]. First, we analyzed gene expression profiles of 113 specimens by a microarray method to study the expression of various CA isozymes in the subgroups of colorectal cancer. The results indicated that mRNAs for CA II and CA XII are down-regulated and CA IX mRNA is up-regulated in all three tumor categories when compared with the normal tissue. The up-regulation of CA IX was greatest in the HNPCC group. For more information, 77 specimens were immunohistochemically stained to study the levels of CA II, CA IX, and CA XII. Immunohistochemical analyses further confirmed that the subgroups express CA II, CA IX, and CA XII differentially, and the HNPCC tumors express high levels of CA IX. Expression of these CAs did not correlate to Dukes stage or grade of differentiation. Our results show that CAs are differentially expressed in the subgroups of colorectal cancer, and CA IX expression seems to be very high in most cases of HNPCC. CA IX could be a potential diagnostic and therapeutic target in HNPCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anssi M Niemelä
- Department of Surgery, Jyväskylä Central Hospital, Keskussairaalantie 19, 40620 Jyväskylä, Finland
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Sung JH, Lee ME, Han SS, Lee SJ, Ha KS, Kim WJ. Gene Expression Profile of Lung Cancer Cells Following Photodynamic Therapy. Tuberc Respir Dis (Seoul) 2007. [DOI: 10.4046/trd.2007.63.1.52] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Ji Hyun Sung
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, College of Medicine, Kangwon National University, Chunchon, Korea
| | - Mi-Eun Lee
- Clinical Research Institute of Kangwon National University Hospital, Korea
| | - Seon-Sook Han
- Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, Kangwon National University, Chunchon, Korea
| | - Seung-Joon Lee
- Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, Kangwon National University, Chunchon, Korea
| | - Kwon-Soo Ha
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, College of Medicine, Kangwon National University, Chunchon, Korea
| | - Woo Jin Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, Kangwon National University, Chunchon, Korea
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Yoshihara T, Kadota Y, Yoshimura Y, Tatano Y, Takeuchi N, Okitsu H, Umemoto A, Yamauchi T, Itoh K. Proteomic alteration in gastic adenocarcinomas from Japanese patients. Mol Cancer 2006; 5:75. [PMID: 17187689 PMCID: PMC1774573 DOI: 10.1186/1476-4598-5-75] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2006] [Accepted: 12/25/2006] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Gastric adenocarcinomas comprise one of the common types of cancers in Asian countries including Japan. Comprehensive protein profiling of paired surgical specimens of primary gastric adenocarcinomas and nontumor mucosae derived from Japanese patients was carried out by means of two-dimensional gel electrophoresis (2D-EP) and liquid chromatography-electrospray ionic tandem mass spectrometry (LC-ESI-MS) to establish gastric cancer-specific proteins as putative clinical biomarkers and molecular targets for chemotherapy. Results Relatively common alterations in protein expression were revealed in the tumor tissues. Increases in manganese dismutase and nonhistone chromosomal protein HMG-1 (HMG-1) were observed, while decreases in carbonic anhydrases I and II, glutatione-S-transferase and foveolin precursor (gastrokine-1) (FOV), an 18-kDa stomach-specific protein with putative tumor suppressor activity, were detected. RT-PCR analysis also revealed significant down-regulation of FOV mRNA expression in tumor tissues. Conclusion A possible pathological role for down-regulation of FOV in gastric carcinogenesis was demonstrated. Evaluation of the specific decreases in gene and protein expression of FOV in patients may be utilized as clinical biomarkers for effective diagnosis and assessment of gastric cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takahiro Yoshihara
- Department of Medicinal Biotechnology, Institute for Medicinal Resources, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokushima, 1-78 Sho-machi, Tokushima 770-8505, Japan
| | - Yoshito Kadota
- Department of Medicinal Biotechnology, Institute for Medicinal Resources, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokushima, 1-78 Sho-machi, Tokushima 770-8505, Japan
| | - Yoshiyuki Yoshimura
- Department of Biochemistry, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokushima, 1-78 Sho-machi, Tokushima 770-8505, Japan
| | - Yutaka Tatano
- Department of Medicinal Biotechnology, Institute for Medicinal Resources, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokushima, 1-78 Sho-machi, Tokushima 770-8505, Japan
| | - Naohiro Takeuchi
- Department of Medicinal Biotechnology, Institute for Medicinal Resources, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokushima, 1-78 Sho-machi, Tokushima 770-8505, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Okitsu
- Department of Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokushima, 1-78 Sho-machi, Tokushima 770-8505, Japan
| | - Atsushi Umemoto
- Department of Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokushima, 1-78 Sho-machi, Tokushima 770-8505, Japan
| | - Takashi Yamauchi
- Department of Biochemistry, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokushima, 1-78 Sho-machi, Tokushima 770-8505, Japan
| | - Kohji Itoh
- Department of Medicinal Biotechnology, Institute for Medicinal Resources, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokushima, 1-78 Sho-machi, Tokushima 770-8505, Japan
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Pastorekova S, Parkkila S, Zavada J. Tumor-associated carbonic anhydrases and their clinical significance. Adv Clin Chem 2006. [PMID: 17131627 DOI: 10.1016/s0065-2423(06)42005-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Carbonic anhydrases (CAs) are physiologically important enzymes that catalyze a reversible conversion of carbon dioxide to bicarbonate and participate in ion transport and pH control. Two human isoenzymes, CA IX and CA XII, are overexpressed in cancer and contribute to tumor physiology. Particularly CA IX is confined to only few normal tissues but is ectopically induced in many tumor types mainly due to its strong transcriptional activation by hypoxia accomplished via HIF-1 transcription factor. Therefore, CA IX can serve as a surrogate marker of hypoxia and a prognostic indicator. CA IX appears implicated in cell adhesion and in balance of pH disturbances caused by tumor metabolism. Both tumor-related expression pattern and functional involvement in tumor progression make it a suitable target for anticancer treatment. Here we summarize a current knowledge on CA IX and CA XII, and discuss possibilities of their exploitation for cancer detection, diagnostics, and therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Pastorekova
- Centre of Molecular Medicine, Institute of Virology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dubravska cesta 9, 845 05 Bratislava, Slovak Republic.
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Hynninen P, Vaskivuo L, Saarnio J, Haapasalo H, Kivelä J, Pastoreková S, Pastorek J, Waheed A, Sly WS, Puistola U, Parkkila S. Expression of transmembrane carbonic anhydrases IX and XII in ovarian tumours. Histopathology 2006; 49:594-602. [PMID: 17163844 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2559.2006.02523.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
AIMS Carbonic anhydrase (CA) isozymes IX and XII have been suggested to play a role in oncogenic processes. The aim of the present study was to investigate CA IX and XII expression in patients with ovarian tumours. METHODS AND RESULTS A series of ovarian tumours was immunostained for CA IX and XII and the results were correlated with histopathological and clinical parameters. Most cases of borderline mucinous cystadenomas, mucinous cystadenocarcinomas and serous cystadenocarcinomas were moderately or strongly positive for CA IX. In malignant tumours, the staining was most prominent in hypoxic regions. Expression of CA XII was detected in all tumour categories, although the mean staining intensity was weaker than for CA IX in all groups except for clear cell carcinomas. CONCLUSIONS The wide expression of CA IX and XII in ovarian tumours suggests that these isozymes could represent potential targets in ovarian cancer therapy. The expression pattern of CA IX suggests that it could also serve as a useful histopathological marker protein for hypoxia in malignant ovarian tumours.
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MESH Headings
- Antigens, Neoplasm/metabolism
- Carbonic Anhydrase IX
- Carbonic Anhydrases/metabolism
- Cell Membrane/enzymology
- Cell Membrane/pathology
- Cystadenocarcinoma, Mucinous/enzymology
- Cystadenocarcinoma, Mucinous/mortality
- Cystadenocarcinoma, Mucinous/pathology
- Cystadenocarcinoma, Serous/enzymology
- Cystadenocarcinoma, Serous/mortality
- Cystadenocarcinoma, Serous/pathology
- Cystadenoma, Mucinous/enzymology
- Cystadenoma, Mucinous/mortality
- Cystadenoma, Mucinous/pathology
- Female
- Fluorescent Antibody Technique, Direct
- Humans
- Immunoenzyme Techniques
- Isoenzymes
- Ovarian Neoplasms/enzymology
- Ovarian Neoplasms/mortality
- Ovarian Neoplasms/pathology
- Survival Rate
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Affiliation(s)
- P Hynninen
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Tampere University Hospital, University of Tampere, Tampere, Finland
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Thiry A, Dogné JM, Masereel B, Supuran CT. Targeting tumor-associated carbonic anhydrase IX in cancer therapy. Trends Pharmacol Sci 2006; 27:566-73. [PMID: 16996620 DOI: 10.1016/j.tips.2006.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 311] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2006] [Revised: 08/09/2006] [Accepted: 09/11/2006] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Carbonic anhydrase isoform IX (CA IX) is highly overexpressed in many types of cancer. Its expression, which is regulated by the HIF-1 transcription factor, is strongly induced by hypoxia and correlates with a poor response to classical chemo- and radiotherapies. CA IX contributes to acidification of the tumor environment by efficiently catalyzing the hydration of carbon dioxide to bicarbonate and protons, thereby leading to acquisition of metastatic phenotypes and chemoresistance to weakly basic anticancer drugs. Inhibition of this enzymatic activity by specific inhibitors, such as the sulfonamide indisulam, reverts these processes, establishing a clear-cut role for CA IX in tumorigenesis. Thus, selective CA IX inhibitors could prove useful for elucidating the role of CA IX in hypoxic cancers, for controlling the pH imbalance in tumor cells and for developing diagnostic or therapeutic applications for tumor management. Indeed, fluorescent inhibitors and membrane-impermeant sulfonamides have recently been used as proof-of-concept tools, demonstrating that CA IX is an interesting target for anticancer drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Thiry
- Drug Design and Discovery Center, University of Namur, 61 rue de Bruxelles, B-5000 Namur, Belgium
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47
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Grösch S, Maier TJ, Schiffmann S, Geisslinger G. Cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2)-independent anticarcinogenic effects of selective COX-2 inhibitors. J Natl Cancer Inst 2006; 98:736-47. [PMID: 16757698 DOI: 10.1093/jnci/djj206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 348] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) appear to reduce the risk of developing cancer. One mechanism through which NSAIDs act to reduce carcinogenesis is to inhibit the activity of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), an enzyme that is overexpressed in various cancer tissues. Overexpression of COX-2 increases cell proliferation and inhibits apoptosis. However, selective COX-2 inhibitors can also act through COX-independent mechanisms. In this review, we describe the COX-2-independent molecular targets of these COX-2 inhibitors and discuss how these targets may be involved in the anticarcinogenic activities of these selective COX-2 inhibitors. We also compare the concentrations of these inhibitors used in in vitro and in vivo experiments and discuss the implications of the in vitro studies for clinical management of cancer with these drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabine Grösch
- Pharmazentrum Frankfurt, ZAFES, Institut für klinische Pharmakologie, Klinikum der Johann Wolfgang Goethe, Universität Frankfurt, Theodor Stern Kai 7, Frankfurt/Main, Germany.
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48
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Kallio H, Pastorekova S, Pastorek J, Waheed A, Sly WS, Mannisto S, Heikinheimo M, Parkkila S. Expression of carbonic anhydrases IX and XII during mouse embryonic development. BMC DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY 2006; 6:22. [PMID: 16719910 PMCID: PMC1526727 DOI: 10.1186/1471-213x-6-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2006] [Accepted: 05/23/2006] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Of the thirteen active carbonic anhydrase (CA) isozymes, CA IX and XII have been linked to carcinogenesis. It has been suggested that these membrane-bound CAs participate in cancer cell invasion, which is facilitated by an acidic tumor cell environment. Since active cell migration is a characteristic feature of embryonic development, we set out to explore whether these isozymes are expressed in mouse embryos of different ages. The studies were focused on organogenesis stage. RESULTS Immunohistochemistry demonstrated that both CA IX and XII are present in several tissues of the developing mouse embryo during organogenesis. Staining for CA IX revealed a relatively wide distribution pattern with moderate signals in the brain, lung, pancreas and liver and weak signals in the kidney and stomach. The expression pattern of CA XII in the embryonic tissues was also relatively broad, although the intensity of immunostaining was weak in most tissues. The CA XII-positive tissues included the brain, where the most prominent staining was seen in the choroid plexus, and the stomach, pancreas, liver and kidney. CONCLUSION Membrane-bound CA isozymes IX and XII are expressed in various tissues during mouse organogenesis. These enzymes may regulate ion and pH homeostasis within the developing embryo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heini Kallio
- Institute of Medical Technology, University of Tampere and Tampere University Hospital, Biokatu 8, FIN-33520 Tampere, Finland
| | - Silvia Pastorekova
- Center of Molecular Medicine, Institute of Virology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovak Republic
| | - Jaromir Pastorek
- Center of Molecular Medicine, Institute of Virology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovak Republic
| | - Abdul Waheed
- Edward A. Doisy Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - William S Sly
- Edward A. Doisy Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Susanna Mannisto
- Children's Hospital and Program for Developmental and Reproductive Biology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Markku Heikinheimo
- Children's Hospital and Program for Developmental and Reproductive Biology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Department of Pediatrics, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Seppo Parkkila
- Institute of Medical Technology, University of Tampere and Tampere University Hospital, Biokatu 8, FIN-33520 Tampere, Finland
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
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Hofmeister V, Vetter C, Schrama D, Bröcker EB, Becker JC. Tumor stroma-associated antigens for anti-cancer immunotherapy. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2006; 55:481-94. [PMID: 16220326 PMCID: PMC11030168 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-005-0070-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2005] [Accepted: 07/27/2005] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Immunotherapy has been widely investigated for its potential use in cancer therapy and it becomes more and more apparent that the selection of target antigens is essential for its efficacy. Indeed, limited clinical efficacy is partly due to immune evasion mechanisms of neoplastic cells, e.g. downregulation of expression or presentation of the respective antigens. Consequently, antigens contributing to tumor cell survival seem to be more suitable therapeutic targets. However, even such antigens may be subject to immune evasion due to impaired processing and cell surface expression. Since development and progression of tumors is not only dependent on cancer cells themselves but also on the active contribution of the stromal cells, e.g. by secreting growth supporting factors, enzymes degrading the extracellular matrix or angiogenic factors, the tumor stroma may also serve as a target for immune intervention. To this end several antigens have been identified which are induced or upregulated on the tumor stroma. Tumor stroma-associated antigens are characterized by an otherwise restricted expression pattern, particularly with respect to differentiated tissues, and they have been successfully targeted by passive and active immunotherapy in preclinical models. Moreover, some of these strategies have already been translated into clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valeska Hofmeister
- Department of Dermatology, Julius-Maximilians-University of Wuerzburg, Josef-Schneider-Str. 2, 97080 Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Claudia Vetter
- Department of Dermatology, Julius-Maximilians-University of Wuerzburg, Josef-Schneider-Str. 2, 97080 Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - David Schrama
- Department of Dermatology, Julius-Maximilians-University of Wuerzburg, Josef-Schneider-Str. 2, 97080 Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Eva-B. Bröcker
- Department of Dermatology, Julius-Maximilians-University of Wuerzburg, Josef-Schneider-Str. 2, 97080 Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Jürgen C. Becker
- Department of Dermatology, Julius-Maximilians-University of Wuerzburg, Josef-Schneider-Str. 2, 97080 Wuerzburg, Germany
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50
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Driessen A, Landuyt W, Pastorekova S, Moons J, Goethals L, Haustermans K, Nafteux P, Penninckx F, Geboes K, Lerut T, Ectors N. Expression of carbonic anhydrase IX (CA IX), a hypoxia-related protein, rather than vascular-endothelial growth factor (VEGF), a pro-angiogenic factor, correlates with an extremely poor prognosis in esophageal and gastric adenocarcinomas. Ann Surg 2006; 243:334-40. [PMID: 16495697 PMCID: PMC1448952 DOI: 10.1097/01.sla.0000201452.09591.f3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate the expression of carbonic anhydrase IX (CA IX) and vascular-endothelial growth factor (VEGF) in esophageal and gastric adenocarcinomas and in turn with the histologic subtype. SUMMARY BACKGROUND DATA Tumor hypoxia is an important factor in therapy resistance. A low oxygen concentration in tumors stimulates a.o. the expression of CA IX, a marker of hypoxia, and VEGF, a pro-angiogenic factor. METHODS We evaluated the immunohistochemical expression of CA IX and VEGF on paraffin-embedded material of 154 resection specimens: 39 esophageal, 73 cardiac, and 42 distal gastric adenocarcinomas (UICC classification). The adenocarcinomas were subtyped according to the Lauren classification (intestinal- and diffuse-type). STATISTICAL ANALYSIS chi test, Kaplan-Meier survival analysis, log-rank test, and Cox proportional hazards model. RESULTS CA IX and VEGF expression were independent of the localization of the tumor. However, intestinal-type adenocarcinomas showed a significantly higher expression of CA IX as well as VEGF than diffuse-type tumors. VEGF expression was associated with a high microvessel density. Although survival analysis showed that CA IX expression (P = 0.008) as well as the coexpression of CA IX and VEGF (P = 0.008) correlate with a poor outcome, only CA IX expression is an independent prognostic factor for overall survival and metastasis-free survival. CONCLUSION The difference in expression of CA IX and VEGF between intestinal- and diffuse-type adenocarcinomas may possibly explain the different clinical behavior of these tumors. CA IX expression, rather than VEGF positivity in tumors, enables the identification of a subpopulation, characterized by a more aggressive behavior and a poorer prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ann Driessen
- Department of Pathology, University Hospital Maastricht, Maastricht, The Netherlands.
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