1
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Manolov R, Tanious R. Type I error rates and power of two randomization test procedures for the changing criterion design. Behav Res Methods 2024; 56:3637-3657. [PMID: 38082114 PMCID: PMC11133045 DOI: 10.3758/s13428-023-02303-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/21/2023] [Indexed: 05/30/2024]
Abstract
Single-case experimental design (SCED) data can be analyzed following different approaches. One of the first historically proposed options is randomizations tests, benefiting from the inclusion of randomization in the design: a desirable methodological feature. Randomization tests have become more feasible with the availability of computational resources, and such tests have been proposed for all major types of SCEDs: multiple-baseline, reversal/withdrawal, alternating treatments, and changing criterion designs. The focus of the current text is on the last of these, given that they have not been the subject of any previous simulation study. Specifically, we estimate type I error rates and statistical power for two different randomization procedures applicable to changing criterion designs: the phase change moment randomization and the blocked alternating criterion randomization. We include different series lengths, number of phases, levels of autocorrelation, and random variability. The results suggest that type I error rates are generally controlled and that sufficient power can be achieved with as few as 28-30 measurements for independent data, although more measurements are needed in case of positive autocorrelation. The presence of a reversal to a previous criterion level is beneficial. R code is provided for carrying out randomization tests following the two randomization procedures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rumen Manolov
- Department of Social Psychology and Quantitative Psychology, Faculty of Psychology, University of Barcelona, Passeig de la Vall d'Hebron 171, 08035, Barcelona, Spain.
| | - René Tanious
- Faculty of Psychology and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Universiteitssingel 40, 6229 ER, Maastricht, the Netherlands
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2
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Petrevska M, Wright FV, Khan A, Munce S, Fehlings D, Biddiss E. Evaluating the impact of movement tracking feedback on engagement with home exercise programmes of children with cerebral palsy using a new therapy app: a protocol for a mixed-methods single-case experimental design with alternating treatments. BMJ Open 2024; 14:e082761. [PMID: 38503423 PMCID: PMC10952875 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2023-082761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2023] [Accepted: 02/26/2024] [Indexed: 03/21/2024] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Children with cerebral palsy (CP) are prescribed home exercise programmes (HEPs) to increase the frequency of movement practice, yet adherence to HEPs can be low. This paper outlines the protocol for a single-case experimental design (SCED) with alternating treatments, using a new home therapy exercise application, Bootle Boot Camp (BBCamp), offered with and without movement tracking feedback. This study will explore the impact of feedback on engagement, movement quality, lower limb function and family experiences to help understand how technology-supported HEPs should be translated and the added value, if any, of movement tracking technology. METHODS AND ANALYSIS In this explanatory sequential mixed-methods study using a SCED, 16 children with CP (aged 6-12 years, Gross Motor Function Classification System levels I-II) will set lower limb goals and be prescribed an individualised HEP by their physiotherapist to complete using BBCamp on their home television equipped with a three-dimensional camera-computer system. Children will complete four weekly exercise sessions over 6 weeks. Children will be randomised to 1 of 16 alternating treatment schedules where BBCamp will provide or withhold feedback during the first 4 weeks. The version of BBCamp that results in the most therapeutic benefit will be continued for 2 final weeks. Goals will be re-evaluated and families interviewed. The primary outcome is adherence (proportion of prescribed exercise repetitions attempted) as a measure of behavioural engagement. Secondary outcomes are affective and cognitive engagement (smiley face ratings), exercise fidelity, lower limb function, goal achievement and participant experiences. SCED data will be analysed using visual and statistical methods. Quantitative and qualitative data will be integrated using joint displays. ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION Ethical approval was obtained from the Research Ethics Boards at Bloorview Research Institute and the University of Toronto. Results will be distributed through peer-reviewed journals and scientific conferences. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER NCT05998239; pre-results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Petrevska
- Bloorview Research Institute, Holland Bloorview Kids Rehabilitation Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Rehabilitation Sciences Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - F Virginia Wright
- Bloorview Research Institute, Holland Bloorview Kids Rehabilitation Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Rehabilitation Sciences Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Physical Therapy, Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Ajmal Khan
- Bloorview Research Institute, Holland Bloorview Kids Rehabilitation Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Sarah Munce
- Rehabilitation Sciences Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- KITE, Toronto Rehabilitation Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Darcy Fehlings
- Bloorview Research Institute, Holland Bloorview Kids Rehabilitation Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Rehabilitation Sciences Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Paediatrics, Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Elaine Biddiss
- Bloorview Research Institute, Holland Bloorview Kids Rehabilitation Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Rehabilitation Sciences Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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3
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Vroegindeweij A, Nijhof LN, Onghena P, van de Putte EM, Nijhof SL, Houtveen J. The Permutation Distancing Test for dependent single-case observational AB-phase design data: A Monte Carlo simulation study. Behav Res Methods 2024; 56:2569-2580. [PMID: 37528291 PMCID: PMC10991042 DOI: 10.3758/s13428-023-02167-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/09/2023] [Indexed: 08/03/2023]
Abstract
The Permutation Distancing Test (PDT) is a nonparametric test for evaluating treatment effects in dependent single-case observational design (SCOD) AB-phase data without linear trends. Monte Carlo methods were used to estimate the PDT power and type I error rate, and to compare them to those of the Single-Case Randomization Test (SCRT) assuming a randomly determined intervention point and the traditional permutation test assuming full exchangeability. Data were simulated without linear trends for five treatment effect levels (- 2, - 1, 0, 1, 2), five autocorrelation levels (0, .15, .30, .45, .60), and four observation number levels (30, 60, 90, 120). The power was calculated multiple times for all combinations of factor levels each generating 1000 replications. With 30 observations, the PDT showed sufficient power (≥ 80%) to detect medium treatment effects up to autocorrelation ≤ .45. Using 60 observations, the PDT showed sufficient power to detect medium treatment effects regardless of autocorrelation. With ≥ 90 observations, the PDT could also detect small treatment effects up to autocorrelation ≤ .30. With 30 observations, the type I error rate was 5-7%. With 60 observations and more, the type I error rate was ≤ 5% with autocorrelation < .60. The PDT outperformed the SCRT regarding power, particularly with a small number of observations. The PDT outperformed the traditional permutation test regarding type I error rate control, especially when autocorrelation increased. In conclusion, the PDT is a useful and promising nonparametric test to evaluate treatment effects in dependent SCOD AB-phase data without linear trends.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anouk Vroegindeweij
- Department of Pediatric Rheumatology/Immunology, Wilhelmina Children's Hospital, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Linde N Nijhof
- Department of Pediatrics, Wilhelmina Children's Hospital, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Patrick Onghena
- Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Elise M van de Putte
- Department of Pediatrics, Wilhelmina Children's Hospital, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Sanne L Nijhof
- Department of Pediatrics, Wilhelmina Children's Hospital, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Jan Houtveen
- Department of Pediatrics, Wilhelmina Children's Hospital, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
- Altrecht Psychosomatic Medicine, Zeist, The Netherlands.
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4
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Wan-Vermeer R, Bouwmeester S, Starrenburg A. Brief individual experiential schema therapy in adult outpatients with cluster C personality disorders: Does it work? Clin Psychol Psychother 2024; 31:e2948. [PMID: 38343344 DOI: 10.1002/cpp.2948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2022] [Revised: 10/30/2023] [Accepted: 12/11/2023] [Indexed: 02/15/2024]
Abstract
This study investigated the effectiveness of brief individual experiential schema therapy (ST) in 12 adult outpatients with cluster C personality disorders (PD) using randomised multiple baseline design. Waitlist period was followed by five explorative sessions, 18 experiential ST sessions, two treatment follow-up (FU) booster sessions and a 6-month FU assessment. Overall well-being (ORS), behavioural treatment goals and negative core beliefs were assessed 60-91 times, global symptomatic distress (BSI) six times. PD severity (SCID-5-PD) was pre-post-analysed. Randomisation and non-parametric tests showed large significant effects (d = 1.08-2.38, r = .53-.66) on all outcomes at treatment-FU and 6-month FU assessment. This is the first study providing preliminary evidence of effectiveness of brief individual experiential ST for patients with cluster C PD, tentatively challenging the common tenet that long treatment duration is required. Due to limitations, replication is recommended.
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5
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Klotz R, Emile G, Daviet JC, De Sèze M, Godet J, Urbinelli R, Krasny-Pacini A. Daily socket comfort in transtibial amputee with a vacuum-assisted suspension system: study protocol of a randomized, multicenter, double-blind multiple N-of-1 trial. BMC Sports Sci Med Rehabil 2023; 15:85. [PMID: 37452356 PMCID: PMC10347726 DOI: 10.1186/s13102-023-00694-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2022] [Accepted: 06/25/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The main aim of this paper is to present the feasibility of rigorously designed multiple N-of-1 design in prosthetics research. While research of adequate power and high quality is often lacking in rehabilitation, N-of-1 trials can offer a feasible alternative to randomized controlled group trials, both increasing design power at group level and allowing a rigorous, statistically confirmed evaluation of effectiveness at a single patient level. The paper presents a multiple N-of-1 trial protocol, which aim is to evaluate the effectiveness of Unity, a prosthetic add-on suspension system for amputees, on patient-reported comfort during daily activities (main outcome measure), prosthesis wearing time, perception of limb-prosthesis fitting and stump volume and functional walking parameters. METHODS Multicenter, randomized, prospective, double-blind multiple N-of-1 trial using an introduction/withdrawal design alternating Unity connected/disconnected phases of randomized length on twenty patients with unilateral transtibial amputation. The primary outcome measure is the Prosthetic Socket Comfort Score (SCS), a validated measure of comfort, administered daily by an phone app designed for the study. Secondary outcomes measures will be collected during the 50 days period of the N-of-1 trial: (1) by the same app, daily for patient-reported limb-prosthesis fitting, stump volume variation, and daily wearing time of the prosthesis; (2) by a pedometer for the number of steps per day; (3) by blind assessors in the rehabilitation center during adjustment visits for functional walking parameter (L-Test, 6-minute walk test), and by the patient for the QUEST, and ABC-S. Effectiveness of the Unity system regarding SCS and daily secondary outcome measures will be tested by randomization test. The secondary outcome measures assessed during visits in the rehabilitation center will be analyzed by Non Overlap of All pairs. An estimate of the effect on the amputee population will be generated by aggregating each individual clinical trial (N-of-1 trial) by Hierarchical Bayesian methods. DISCUSSION This study protocol was designed to answer the question "which device is best for THIS patient" and to conclude at a group level on the effectiveness of a new devic, using a Multiple N-of-1 trial, which is promising but underused in prosthetics research so far. TRIAL REGISTRATION N° ID-RCB 2020-A01309-30 Clintrial.gov : NCT04804150 - Retrospectively registered March 20th 2021.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rémi Klotz
- La Tour de Gassies Centre for Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, UGECAM, Rue de la Tour de Gassies, Bruges, 33523, France
| | - Guilhem Emile
- Department of Physical and Rehabilitation Medicine, Centre Hospitalier d'Arcachon, Avenue Jean Hameau, 33260, La Teste de Buch, France
| | - Jean-Christophe Daviet
- Department of Physical and Rehabilitation Medicine, Limoges University, Jean Rebeyrol Hospital, Avenue du Buisson, 87170, Limoges, France
| | - Mathieu De Sèze
- Physical and Rehabilitation Medicine Unit, Bordeaux University Hospital, University of Bordeaux, EA4136, Bordeaux, France
| | - Julien Godet
- Clinical Research Methods Group, Laboratory of Bioimaging and Pathologies, UMR CNRS 7021, University Hospitals of Strasbourg, Illkirch, Strasbourg, France
| | | | - Agata Krasny-Pacini
- Department of Physical and Rehabilitation Medicine, UF 4372, CHU de Strasbourg, Institut Universitaire de Réadaptation Clémenceau, 45 Boulevard Clémenceau, Strasbourg, 67000, France
- Department of Psychiatry, Hôpital civil, INSERM 1114, Strasbourg University Hospital, Strasbourg, France
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6
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Krasny-Pacini A. Single-case experimental designs for child neurological rehabilitation and developmental disability research. Dev Med Child Neurol 2023; 65:611-624. [PMID: 36721909 DOI: 10.1111/dmcn.15513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2022] [Revised: 12/14/2022] [Accepted: 12/15/2022] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Single-case experimental designs (SCEDs) are a group of methodologies of growing interest, aiming to test the effectiveness of an intervention at the single-participant level, using a rigorous and prospective methodology. SCEDs may promote flexibility on how we design research protocols and inform clinical decision-making, especially for personalized outcome measures, inclusion of families with challenging needs, measurement of children's progress in relation to parental implementation of interventions, and focus on personal goals. Design options for SCEDs are discussed in relation to an expected on/off effect of the intervention (e.g. school/environmental adaptation, assistive technology devices) or, alternatively, on an expected carry-on/maintenance of effects (interventions aiming to develop or restore a function). Randomization in multiple-baseline designs and 'power' calculations are explained. The most frequent reasons for not detecting an intervention effect in SCEDs are also presented, especially in relation to baseline length, trend, and instability. The use of SCEDs on the front and back ends of randomized controlled trials is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agata Krasny-Pacini
- Pôle de Médecine Physique et de Réadaptation UF 4372, Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg, France.,Service EMOI TC, Institut Universitaire de réadaptation Clemenceau, Illkirch, France.,Unité INSERM 1114 Neuropsychologie Cognitive et Physiopathologie De La Schizophrénie, Strasbourg, France.,Université de Strasbourg, Faculté de Médecine, Strasbourg, France
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7
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Timmer MA, Kuijlaars IAR, Kloek C, de Kleijn P, Schutgens REG, Veenhof C, Pisters MF. Proof of concept and feasibility of a blended physiotherapy intervention for persons with haemophilic arthropathy. Haemophilia 2023; 29:290-307. [PMID: 36395788 PMCID: PMC10099997 DOI: 10.1111/hae.14690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2022] [Revised: 10/11/2022] [Accepted: 10/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Regular physiotherapy with a physiotherapist experienced in the field is not feasible for many patients with haemophilia. We, therefore, developed a blended physiotherapy intervention for persons with haemophilic arthropathy (HA) (e-Exercise HA), integrating face-to-face physiotherapy with a smartphone application. AIM The aim of the study was to determine proof of concept of e- Exercise HA and to evaluate feasibility. METHODS Proof of concept was evaluated by a single-case multiple baseline design. Physical activity (PA) was measured with an accelerometer during a baseline, intervention and post-intervention phase and analysed using visual inspection and a single case randomisation test. Changes in limitations in activities (Haemophilia Activities List [HAL]) and a General Perceived Effect (GPE) were evaluated between baseline (T0), post-intervention (T1) and 3 months post-intervention (T2) using Wilcoxson signed rank test. Feasibility was evaluated by the number of adverse events, attended sessions and open-ended questions. RESULTS Nine patients with HA (90% severe, median age 57.5 (quartiles 50.5-63.3) and median HJHS 32 (quartiles 22-36)) were included. PA increased in two patients. HAL increased mean 15 (SD 9) points (p = .001) at T1, and decrease to mean +8 points (SD 7) (p = .012) at T2 compared to T0. At T1 and T2 8/9 participants scored a GPE > 3. Median 5 (range 4-7) face-to-face sessions were attended and a median 8 out of 12 information modules were viewed. No intervention-related bleeds were reported. CONCLUSION A blended physiotherapy intervention is feasible for persons with HA and the first indication of the effectiveness of the intervention in decreasing limitations in activities was observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Merel A Timmer
- Van Creveldkliniek, Center for Benign Haematology, Thrombosis and Haemostasis, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands.,Physical Therapy Research, Department of Rehabilitation, Physical Therapy Science and Sport, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Isolde A R Kuijlaars
- Van Creveldkliniek, Center for Benign Haematology, Thrombosis and Haemostasis, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Corelien Kloek
- Research Group Innovation of Human Movement Care, University of Applied Sciences Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands.,Center for Physical Therapy Research and Innovation in Primary Care, Julius Health Care Centers, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Piet de Kleijn
- Van Creveldkliniek, Center for Benign Haematology, Thrombosis and Haemostasis, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Roger E G Schutgens
- Van Creveldkliniek, Center for Benign Haematology, Thrombosis and Haemostasis, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Cindy Veenhof
- Physical Therapy Research, Department of Rehabilitation, Physical Therapy Science and Sport, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands.,Research Group Innovation of Human Movement Care, University of Applied Sciences Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Martijn F Pisters
- Physical Therapy Research, Department of Rehabilitation, Physical Therapy Science and Sport, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands.,Center for Physical Therapy Research and Innovation in Primary Care, Julius Health Care Centers, Utrecht, the Netherlands.,Research Group Empowering Healthy Behaviour, Department of Health Innovations and Technology, Fontys University of Applied Sciences, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
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8
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De TK, Onghena P. The randomized marker method for single-case randomization tests: Handling data missing at random and data missing not at random. Behav Res Methods 2022; 54:2905-2938. [PMID: 35132582 DOI: 10.3758/s13428-021-01781-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Single-case experiments are frequently plagued by missing data problems. In a recent study, the randomized marker method was found to be valid and powerful for single-case randomization tests when the missing data were missing completely at random. However, in real-life experiments, it is difficult for researchers to ascertain the missing data mechanism. For analyzing such experiments, it is essential that the missing data handling method is valid and powerful for various missing data mechanisms. Hence, we examined the performance of the randomized marker method for data that are missing at random and data that are missing not at random. In addition, we compared the randomized marker method with multiple imputation, because the latter is often considered the gold standard among imputation techniques. To compare and evaluate these two methods under various simulation conditions, we calculated the type I error rate and statistical power in single-case randomization tests using these two methods of handling missing data and compared them to the type I error rate and statistical power using complete datasets. The results indicate that while multiple imputation presents an advantage in the presence of strongly correlated covariate data, the randomized marker method remains valid and results in sufficient statistical power for most of the missing data conditions simulated in this study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamal Kumar De
- Methodology of Educational Sciences Research Group, Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, KU Leuven, Tiensestraat 102 Box 3762, 3000, Leuven, Belgium.
| | - Patrick Onghena
- Methodology of Educational Sciences Research Group, Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, KU Leuven, Tiensestraat 102 Box 3762, 3000, Leuven, Belgium
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Peterson L, Savarese C, Campbell T, Ma Z, Simpson KO, McAllister T. Telepractice Treatment of Residual Rhotic Errors Using App-Based Biofeedback: A Pilot Study. Lang Speech Hear Serv Sch 2022; 53:256-274. [PMID: 35050705 DOI: 10.1044/2021_lshss-21-00084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Although mobile apps are used extensively by speech-language pathologists, evidence for app-based treatments remains limited in quantity and quality. This study investigated the efficacy of app-based visual-acoustic biofeedback relative to nonbiofeedback treatment using a single-case randomization design. Because of COVID-19, all intervention was delivered via telepractice. METHOD Participants were four children aged 9-10 years with residual errors affecting American English /ɹ/. Using a randomization design, individual sessions were randomly assigned to feature practice with or without biofeedback, all delivered using the speech app Speech Therapist's App for /r/ Treatment. Progress was assessed using blinded listener ratings of word probes administered at baseline, posttreatment, and immediately before and after each treatment session. RESULTS All participants showed a clinically significant response to the overall treatment package, with effect sizes ranging from moderate to very large. One participant showed a significant advantage for biofeedback over nonbiofeedback treatment, although the order of treatment delivery poses a potential confound for interpretation in this case. CONCLUSIONS While larger scale studies are needed, these results suggest that app-based treatment for residual errors can be effective when delivered via telepractice. These results are compatible with previous findings in the motor learning literature regarding the importance of treatment dose and the timing of feedback conditions. SUPPLEMENTAL MATERIAL https://doi.org/10.23641/asha.18461576.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Peterson
- Department of Speech-Language Pathology, Rocky Mountain University of Health Professions, Provo, UT
| | | | - Twylah Campbell
- Department of Communicative Sciences and Disorders, New York University, NY
| | - Zhigong Ma
- Department of Communicative Sciences and Disorders, New York University, NY
| | - Kenneth O Simpson
- Department of Speech-Language Pathology, Rocky Mountain University of Health Professions, Provo, UT
| | - Tara McAllister
- Department of Communicative Sciences and Disorders, New York University, NY
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10
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Rauwenhoff JCC, Bol Y, Peeters F, van den Hout AJHC, Geusgens CAV, van Heugten CM. Acceptance and commitment therapy for individuals with depressive and anxiety symptoms following acquired brain injury: A non-concurrent multiple baseline design across four cases. Neuropsychol Rehabil 2022:1-31. [PMID: 35332849 DOI: 10.1080/09602011.2022.2053169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Patients with acquired brain injury (ABI) often experience symptoms of anxiety and depression. Until now, evidence-based treatment is scarce. This study aimed to investigate the effectiveness of Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT) for patients with ABI. To evaluate the effect of ACT for people with ABI, a non-concurrent multiple baseline design across four cases was used. Participants were randomly assigned to a baseline period, followed by treatment and then follow-up phases. Anxiety and depressive symptoms were repeatedly measured. During six measurement moments over a year, participants filled in questionnaires measuring anxiety, depression, stress, participation, quality of life, and ACT-related processes. Randomization tests and NAP scores were used to calculate the level of change across phases. Clinically significant change was defined with the Reliable Change Index. Three out of four participants showed medium to large decreases in anxiety and depressive symptoms (NAP = 0.85 till 0.99). Furthermore, participants showed improvements regarding stress, cognitive fusion, and quality of life. There were no improvements regarding psychological flexibility, value-driven behaviour, or social participation. This study shows that ACT is possibly an effective treatment option for people experiencing ABI-related anxiety and depression symptoms. Replication with single case or large scale group studies is needed to confirm these findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johanne C C Rauwenhoff
- School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Faculty of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences, Maastricht University, Maastricht, Netherlands.,Limburg Brain Injury Centre, Maastricht, Netherlands
| | - Yvonne Bol
- Department of Clinical and Medical Psychology, Zuyderland Medical Centre, Sittard-Geleen/Heerlen, Netherlands
| | - Frenk Peeters
- Department of Clinical Psychological Science, Faculty of Psychology and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Maastricht, Netherlands
| | - Anja J H C van den Hout
- Department of Clinical and Medical Psychology, Zuyderland Medical Centre, Sittard-Geleen/Heerlen, Netherlands
| | - Chantal A V Geusgens
- Department of Clinical and Medical Psychology, Zuyderland Medical Centre, Sittard-Geleen/Heerlen, Netherlands
| | - Caroline M van Heugten
- School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Faculty of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences, Maastricht University, Maastricht, Netherlands.,Limburg Brain Injury Centre, Maastricht, Netherlands.,Department of Neuropsychology and Psychopharmacology, Faculty of Psychology and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Maastricht, Netherlands
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11
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Tanious R. Additional randomization test procedures for the changing criterion design. BEHAVIORAL INTERVENTIONS 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/bin.1875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- René Tanious
- Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, Methodology of Educational Sciences Research Group, KU Leuven Leuven Belgium
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12
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Changed dynamic symptom networks after a self-compassion training in patients with somatic symptom disorder: A multiple single-case pilot project. J Psychosom Res 2022; 154:110724. [PMID: 35078078 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpsychores.2022.110724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2021] [Revised: 12/20/2021] [Accepted: 01/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Pre-to-post mean group differences of intermittently assessed generic outcome variables may not capture all relevant treatment-related changes in individual patients with somatic symptom disorder (SSD). Aim of this multiple single-case observational pilot project was to find out whether the Experience Sampling Method (ESM) and dynamic symptom networks may offer new opportunities in evaluating treatment outcomes for individual patients with SSD. METHODS Patients with SSD (N = 6 in study 1, N = 7 in study 2) received a self-compassion training in a tertiary care mental health expert center. Using a single-case pre-post treatment observational design, intensive longitudinal data were collected with ESM. A brief questionnaire was presented via the patient's smartphone three times per day for 16 weeks before, during and after the training in study 1, and for 5 weeks before and 5 weeks after the training in study 2. Eleven questions comprised somatic symptoms, functional disability, stress, self-compassion, and acceptance of affect; three personalized questions comprised self-chosen affects and an additional symptom. RESULTS Sufficient observations for means and network comparison were obtained for 11 and 10 patients, respectively. After the training, self-compassion was significantly increased in 10 patients, functional disability, stress and affect improved in 6 patients, and (although not a treatment goal) somatic symptoms decreased in 6 patients. Dynamic symptom networks significantly changed in 5 patients. CONCLUSION Patient-specific changes in means and dynamic symptom networks were observed after self-compassion training. In future clinical trials, single-case ESM may offer new opportunities to evaluate treatment outcomes in patients with SSD.
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13
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Tanious R, Manolov R. A practitioner's guide to conducting and analysing embedded randomized single-case experimental designs. Neuropsychol Rehabil 2022; 33:613-645. [PMID: 35179088 DOI: 10.1080/09602011.2022.2035774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Single-case experimental designs (SCEDs) are a class of experimental designs suited for answering research questions at an individual level. The main designs available in SCED research are phase designs, multiple baseline designs, alternation designs, and changing criterion designs. Embedded designs, also referred to as combination or hybrid designs, consist of one of these basic designs forms embedded in another design (e.g., a changing criterion design embedded in a multiple baseline design). Systematic reviews of SCEDs have repeatedly indicated that embedded designs are frequently used in applied SCED research. In spite of their popularity, specific recommendations on the conduct and analysis of embedded SCED designs are lacking to date. The purpose of the present article is therefore to provide guidance to applied researchers wishing to conduct embedded SCED designs in terms of design options, design requirements, randomization, and data analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- René Tanious
- Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, Methodology of Educational Sciences Research Group, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Rumen Manolov
- Faculty of Psychology, Department of Social Psychology and Quantitative Psychology, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
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Benway NR, Hitchcock ER, McAllister T, Feeny GT, Hill J, Preston JL. Comparing Biofeedback Types for Children With Residual /ɹ/ Errors in American English: A Single-Case Randomization Design. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF SPEECH-LANGUAGE PATHOLOGY 2021; 30:1819-1845. [PMID: 34232693 PMCID: PMC8702873 DOI: 10.1044/2021_ajslp-20-00216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2020] [Revised: 11/13/2020] [Accepted: 03/27/2021] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Purpose Research comparing different biofeedback types could lead to individualized treatments for those with residual speech errors. This study examines within-treatment response to ultrasound and visual-acoustic biofeedback, as well as generalization to untrained words, for errors affecting the American English rhotic /ɹ/. We investigated whether some children demonstrated greater improvement in /ɹ/ during ultrasound or visual-acoustic biofeedback. Each participant received both biofeedback types. Individual predictors of treatment response (i.e., age, auditory-perceptual skill, oral somatosensory skill, and growth mindset) were also explored. Method Seven children ages 9-16 years with residual rhotic errors participated in 10 treatment visits. Each visit consisted of two conditions: 45 min of ultrasound biofeedback and 45 min of visual-acoustic biofeedback. The order of biofeedback conditions was randomized within a single-case experimental design. Acquisition of /ɹ/ was evaluated through acoustic measurements (normalized F3-F2 difference) of selected nonbiofeedback productions during practice. Generalization of /ɹ/ was evaluated through acoustic measurements and perceptual ratings of pretreatment/posttreatment probes. Results Five participants demonstrated acquisition of practiced words during the combined treatment package. Three participants demonstrated a clinically significant degree of generalization to untreated words on posttreatment probes. Randomization tests indicated one participant demonstrated a significant advantage for visual-acoustic over ultrasound biofeedback. Participants' auditory-perceptual acuity on an /ɹ/-/w/ identification task was identified as a possible correlate of generalization following treatment. Conclusions Most participants did not demonstrate a statistically significant difference in acoustic productions between the ultrasound and visual-acoustic conditions, but one participant showed greater improvement in /ɹ/ during visual-acoustic biofeedback. Supplemental Material https://doi.org/10.23641/asha.14881101.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nina R. Benway
- Department of Communication Sciences & Disorders, Syracuse University, NY
| | - Elaine R. Hitchcock
- Department of Communication Sciences and Disorders, Montclair State University, NJ
| | - Tara McAllister
- Department of Communicative Sciences and Disorders, New York University, NY
| | | | - Jennifer Hill
- Department of Applied Statistics, Social Science, and Humanities, New York University, NY
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Manolov R, Tanious R, Onghena P. Quantitative Techniques and Graphical Representations for Interpreting Results from Alternating Treatment Design. Perspect Behav Sci 2021; 45:259-294. [DOI: 10.1007/s40614-021-00289-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/13/2021] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
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16
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Wijnhoven LAMW, Engels RCME, Onghena P, Otten R, Creemers DHM. The Additive Effect of CBT Elements on the Video Game 'Mindlight' in Decreasing Anxiety Symptoms of Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder. J Autism Dev Disord 2021; 52:150-168. [PMID: 33660138 PMCID: PMC8732870 DOI: 10.1007/s10803-021-04927-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to examine the additive effect of elements of cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) on the video game Mindlight in decreasing anxiety of children with an autism spectrum disorder (ASD). A non-concurrent multiple baseline design with 8 children with ASD in the age of 8–12 was used. CBT did not have the hypothesized additive effect on Mindlight in decreasing anxiety of children with ASD. Instead, multiple participants already experienced a decrease in anxiety during the Mindlight sessions. Yet, several participants did experience a stabilization in anxiety at a low level during the CBT sessions. For now, it can be concluded that CBT does not have an additive effect on Mindlight.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lieke A. M. W. Wijnhoven
- Present Address: Mental Health Care Institute Karakter, Reinier Postlaan 12, 6525 GC Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Present Address: Behavioural Science Institute, Radboud University, P.O. Box 9104, 6500 HE Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Mental Health Care Institute GGZ Oost-Brabant, P.O. Box 3, 5427 ZG Boekel, The Netherlands
| | - Rutger C. M. E. Engels
- Erasmus School of Social and Behavioral Sciences, Erasmus University, P.O. Box 1738, 3000 DR Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, P.O. Box 5005, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Patrick Onghena
- Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, P.O. Box 5005, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
- Present Address: Behavioural Science Institute, Radboud University, P.O. Box 9104, 6500 HE Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Roy Otten
- Erasmus School of Social and Behavioral Sciences, Erasmus University, P.O. Box 1738, 3000 DR Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Present Address: Behavioural Science Institute, Radboud University, P.O. Box 9104, 6500 HE Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Present Address: REACH Institute, Arizona State University, P.O. Box 876005, Tempe, AZ USA
- Mental Health Care Institute GGZ Oost-Brabant, P.O. Box 3, 5427 ZG Boekel, The Netherlands
- Mental Health Care Institute Pluryn, P.O. Box 53, 6500 AB Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Daan H. M. Creemers
- Present Address: Mental Health Care Institute Karakter, Reinier Postlaan 12, 6525 GC Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Erasmus School of Social and Behavioral Sciences, Erasmus University, P.O. Box 1738, 3000 DR Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Present Address: Behavioural Science Institute, Radboud University, P.O. Box 9104, 6500 HE Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Mental Health Care Institute GGZ Oost-Brabant, P.O. Box 3, 5427 ZG Boekel, The Netherlands
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Abstract
Due to repeated observations of an outcome behavior in N-of-1 or single-case design (SCD) intervention studies, the occurrence of missing scores is inevitable in such studies. Approximately 21% of SCD articles published in five reputable journals between 2015 and 2019 exhibited evidence of missing scores. Missing rates varied by designs, with the highest rate (24%) found in multiple baseline/probe designs. Missing scores cause difficulties in data analysis. And inappropriate treatments of missing scores lead to consequences that threaten internal validity and weaken generalizability of intervention effects reported in SCD research. In this paper, we comprehensively review nine methods for treating missing SCD data: the available data method, six single imputations, and two model-based methods. The strengths, weaknesses, assumptions, and examples of these methods are summarized. The available data method and three single imputation methods are further demonstrated in assessing an intervention effect at the class and students’ levels. Assessment results are interpreted in terms of effect sizes, statistical significances, and visual analysis of data. Differences in results among the four methods are noted and discussed. The extensive review of problems caused by missing scores and possible treatments should empower researchers and practitioners to account for missing scores effectively and to support evidence-based interventions vigorously. The paper concludes with a discussion of contingencies for implementing the nine methods and practical strategies for managing missing scores in single-case intervention studies.
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Ryer JE, Poll GH. The Effectiveness of Hybrid Telepractice and In-Person Fluency Treatment for a School-Aged Child: A Case Study. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2020. [DOI: 10.1044/2020_persp-19-00133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Purpose
This case study assessed the effects of hybrid telepractice and in-person delivery of the Smooth Speech Treatment (Craig, 2010) for a school-aged child who stutters.
Method
The participant was an 8-year-old child who stuttered. Telepractice or in-person delivery were randomly assigned to treatment sessions in a single-subject AB design. The primary outcome measures were the percentage of syllables stuttered in conversation and reading probes taken at the beginning and end of each treatment session. Communication attitudes were measured before treatment began and at a posttreatment maintenance session. The pattern of treatment gains by delivery platform was also evaluated.
Results
Visual inspection of trends for outcome measures supported an association between the overall treatment package and a reduction in syllables stuttered. Pre- to post- treatment measures indicated an improvement in the child's attitudes toward stuttering. Within-session gains for telepractice sessions were more variable than in-person sessions.
Conclusions
These results indicate that fluency treatment delivered using a blend of telepractice and in-person delivery can be effective for a school-aged child who stutters. The findings align with prior studies showing the effectiveness of telepractice-delivered treatment for preschool children and adolescents. Replications of these results are needed with additional school-aged participants. Additional research is also warranted on factors that contribute to the variability of telepractice treatment effects for school-aged children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacqueline E. Ryer
- Department of Communication Sciences and Disorders, Elmhurst College, IL
| | - Gerard H. Poll
- Department of Speech Pathology and Audiology, Miami University, Oxford, OH
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Poort H, Onghena P, Abrahams HJG, Jim HSL, Jacobsen PB, Blijlevens NMA, Knoop H. Cognitive Behavioral Therapy for Treatment-Related Fatigue in Chronic Myeloid Leukemia Patients on Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitors: A Mixed-Method Study. J Clin Psychol Med Settings 2020; 26:440-448. [PMID: 30747340 PMCID: PMC6851212 DOI: 10.1007/s10880-019-09607-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Treatment-related fatigue significantly limits quality of life among chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) patients receiving tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs), yet no interventions to reduce this symptom have been studied. We examined preliminary feasibility and efficacy of cognitive behavioral therapy for TKI treatment-related fatigue in patients with CML. We used a mixed methods convergent design and collected quantitative data through randomized single-case experiments. We included CML patients receiving TKIs and reporting severe fatigue. Within each participant, we compared CBT to a no-treatment baseline period. Fatigue severity was measured weekly with the Checklist Individual Strength. Fatigue scores were subjected to visual analyses and randomization tests for single-case experimental designs. We conducted qualitative interviews after study participation and focused on feasibility and efficacy of CBT. Visual inspection of line graphs indicated downward trends in the expected direction for fatigue in two of the four participants. The test statistics showed a decrease in fatigue severity for all participants but randomization tests did not reach statistical significance (overall p = 0.18). Participants reported qualitative improvements in level of functioning and coping with fatigue. CBT was considered feasible and acceptable for severely fatigued CML patients. Our study provided preliminary evidence for the feasibility and acceptability of CBT for severely fatigued CML patients receiving targeted therapy. We recommend further efficacy testing of this promising intervention in a pilot randomized controlled trial.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanneke Poort
- Department of Psychosocial Oncology and Palliative Care, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, 450 Brookline Avenue, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
| | - Patrick Onghena
- Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, KU Leuven-University of Leuven, Tiensestraat 102, 3000, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Harriët J G Abrahams
- Department of Medical Psychology, Amsterdam Public Health Research Institute, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ, Amsterdam, Netherlands.,Expert Center for Chronic Fatigue, Department of Medical Psychology, Amsterdam Public Health Research Institute, VU University Medical Center, De Boelelaan 1117, 1081 HV, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Heather S L Jim
- Department of Health Outcomes and Behavior, Moffitt Cancer Center, 12902 Magnolia Drive MRC-SCM, Tampa, FL, 33612, USA
| | - Paul B Jacobsen
- Division of Cancer Control and Population Sciences, National Cancer Institute, 9609 Medical Center Drive, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Nicole M A Blijlevens
- Department of Hematology, Radboud University Medical Center, Geert Grooteplein Zuid 8, 6525 GA, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Hans Knoop
- Department of Medical Psychology, Amsterdam Public Health Research Institute, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ, Amsterdam, Netherlands. .,Expert Center for Chronic Fatigue, Department of Medical Psychology, Amsterdam Public Health Research Institute, VU University Medical Center, De Boelelaan 1117, 1081 HV, Amsterdam, Netherlands.
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20
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From Boulder to Stockholm in 70 Years: Single Case Experimental Designs in Clinical Research. PSYCHOLOGICAL RECORD 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s40732-020-00402-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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21
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Carlsen AN, Maslovat D, Kaga K. An unperceived acoustic stimulus decreases reaction time to visual information in a patient with cortical deafness. Sci Rep 2020; 10:5825. [PMID: 32242039 PMCID: PMC7118083 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-62450-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2019] [Accepted: 03/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Responding to multiple stimuli of different modalities has been shown to reduce reaction time (RT), yet many different processes can potentially contribute to multisensory response enhancement. To investigate the neural circuits involved in voluntary response initiation, an acoustic stimulus of varying intensities (80, 105, or 120 dB) was presented during a visual RT task to a patient with profound bilateral cortical deafness and an intact auditory brainstem response. Despite being unable to consciously perceive sound, RT was reliably shortened (~100 ms) on trials where the unperceived acoustic stimulus was presented, confirming the presence of multisensory response enhancement. Although the exact locus of this enhancement is unclear, these results cannot be attributed to involvement of the auditory cortex. Thus, these data provide new and compelling evidence that activation from subcortical auditory processing circuits can contribute to other cortical or subcortical areas responsible for the initiation of a response, without the need for conscious perception.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Dana Maslovat
- School of Kinesiology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Kimitaka Kaga
- National Institute of Sensory Organs, National Tokyo Medical Center, Tokyo, Japan
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Power of a randomization test in a single case multiple baseline AB design. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0228355. [PMID: 32027683 PMCID: PMC7004358 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0228355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2019] [Accepted: 01/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
A randomization test can be used to statistically test hypotheses in multiple baseline designs to complement the commonly used visual inspection analysis. A crossed factor simulation study was performed to investigate the power of a randomization test in an multiple baseline design. The results show that the degree of autocorrelation of the observations, the number of participants, the effect size, the overlap of possible start moments of the intervention between participants, the ratio of the number of measurements in the baseline- and intervention phase, a gradually emerging effect, and the number of measurements had strong main effects on the power. The two-way interactions between number of participants and effect size, and between the number of measurements and the number of start moments of the intervention also had a large effect. An online tool was developed to calculate the power of a multiple baseline design given several design characteristics.
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23
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Handling missing data in randomization tests for single-case experiments: A simulation study. Behav Res Methods 2020; 52:1355-1370. [DOI: 10.3758/s13428-019-01320-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Tanious R, Onghena P. Randomized Single-Case Experimental Designs in Healthcare Research: What, Why, and How? Healthcare (Basel) 2019; 7:E143. [PMID: 31766188 PMCID: PMC6955662 DOI: 10.3390/healthcare7040143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2019] [Revised: 09/26/2019] [Accepted: 11/07/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Health problems are often idiosyncratic in nature and therefore require individualized diagnosis and treatment. In this paper, we show how single-case experimental designs (SCEDs) can meet the requirement to find and evaluate individually tailored treatments. We give a basic introduction to the methodology of SCEDs and provide an overview of the available design options. For each design, we show how an element of randomization can be incorporated to increase the internal and statistical conclusion validity and how the obtained data can be analyzed using visual tools, effect size measures, and randomization inference. We illustrate each design and data analysis technique using applied data sets from the healthcare literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- René Tanious
- Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, Methodology of Educational Sciences Research Group, KU Leuven—University of Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium;
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25
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Levin JR, Kratochwill TR, Ferron JM. Randomization procedures in single‐case intervention research contexts: (Some of) “the rest of the story”. J Exp Anal Behav 2019; 112:334-348. [DOI: 10.1002/jeab.558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2019] [Accepted: 10/19/2019] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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26
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Onghena P, Tanious R, De TK, Michiels B. Randomization tests for changing criterion designs. Behav Res Ther 2019; 117:18-27. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brat.2019.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2018] [Revised: 01/07/2019] [Accepted: 01/10/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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27
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Tailored Text Message Prompts to Increase Therapy Homework Adherence: A Single-Case Randomised Controlled Study. BEHAVIOUR CHANGE 2019. [DOI: 10.1017/bec.2019.10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
AbstractBackground:Psychotherapy homework completion is associated with positive treatment outcomes, but many patients show low adherence to prescribed assignments. Whether text-message prompts are effective in increasing adherence to assignments is unknown.Aims:To evaluate whether tailored daily text-message prompts can increase homework adherence in a stress/anxiety treatment.Method:This study used a randomised controlled single-case alternating treatment design with parallel replication in seven participants. Participants received a five-week relaxation program for stress and anxiety with daily exercises. The intervention consisted of daily text messages tailored for each participant. Phases with or without text messages were randomly alternated over the study course. Randomisation tests were used to statistically analyse differences in mean number of completed relaxation exercises between phases.Results:There was a significant (combinedp= .018) effect of daily text messages on homework adherence across participants with weak to medium effect size improvements. No negative effects of daily text messages were identified.Conclusions:Tailored text messages can marginally improve adherence to assignments for patients in CBT. Further studies may investigate how text messages can be made relevant for more patients and whether text messages can be used to increase homework quality rather than quantity.
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Tanious R, De TK, Michiels B, Van den Noortgate W, Onghena P. Assessing Consistency in Single-Case A-B-A-B Phase Designs. Behav Modif 2019; 44:518-551. [PMID: 30931585 DOI: 10.1177/0145445519837726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Previous research has introduced several effect size measures (ESMs) to quantify data aspects of single-case experimental designs (SCEDs): level, trend, variability, overlap, and immediacy. In the current article, we extend the existing literature by introducing two methods for quantifying consistency in single-case A-B-A-B phase designs. The first method assesses the consistency of data patterns across phases implementing the same condition, called CONsistency of DAta Patterns (CONDAP). The second measure assesses the consistency of the five other data aspects when changing from baseline to experimental phase, called CONsistency of the EFFects (CONEFF). We illustrate the calculation of both measures for four A-B-A-B phase designs from published literature and demonstrate how CONDAP and CONEFF can supplement visual analysis of SCED data. Finally, we discuss directions for future research.
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29
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Craig AR, Fisher WW. Randomization tests as alternative analysis methods for behavior-analytic data. J Exp Anal Behav 2019; 111:309-328. [PMID: 30706944 PMCID: PMC6524641 DOI: 10.1002/jeab.500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2018] [Accepted: 01/09/2019] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Randomization statistics offer alternatives to many of the statistical methods commonly used in behavior analysis and the psychological sciences, more generally. These methods are more flexible than conventional parametric and nonparametric statistical techniques in that they make no assumptions about the underlying distribution of outcome variables, are relatively robust when applied to small-n data sets, and are generally applicable to between-groups, within-subjects, mixed, and single-case research designs. In the present article, we first will provide a historical overview of randomization methods. Next, we will discuss the properties of randomization statistics that may make them particularly well suited for analysis of behavior-analytic data. We will introduce readers to the major assumptions that undergird randomization methods, as well as some practical and computational considerations for their application. Finally, we will demonstrate how randomization statistics may be calculated for mixed and single-case research designs. Throughout, we will direct readers toward resources that they may find useful in developing randomization tests for their own data.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Wayne W. Fisher
- University of Nebraska Medical Center’s Munroe-Meyer
Institute
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30
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Jacobs KW. Replicability and randomization test logic in behavior analysis. J Exp Anal Behav 2019; 111:329-341. [DOI: 10.1002/jeab.501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2018] [Accepted: 01/13/2019] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Schrijnemaekers ACMC, Winkens I, Rasquin SMC, Verhaeg A, Ponds RWHM, van Heugten CM. Effectiveness and feasibility of Socratic feedback to increase awareness of deficits in patients with acquired brain injury: Four single-case experimental design (SCED) studies. Neuropsychol Rehabil 2018; 30:591-612. [PMID: 29956557 DOI: 10.1080/09602011.2018.1485110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the effectiveness and feasibility of a Socratic feedback programme to improve awareness of deficits in patients with acquired brain injury (ABI). SETTING Rehabilitation centre. PARTICIPANTS Four patients with ABI with awareness problems. DESIGN A series of single-case experimental design studies with random intervention starting points (A-B + maintenance design). MAIN MEASURES Rate of trainer-feedback and self-control behaviour on everyday tasks, patient competency rating scale (PCRS), self-regulating skills interview (SRSI), hospital anxiety and depression scale. RESULTS All patients needed less trainer feedback, the change was significant in 3 out of 4. One patient increased in overt self-corrective behaviour. SRSI performance increased in all patients (medium to strong effect size), and PCRS performance increased in two patients (medium and strong effect size). Mood and anxiety levels were elevated in one patient at the beginning of the training and decreased to normal levels at the end of the training. The feasibility of the programme was scored 9 out of 10. CONCLUSIONS The Socratic feedback method is a promising intervention for improving awareness of deficits in patients with ABI. Controlled studies with larger populations are needed to draw more solid conclusions about the effect of this method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne-Claire M C Schrijnemaekers
- Department of Brain Injury Rehabilitation, Adelante Rehabilitation Centre of Expertise in Rehabilitation and Audiology, Hoensbroek, Netherlands
| | - Ieke Winkens
- Department of Neuropsychology and Psychopharmacology, Faculty of Psychology and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Maastricht, Netherlands
| | - Sascha M C Rasquin
- Department of Brain Injury Rehabilitation, Adelante Rehabilitation Centre of Expertise in Rehabilitation and Audiology, Hoensbroek, Netherlands.,Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, CAPHRI School for Public Health and Primary Care, Maastricht University, Hoensbroek, Netherlands
| | - Annette Verhaeg
- Department of Brain Injury Rehabilitation, Adelante Rehabilitation Centre of Expertise in Rehabilitation and Audiology, Hoensbroek, Netherlands
| | - Rudolf W H M Ponds
- Department of Brain Injury Rehabilitation, Adelante Rehabilitation Centre of Expertise in Rehabilitation and Audiology, Hoensbroek, Netherlands.,Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, Faculty of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences, School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Hoensbroek, Netherlands.,Department of Medical Psychology, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Hoensbroek, Netherlands
| | - Caroline M van Heugten
- Department of Neuropsychology and Psychopharmacology, Faculty of Psychology and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Maastricht, Netherlands.,Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, Faculty of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences, School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Hoensbroek, Netherlands
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Randomization Tests for Single Case Designs with Rapidly Alternating Conditions: An Analysis of p-Values from Published Experiments. Perspect Behav Sci 2018; 42:617-645. [PMID: 31976452 DOI: 10.1007/s40614-018-0165-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Two common barriers to applying statistical tests to single-case experiments are that single-case data often violate the assumptions of parametric tests and that random assignment is inconsistent with the logic of single-case design. However, in the case of randomization tests applied to single-case experiments with rapidly alternating conditions, neither the statistical assumptions nor the logic of the designs are violated. To examine the utility of randomization tests for single-case data, we collected a sample of published articles including alternating treatments or multielement designs with random or semi-random condition sequences. We extracted data from graphs and used randomization tests to estimate the probability of obtaining results at least as extreme as the results in the experiment by chance alone (i.e., p-value). We compared the distribution of p-values from experimental comparisons that did and did not indicate a functional relation based on visual analysis and evaluated agreement between visual and statistical analysis at several levels of α. Results showed different means, shapes, and spreads for the p-value distributions and substantial agreement between visual and statistical analysis when α = .05, with lower agreement when α was adjusted to preserve family-wise error at .05. Questions remain, however, on the appropriate application and interpretation of randomization tests for single-case designs.
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Nonparametric meta-analysis for single-case research: Confidence intervals for combined effect sizes. Behav Res Methods 2018; 51:1145-1160. [DOI: 10.3758/s13428-018-1044-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Verhagen SJW, Hasmi L, Drukker M, van Os J, Delespaul PAEG. Use of the experience sampling method in the context of clinical trials. EVIDENCE-BASED MENTAL HEALTH 2018; 19:86-9. [PMID: 27443678 PMCID: PMC5040762 DOI: 10.1136/ebmental-2016-102418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2016] [Accepted: 07/01/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Objective The experience sampling method (ESM) is a structured diary technique to appraise subjective experiences in daily life. It is applied in psychiatric patients, as well as in patients with somatic illness. Despite the potential of ESM assessment, the improved logistics and its increased administration in research, its use in clinical trials remains limited. This paper introduces ESM for clinical trials in psychiatry and beyond. Methods ESM is an ecologically valid method that yields a comprehensive view of an individual's daily life. It allows the assessment of various constructs (eg, quality of life, psychopathology) and psychological mechanisms (eg, stress-sensitivity, coping). These constructs are difficult to assess using cross-sectional questionnaires. ESM can be applied in treatment monitoring, as an ecological momentary intervention, in clinical trials, or in single case clinical trials. Technological advances (eg, smartphone applications) make its implementation easier. Results Advantages of ESM are highlighted and disadvantages are discussed. Furthermore, the ecological nature of ESM data and its consequences are explored, including the potential pitfalls of ambiguously formulated research questions and the specificities of ESM in statistical analyses. The last section focuses on ESM in relation to clinical trials and discusses its future use in optimising clinical decision-making. Conclusions ESM can be a valuable asset in clinical trial research and should be used more often to study the benefits of treatment in psychiatry and somatic health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone J W Verhagen
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Laila Hasmi
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Marjan Drukker
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - J van Os
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Philippe A E G Delespaul
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
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One by One: Accumulating Evidence by using Meta-Analytical Procedures for Single-Case Experiments. BRAIN IMPAIR 2017. [DOI: 10.1017/brimp.2017.25] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
This paper presents a unilevel and multilevel approach for the analysis and meta-analysis of single-case experiments (SCEs). We propose a definition of SCEs and derive the specific features of SCEs’ data that have to be taken into account when analysing and meta-analysing SCEs. We discuss multilevel models of increasing complexity and propose alternative and complementary techniques based on probability combining and randomisation test wrapping. The proposed techniques are demonstrated with real-life data and corresponding R code.
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Abstract
PURPOSE To review research designs for rehabilitation. SUMMARY OF KEY POINTS Single-case, observational, and qualitative designs are highlighted in terms of recent advances and ability to answer important scientific questions about rehabilitation. STATEMENT OF CONCLUSIONS Single-case, observational, and qualitative designs can be conducted in a systematic and rigorous manner that provides important information that cannot be acquired using more common designs, such as randomized controlled trials. These less commonly used designs may be more feasible and effective in answering many research questions in the field of rehabilitation. RECOMMENDATIONS FOR CLINICAL PRACTICE Researchers should consider these designs when selecting the optimal design to answer their research questions. We should improve education about the advantages and disadvantages of existing research designs to enable more critical analysis of the scientific literature we read and review to avoid undervaluing studies not within more commonly used categories.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michele A Lobo
- Department of Physical Therapy (Dr. Lobo), Biomechanics & Movement Science Program, University of Delaware, Newark; Department of Biobehavioral Health Sciences (Dr. Kagan), School of Nursing, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; and Department of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation (Dr. Corrigan), The Ohio State University, Columbus
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McAllister Byun T. Efficacy of Visual-Acoustic Biofeedback Intervention for Residual Rhotic Errors: A Single-Subject Randomization Study. JOURNAL OF SPEECH, LANGUAGE, AND HEARING RESEARCH : JSLHR 2017; 60:1175-1193. [PMID: 28389677 PMCID: PMC5755545 DOI: 10.1044/2016_jslhr-s-16-0038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2016] [Accepted: 08/28/2016] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE This study documented the efficacy of visual-acoustic biofeedback intervention for residual rhotic errors, relative to a comparison condition involving traditional articulatory treatment. All participants received both treatments in a single-subject experimental design featuring alternating treatments with blocked randomization of sessions to treatment conditions. METHOD Seven child and adolescent participants received 20 half-hour sessions of individual treatment over 10 weeks. Within each week, sessions were randomly assigned to feature traditional or biofeedback intervention. Perceptual accuracy of rhotic production was assessed in a blinded, randomized fashion. Each participant's response to the combined treatment package was evaluated by using effect sizes and visual inspection. Differences in the magnitude of response to traditional versus biofeedback intervention were measured with individual randomization tests. RESULTS Four of 7 participants demonstrated a clinically meaningful response to the combined treatment package. Three of 7 participants showed a statistically significant difference between treatment conditions. In all 3 cases, the magnitude of within-session gains associated with biofeedback exceeded the gains associated with traditional treatment. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that the inclusion of visual-acoustic biofeedback can enhance the efficacy of intervention for some individuals with residual rhotic errors. Further research is needed to understand which participants represent better or poorer candidates for biofeedback treatment.
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The conditional power of randomization tests for single-case effect sizes in designs with randomized treatment order: A Monte Carlo simulation study. Behav Res Methods 2017; 50:557-575. [DOI: 10.3758/s13428-017-0885-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Roumen FJME, Zimmerman Y, van Wijck A, Ter Kuile MM, Onghena P, Coelingh Bennink HJT. Mood disturbances during combined oral contraceptive use and the effect of androgen supplementation. Results of a double-blind, placebo-controlled, single-case alternation design pilot study. EUR J CONTRACEP REPR 2017; 22:147-151. [PMID: 28256915 DOI: 10.1080/13625187.2017.1286313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To evaluate the effect of androgen supplementation in healthy combined oral contraceptive (COC) users who experience mood disturbances during COC-use only. METHODS Six women with mood disturbances during COC-use only, received COC with co-treatment of 50 mg dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) during three cycles and placebo during another three cycles in an individualized random order. Daily mood rating was measured by a single item: 'In what kind of mood have you been in the past 24 h?' The results were analysed using a randomisation test for single-case experimental designs. RESULTS The p values for the alternation design randomisation tests on the raw data of the six healthy individuals varied between 0.21 and 1, indicating that the average daily mood ratings of the active treatment DHEA are not statistically significantly larger than the average daily mood ratings of placebo. The combined p value of the subjects using a DRSP-containing pill was 0.97, and of the subjects using an LNG-containing pill was 0.65, indicating no statistically significant treatment effect for any of the pill types. CONCLUSIONS In this single-case alternation design study, concomitant treatment with DHEA for intermittent periods of 4 weeks did not result in improvement of mood disturbances related to COC-use, but had also no side-effects.
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Sjolie GM, Leece MC, Preston JL. Acquisition, retention, and generalization of rhotics with and without ultrasound visual feedback. JOURNAL OF COMMUNICATION DISORDERS 2016; 64:62-77. [PMID: 27973322 PMCID: PMC5392178 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcomdis.2016.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2016] [Revised: 10/03/2016] [Accepted: 10/13/2016] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE The purpose was to provide a preliminary within-participant comparison of speech therapy with and without exposure to ultrasound visual feedback for postvocalic rhotics (/r/- colored vowels). Effects of the two treatments on acquisition, retention, and generalization were explored. It was hypothesized that treatment with ultrasound would facilitate acquisition but hinder retention and generalization. METHODS A single subject randomized block design was replicated across four American English-speaking participants ages 7-9 years. Each participant was trained on postvocalic /r/. Each week for seven weeks, one session with ultrasound visual feedback and one session with no ultrasound were randomly ordered. A Training Probe and Generalization Probe were used to measure acquisition within each session as well as retention and generalization between two consecutive sessions. Graphical displays of the data, effect size calculation, and statistical results from a randomization test were used to analyze the results. RESULTS Two participants showed essentially no evidence of acquisition, retention or generalization of rhotics (<5%). Of the two who showed evidence of acquisition, one participant showed a significant advantage and large effect size for ultrasound sessions over no ultrasound sessions in acquisition of rhotics. However, no participants showed differences between treatment conditions in generalization or retention of rhotics. CONCLUSION For some children, acquisition may be facilitated by ultrasound visual feedback. Ultrasound visual feedback neither inhibited nor facilitated retention or generalization of rhotics. As a whole, the 14 treatment sessions (7 with ultrasound and 7 without) were effective for 2 of the 4 participants when comparing pre/post generalization scores. Future studies should evaluate the effectiveness of ultrasound visual feedback given a larger dose and differing age groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Greta M Sjolie
- Department of Communication Sciences & Disorders, Syracuse University, 621 Skytop Rd., Suite 1200, Syracuse, NY 13244, United States
| | - Megan C Leece
- Department of Communication Sciences & Disorders, Syracuse University, 621 Skytop Rd., Suite 1200, Syracuse, NY 13244, United States
| | - Jonathan L Preston
- Department of Communication Sciences & Disorders, Syracuse University, 621 Skytop Rd., Suite 1200, Syracuse, NY 13244, United States; Haskins Laboratories, New Haven, CT, USA.
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The use of safety-seeking behavior in exposure-based treatments for fear and anxiety: Benefit or burden? A meta-analytic review. Clin Psychol Rev 2016; 45:144-56. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cpr.2016.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2015] [Revised: 01/05/2016] [Accepted: 02/05/2016] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Confidence intervals for single-case effect size measures based on randomization test inversion. Behav Res Methods 2016; 49:363-381. [DOI: 10.3758/s13428-016-0714-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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The consequences of modeling autocorrelation when synthesizing single-case studies using a three-level model. Behav Res Methods 2015; 48:803-12. [DOI: 10.3758/s13428-015-0612-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Manolov R, Jamieson M, Evans JJ, Sierra V. Probability and Visual Aids for Assessing Intervention Effectiveness in Single-Case Designs. Behav Modif 2015; 39:691-720. [DOI: 10.1177/0145445515593512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Single-case data analysis still relies heavily on visual inspection, and, at the same time, it is not clear to what extent the results of different quantitative procedures converge in identifying an intervention effect and its magnitude when applied to the same data; this is the type of evidence provided here for two procedures. One of the procedures, included due to the importance of providing objective criteria to visual analysts, is a visual aid fitting and projecting split-middle trend while taking into account data variability. The other procedure converts several different metrics into probabilities making their results comparable. In the present study, we expore to what extend these two procedures coincide in the magnitude of intervention effect taking place in a set of studies stemming from a recent meta-analysis. The procedures concur to a greater extent with the values of the indices computed and with each other and, to a lesser extent, with our own visual analysis. For distinguishing smaller from larger effects, the probability-based approach seems somewhat better suited. Moreover, the results of the field test suggest that the latter is a reasonably good mechanism for translating different metrics into similar labels. User friendly R code is provided for promoting the use of the visual aid, together with a quantification based on nonoverlap and the label provided by the probability approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rumen Manolov
- University of Barcelona, Spain
- Ramon Llull University, Barcelona, Spain
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Huo M, Heyvaert M, Van den Noortgate W, Onghena P. Permutation Tests in the Educational and Behavioral Sciences. METHODOLOGY-EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF RESEARCH METHODS FOR THE BEHAVIORAL AND SOCIAL SCIENCES 2014. [DOI: 10.1027/1614-2241/a000067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Over the past two decades, permutation tests (PTs) have received much attention in the educational and behavioral sciences. The aim of this article is to review the theoretical developments of PTs, the active areas in the educational and behavioral research using PTs, and the types of analysis under which PTs have been applied. We obtained 224 published articles, which included 141 theoretical articles and 83 application articles. After scrutinizing each article, we are happy to see that (1) some researchers began to advocate introducing PTs into basic statistics training; (2) computing load for PTs may be reduced dramatically by some intelligent algorithms; (3) PTs began to be applied in new areas such as studies on the relationship between brain and behavior and the relationship between gene and behavior; (4) besides simple types of analysis such as independent two-group comparison, PTs can also be carried out under more complex situations such as multivariate analysis. However, we should also notice that PTs are still mostly used for simple analyses (e.g., randomness analysis).
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Huo
- Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, Methodology of Educational Science Research Group, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Belgium
| | - Mieke Heyvaert
- Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, Methodology of Educational Science Research Group, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Belgium
| | - Wim Van den Noortgate
- Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, Methodology of Educational Science Research Group, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Belgium
| | - Patrick Onghena
- Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, Methodology of Educational Science Research Group, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Belgium
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Manolov R, Gast DL, Perdices M, Evans JJ. Single-case experimental designs: reflections on conduct and analysis. Neuropsychol Rehabil 2014; 24:634-60. [PMID: 24779416 DOI: 10.1080/09602011.2014.903199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
In this editorial discussion we reflect on the issues addressed by, and arising from, the papers in this special issue on Single-Case Experimental Design (SCED) study methodology. We identify areas of consensus and disagreement regarding the conduct and analysis of SCED studies. Despite the long history of application of SCEDs in studies of interventions in clinical and educational settings, the field is still developing. There is an emerging consensus on methodological quality criteria for many aspects of SCEDs, but disagreement on what are the most appropriate methods of SCED data analysis. Our aim is to stimulate this ongoing debate and highlight issues requiring further attention from applied researchers and methodologists. In addition we offer tentative criteria to support decision-making in relation to the selection of analytical techniques in SCED studies. Finally, we stress that large-scale interdisciplinary collaborations, such as the current Special Issue, are necessary if SCEDs are going to play a significant role in the development of the evidence base for clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rumen Manolov
- a Department of Behavioural Sciences Methods , University of Barcelona , Spain
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Zhang J, Rowe JB. Dissociable mechanisms of speed-accuracy tradeoff during visual perceptual learning are revealed by a hierarchical drift-diffusion model. Front Neurosci 2014; 8:69. [PMID: 24782701 PMCID: PMC3988401 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2014.00069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2014] [Accepted: 03/24/2014] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Two phenomena are commonly observed in decision-making. First, there is a speed-accuracy tradeoff (SAT) such that decisions are slower and more accurate when instructions emphasize accuracy over speed, and vice versa. Second, decision performance improves with practice, as a task is learnt. The SAT and learning effects have been explained under a well-established evidence-accumulation framework for decision-making, which suggests that evidence supporting each choice is accumulated over time, and a decision is committed to when the accumulated evidence reaches a decision boundary. This framework suggests that changing the decision boundary creates the tradeoff between decision speed and accuracy, while increasing the rate of accumulation leads to more accurate and faster decisions after learning. However, recent studies challenged the view that SAT and learning are associated with changes in distinct, single decision parameters. Further, the influence of speed-accuracy instructions over the course of learning remains largely unknown. Here, we used a hierarchical drift-diffusion model to examine the SAT during learning of a coherent motion discrimination task across multiple training sessions, and a transfer test session. The influence of speed-accuracy instructions was robust over training and generalized across untrained stimulus features. Emphasizing decision accuracy rather than speed was associated with increased boundary separation, drift rate and non-decision time at the beginning of training. However, after training, an emphasis on decision accuracy was only associated with increased boundary separation. In addition, faster and more accurate decisions after learning were due to a gradual decrease in boundary separation and an increase in drift rate. The results suggest that speed-accuracy instructions and learning differentially shape decision-making processes at different time scales.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaxiang Zhang
- Cognition and Brain Sciences Unit, Medical Research CouncilCambridge, UK,*Correspondence: Jiaxiang Zhang, Cognition and Brain Sciences Unit, Medical Research Council, 15 Chaucer Road, Cambridge CB2 7EF, UK e-mail:
| | - James B. Rowe
- Cognition and Brain Sciences Unit, Medical Research CouncilCambridge, UK,Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of CambridgeCambridge, UK,Behavioural and Clinical Neuroscience Institute, University of CambridgeCambridge, UK
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Solmi F, Onghena P. Combining p-values in replicated single-case experiments with multivariate outcome. Neuropsychol Rehabil 2014; 24:607-33. [DOI: 10.1080/09602011.2014.881747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Ruddle A, Livingstone S, Huddy V, Johns L, Stahl D, Wykes T. A case series exploring possible predictors and mechanisms of change in hearing voices groups. Psychol Psychother 2014; 87:60-79. [PMID: 24497397 DOI: 10.1111/j.2044-8341.2012.02074.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Hearing voices groups (HVGs) are increasingly common in National Health Services and are often preferred to individual therapy by both service users and providers. Whilst a range of approaches exist, mixed results have been found and only cognitive behaviour therapy (CBT) was supported by well-controlled trials. This study aimed to explore possible predictors and mechanisms of change in a seven-session CBT group for voice hearers. DESIGN An exploratory case series design was used. Method. Fifteen outpatients with a diagnosis of schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder completed a HVG and carried out weekly measures of distress, negative beliefs about voices, self-esteem, effective coping strategies, and activity levels. Visual inspection and quantitative rules were used to group participants with similar results and cross-correlations and t tests were used to verify key findings. RESULTS Several pathways emerged across therapy. Despite measurement frequency, changes on different outcomes tended to occur simultaneously, making conclusions about mechanisms difficult. However, changes in beliefs about voice malevolence and omnipotence correlated most frequently with changes in distress. Visual analysis indicated 53% of participants improved on a measured outcome but satisfaction scores were higher, with 93% feeling the group helped them deal with their problems more effectively. Clients especially valued the chance to meet similar others. CONCLUSIONS The results suggest HVGs are valued by clients, regardless of their background or symptoms. HVGs should emphasize testing negative beliefs about voices and allow space for supportive discussions between clients. Recommendations for future research are discussed, including consideration of benefits not detected by outcome measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Ruddle
- Research Department of Clinical, Educational and Health Psychology, University College London, UKDepartment of Psychology, Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London, UKCOAST, Westways Resource Centre, 49 St James Road, Croydon CR0 2UR, UK
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