1
|
Kasim MF, Abbas AM. Evaluation of Olfactory Dysfunction Among COVID-19 Patients in Baghdad, Iraq. Cureus 2024; 16:e53721. [PMID: 38455837 PMCID: PMC10919444 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.53721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/06/2024] [Indexed: 03/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Background SARS‑CoV‑2 (COVID-19) causes olfactory dysfunction which is characterized by anosmia or hyposmia. Characterization of olfactory dysfunction has added value to the diagnosis and prognosis of the disease. Nevertheless, scarce information exists about COVID-19 patients suffering from olfactory dysfunction in Iraq. This study aimed to identify olfactory dysfunction (anosmia or hyposmia) in Iraqi COVID-19 patients and examine their response to smell exercise at Baghdad Medical City Complex, Baghdad, Iraq. Methodology This case series prospective study involving 300 patients (160 males and 140 females) with COVID-19 infection was conducted from June 1, 2020, to October 1, 2021. We recorded signs and symptoms of COVID-19 among patients by examining olfactory dysfunction, n-butanol olfaction test, and smell test exercise. Results Anosmia and hyposmia were found in 69.3% and 30.7% of the patients, respectively; of these, 65.7% were of sudden onset. The association between olfactory dysfunction and smoking was not significant. The most frequent signs and symptoms of COVID-19 were fatigue, fever, loss of taste, myalgia, headache, sore throat, cough, depressed appetite, dyspnea, nausea, abdominal pain, and diarrhea. The highest frequencies of occurrence of anosmia (30.7%) and hyposmia (13.3%) were in the age group of 31-40 years. The majority (47.7%) of patients with olfactory dysfunction recovered within one month of COVID-19 onset. The rest of the patients recovered within one month to 16 months. The most commonly encountered ear, nose, and throat symptoms were nasal obstruction, rhinorrhea, and facial/ear pain. The percentages of patients with anosmia and hyposmia recovering with smell exercise were significant at 64.7% and 25.3%, respectively. Conclusions The prognosis of olfactory dysfunction in COVID-19 patients was good as most cases recovered within a short period with concomitant smell exercise. Olfactory dysfunction in the majority of COVID-19 patients was self-limiting in young age groups, albeit in association with the non-severity of the disease. Being an important public health issue, examining olfactory dysfunction aspects should be considered in the diagnosis, prognosis, and treatment protocols of COVID-19 patients. In-depth exploration is needed to examine olfactory and gustatory dysfunction in patients suffering from severe COVID-19.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Azzam M Abbas
- Otolaryngology, College of Medicine, University of Baghdad and Martyr Ghazi Al-Hariri Teaching Hospital, Baghdad Medical City, Baghdad, IRQ
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Mignot C, Faria V, Hummel T, Frost M, Michel CM, Gossrau G, Haehner A. Migraine with aura: less control over pain and fragrances? J Headache Pain 2023; 24:55. [PMID: 37198532 DOI: 10.1186/s10194-023-01592-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2023] [Accepted: 05/04/2023] [Indexed: 05/19/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Accumulating data emphasizes the importance of olfaction in migraine pathophysiology. However, there are only a few studies evaluating how the migraine brain processes olfactory stimulation, and virtually no studies comparing patients with and without aura in this context. METHODS This cross-sectional study recorded event-related potentials from 64 electrodes during a pure olfactory or pure trigeminal stimulus in females with episodic migraine with aura (n = 13) and without aura (n = 15), to characterize the central nervous processing of these intranasal stimuli. Patients were tested in interictal state only. Data were analyzed in the time domain and in the time-frequency domain. Source reconstruction analysis was also performed. RESULTS Patients with aura had higher event-related potentials amplitudes for left-sided trigeminal and left-sided olfactory stimulations, and higher neural activity for right-sided trigeminal stimulation in brain areas related to trigeminal and visual processing. Following olfactory stimulations patients with aura displayed decreased neural activity in secondary olfactory structures compared to patients without aura. Oscillations in the low frequency bands (< 8 Hz) differed between patient groups. CONCLUSIONS Altogether this may reflect hypersensitivity to nociceptive stimuli in patients with aura relative to patients without aura. Patients with aura have a bigger deficit in engaging secondary olfactory-related structures, possibly leading to distorted attention and judgements towards odors. The cerebral overlap between trigeminal nociception and olfaction might explain these deficits.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Coralie Mignot
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Faculty of Medicine Carl Gustav Carus, Smell & Taste Clinic, Technische Universität Dresden, Fetscherstraße 74, 01307, Dresden, Germany.
| | - Vanda Faria
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Faculty of Medicine Carl Gustav Carus, Smell & Taste Clinic, Technische Universität Dresden, Fetscherstraße 74, 01307, Dresden, Germany
- Department of Psychology, Uppsala University, 752 37, Uppsala, Sweden
- Brain and Eye Pain Imaging Lab, Pain and Affective Neuroscience Center, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, MA 02115, USA
- Department of Anesthesiology, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, MA 02115, USA
| | - Thomas Hummel
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Faculty of Medicine Carl Gustav Carus, Smell & Taste Clinic, Technische Universität Dresden, Fetscherstraße 74, 01307, Dresden, Germany
| | - Marie Frost
- Comprehensive Pain Center, University Hospital and Faculty of Medicine Carl Gustav Carus, TU Dresden, Fetscherstraße 74, 01307, Dresden, Germany
| | - Christoph M Michel
- Department of Basic Neurosciences, University of Geneva, CH-1211, Geneva 4, Switzerland
- CIBM Center for Biomedical Imaging, 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Gudrun Gossrau
- Comprehensive Pain Center, University Hospital and Faculty of Medicine Carl Gustav Carus, TU Dresden, Fetscherstraße 74, 01307, Dresden, Germany.
| | - Antje Haehner
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Faculty of Medicine Carl Gustav Carus, Smell & Taste Clinic, Technische Universität Dresden, Fetscherstraße 74, 01307, Dresden, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Jiang RS, Wang JJ, Liang KL, Shih KH. Validation of the local applicability of the 'TIB' Olfactory Test Device in the era of COVID-19. J Int Med Res 2022; 50:3000605211069281. [PMID: 34994243 PMCID: PMC8743949 DOI: 10.1177/03000605211069281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective To evaluate the validity and test–retest reliability of the novel ‘TIB’ Olfactory Test Device (TIB) and to determine its normative values. Methods The study stratified the study subjects into normosmic, hyposmic and anosmic groups according to their olfactory function. The olfactory function of the subjects was evaluated using both the traditional Chinese version of the University of Pennsylvania of Smell Identification Test (UPSIT-TC) and the TIB. The normosmic group was used to retest with the UPSIT-TC and TIB at an inter-test interval of at least 7 days. The cut-off scores of TIB among the three different groups were determined by receiver operating characteristic curve analysis. Results This study enrolled 180 subjects: 60 in each group. The mean scores of TIB were 44.1 for the normosmic group, 27.5 for the hyposmic group and 10.9 for the anosmic group. The TIB scores were significantly different across the three groups. There was a significant correlation between the first and second TIB tests (r = 0.506). The cut-off scores were 41 for normosmic subjects and 24 for hyposmic subjects. Conclusion The validity and test–retest reliability results suggest that the TIB is an appropriate olfactory test for the Taiwanese population.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rong-San Jiang
- Department of Medical Research, 40293Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan.,Department of Otolaryngology, 40293Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan.,School of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan.,Rong Hsing Research Centre for Translational Medicine, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Jing-Jie Wang
- Department of Otolaryngology, 40293Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Kai-Li Liang
- Department of Otolaryngology, 40293Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan.,School of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan.,Faculty of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Kai-Hsiang Shih
- Department of Otolaryngology, 40293Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Sorokowska A, Oleszkiewicz A. Free and cued identification of individual odorants in blind and sighted individuals. J SENS STUD 2021. [DOI: 10.1111/joss.12711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Anna Oleszkiewicz
- Institute of Psychology University of Wroclaw Wroclaw Poland
- Taste and Smell Centre Technische Universität Dresden Dresden Germany
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Abstract
Age-related olfactory dysfunction, or presbyosmia, is a common sensory impairment in aging adults. People in this demographic group with comorbid conditions or exposure to viral, traumatic, or environmental insults remain at the greatest risk for impairment. Several methods for assessing olfaction exist, but they are only available in special settings and require consideration of age, sex, ancestry, and cognition. Perhaps most importantly, olfactory dysfunction has been suggested as an early sign of Alzheimer's and Parkinson's disease and therefore may serve as a tool in the diagnosis and prognosis of these neurodegenerative conditions. Outside of this context, olfactory loss also impacts nutrition, safety, and social relationships, and even predicts mortality itself. This review covers the detection and manifestations of olfactory decline in aging individuals and the myriad ways in which olfactory impairment is connected to their health and well-being.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Emily J Papazian
- Pritzker School of Medicine, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Jayant M Pinto
- Section of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Department of Surgery, The University of Chicago Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Abstract
People from Western societies generally find it difficult to name odors. In trying to explain this, the olfactory literature has proposed several theories that focus heavily on properties of the odor itself but rarely discuss properties of the label used to describe it. However, recent studies show speakers of languages with dedicated smell lexicons can name odors with relative ease. Has the role of the lexicon been overlooked in the olfactory literature? Word production studies show properties of the label, such as word frequency and semantic context, influence naming; but this field of research focuses heavily on the visual domain. The current study combines methods from both fields to investigate word production for olfaction in two experiments. In the first experiment, participants named odors whose veridical labels were either high-frequency or low-frequency words in Dutch, and we found that odors with high-frequency labels were named correctly more often. In the second experiment, edibility was used for manipulating semantic context in search of a semantic interference effect, presenting the odors in blocks of edible and inedible odor source objects to half of the participants. While no evidence was found for a semantic interference effect, an effect of word frequency was again present. Our results demonstrate psycholinguistic variables—such as word frequency—are relevant for olfactory naming, and may, in part, explain why it is difficult to name odors in certain languages. Olfactory researchers cannot afford to ignore properties of an odor’s label.
Collapse
|
7
|
Baer T, Coppin G, Porcherot C, Cayeux I, Sander D, Delplanque S. “Dior, J’adore”: The role of contextual information of luxury on emotional responses to perfumes. Food Qual Prefer 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodqual.2017.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
|
8
|
Boesveldt S, Bobowski N, McCrickerd K, Maître I, Sulmont-Rossé C, Forde CG. The changing role of the senses in food choice and food intake across the lifespan. Food Qual Prefer 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodqual.2018.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
|
9
|
Zhang C, Wang X. Initiation of the age-related decline of odor identification in humans: A meta-analysis. Ageing Res Rev 2017; 40:45-50. [PMID: 28830800 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2017.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2017] [Accepted: 08/11/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Aging is an important contributor to olfactory system deterioration in humans, leading to increased health and safety risks as well as affecting the quality of life. However, it is currently unknown when age-related olfactory deterioration begins in humans and thus when to initiate interventions to prevent or slow it. OBJECTIVE To determine the decade in which olfactory function begins to deteriorate in healthy humans by determining when odor identification is first impaired. DATA SOURCE AND STUDY SELECTION Studies cited in the PubMed database were searched from its inception to March 2017 using the terms "olfac*" or "smell" and "ag*". The effect size of each comparison was calculated. RESULTS In this meta-analysis, the effect sizes as determined using Cohen's d for the comparisons between 30 and 39.9- and 40-49.9-year-olds was 0.06 (95% CI: -0.17 to 0.29), between 40-49.9-year-olds was 0.62 (95% CI: 0.20-1.04), considered a medium effect size, and between 35-55-year-olds and those >55years old was 1.12 (95% CI: 1.06-1.45), considered a very large effect. CONCLUSION Olfactory function deterioration, as determined by an impaired ability to identify odors, starts in the fifth decade of life in healthy humans.
Collapse
|
10
|
Fasunla AJ, Nwankwo U, Adebayo AM, Nwaorgu OG. Association between Sex, CD4 Cell Counts, Antiretroviral Medications, and Olfactory and Gustatory Functions of HIV-Infected Adults. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2017; 158:90-99. [PMID: 28971730 DOI: 10.1177/0194599817733664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Objective To investigate the olfactory and gustatory functions of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected adults in Ibadan, Nigeria. Study Design A cross-sectional study of olfactory and gustatory functions of HIV-infected adults between March 2015 and December 2015. Setting Tertiary health institution. Subjects and Methods A structured questionnaire was administered to participants to obtain relevant sociodemographic and clinical information. Participants' nadir and most recent CD4 cell count and viral loads were obtained from their medical records. Participants' body mass indices were determined, and each subjectively rated their olfactory and gustatory performances. Objective olfactory and gustatory functions were determined using validated "Sniffin' Sticks" and "Taste Strips" impregnated with 4 different concentrations of sucrose, quinine hydrochloride, sodium chloride, and citric acid. Results In total, 135 HIV-infected adults, comprising 41 (30.4%) men and 94 (69.6%) women, were evaluated. Their ages ranged from 20 to 70 years, mean 43.4 ± 10.4 years. Participants were on highly active antiretroviral therapy for a mean duration of 75.8 ± 36.9 months. The proportions of male participants in HIV stages 1, 2, and 3 were 18 (43.9%), 19 (46.3%), and 4 (9.8%), respectively, while female participants were 46 (48.9%), 41 (43.6%), and 7 (7.4%), respectively. Participants' mean olfactory threshold, discrimination, identification, and TDI scores were 8.0 ± 4.9, 9.9 ± 4.7, 8.8 ± 4.5, and 26.7 ± 11.1, respectively, while total taste score was 25.1 ± 5.7. Conclusion HIV-infected adults have tendency to develop hyposmia and hypogeusia. These are worse with advanced stage of HIV infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ayotunde James Fasunla
- 1 Department of Otorhinolaryngology, University College Hospital and College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
| | - Ukamaka Nwankwo
- 1 Department of Otorhinolaryngology, University College Hospital and College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
| | - Ayodeji Matthew Adebayo
- 2 Department of Community Medicine, University College Hospital and College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
| | - Onyekwere George Nwaorgu
- 1 Department of Otorhinolaryngology, University College Hospital and College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Abstract
Food choice and food intake are guided by both sensory and metabolic processes. The senses of taste and smell play a key role in the sensory effects on choice and intake. This article provides a comprehensive overview of, and will argue for, the differential role of smell and taste for eating behavior by focusing on appetite, choice, intake, and satiation. The sense of smell mainly plays a priming role in eating behavior. It has been demonstrated that (orthonasal) odor exposure induces appetite specifically for the cued food. However, the influence of odors on food choice and intake is less clear, and may also depend on awareness or intensity of the odors, or personality traits of the participants. Taste on the other hand, has a clear role as a (macro)nutrient sensing system, during consumption. Together with texture, taste is responsible for eating rate, and thus in determining the oral exposure duration of food in the mouth, thereby contributing to satiation. Results from these experimental studies should be taken to real-life situations, to assess longer-term effects on energy intake. With this knowledge, it will be possible to steer people's eating behavior, as well as food product development, toward a less obesogenic society.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sanne Boesveldt
- Division of Human Nutrition, Wageningen University, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Kees de Graaf
- Division of Human Nutrition, Wageningen University, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Jiang RS, Liang KL. Establishment of olfactory diagnosis for the traditional Chinese version of the University of Pennsylvania Smell Identification Test. Int Forum Allergy Rhinol 2016; 6:1308-1314. [DOI: 10.1002/alr.21818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2016] [Revised: 05/18/2016] [Accepted: 05/28/2016] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rong-San Jiang
- Department of Otolaryngology; Taichung Veterans General Hospital; Taipei Taiwan
- School of Medicine; Chung Shan Medical University; Taichung Taiwan
- Department of Nursing; Hung Kuang University; Taichung Taiwan
| | - Kai-Li Liang
- Department of Otolaryngology; Taichung Veterans General Hospital; Taipei Taiwan
- School of Medicine; Chung Shan Medical University; Taichung Taiwan
- Faculty of Medicine; National Yang-Ming Medical University; Taipei Taiwan
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Cornell Kärnekull S, Jönsson FU, Willander J, Sikström S, Larsson M. Long-term memory for odors: influences of familiarity and identification across 64 days. Chem Senses 2015; 40:259-67. [PMID: 25740304 PMCID: PMC4398052 DOI: 10.1093/chemse/bjv003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Few studies have investigated long-term odor recognition memory, although some early observations suggested that the forgetting rate of olfactory representations is slower than for other sensory modalities. This study investigated recognition memory across 64 days for high and low familiar odors and faces. Memory was assessed in 83 young participants at 4 occasions; immediate, 4, 16, and 64 days after encoding. The results indicated significant forgetting for odors and faces across the 64 days. The forgetting functions for the 2 modalities were not fundamentally different. Moreover, high familiar odors and faces were better remembered than low familiar ones, indicating an important role of semantic knowledge on recognition proficiency for both modalities. Although odor recognition was significantly better than chance at the 64 days testing, memory for the low familiar odors was relatively poor. Also, the results indicated that odor identification consistency across sessions, irrespective of accuracy, was positively related to successful recognition.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Johan Willander
- Gösta Ekman Laboratory, Department of Psychology, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden, Department of Social Work and Psychology, University College of Gävle, Gävle, Sweden and
| | | | - Maria Larsson
- Gösta Ekman Laboratory, Department of Psychology, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Gaillet-Torrent M, Sulmont-Rossé C, Issanchou S, Chabanet C, Chambaron S. Impact of a non-attentively perceived odour on subsequent food choices. Appetite 2014; 76:17-22. [DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2014.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2013] [Revised: 01/09/2014] [Accepted: 01/10/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
|
15
|
Koranyi N, Gast A, Rothermund K. “Although Quite Nice, I Was Somehow Not Attracted by That Person”. SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGICAL AND PERSONALITY SCIENCE 2012. [DOI: 10.1177/1948550612467037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Individuals who are motivated to find a romantic partner do not only have to detect desirable mating options but also have to prevent becoming committed to attractive but unpromising contacts. We thus propose that an acquisition of highly positive evaluations of already romantically committed opposite-sex others is prevented by self-regulatory processes. In two experiments, positive evaluative conditioning (EC) effects were obtained for facial photos (conditioned stimulus) of other opposite-sex singles when these pictures were paired with positive trait adjectives or odors (unconditioned stimulus). In line with our hypothesis, however, this positive EC effect did not obtain for faces of other persons who were presented as being already involved in a romantic relationship. The results demonstrate that the acquisition of positive attitudes during mate searching is modulated by self-regulatory processes that inhibit the emergence of futile commitments.
Collapse
|
16
|
Boesveldt S, Lindau ST, McClintock MK, Hummel T, Lundstrom JN, Lindstrom JN. Gustatory and olfactory dysfunction in older adults: a national probability study. Rhinology 2011; 49:324-30. [PMID: 21858264 DOI: 10.4193/rhino10.155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Olfactory and gustatory functions have not been well characterized in older adults in the US. Consequently, their relationships to sociodemographic characteristics, as well as physical and mental health, were studied in a large national probability sample using brief validated tests of chemosensory function. METHODS A five-odour identification test and taste-impregnated strips of filter paper (sweet, sour, bitter, and salty) assessed the ability to identify chemosensory stimuli. RESULTS Severe gustatory dysfunction was more prevalent than severe olfactory dysfunction. Age, education and sex were independently associated with performance on both the olfactory and gustatory identification tasks. Higher scores were associated with female sex, higher level of education, and lower age. Odour identification scores exhibited a positive, albeit weak, correlation with BMI, and food-related odours were better identified than non-food odours. In addition, odour identification performance was also negatively associated with depressive symptoms. CONCLUSIONS These data demonstrate a high prevalence of severe gustatory and, to a somewhat lesser extent, olfactory dysfunction in a population-based sample and demonstrate that even brief tests are capable of detecting correlations between both chemical senses and relevant health measures outside a clinical setting.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S Boesveldt
- Monell Chemical Senses Center, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
17
|
Jaeger SR, McRae JF, Salzman Y, Williams L, Newcomb RD. A preliminary investigation into a genetic basis for cis-3-hexen-1-ol odour perception: A genome-wide association approach. Food Qual Prefer 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodqual.2009.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
|
18
|
Soledad B, Julia M. Preserved Cross-modal Priming and Aging: A Summary of Current Thoughts. ACTA PSYCHOLOGICA SINICA 2009. [DOI: 10.3724/sp.j.1041.2009.01063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
|
19
|
Doty RL, Cameron EL. Sex differences and reproductive hormone influences on human odor perception. Physiol Behav 2009; 97:213-28. [PMID: 19272398 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2009.02.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 280] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2009] [Revised: 01/29/2009] [Accepted: 02/20/2009] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
The question of whether men and women differ in their ability to smell has been the topic of scientific investigation for over a hundred years. Although conflicting findings abound, most studies suggest that, for at least some odorants, women outperform men on tests of odor detection, identification, discrimination, and memory. Most functional imaging and electrophysiological studies similarly imply that, when sex differences are present, they favor women. In this review we examine what is known about sex-related alterations in human smell function, including influences of the menstrual cycle, pregnancy, gonadectomy, and hormone replacement therapy on a range of olfactory measures. We conclude that the relationship between reproductive hormones and human olfactory function is complex and that simple associations between circulating levels of gonadal hormones and measures of olfactory function are rarely present.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Richard L Doty
- Smell & Taste Center, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia PA 19104, USA.
| | | |
Collapse
|